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Kritz-Silverstein D, Bettencourt R. Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2765. [PMID: 39203901 PMCID: PMC11356842 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N = 357 men; N = 533 women) aged ≥55 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study who attended clinic visits in 1988-1991 and 1992-1996. Egg intake was obtained in 1988-1991 with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails B, and category fluency were administered at both visits to assess cognitive performance. Sex-specific multiple regression analyses tested associations of egg intake with changes in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders. The mean time between visits was 4.1 ± 0.5 years; average ages were 70.1 ± 8.4 in men and 71.5 ± 8.8 in women (p = 0.0163). More men consumed eggs at higher levels than women; while 14% of men and 16.5% of women reported never eating eggs, 7.0% of men and 3.8% of women reported intakes ≥5/week (p = 0.0013). In women, after adjustment for covariates, egg consumption was associated with less decline in category fluency (beta = -0.10, p = 0.0241). Other associations were nonsignificant in women, and no associations were found in men. Results suggest that egg consumption has a small beneficial effect on semantic memory in women. The lack of decline observed in both sexes suggests that egg consumption does not have detrimental effects and may even have a role in the maintenance of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Kritz-Silverstein
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA;
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Nakajima T, Shobako M, Kaneko K, Kurabayashi A, Sato M, Ohinata K. Ovomemolins: Egg-derived peptides that improved cognitive decline after oral administration in mice. FASEB Bioadv 2024; 6:177-188. [PMID: 38974115 PMCID: PMC11226991 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Eggs not only contain all the molecules necessary to nurture new life but are also rich in nutrients such as high-quality protein. For example, epidemiologic studies have shown that egg intake is positively correlated with cognitive function. Thus, we specifically examined the effect of ovalbumin, a major protein present in egg whites, on cognitive function. First, we found that an orally administered enzymatic digest of ovalbumin improves cognitive function in mice fed a high-fat diet. Then, we narrowed down candidate peptides based on the prediction of peptide production according to enzyme-substrate specificity and comprehensive peptide analysis of the digest. We found that three peptides, namely ILPEY, LYRGGLEP, and ILELP, improve cognitive function after oral administration. We also showed that ILPEY, LYRGGLEP, and ILELP were present in the digest and named them ovomemolins A (OMA), B, and C, respectively. Notably, ovomemolins are the first peptides derived from egg whites that have been shown to improve cognitive function. The cognitive improvement induced by OMA, the most abundant of the peptides in the digest, was inhibited by methyllycaconitine, an antagonist of α7nAChR, which is known to be related to memory. These results suggest that OMA improves cognitive function through the acetylcholine system. After OMA administration, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression and the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells suggested that OMA increases hippocampal BDNF expression and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Nakajima
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Maiko Shobako
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Masaru Sato
- Department of Applied GenomicsKazusa DNA Research InstituteKisarazuJapan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Pan Y, Wallace TC, Karosas T, Bennett DA, Agarwal P, Chung M. Association of Egg Intake With Alzheimer's Dementia Risk in Older Adults: The Rush Memory and Aging Project. J Nutr 2024; 154:2236-2243. [PMID: 38782209 PMCID: PMC11347793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with increasing prevalence due to population aging. Eggs provide many nutrients important for brain health, including choline, omega-3 fatty acids, and lutein. Emerging evidence suggests that frequent egg consumption may improve cognitive performance on verbal tests, but whether consumption influences the risk of Alzheimer's dementia and AD is unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of egg consumption with Alzheimer's dementia risk among the Rush Memory and Aging Project cohort. METHODS Dietary assessment was collected using a modified Harvard semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Participants' first food frequency questionnaire was used as the baseline measure of egg consumption. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the associations of baseline egg consumption amount with Alzheimer's dementia risk, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Subgroup analyses using Cox and logistic regression models were performed to investigate the associations with AD pathology in the brain. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediation effect of dietary choline in the relationship between egg intake and incident Alzheimer's dementia. RESULTS This study included 1024 older adults {mean [±standard deviation (SD)] age = 81.38 ± 7.20 y}. Over a mean (±SD) follow-up of 6.7 ± 4.8 y, 280 participants (27.3%) were clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia. Weekly consumption of >1 egg/wk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.83) and ≥2 eggs/wk (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.81) was associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's dementia. Subgroup analysis of brain autopsies from 578 deceased participants showed that intakes of >1 egg/wk (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.76) and ≥2 eggs/wk (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.90) were associated with a lower risk of AD pathology in the brain. Mediation analysis showed that 39% of the total effect of egg intake on incident Alzheimer's dementia was mediated through dietary choline. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that frequent egg consumption is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia and AD pathology, and the association with Alzheimer's dementia is partially mediated through dietary choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Pan
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Think Healthy Group, LLC, Washington, DC, United States; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tasija Karosas
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mei Chung
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.
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Matsui M, Murata T, Kurobe-Takashima Y, Ikeda T, Noguchi-Shinohara M, Ono K, Shidara H, Otsuka K, Kuriki D, Suzuki M, Kobayashi S. Lutein from Chicken Eggs Prevents Amyloid β-Peptide Aggregation In Vitro and Amyloid β-Induced Inflammation in Human Macrophages (THP-1). ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26616-26627. [PMID: 38911805 PMCID: PMC11191573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies predict that chicken eggs contain constituents other than proteins that prevent Alzheimer's disease. This study screened for constituents that inhibit the aggregation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ)1-42 and elucidated their mechanisms to explore the active components of chicken eggs. Thioflavin T assays and transmission electron microscopy observations showed that arachidonic acid (ARA), lysophosphatidylcholine, lutein (LTN), palmitoleic acid, and zeaxanthin inhibited Aβ aggregation. Among these, ARA and LTN showed the highest activity. Photoinduced cross-linking of unmodified protein assays and infrared absorption spectrometry measurements showed that LTN strongly inhibited highly toxic Aβ1-42 protofibril formation. Furthermore, LTN suppressed Aβ1-42-induced IL 1B and TNF expression in human macrophage-like cells. In summary, LTN plays a crucial role in the AD-preventive effect of chicken eggs by suppressing Aβ1-42 aggregation and Aβ1-42-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Matsui
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomofusa Murata
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurobe-Takashima
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tokuhei Ikeda
- Department
of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Moeko Noguchi-Shinohara
- Department
of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department
of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Kurataka Otsuka
- R&D
Division, Kewpie Corporation, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan
- Division
of Translational Oncology, Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Tokyo
NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University
of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
- Division
of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuriki
- R&D
Division, Kewpie Corporation, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan
- Division
of Translational Oncology, Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shoko Kobayashi
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Virtanen JK, Larsson SC. Eggs - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:10507. [PMID: 38370115 PMCID: PMC10870976 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cancer are a significant public health burden in the Nordic and Baltic countries. High intake of eggs, mainly due to its high cholesterol content, has been suggested to have adverse health effects. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the evidence related to the impact of egg intake on health. A literature search identified 38 systematic reviews and meta-analyses on egg consumption in relation to health outcomes published between 2011 and 30 April 2022. Overall, current evidence from systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials indicates that higher egg intake may increase serum total cholesterol concentration and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but with substantial heterogeneity in the response. However, recent evidence from observational studies does not provide strong support for a detrimental role of moderate egg consumption (up to one egg/day) on the risk of CVD, especially in the European studies. The overall evidence from observational studies indicates that egg consumption is not associated with increased risk of mortality or T2D in European study populations. There is also little support for a role of egg consumption in cancer development, although a weak association with higher risk of certain cancers has been found in some studies, mainly case-control studies. Again, no associations with cancer risk have been observed in European studies. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of egg consumption in relation to other health-related outcomes are scarce. There are also limited data available on the associations between the consumption of more than one egg/day and risk of diseases. Based on the available evidence, one egg/day is unlikely to adversely affect overall disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K. Virtanen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kritz-Silverstein D, Bettencourt R. The Longitudinal Association of Egg Consumption with Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Nutrients 2023; 16:53. [PMID: 38201883 PMCID: PMC10780661 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the prospective association of egg consumption with multiple domains of cognitive function in older, community-dwelling men and women followed for 16.3 years. Participants were 617 men and 898 women from the Rancho Bernardo Cohort aged 60 and older, who were surveyed about egg intake/week in 1972-1974, and attended a 1988-1991 research visit, where cognitive function was assessed with 12 tests. Analyses showed that egg intake ranged from 0-24/week (means: men = 4.2 ± 3.2; women = 3.5 ± 2.7; p < 0.0001). In men, covariate-adjusted regressions showed that egg intake was associated with better performance on Buschke total (p = 0.04), long-term (p = 0.02), and short-term (p = 0.05) recall. No significant associations were observed in women (p's > 0.05). Analyses showed that in those aged <60y in 1972-1974, egg intake was positively associated with scores on Heaton copying (p < 0.04) and the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE; p < 0.02) in men and category fluency (p < 0.05) in women. Egg intake was not significantly associated with odds of poor performance on MMSE, Trails B, or category fluency in either sex. These reassuring findings suggest that there are no long-term detrimental effects of egg consumption on multiple cognitive function domains, and for men, there may be beneficial effects for verbal episodic memory. Egg consumption in middle age may also be related to better cognitive performance later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Kritz-Silverstein
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
| | - Ricki Bettencourt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0725, USA;
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Rudajev V, Novotny J. Cholesterol-dependent amyloid β production: space for multifarious interactions between amyloid precursor protein, secretases, and cholesterol. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 37705117 PMCID: PMC10500844 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β is considered a key player in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies investigating the effect of statins on lowering cholesterol suggest that there may be a link between cholesterol levels and AD pathology. Since cholesterol is one of the most abundant lipid molecules, especially in brain tissue, it affects most membrane-related processes, including the formation of the most dangerous form of amyloid β, Aβ42. The entire Aβ production system, which includes the amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-secretase, and the complex of γ-secretase, is highly dependent on membrane cholesterol content. Moreover, cholesterol can affect amyloidogenesis in many ways. Cholesterol influences the stability and activity of secretases, but also dictates their partitioning into specific cellular compartments and cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts, where the amyloidogenic machinery is predominantly localized. The most complicated relationships have been found in the interaction between cholesterol and APP, where cholesterol affects not only APP localization but also the precise character of APP dimerization and APP processing by γ-secretase, which is important for the production of Aβ of different lengths. In this review, we describe the intricate web of interdependence between cellular cholesterol levels, cholesterol membrane distribution, and cholesterol-dependent production of Aβ, the major player in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Rudajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Talebi S, Asoudeh F, Naeini F, Sadeghi E, Travica N, Mohammadi H. Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1131-1143. [PMID: 36647769 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The current meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between intake of dietary animal protein sources and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically until October 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Prospective cohort studies exploring the association between consumption of animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the general population were included. Among 10 571 identified studies, 33 prospective cohort studies met the eligibility criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Dietary fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.57-0.97), dementia (RR = 0.84; 95%CI, 0.75-0.93), and cognitive impairment (RR = 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81-0.95). The risk of developing Parkinson's disease was significantly higher among those in the highest vs the lowest intake categories of total dairy (RR = 1.49; 95%CI, 1.06-2.10) and milk (RR = 1.40; 95%CI, 1.13-1.73). Moreover, dietary intake of total dairy (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.80-0.99), total meat (RR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.57-0.90), and poultry (RR = 0.82; 95%CI, 0.68-0.99) was significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment. A linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200-g increase in total daily dairy intake was associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, there was a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia. CONCLUSION Dairy consumption is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, but a higher intake of fish may be associated with lower risk of neurodegenerative disease. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021281887.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Talebi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Asoudeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Research Consultation Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- IMPACT-Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation; the Food & Mood Centre; and Barwon Health; Deakin University School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yamashita S, Kawada N, Wang W, Susaki K, Takeda Y, Kimura M, Iwama Y, Miura Y, Sugano M, Matsuoka R. Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:75. [PMID: 37340479 PMCID: PMC10280906 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline, as a neurotransmitter acetylcholine precursor, is reportedly associated with cognitive function. Although there are several cohort and animal studies on choline-containing foods and cognitive function, only a few interventional studies were reported. Egg yolk is a rich source of different choline-containing chemical forms, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and α-glycerophosphocholine (α-GPC). This study aimed to investigate the effect of consuming 300 mg of egg yolk choline per day on cognitive function of Japanese adults. METHODS A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in 41 middle-aged and elderly males and females (43.9% female) aged ≥ 60 years and ≤ 80 years without dementia. Participants were randomly assigned to placebo and choline groups. The choline group received a supplement containing egg yolk choline (300 mg/day), and the placebo group received an egg yolk supplement free from choline for 12 weeks. Assessments of Cognitrax, Trail Making Tests (TMT) part A and B, the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Simplified Japanese Version of the WHO-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and plasma choline levels were performed before and 6 and 12 weeks after supplement intake. In the present study, 19 subjects (9 in the placebo group and 10 in the choline group) were excluded due to the violation of the discontinuation criteria or participant compliance, and 41 subjects were analyzed. RESULTS The change amount of verbal memory scores and verbal memory test-correct hit (delay) was significantly higher in the choline group than in the placebo group at baseline-6 and baseline-12 weeks. The plasma free choline level was significantly higher in the choline group compared with the placebo group at 6 weeks. Conversely, the choline group showed significantly lower Cognitrax processing speed scores, symbol digit coding testing correct responses, and SF-36 physical quality of life summary scores compared to the placebo group at 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that continued 300 mg/day intake of egg yolk choline improved verbal memory, which is a part of cognitive functions. To confirm the observed effects of egg yolk choline, more well-designed and large-scale studies are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION Study protocols were pre-registered in the Clinical Trials Registration System (UMIN-CTR) (UMIN 000045050).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyogu Yamashita
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawada
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Wei Wang
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Kenta Susaki
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Yumi Takeda
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kimura
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iwama
- Nihonbashi Cardiology Clinic, 13-4, Nihonbashi-Kodenmacho, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 103-0001, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1, Harumi-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Michihiro Sugano
- Professor emeritus of Kyushu University and Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kyusyu, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuoka
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, 2-5-7, Sengawa-Cho, Chofu-Shi, Tokyo, 182-0002, Japan.
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Huan S, Liu M, Liu Z, Gao J, Yin G. Association Between Dietary and Serum Cholesterol and Cognitive Function Among the U.S. Elderly from NHANES 2011-2014. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:625-640. [PMID: 37574736 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between dietary or serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in older adults has not been well-established. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential association between dietary or serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the elderly population. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Diet and supplement cholesterol was estimated based on two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. Cognitive function was assessed using various statistical tests. Poor cognitive performance was defined as scores below the lowest quartile within age groups. Regression models were adjusted for demographic factors, and subgroup analyses were performed for non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals. RESULTS Among 759 participants aged 60 years and above, dietary cholesterol was only associated with dietary saturated fatty acids and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was no evidence of an association between dietary cholesterol and cognitive function, except for NHB individuals, where dietary cholesterol showed a positive correlation with cognitive function. In the overall sample and NHW participants, there were consistent positive associations between serum total cholesterol and cognitive performance across statistical tests, while such associations were rare among NHB individuals. Although not statistically significant, NHB individuals had higher dietary/supplementary/total cholesterol intake compared with NHW individuals. CONCLUSION Within the normal range, increasing serum cholesterol may be a potential factor to prevent or relieve cognitive dysfunction. However, ethnic differences should be taken into account when considering the association between cholesterol and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiu Liu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Yin
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Second Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Reprint of: Dietary fat and fatty foods in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: A review of the evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Diagnostic accuracy of linked administrative data for dementia diagnosis in community-dwelling older men in Australia. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:858. [PMCID: PMC9664614 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Routinely collected health administrative data can be used to estimate the prevalence or incidence of dementia at a population level but can be inaccurate. This study aimed to examine the accuracy of hospital and death data for diagnosing dementia compared with a clinical diagnosis in community dwelling older men in Australia.
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP) in Sydney, Australia. Of the 1705 men aged ≥70 years in the CHAMP study, 1400 had available linked administrative data records from 1 year prior to 1 year post the date of clinical dementia diagnosis. The primary outcome was the accuracy of dementia diagnosis using linked administrative data records compared to clinical dementia diagnosis. The linked data diagnosis was based on hospital and death records for the 1 year pre and post the clinical diagnosis. Clinical dementia diagnosis was a two-stage process with initial screening, followed by clinical assessment for those meeting a validated cut-off. A final clinical diagnosis of dementia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) criteria was reached by a consensus panel.
Results
Administrative data identified 28 participants as having dementia, compared to 88 identified through clinical assessment. Administrative data had a sensitivity of 20% (95% CI: 13–30%, 18/88), specificity of 99% (95% CI: 99–100%, 1301/1312), positive predictive value (PPV) of 62% (95% CI: 44–77%), negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI: 94–95%), positive likelihood ratio of 24.4 (95% CI: 11.9–50.0) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.80 (0.72–0.89).
Conclusions
Administrative hospital and death data has limited accuracy for dementia diagnosis with poor sensitivity and PPV. The prevalence of dementia is likely underestimated using hospital and deaths data.
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13
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Stefaniak O, Dobrzyńska M, Drzymała-Czyż S, Przysławski J. Diet in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Research Requirements. Nutrients 2022; 14:4564. [PMID: 36364826 PMCID: PMC9656789 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today's world due to the aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of Alzheimer's disease, the literature data are still scarce and controversial. The application of the principles of rational nutrition for the elderly is suggested for Alzheimer's disease. The diet should be rich in neuroprotective nutrients, i.e., antioxidants, B vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies suggest that diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, and the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet have a beneficial effect on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Dobrzyńska
- Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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14
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Dietary fat and fatty foods in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: A review of the evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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15
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Association between egg consumption and cognitive function among Chinese adults: long-term effect and interaction effect of iron intake. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1180-1189. [PMID: 34736543 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The association between egg consumption and cognitive function is inclusive. We aimed to assess the association between egg consumption and cognitive function in Chinese adults and tested the interaction between egg consumption and Fe intake. The data used were from a nationwide sample (n 4852, age ≥ 55 years) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1991 and 2006. Assessment of cognitive function was conducted in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006. Dietary egg intake was obtained by 24-h dietary recalls of 3 consecutive days during home visits between 1991 and 2006. Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used. Egg intake was positively associated with global cognitive function. In fully adjusted models, across the quartiles of egg intake the regression coefficients were 0, 0·11 (95 % CI -0·28, 0·51), 0·79 (95 % CI 0·36, 1·22) and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·43, 1·41), respectively. There was a significant interaction between egg intake and Fe intake. The association between high egg intake and cognitive function was stronger among those with low Fe intake than those with high Fe intake. In addition, there was a significant interaction between egg consumption and sex, with the association mainly observed in women but not men. Furthermore, compared with non-consumers, those with higher egg consumption (Q4) had the OR of 0·93 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·19), 0·84 (95 % CI 0·69, 1·02) for self-reported poor memory and self-reported memory decline, respectively. Higher egg intake is associated with better cognition in Chinese adults among those with low Fe intake.
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16
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Dalile B, Kim C, Challinor A, Geurts L, Gibney ER, Galdos MV, La Fata G, Layé S, Mathers JC, Vauzour D, Verkuyl JM, Thuret S. The EAT-Lancet reference diet and cognitive function across the life course. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e749-e759. [PMID: 36087605 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The EAT-Lancet Commission devised a sustainable reference diet with the aim of reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases and mortality globally while improving food system sustainability. The extent to which the reference diet supports cognitive function across the life course, however, has not yet been evaluated. This Review assesses the evidence for diet supporting cognitive function from childhood into old age. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive literature search was done, synthesising studies that investigated the effect of whole foods on cognition in healthy, community-dwelling human participants. We found that the current evidence base is weak with mixed conclusions and multiple methodological caveats, which precludes strong conclusions pertaining to the suitability of dietary recommendations for each food group per age group. Long-term intervention and prospective cohort studies are needed to reduce this knowledge deficit. Revising dietary recommendations with the aim of maintaining an adequate nutrient intake to sustain healthy cognitive function across the life course could be worthwhile. This Review outlines recommendations for future work to help improve the current knowledge deficit regarding dietary intake and cognitive function across the life course and its implications for dietary guidelines such as the EAT-Lancet Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Dalile
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Curie Kim
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcelo V Galdos
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgio La Fata
- Health Nutrition and Care Innovation, Global Research and Development Center, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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17
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Wu M, Zhai Y, Liang X, Chen W, Lin R, Ma L, Huang Y, Zhao D, Liang Y, Zhao W, Fang J, Fang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li W. Connecting the Dots Between Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Mechanism Based on 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:842814. [PMID: 35464321 PMCID: PMC9021879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.842814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors, with hypercholesterolemia considered as one of the risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between AD and serum cholesterol levels, and experimental studies also provide evidence that elevated cholesterol levels accelerate AD pathology. However, the underlying mechanism of hypercholesterolemia accelerating AD pathogenesis is not clear. Here, we review the metabolism of cholesterol in the brain and focus on the role of oxysterols, aiming to reveal the link between hypercholesterolemia and AD. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the major peripheral oxysterol that flows into the brain, and it affects β-amyloid (Aβ) production and elimination as well as influencing other pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Although the potential link between hypercholesterolemia and AD is well established, cholesterol-lowering drugs show mixed results in improving cognitive function. Nevertheless, drugs that target cholesterol exocytosis and conversion show benefits in improving AD pathology. Herbs and natural compounds with cholesterol-lowering properties also have a potential role in ameliorating cognition. Collectively, hypercholesterolemia is a causative risk factor for AD, and 27-OHC is likely a potential mechanism for hypercholesterolemia to promote AD pathology. Drugs that regulate cholesterol metabolism are probably beneficial for AD, but more research is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved in 27-OHC, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingan Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wang,
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Weirong Li,
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18
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Ylilauri MPT, Hantunen S, Lönnroos E, Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK. Associations of dairy, meat, and fish intakes with risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD). Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2531-2542. [PMID: 35217900 PMCID: PMC9279192 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate if dairy, meat, and fish intakes associate with dementia and cognitive performance. Methods We included 2497 dementia-free men from Eastern Finland, aged 42–60 years in 1984–1989 at the baseline examinations. Data on cognitive tests [Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), trail making test (TMT), verbal fluency test (VFL), selective reminding test (SRT), and Russell’s adaptation of the visual reproduction test (VRT)] at the 4-year re-examinations were available for 482 men and on the ApoE phenotype for 1259 men. Data on dementia events were obtained by linkage to national health registers. Diet was assessed with baseline 4-day food records. Cox regression and analysis of covariance were used for analyses. Results During a mean 22-year follow-up, 337 men had a dementia diagnosis. Among the foods, only cheese intake associated with dementia risk (hazard ratio in the highest vs. the lowest quartile = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.52–0.99, P-trend = 0.05). In the cognitive tests, higher non-fermented dairy and milk intakes associated with worse verbal fluency (VFT). Higher processed red meat intake associated with worse verbal (SRT) and visual memory (VRT), whereas higher unprocessed red meat intake associated with better general cognitive functioning (MMSE) and processing speed and executive functioning (TMT). Higher fish intake associated with better verbal memory (SRT). Among APOE-ε4 carriers, especially non-fermented dairy intake associated with higher risk of dementia outcomes, and higher fish intake indicated better cognitive performance. Conclusion Although higher intake of some food groups associated with cognitive performance, we found little evidence for associations with dementia risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02834-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija P T Ylilauri
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Hantunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Lönnroos
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- MAS-Metabolic Analytical Services Oy, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Margara-Escudero HJ, Zamora-Ros R, de Villasante I, Crous-Bou M, Chirlaque MD, Amiano P, Mar J, Barricarte A, Ardanaz E, Huerta JM. Association Between Egg Consumption and Dementia Risk in the EPIC-Spain Dementia Cohort. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827307. [PMID: 35284440 PMCID: PMC8906465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence suggests that egg composition might have potential neuroprotective effects. Our aim was to determine the association between egg consumption and the risk of dementia in a Mediterranean population. Methods This study was carried out in 3 centers from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain Dementia Cohort, i.e., 25,015 participants aged 30–70 years, recruited in 1992–1996, and followed up for a mean of 21.5 years. Results A total of 774 incident dementia cases were diagnosed and validated, of which 518 were Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data on egg consumption were estimated using a validated dietary history questionnaire at recruitment. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounders, were used in the analyses. No association was observed between egg consumption and either total dementia [hazard ratio between extreme quartiles (HRQ4vs.Q1: 1.05; 95% CI 0.85–1.31; p-trend = 0.93)] or AD (HRQ4vs.Q1 0.93; 95% CI 0.72–1.21; p-trend = 0.50) risks. After dividing the population by adherence to the relative Mediterranean diet (rMED) score, a borderline inverse association was found between egg intake and both total dementia (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.52; 95% CI 0.30–0.90; p-trend = 0.10) and AD (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.52; 95% CI 0.27–1.01; p-trend = 0.13) risks within participants with low adherence to rMED score. However, no association was observed in participants with medium and high adherence to rMED score. Conclusion This prospective study suggests that egg consumption is associated with a reduced risk of dementia, and specifically of AD, in the adult population with low adherence to rMED score; whereas it has no impact in subjects with moderate and high MD adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando J. Margara-Escudero
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Raul Zamora-Ros
| | - Izar de Villasante
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Javier Mar
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- Research Unit, Basque Health Service (Osakidetza), Debagoiena Integrated Healthcare Organisation, Arrasate-Mondragón, Spain
- Group of Economic Evaluation of Chronic Diseases, Kronikgune Health Services Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Group of Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Group of Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Group of Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Group of Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Zhang Q, Zhang M, Chen Y, Cao Y, Dong G. Nonlinear Relationship of Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cognitive Function in American Elders: A Cross-Sectional NHANES Study (2011-2014). J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:125-134. [PMID: 35001890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels may be associated with cognitive function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between non-HDL-C and cognitive function among American elders. METHODS We used data from the 2011 to 2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 3,001 participants aged over 60 years were enrolled in our analysis. The cognitive function was evaluated with the word learning subtest from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD W-L), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). We also created a composite cognitive z-score to represent a global cognition. We applied multivariate linear regression analyses to estimate the associations between non-HDL-C levels and all domains of cognitive function. Further, the generalized additive model and the smooth curve were conducted to investigate the dose-response relationship between non-HDL-C and global cognition. RESULTS Serum non-HDL-C was positively associated with global cognition (β= 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.28), AFT score (β= 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.76), and DSST score (β= 1.13, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.69) after fully adjusted. While non-HDL-C was not related to CERAD W-L score. In addition, an inverted U-shape curve was observed in the dose-response relationship between non-HDL-C and global cognition (p for non-linearity < 0.001). CONCLUSION Serum non-HDL-C is positively and nonlinearly associated with cognitive function among American older adults. Maintaining serum cholesterol levels at an appropriate range may be helpful to the cognitive health of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Psychology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanzhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Li FD, Tong ZD, Chang Y, Li KF, Gu X, Zhang T, Lin JF. Eggs Consumption in Relation to Lower Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Elderly: Findings from a 6-Year Cohort Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:771-777. [PMID: 35934821 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the longitudinal association of eggs consumption with cognitive function in Chinese elderly. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 9028 participants aged ≥60 years from Zhejiang Ageing and Health Cohort Study without cognitive impairment at baseline survey. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive function was assessed through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline and three waves of follow-up (2015, 2016, and 2019-2020). Data on eggs consumption was collected in the diet habits section within the questionnaire at baseline. Log-binomial regression models with the Generalized Estimating Equations, controlled for an extensive range of potential confounders, were used to evaluate the association and estimate relative risks (RRs). RESULTS After 6 years of follow-up, 3266 (36.18%) participants were indicated as cognitive impairment by MMSE at least once. Compared with non-consumers or less-than-weekly consumers, participants consuming 0.1-2.9 eggs/week and 3.0-5.9 eggs/week had 18% (RR=0.82, 95%CI 0.76-0.89) and 9% (RR=0.91, 95%CI 0.84-0.99) lower risks of cognitive impairment respectively, whereas no association was found in those consuming ≥6.0 eggs/week (P=0.32). Moreover, infrequent lower-quantity consumption (1-2 days/week and 0.1-1.9 eggs/day), infrequent higher-quantity consumption (1-2 days/week and ≥2.0 eggs/day), and frequent lower-quantity consumption (≥3 days/week and 0.1-1.9 eggs/day) were associated with better cognitive performance, whereas null association was found among frequent higher-quantity consumers (≥3 days/week and ≥2.0 eggs/day). The sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results to the main analysis. CONCLUSION Limited eggs consumption is prospectively related to a lower risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Li
- Professor Junfen Lin, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China. . Tel: +86-571-87115131. Fax: +86-571-87115298
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22
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Lee GJ, Oda K, Morton KR, Orlich M, Sabate J. Egg intake moderates the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e79. [PMID: 34616550 PMCID: PMC8477346 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs contain important compounds related to enhanced cognition, but it is not clear if egg consumption, as a whole, has a direct impact on memory decline in older adults. This study aimed to determine whether egg intake levels predict the rate of memory decline in healthy older adults after sociodemographic and dietary controls. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 470 participants, age 50 and over, from the Biospsychosocial Religion and Health Study. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, which was used to calculate egg intake and divide participants into Low (<23 g/week, about half an egg), Intermediate (24-63 g/week, half to 1½ eggs) and High (≥63 g/week, about two or more eggs) tertiles. Participants were administered the California Verbal Learning Test - 2nd Edition (CVLT-II) Short Form in 2006-2007, and 294 of them were again tested in 2010-2011. Using linear mixed model analysis, no significant cross-sectional differences were observed in CVLT-II performance between egg intake levels after controlling for age, sex, race, education, body mass index, cardiovascular risk, depression and intake of meat, fish, dairy and fruits/vegetables. Longitudinally, the Intermediate egg group exhibited significantly slower rates of decline on the CVLT-II compared to the Low egg group. The High egg group also exhibited slower rates of decline, but not statistically significant. Thus, limited consumption of eggs (about 1 egg/week) was associated with slower memory decline in late life compared to consuming little to no eggs, but a dose-response effect was not clearly evident. This study may help explain discrepancies in previous research that did not control for other dietary intakes and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J. Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Keiji Oda
- Center for Nutrition, Lifestyle & Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kelly R. Morton
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael Orlich
- Center for Nutrition, Lifestyle & Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sabate
- Center for Nutrition, Lifestyle & Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Lecerf JM. [Nutritional advices for postmenopausal woman. Postmenopausal women management: CNGOF and GEMVi clinical practice guidelines]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2021; 49:349-357. [PMID: 33753299 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is a key period for health due to physiological changes, particularly of body composition (with decrease of lean mass and increase of fat mass) and of body fat distribution, leading to a higher risk for bone and muscular health and cardiometabolic health. Nutritional advices, associated to physical activity advices, may partially prevent these effects. The energy balance will be moderately negative if there is a weight gain, while the protein intake will be preserved and a regular physical activity will be increased. A Mediterranean style diet will be beneficial on cardiovascular health. Dairy products will be preserved, but restrictive and dietary exclusion will be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Lecerf
- Service de nutrition et activité physique, institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Professeur-Calmette, 59019 Lille cedex, France; Service de médecine interne, CHRU Lille, Lille, France.
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24
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Zhang H, Greenwood DC, Risch HA, Bunce D, Hardie LJ, Cade JE. Meat consumption and risk of incident dementia: cohort study of 493,888 UK Biobank participants. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:175-184. [PMID: 33748832 PMCID: PMC8246598 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, the prevalence of dementia is increasing and diet as a modifiable factor could play a role. Meat consumption has been cross-sectionally associated with dementia risk, but specific amounts and types related to risk of incident dementia remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate associations between meat consumption and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank cohort. METHODS Meat consumption was estimated using a short dietary questionnaire at recruitment and repeated 24-h dietary assessments. Incident all-cause dementia comprising Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) was identified by electronic linkages to hospital and mortality records. HRs for each meat type in relation to each dementia outcome were estimated in Cox proportional hazard models. Interactions between meat consumption and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele were additionally explored. RESULTS Among 493,888 participants included, 2896 incident cases of all-cause dementia, 1006 cases of AD, and 490 cases of VD were identified, with mean ± SD follow-up of 8 ± 1.1 y. Each additional 25 g/day intake of processed meat was associated with increased risks of incident all-cause dementia (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.67; P-trend < 0.001) and AD (HR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.96; P-trend = 0.001). In contrast, a 50-g/d increment in unprocessed red meat intake was associated with reduced risks of all-cause dementia (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.95; P-trend = 0.011) and AD (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.92; P-trend = 0.009). The linear trend was not significant for unprocessed poultry and total meat. Regarding incident VD, there were no statistically significant linear trends identified, although for processed meat, higher consumption categories were associated with increased risks. The APOE ε4 allele increased dementia risk by 3 to 6 times but did not modify the associations with diet significantly. CONCLUSION These findings highlight processed-meat consumption as a potential risk factor for incident dementia, independent of the APOE ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven CT, USA
| | - David Bunce
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Clinical and Population Sciences, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Janet E Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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25
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Egg and cholesterol consumption and mortality from cardiovascular and different causes in the United States: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003508. [PMID: 33561122 PMCID: PMC7872242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether consumption of egg and cholesterol is detrimental to cardiovascular health and longevity is highly debated. Data from large-scale cohort studies are scarce. This study aimed to examine the associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other causes in a US population. METHODS AND FINDINGS Overall, 521,120 participants (aged 50-71 years, mean age = 62.2 years, 41.2% women, and 91.8% non-Hispanic white) were recruited from 6 states and 2 additional cities in the US between 1995 and 1996 and prospectively followed up until the end of 2011. Intakes of whole eggs, egg whites/substitutes, and cholesterol were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cause-specific hazard models considering competing risks were used, with the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted intake (per 2,000 kcal per day) as the reference. There were 129,328 deaths including 38,747 deaths from CVD during a median follow-up of 16 years. Whole egg and cholesterol intakes were both positively associated with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. In multivariable-adjusted models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) associated with each intake of an additional half of a whole egg per day were 1.07 (1.06-1.08) for all-cause mortality, 1.07 (1.06-1.09) for CVD mortality, and 1.07 (1.06-1.09) for cancer mortality. Each intake of an additional 300 mg of dietary cholesterol per day was associated with 19%, 16%, and 24% higher all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality, respectively. Mediation models estimated that cholesterol intake contributed to 63.2% (95% CI 49.6%-75.0%), 62.3% (95% CI 39.5%-80.7%), and 49.6% (95% CI 31.9%-67.4%) of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality associated with whole egg consumption, respectively. Egg white/substitute consumers had lower all-cause mortality and mortality from stroke, cancer, respiratory disease, and Alzheimer disease compared with non-consumers. Hypothetically, replacing half a whole egg with equivalent amounts of egg whites/substitutes, poultry, fish, dairy products, or nuts/legumes was related to lower all-cause, CVD, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality. Study limitations include its observational nature, reliance on participant self-report, and residual confounding despite extensive adjustment for acknowledged dietary and lifestyle risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this study, intakes of eggs and cholesterol were associated with higher all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. The increased mortality associated with egg consumption was largely influenced by cholesterol intake. Our findings suggest limiting cholesterol intake and replacing whole eggs with egg whites/substitutes or other alternative protein sources for facilitating cardiovascular health and long-term survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00340015.
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26
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Fote GM, Geller NR, Reyes-Ortiz AM, Thompson LM, Steffan JS, Grill JD. A Scoping Review of Dietary Factors Conferring Risk or Protection for Cognitive Decline in APOE ε4 Carriers. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:1167-1178. [PMID: 34866144 PMCID: PMC8890439 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD is carriage of the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Strategies to slow the progression of AD, including dietary interventions, may be modified by the pathogenic effect of this polymorphism. Our objective in this review was to determine the extent and quality of the literature investigating how dietary factors and interventions interact with the APOE ε4 genotype to impact cognitive decline in AD. To that end, we performed a systematic scoping review of published English-language articles involving human subjects. We found evidence suggesting that adherence to a Mediterranean diet may reduce cognitive decline among APOE ε4 carriers, whereas ketogenic agents appear to be ineffective. Diets high in saturated fats may be particularly harmful for APOE ε4 carriers. We identified several topics, including the use of ω-3 fatty acid and antioxidant supplements, for which additional high level evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fote
- Gianna M. Fote, PhD, UC Irvine Department of Biological Chemistry, 385 S. Manchester Ave, Unit 2096, Orange CA 92868, USA, (310)924-4415, ; Joshua D. Grill, PhD, UC Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Professor of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 3024 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, USA,
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Moradi S, Moloudi J, Moradinazar M, Sarokhani D, Nachvak SM, Samadi M. Adherence to Healthy Diet Can Delay Alzheimer's Diseases Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2020; 25:325-337. [PMID: 33505926 PMCID: PMC7813603 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2020.25.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy diet has long been indicated to be protective against Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies to explore the relationship between healthy and unhealthy diets and risk of ADs. We screened PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Embase, and screened manually to identify relevant articles published in English and non-English until Jun 2020. We classified the studied dietary patterns into two groups: healthy and unhealthy diets. The pooled weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to analyze the data using a random-effects model. The data were extracted manually and the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis checklist was used to appraise the risk of bias and quality of data. Of the 1,813 articles identified, 21 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative analysis. A healthy diet was related to a lower risk of AD [odds ratio (OR): 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.86, I2=99.7%; n=17 studies]. Moreover, high adherence to an unhealthy diet was not associated with increased risk of AD (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98 to 0.99, I2=0.0%; n=6 studies). However, the etiology of AD is uncertain and it is difficult draw conclusions about dietary healthy patterns. We concluded that adherence to a healthy diet is associated with a lower risk of AD, but were unable to find evidence that an unhealthy diet increases the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Moradi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran
| | - Jalall Moloudi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Behavioral Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran
| | - Diana Sarokhani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 69311-57793, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran
| | - Mehnoosh Samadi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah 67198-51351, Iran
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28
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Yang FN, Stanford M, Jiang X. Low Cholesterol Level Linked to Reduced Semantic Fluency Performance and Reduced Gray Matter Volume in the Medial Temporal Lobe. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:57. [PMID: 32300296 PMCID: PMC7142997 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia has been proposed as a risk factor of dementia and cognitive decline. However, the findings of the relationship between cholesterol level and cognitive/brain function have been inconsistent. Here, using a well-controlled sample from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), we investigated the probable non-linear relationship between plasma total cholesterol (TC) level, gray matter volume (GMv), and cognitive performance in 117 non-demented subjects (mean age, 61.5 ± 8.9 years), including 67 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 50 demographically matched controls. A quadratic relationship between semantic fluency (SF) performance and TC levels was identified. Within the subjects with a desirable TC level (TC < 200 mg/dl), low TC (lTC) levels were associated with reduced SF performance, as well as reduced GMv in three medial temporal regions [including bilateral anterior hippocampus (HIP)]. In contrast, no significant relationship between TC and cognition performance/GMv was found in individuals with a high cholesterol level (i.e., TC ≥ 200 mg/dl). Further region of interest (ROI)-based analysis showed that individuals with TC levels ranging from 100 to 160 mg/dl had the lowest GMv in the medial temporal regions. These findings suggest that low-normal TC level may be associated with reduced cognitive function and brain atrophy in regions implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, adding to a growing body of literature supporting a probable non-linear relationship between cholesterol level and brain health. However, this finding needs to be verified with other large public cohort data that do not include PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Nils Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Macdonell Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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29
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30
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An Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang T, Qin Z, Xiao R. Longitudinal and nonlinear relations of dietary and Serum cholesterol in midlife with cognitive decline: results from EMCOA study. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:51. [PMID: 31888696 PMCID: PMC6937942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies regarding the cholesterol-cognition relationship in midlife have generated conflicting results. We thus investigated whether dietary and blood cholesterol were associated with cognitive decline. Methods Participants were drawn from a large cohort study entitled the Effects and Mechanism Investigation of Cholesterol and Oxysterol on Alzheimer’s disease (EMCOA) study. We included 2514 participants who completed a selection of comprehensive cognitive tests and were followed for an average of 2.3 years. Blood concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were assessed and dietary intakes were investigated by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) was genotyped by Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) sequencing. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were calculated. The longitudinal effects of dietary and blood cholesterol on risk of global cognitive decline (decrease in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) > 2 points) were examined using Cox proportional hazards models. The nonlinear associations with global and domain-specific cognitive decline was evaluated with mixed effect linear models. Results In Cox proportional hazards models, neither cholesterol nor egg intake was associated with a higher risk of accelerated global cognitive decline. In contrast, the higher serum concentrations of TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were positively associated with accelerated global cognitive decline regardless of being evaluated continuously or categorically while higher HDL-C was positively associated with accelerated global cognitive decline only when being evaluated categorically (all P < 0.05). In mixed effect linear models, quadratic and longitudinal relations of dietary cholesterol and egg intakes to global cognition, processing speed and executive function were observed. Moreover, there were inverted U-shaped relations of HDL-C, with processing speed and executive function but U-shaped relations of HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio with verbal memory. Adverse linear associations of higher LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio with multiple cognitive comes were also revealed. Additionally adjusting for APOE genotype did not modify cholesterol-cognition associations. Dietary and serum cholesterol had variable associations with global and domain-specific cognitive decline across educational groups. Conclusion Differential associations between dietary/serum cholesterol and cognitive decline across different domains of function were observed in a particular population of middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Interventions to improve cognitive reserve regarding dietary instruction and lipid management should be tailored according to specific target. Trial registration EMCOA, ChiCTR-OOC-17011882, Registered 5th, July 2017-Retrospectively registered, http://www.medresman.org/uc/project/projectedit.aspx?proj=2610
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu An
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China
| | | | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Ylilauri MPT, Voutilainen S, Lönnroos E, Virtanen HEK, Tuomainen TP, Salonen JT, Virtanen JK. Associations of dietary choline intake with risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1416-1423. [PMID: 31360988 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate egg intake has been associated with better cognitive performance in observational studies. This association may be due to the rich content of choline, especially phosphatidylcholine, in eggs because choline has been suggested to have a role in the prevention of cognitive decline. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations of dietary choline intake with the risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance in middle-aged and older men in the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. METHODS A population-based sample of 2497 dementia-free men aged 42-60 y was examined in 1984-1989. A subset of 482 men completed 5 different cognitive performance tests 4 y later. Dementia and Alzheimer disease diagnoses were retrieved from Finnish health registers. Dietary intakes were assessed with the use of 4-d food records at baseline. Cox regression and ANCOVA were used for the analyses. All analyses were also stratified by the apolipoprotein E phenotype (APOE-ε4 compared with other phenotypes). These data were available for 1259 men. RESULTS The mean ± SD total choline intake was 431 ± 88 mg/d, of which 188 ± 63 mg/d was phosphatidylcholine. During a 21.9-y follow-up, 337 men were diagnosed with dementia. Those in the highest compared with the lowest phosphatidylcholine intake quartile had 28% (95% CI: 1%, 48%; P-trend = 0.02 across quartiles) lower multivariable-adjusted risk of incident dementia. Total choline intake had no association with the risk of incident dementia. However, both total choline and phosphatidylcholine intakes were associated with better performance in cognitive tests assessing frontal and temporal lobe functioning. For example, higher intakes were associated with better performance in verbal fluency and memory functions. The APOE phenotype had little or no impact on the associations. CONCLUSION Higher phosphatidylcholine intake was associated with lower risk of incident dementia and better cognitive performance in men in eastern Finland. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija P T Ylilauri
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Lönnroos
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli E K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- Analytical Services Oy, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Rajaram S, Jones J, Lee GJ. Plant-Based Dietary Patterns, Plant Foods, and Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S422-S436. [PMID: 31728502 PMCID: PMC6855948 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population is expanding, as is the prevalence of age-related cognitive decline (ARCD). Of the several risk factors that predict the onset and progression of ARCD, 2 important modifiable risk factors are diet and physical activity. Dietary patterns that emphasize plant foods can exert neuroprotective effects. In this comprehensive review, we examine studies in humans of plant-based dietary patterns and polyphenol-rich plant foods and their role in either preventing ARCD and/or improving cognitive function. As yet, there is no direct evidence to support the benefits of a vegetarian diet in preventing cognitive decline. However, there is emerging evidence for brain-health-promoting effects of several plant foods rich in polyphenols, anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, and plant-based dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet that include a variety of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains. The bioactive compounds present in these dietary patterns include antioxidant vitamins, polyphenols, other phytochemicals, and unsaturated fatty acids. In animal models these nutrients and non-nutrients have been shown to enhance neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the mounting evidence in favor of plant-centered dietary patterns, inclusive of polyphenol-rich foods for cognitive well-being. Randomized clinical trials support the role of plant foods (citrus fruits, grapes, berries, cocoa, nuts, green tea, and coffee) in improving specific domains of cognition, most notably frontal executive function. We also identify knowledge gaps and recommend future studies to identify whether plant-exclusive diets have an added cognitive advantage compared with plant-centered diets with fish and/or small amounts of animal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,Address correspondence to SR (e-mail: )
| | - Julie Jones
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Grace J Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Abdollahi AM, Virtanen HEK, Voutilainen S, Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Salonen JT, Virtanen JK. Egg consumption, cholesterol intake, and risk of incident stroke in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:169-176. [PMID: 31095282 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies suggest inverse associations between consumption of egg, a major source of dietary cholesterol, and stroke. However, the evidence of the relation remains limited, especially among carriers of apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), which influences cholesterol metabolism. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with risk of stroke and with the major stroke risk factor, blood pressure, in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland and whether apoE phenotype could modify these associations. METHODS A total of 1950 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 were included at the baseline examinations of the prospective population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Data on apoE phenotype were available for 1015 men. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records at baseline and incident stroke events were assessed by record linkage to hospital discharge registries. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate associations with stroke risk. Associations with baseline blood pressure were evaluated with ANCOVA. RESULTS During the mean ± SD follow-up of 21.2 ± 7.2 y, there were 217 incidences of any stroke: 166 of ischemic stroke and 55 of hemorrhagic stroke. Comparing the highest egg intake quartile with the lowest, the multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.81 for total stroke (95% CI: 0.54, 1.23; P-trend = 0.32), 0.84 for ischemic stroke (95% CI: 0.53, 1.34; P-trend = 0.44), and 0.75 for hemorrhagic stroke (95% CI: 0.32, 1.77; P-trend = 0.40). The respective HRs for the highest cholesterol intake quartile compared with the lowest were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.32; P-trend = 0.42), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.20; P-trend = 0.32), and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.45, 2.66; P-trend = 0.75). Diastolic blood pressure was 1.6 mm Hg (P-trend = 0.04) lower in the highest egg intake quartile compared with the lowest, but there were no associations with systolic blood pressure or with cholesterol intake. ApoE phenotype (32% had apoE4 phenotype) did not modify the associations. CONCLUSION Neither egg nor cholesterol intakes were associated with stroke risk in this cohort, regardless of apoE phenotype.This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Abdollahi
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli E K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- The Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Dietary pattern in relation to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2031-2043. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bishop NJ, Zuniga KE. Egg Consumption, Multi-Domain Cognitive Performance, and Short-Term Cognitive Change in a Representative Sample of Older U.S. Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:537-546. [PMID: 31192772 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1566035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Existing research supports a positive relationship between egg intake and cognitive function in older populations, although the impact of whole egg consumption on multi-domain cognitive function and cognitive decline in representative samples of older adults has not been described. We examined the association between egg consumption, cognitive performance, and cognitive change in a representative sample of U.S. adults aged 65 and older. Methods: We drew observations from the 2012 and 2014 Health and Retirement Study and the recently released 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study. The analytic sample contained 3835 respondents, representing a weighted population of 37,806,082 community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older in 2013. Multivariate path analytic models were used to estimate the association between egg consumption groups (none, ≤ 1 serving per week, 2-6 servings per week, ≥ 7 servings per week) and cognitive performance across domains of working memory, executive function, and global mental status. First-order autoregressive models were used to estimate cognitive change over the 2-year observational period. Follow-up analyses examined associations between egg consumption group, dietary patterns, and nutrient intake. Results: On average, older adults consumed 0.34 eggs per day (SD = 0.36). Although bivariate analyses suggested that moderate egg consumers had the best cognitive performance at baseline assessment, egg consumption was not associated with cognitive performance or cognitive change when adjusting models for covariates known to have a robust association with cognitive health. Conclusions: Our results suggest that egg consumption does not benefit, nor is detrimental to, the cognitive health of older adults. Further studies of whole egg consumption and cognitive performance would benefit from controlled experimental settings, longer follow-up periods to measure cognitive change, and assessment of both community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bishop
- a Texas State University, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Family and Child Development , San Marcos , Texas , USA
| | - Krystle E Zuniga
- b Texas State University, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Nutrition and Foods , San Marcos , Texas , USA
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Govindpani K, McNamara LG, Smith NR, Vinnakota C, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Kwakowsky A. Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Prelude to the Pathological Process or a Consequence of It? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E651. [PMID: 31083442 PMCID: PMC6571853 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Despite decades of research following several theoretical and clinical lines, all existing treatments for the disorder are purely symptomatic. AD research has traditionally been focused on neuronal and glial dysfunction. Although there is a wealth of evidence pointing to a significant vascular component in the disease, this angle has been relatively poorly explored. In this review, we consider the various aspects of vascular dysfunction in AD, which has a significant impact on brain metabolism and homeostasis and the clearance of β-amyloid and other toxic metabolites. This may potentially precede the onset of the hallmark pathophysiological and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Pathological changes in vessel haemodynamics, angiogenesis, vascular cell function, vascular coverage, blood-brain barrier permeability and immune cell migration may be related to amyloid toxicity, oxidative stress and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. These vascular deficits may in turn contribute to parenchymal amyloid deposition, neurotoxicity, glial activation and metabolic dysfunction in multiple cell types. A vicious feedback cycle ensues, with progressively worsening neuronal and vascular pathology through the course of the disease. Thus, a better appreciation for the importance of vascular dysfunction in AD may open new avenues for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Govindpani
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Laura G McNamara
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas R Smith
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Chitra Vinnakota
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Lm Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Virtanen HEK, Voutilainen S, Koskinen TT, Mursu J, Kokko P, Ylilauri MPT, Tuomainen TP, Salonen JT, Virtanen JK. Dietary proteins and protein sources and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1462-1471. [PMID: 30968137 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating protein intake in relation to mortality have provided conflicting results. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of dietary protein and protein sources with risk of disease death in the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. METHODS The study population consisted of 2641 Finnish men, aged 42-60 y at baseline in 1984-1989. We estimated protein intakes with 4-d dietary records at baseline and collected data on disease deaths from the national Causes of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS During the average follow-up of 22.3 y, we observed 1225 deaths due to disease. Higher intakes of total protein and animal protein had borderline statistically significant associations with increased mortality risk: multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) in the highest compared with the lowest quartile for total protein intake = 1.17 (0.99, 1.39; P-trend across quartiles = 0.07) and for animal protein intake = 1.13 (0.95, 1.35; P-trend = 0.04). Higher animal-to-plant protein ratio (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49; P-trend = 0.01) and higher meat intake (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47; P-trend = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality. When evaluated based on disease history at baseline, the association of total protein with mortality appeared more evident among those with a history of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 1094) compared with those without disease history (n = 1547) (P-interaction = 0.05 or 0.07, depending on the model). Intakes of fish, eggs, dairy, or plant protein sources were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher ratio of animal to plant protein in diet and higher meat intake were associated with increased mortality risk. Higher total protein intake appeared to be associated with mortality mainly among those with a predisposing disease. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli E K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo T Koskinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Kokko
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija P T Ylilauri
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- MAS-Metabolic Analytical Services Oy, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Fernandez A, Santi A, Torres Aleman I. Insulin Peptides as Mediators of the Impact of Life Style in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:3-15. [PMID: 30564544 PMCID: PMC6297900 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), that affects millions of people worldwide, is currently one of the most important scientific endeavors from a clinical perspective. There are so many mechanisms proposed, and so disparate changes observed, that it is becoming a challenging task to provide a comprehensive view of possible pathogenic processes in AD. Tauopathy (intracellular neurofibrillary tangles) and amyloidosis (extracellular amyloid plaques) are the anatomical hallmarks of the disease, and the formation of these proteinaceous aggregates in specific brain areas is widely held as the ultimate pathogenic mechanism. However, the triggers of this dysproteostasis process remain unknown. Further, neurofibrillary tangles and plaques may only constitute the last stages of a process of still uncertain origin. Thus, without an established knowledge of its etiology, and no cure in the horizon, prevention - or merely delaying its development, has become a last-resort goal in AD research. As with other success stories in preventive medicine, epidemiological studies have provided basic knowledge of risk factors in AD that may contribute to understand its etiology. Disregarding old age, gender, and ApoE4 genotype as non preventable risk factors, there are diverse life-style traits - many of them closely related to cardiovascular health, that have been associated to AD risk. Most prominent among them are diet, physical and mental activity, exposure to stress, and sleep/wake patterns. We argue that all these life-style factors engage insulinergic pathways that affect brain function, providing a potentially unifying thread for life-style and AD risk. Although further studies are needed to firmly establish a link between faulty insulinergic function and AD, we herein summarize the evidence that this link should be thoroughly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Santi
- Cajal Institute and Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
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Xu X, Parker D, Shi Z, Byles J, Hall J, Hickman L. Dietary Pattern, Hypertension and Cognitive Function in an Older Population: 10-Year Longitudinal Survey. Front Public Health 2018; 6:201. [PMID: 30079333 PMCID: PMC6062638 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a paucity of studies that have explored the association between dietary pattern and cognitive function, and whether there is an interaction between dietary pattern and hypertension in relation to older people's cognitive functioning. Methods: We analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition (CHNS) survey. Dietary data have been collected since 1991, and cognitive function interview data were collected between 1997 and 2006. We analyzed ten years of data, including 4,847 participants with 10,658 observations (aged ≥55 years). Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Cognitive function measures include cognitive global scores and verbal memory scores. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the association between dietary patterns, hypertension and cognitive function. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis, named "Traditional Chinese," "Protein-rich," and "Starch-rich" dietary pattern. A Protein-rich dietary pattern (high intake of milk, eggs and soymilk) was significantly associated with higher cognitive global scores and verbal memory scores, while the starch-rich dietary pattern (high intake of salted vegetable and legumes) was significantly associated with lower cognitive global and verbal memory scores. In addition, we found that participants with hypertension were independently associated with significant low cognitive function. Conclusion: The study reinforces the importance of diet in preventing cognitive decline among the older population. Identification of older populations who had hypertension should be targeted in intervention studies to maintain their cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Xu
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Generational, Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Parker
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Julie Byles
- Priority Research Centre for Generational, Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John Hall
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Hickman
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Donley GAR, Lönnroos E, Tuomainen TP, Kauhanen J. Association of childhood stress with late-life dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: the KIHD study. Eur J Public Health 2018; 28:1069-1073. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A R Donley
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eija Lönnroos
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Zamora-Ros R, Cayssials V, Cleries R, Redondo ML, Sánchez MJ, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Sánchez-Cruz JJ, Mokoroa O, Gil L, Amiano P, Navarro C, Chirlaque MD, Huerta JM, Barricarte A, Ardanaz E, Moreno-Iribas C, Agudo A. Moderate egg consumption and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in the Spanish European Prospective into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain) study. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2003-2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wallace TC. A Comprehensive Review of Eggs, Choline, and Lutein on Cognition Across the Life-span. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:269-285. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1423248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Think Healthy Group, Inc., Washington, DC
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