Nutrition, microRNAs, and Human Health

Specific circulating miRNAs are associated with plasma lipids in a healthy American cohort

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is both a therapeutic target and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). MicroRNA (miRNA) has been shown to regulate cholesterol homeostasis, and miRNA in blood circulation has been linked to hypercholesterolemia. However, few studies to date have associated miRNA with phenotypes like LDL-c in a healthy population. To this end, we analyzed circulating miRNA in relation to LDL-c in a healthy cohort of 353 participants using two separate bioinformatic approaches. The first approach found that miR-15b-5p and miR-16-5p were upregulated in individuals with at-risk levels of LDL-c. The second approach identified two miRNA clusters, one that positively and a second that negatively correlated with LDL-c. Included in the cluster that positively correlated with LDL-c were miR-15b-5p and miR-16-5p, as well as other miRNA from the miR-15/107, miR-30, and let-7 families. Cross-species analyses suggested that several miRNAs that associated with LDL-c are conserved between mice and humans. Finally, we examined the influence of diet on circulating miRNA. Our results robustly linked circulating miRNA with LDL-c, suggesting that miRNA could be used as biomarkers for hypercholesterolemia or targets for developing cholesterol-lowering drugs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study explored the association between circulating microRNA (miRNA) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in a healthy population of 353 participants. Two miRNAs, miR-15b-5p and miR-16-5p, were upregulated in individuals with at-risk LDL-c levels. Several miRNA clusters were positively and negatively correlated with LDL-c and are known to target mRNA involved in lipid metabolism. The study also investigated the influence of diet on circulating miRNA, suggesting potential biomarkers for hypercholesterolemia.

Integrated miRNA and mRNA Sequencing Reveals the Sterility Mechanism in Hybrid Yellow Catfish Resulting from Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (♀) × Pelteobagrus vachelli (♂)

The hybrid yellow catfish exhibits advantages over pure yellow catfish in terms of fast growth, fast development, a high feeding rate, and strong immunity; additionally, it is almost sterile, thus ensuring the conservation of the genetic stock of fish populations. To investigate the sterility mechanism in hybrid yellow catfish (P. fulvidraco (♀) × P. vachelli (♂)), the mRNA and miRNA of the gonads of P. fulvidraco, P. vachelli, and a hybrid yellow catfish were analyzed to characterize the differentially expressed genes; this was carried out to help establish gene expression datasets to assist in the further determination of the mechanisms of genetic sterility in hybrid yellow catfish. In total, 1709 DEGs were identified between the hybrid and two pure yellow catfishes. A KEGG pathway analysis indicated that several genes related to reproductive functions were upregulated, including those involved in the cell cycle, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and oocyte meiosis, and genes associated with ECM-receptor interaction were downregulated. The spermatogenesis-related GO genes CFAP70, RSPH6A, and TSGA10 were identified as being downregulated DEGs in the hybrid yellow catfish. Sixty-three DEmiRNAs were identified between the hybrid and the two pure yellow catfish species. The upregulated DEmiRNAs ipu-miR-194a and ipu-miR-499 were found to target the spermatogenesis-related genes CFAP70 and RSPH6A, respectively, playing a negative regulatory role, which may underscore the miRNA-mRNA regulatory mechanism of sterility in hybrid yellow catfish. The differential expression of ipu-miR-196d, ipu-miR-125b, and ipu-miR-150 and their target genes spidr, cep85, and kcnn4, implicated in reproductive processes, was verified via qRT-PCR, consistent with the transcriptome sequencing expression trends. This study provides deep insights into the mechanism of hybrid sterility in vertebrate groups, thereby contributing to achieving a better understanding and management of fish conservation related to hybrid sterility.

LncRNA MALAT1 promotes osteogenic differentiation through the miR-93-5p/SMAD5 axis

OBJECTIVES

Promoting the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is a way to regenerate periodontal bone. This study aimed to determine whether lncRNA MALAT1 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human PDLSCs were extracted from the human periodontal ligament, and after osteogenic differentiation was induced using osteogenic medium, the human PDLSCs were transfected with siRNA-MALAT1, miR-93-5p mimics, and miR-93-5p inhibitors. The expression of osteogenesis-related genes was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed by ALP activity assay, and the formation of mineralized nodules was assessed by alizarin red S (ARS) staining. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and luciferase assays were performed to assess the binding of MALAT1, miR-93-5p, and SMAD5.

RESULTS

The expression of lncRNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) was upregulated, while that of miR-93-5p was downregulated after PDLSC osteogenic differentiation. Knockdown of MALAT1 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and MALAT1 expression negatively correlated with miR-93-5p expression. miR-93-5p inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs by specifically binding to SMAD5.

CONCLUSION

MALAT1 regulates human PDLSC differentiation by regulating the miR-93-5p/SMAD5 axis.

KNOCKDOWN OF CIRC_0114428 ALLEVIATES LPS-INDUCED HK2 CELL APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION INJURY VIA TARGETING MIR-215-5P/TRAF6/NF-ΚB AXIS IN SEPTIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

ABSTRACT

Background: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can cause multiple organ damage. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to play a regulatory role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI); however, the role of circ_0114428 has not been studied. Methods: In this study, HK2 cells were treated with different concentrations of LPS to induce cell damage, and then the expressions of circ_0114428, microRNA-215-5p (miR-215-5p), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot examined the Bax and cleaved-Caspase-3 proteins. Cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. In addition, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the levels of inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: After LPS treatment with different concentrations, we found that LPS at 10 μg/mL had the best effect on HK2 cells. Circ_0114428 was highly expressed in sepsis-AKI patients and LPS-treated HK2 cells. Knockdown of circ_0114428 restored the effects of LPS treatment on proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response of HK2 cells. MiR-215-5p was a target of circ_0114428, and TRAF6 was a downstream target of miR-215-5p. Circ_0114428 regulated TRAF6 expression by sponging miR-215-5p in LPS-treated HK2 cells. Circ_0114428 regulated LPS-induced NF-κB signaling in HK2 cells by targeting miR-215-5p/TRAF6 axis. Conclusion: Circ_0114428 knockdown abolished the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory damage in LPS-induced HK2 cells by targeting miR-215-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB.

Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis by epigenetically regulating ACSL4 to suppress liver fibrosis progression

BACKGROUND

Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3), extracted from Panax notoginseng, possesses hepatoprotective properties. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is responsible for liver fibrosis. Recent studies have reported the suppressive effects of G-Rg3 on HSC activation and proliferation. Ferroptosis is a novel iron regulated cell death. ACSL4, a key indicator of ferroptosis, is commonly methylated in various diseases.

PURPOSE

However, the role of ACSL4 methylation-mediated HSC ferroptosis in G-Rg3 inhibition of hepatic fibrosis needs to be explored.

METHODS

Effects of G-Rg3 on inhibiting fibrosis were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The impact of G-Rg3 on HSC ferroptosis was assessed in vitro. Furthermore, the expression of ACSL4, ACSL4 methylation and microRNA-6945-3p (miR-6945-3p) levels were determined.

RESULTS

G-Rg3 significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, accompanied by collagen downregulation. In vitro, G-Rg3 contributed to HSC inactivation, leading to decreased collagen production. G-Rg3 induced HSC ferroptosis, characterized by increased iron accumulation, depletion of glutathione, malondialdehyde levels, and generation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Moreover, G-Rg3 promoted ACSL4 demethylation and restored its expression. Notably, DNMT3B counteracted the effect of G-Rg3-mediated inhibition of ACSL4 methylation and was targeted by miR-6945-3p. Further investigations revealed that G-Rg3 suppressed ACSL4 methylation through miR-6945-3p-mediated DNMT3B inhibition. Consistent with this, miR-6945-3p inhibition reversed G-Rg3-induced ACSL4 expression and HSC ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

G-Rg3 inhibits ACSL4 methylation by miR-6945-3p-mediated DNMT3B inhibition, thereby promoting HSC ferroptosis and mitigating liver fibrosis.

Maternal-Infant Factors in Relation to Extracellular Vesicle and Particle miRNA in Prenatal Plasma and in Postpartum Human Milk

MicroRNAs (miRNA) in extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in maternal circulation during pregnancy and in human milk postpartum are hypothesized to facilitate maternal-offspring communication via epigenetic regulation. However, factors influencing maternal EVP miRNA profiles during these two critical developmental windows remain largely unknown. In a pilot study of 54 mother-child dyads in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we profiled 798 EVP miRNAs, using the NanoString nCounter platform, in paired maternal second-trimester plasma and mature (6-week) milk samples. In adjusted models, total EVP miRNA counts were lower for plasma samples collected in the afternoon compared with the morning (p = 0.024). Infant age at sample collection was inversely associated with total miRNA counts in human milk EVPs (p = 0.040). Milk EVP miRNA counts were also lower among participants who were multiparous after delivery (p = 0.047), had a pre-pregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.037), or delivered their baby via cesarean section (p = 0.021). In post hoc analyses, we also identified 22 specific EVP miRNA that were lower among participants who delivered their baby via cesarean section (Q < 0.05). Target genes of delivery mode-associated miRNAs were over-represented in pathways related to satiety signaling in infants (e.g., CCKR signaling) and mammary gland development and lactation (e.g., FGF signaling, EGF receptor signaling). In conclusion, we identified several key factors that may influence maternal EVP miRNA composition during two critical developmental windows, which should be considered in future studies investigating EVP miRNA roles in maternal and child health.

MicroRNA-192-5p downregulates Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Protein to aggravate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder without effective therapy yet. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of AKI. MicroRNA miR-192-5p has been previously reported to be upregulated in AKI models. However, its functional role in renal I/R injury is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of miR-192-5p in renal I/R progression. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell injury model in HK-2 cells and I/R-induced renal injury model in mice were established in this study. Cell counting kit-8 assay was performed to determine cell viability. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect gene expressions. Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to observe the histopathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect the kidney markers' expression. In vivo and in vitro results showed that miR-192-5p was up-regulated in the I/R-induced mice model and H/R-induced cell model, and miR-192-5p overexpression exacerbated I/R-induced renal damage. Then, the downstream target of miR-192-5p was analyzed by combining the differentially expressed mRNAs and the predicted genes and confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. It was found that miR-192-5p was found to regulate fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein expression by directly targeting the 3' untranslated region of FTO mRNA. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies unveiled that FTO overexpression alleviated renal I/R injury and promoted HK-2 cell viability via stimulating autophagy flux. In conclusion, miR-192-5p aggravated I/R-induced renal injury by blocking autophagy flux via down-regulating FTO.

Tormentic acid, a triterpenoid isolated from the fruits of Chaenomeles speciose, protected indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesion via modulating miR-139 and the CXCR4/CXCL12/PLC/PKC/Rho a/MLC pathway

CONTEXT

Tormentic acid (TA), an effective triterpenoid isolated from Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (Rosaceae) fruits, exerts an effective treatment for gastric damage.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the gastroprotective effect of TA on indomethacin (IND) damaged GES-1 cells and rats, and explore potential mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TA concentrations of 1.563-25 µM were used. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were performed using MTT, colony formation, wound healing, migration, Hoechst staining assays. SD rats were divided into control, IND, TA (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) + IND groups, once a day for 21 continuous days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all groups except the control group were given IND (100 mg/kg) by gavage. Gastric juice parameters, gastric ulcer, gastric blood flow (GBF), blood biochemical parameters and cytokine analysis and gastric mucosal histopathology were detected for 2 h and 6 h after IND oral administration. The mRNA and protein expression of miR-139 and the CXCR4/CXCL12/PLC/PKC/Rho A/MLC pathway were analyzed in the IND-damaged GES-1 cells and gastric tissue of rats.

RESULTS

TA might ameliorate the gastric mucosal injury by accelerating the IND-damaged GES-1 cell proliferation and migration, ameliorating GBF, ulcer area and pathologic changes, the redox system and cytokine levels, the gastric juice parameters, elevating the gastric pH in IND damaged rats; suppressed miR-139 mRNA expression, elevated CXCR4 and CXCL12 mRNA and protein expression, p-PLC, p-PKC, Rho A, MLCK and p-MLC protein expression.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

TA may have potential use as a clinical drug candidate for gastric mucosal lesion treatment.

Identification and analysis of miRNAs expression profiles in human, bovine, and donkey milk exosomes

The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize mirnas in mammalian exosomes. Using Illumina sequencing technology, we sequenced miRNAs in the exosomes of mammalian human milk, bovine milk, and donkey milk. 36 known mature miRNAs and 256 novel miRNAs were identified in human milk. 61 known mature miRNAs and 346 novel miRNAs were identified in milk. 16 known mature miRNAs and 196 novel miRNAs were identified in donkey milk, and miRNAs target genes were predicted. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the miRNAs of human, bovine and donkey milk exosomes all labeled the functions related to body metabolism. Kyoto Encyclopedia pathway analysis showed that human, bovine and donkey milk miRNAs enriched AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in Complications of diabetes. Diabetes is a Metabolic disorder. Based on this pathway, we screened out hsa-miR-8485, bta-miR-342, miR-29c and other genes related to diabetes. This study has a new understanding of the physiological function of mammalian milk miRNAs, and also provides a new way to explore diabetes related miRNAs.

Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles: a new perspective on dairy nutrition

Milk contains bioactive compounds that have multiple essential benefits. Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (M-sEVs) have emerged as novel bioactive milk components with various beneficial biological functions and broad applications. The M-sEVs from different mammalian sources have similar composition and bioactive functions. The digestive stability and biocompatibility of the M-sEVs provide a good foundation for their physiological functions. Evidence suggests that M-sEVs promote intestinal, immune, bone, neural, liver, and heart health and show therapeutic effects against cancer, indicating their potential for use in functional foods. In addition, M-sEVs can be developed as natural delivery carriers owing to their superior structural characteristics. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the specific components and functions of M-sEVs, standardize their extraction processes, and refine relevant clinical trials to advance the future applications of M-sEVs. This review summarizes the structure and composition of M-sEVs isolated from different milk sources and discusses several common extraction methods. Since the introduction of M-sEVs for digestion and absorption, studies have been conducted on their biological functions. Furthermore, we outline the theoretical industrial production route, potential application scenarios of M-sEVs, and the future perspectives of M-sEV research.

Therapeutic actions of tea phenolic compounds against oxidative stress and inflammation as central mediators in the development and progression of health problems: A review focusing on microRNA regulation

Many health problems including chronic diseases are closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Tea has abundant phenolic compounds with various health benefits including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the present understanding of the impact of tea phenolic compounds on the expression of miRNAs, and elucidates the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional and post-transcriptional protective actions of tea phenolic compounds against oxidative stress- and/or inflammation-mediated diseases. Clinical studies showed that drinking tea or taking catechin supplement on a daily basis promoted the endogenous antioxidant defense system of the body while inhibiting inflammatory factors. The regulation of chronic diseases based on epigenetic mechanisms, and the epigenetic-based therapies involving different tea phenolic compounds, have been insufficiently studied. The molecular mechanisms and application strategies of miR-27 and miR-34 involved in oxidative stress response and miR-126 and miR-146 involved in inflammation process were preliminarily investigated. Some emerging evidence suggests that tea phenolic compounds may promote epigenetic changes, involving non-coding RNA regulation, DNA methylation, histone modification, ubiquitin and SUMO modifications. However, epigenetic mechanisms and epigenetic-based disease therapies involving phenolic compounds from different teas, and the potential cross-talks among the epigenetic events, remain understudied.

MicroRNAs expressed during normal wound healing and their associated pathways: A systematic review and bioinformatics analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Are involved in several biological processes, such as wound healing. Understanding the miRNAs involved in this process is fundamental for the development of new therapies. So, due to the need to understand the role of these molecules, we aimed systematically review the literature in order to identify which miRNAs are involved in the wound healing and determine, through bioinformatics analysis, which signaling pathways are associated with these miRNAs. An electronic search was performed in the following databases: National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Science Direct, Scifinder, Scopus and Web of Science, using the descriptors: "(microRNA [MeSH])" and "(skin [MeSH])" and "(wound healing [MeSH])". After the search, two independent and previously calibrated reviewers selected the articles that analyzed the expression pattern of miRNAs in wound healing in in vivo studies, using the software Zotero bibliography manager. Following, bioinformatic analysis was performed using the software DIANA Tools, mirPath v.3 and the data was interpreted. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that on the day 1 there were 13 union pathways, eight of which were statistically significant. Still on the day 1, among the miRNAs that had a decrease in their expression, 12 of 17 union pathways found were statistically significant. On the day 5, among the miRNAs with an increase in expression, 16 union pathways were found, 12 of which were statistically significant. Finally, among the miRNAs with decreased expression, 11 of 15 union pathways found were statistically significant. Although it has been found substantial heterogeneity in the studies, with this systematic review, it was possible to study the panorama of miRNAs that may be altered in the wound healing. The present review summarizes existing evidence of miRNAs associated to wound healing, and these findings can contribute to new therapeutic approaches.

Research progress of lncRNA and miRNA in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a common complication of liver surgeries, such as hepatectomy and liver transplantation. In recent years, several non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as factors involved in the pathological progression of HIRI. In this review, we summarized the latest research on lncRNAs, miRNAs and the lncRNA-miRNA regulatory networks in HIRI.

DATA SOURCES

The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published up to December 2021 using the following keywords: "hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury", "lncRNA", "long non-coding RNA", "miRNA" and "microRNA". The bibliography of the selected articles was manually screened to identify additional studies.

RESULTS

The mechanism of HIRI is complex, and involves multiple lncRNAs and miRNAs. The roles of lncRNAs such as AK139328, CCAT1, MALAT1, TUG1 and NEAT1 have been established in HIRI. In addition, numerous miRNAs are associated with apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and cellular inflammation that accompany HIRI pathogenesis. Based on the literature, we conclude that four lncRNA-miRNA regulatory networks mediate the pathological progression of HIRI. Furthermore, the expression levels of some lncRNAs and miRNAs undergo significant changes during the progression of HIRI, and thus are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

CONCLUSIONS

Complex lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks regulate HIRI progression through mutual activation and antagonism. It is necessary to screen for more HIRI-associated lncRNAs and miRNAs in order to identify novel therapeutic targets.

Emerging evidence on the effects of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer: a review

Food nutrition and human health are still interesting international issues. Early detection, risk assessment and diet are vital to mitigate the load of intestinal diseases and enhance the quality of life. Plant-derived microRNAs could be transferred to mammalian organisms by cross-kingdom regulation which adjusts relevant target genes for their participation in the process of carcinogenesis. But the mechanism of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer is still unclear. This review aims to summarize the current pathways of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer including intestinal bacteria, the tumor microenvironment, plant active substances and protein, discuss the direct or indirect effects of plant-derived microRNAs on the occurrence and/or progression of colorectal cancer and explain why plant-derived microRNAs can be used as a potential anti-cancer agent. Moreover, the drawbacks of plant-derived microRNAs are also discussed in terms of both edible plants and synthetic delivery vectors for RNAi interference technology for human disease treatment. This review will provide a potential way for plant-derived microRNAs to target colorectal cancer.

Milk Exosomal miR-27b Worsen Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Colorectal Cancer Cell Death

The relationship between dietary constituents and the onset and prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) is constantly growing. Recently, the antineoplastic profiles of milk and whey from Mediterranean buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) have been brought to attention. However, to date, compared to cow milk, the potential health benefits of buffalo milk exosome-miRNA are still little explored. In the present study, we profiled the exosomal miRNA from buffalo milk and investigated the possible anticancer effects in CRC cells, HCT116, and HT-29. Results indicated that buffalo milk exosomes contained higher levels of miR-27b, miR-15b, and miR-148a compared to cow milk. Mimic miR-27b transfection in CRC cells induced higher cytotoxic effects (p < 0.01) compared to miR-15b and miR-148a. Moreover, miR-27b overexpression in HCT116 and HT-29 cells (miR-27b+) induced apoptosis, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lysosome accumulation. Exposure of miR-27b+ cells to the bioactive 3kDa milk extract aggravated the apoptosis rate (p < 0.01), mitochondrial stress (p < 0.01), and advanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (p < 0.01), via PERK/IRE1/XBP1 and CHOP protein modulation (p < 0.01). Moreover, GSK2606414, the ER-inhibitor (ER-i), decreased the apoptosis phenomenon and XBP1 and CHOP modulation in miR-27b+ cells treated with milk (p < 0.01 vs. miR-27b++Milk), suggesting the ER stress as a cell-death-aggravating mechanism. These results support the in vitro anticancer activity of 3kDa milk extract and unveil the contribution of miR-27b in the promising beneficial effect of buffalo milk in CRC prevention.

Exogenous miRNAs from Moringa oleifera Lam. recover a dysregulated lipid metabolism

A balanced diet is critical for human health, and edible plants play an important role in providing essential micronutrients as well as specific microRNAs (miRNAs) that can regulate human gene expression. Here we present the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) miRNAs (mol-miRs) on lipid metabolism. Through in silico studies we identified the potential genes involved in lipid metabolism targeted by mol-miRs. To this end, we tested the efficacy of an aqueous extract of MO seeds (MOES), as suggested in traditional African ethnomedicine, or its purified miRNAs. The biological properties of MO preparations were investigated using a human derived hepatoma cell line (HepG2) as a model. MOES treatment decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and induced apoptosis in HepG2. In the same cell line, transfection with mol-miRs showed similar effects to MOES. Moreover, the effect of the mol-miR pool was investigated in a pre-obese mouse model, in which treatment with mol-miRs was able to prevent dysregulation of lipid metabolism.

A perspective on diet, epigenetics and complex diseases: where is the field headed next?

Dietary factors can regulate epigenetic processes during life, modulating the intracellular pools of metabolites necessary for epigenetic reactions and regulating the activity of epigenetic enzymes. Their effects are strong during the prenatal life, when epigenetic patterns are written, allowing organogenesis. However, interactions between diet and the epigenome continue throughout life and likely contribute to the onset and progression of various complex diseases. Here, we review the contribution of dietary factors to the epigenetic changes observed in complex diseases and suggest future steps to better address this issue, focusing on neurobehavioral, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and Type 2 diabetes, cancer and inflammatory skin diseases.

Extracellular Vesicles in Veterinary Medicine

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles involved in many physiological and pathological processes not only in humans but also in all the organisms of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms. EV shedding constitutes a fundamental universal mechanism of intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom intercellular communication. A tremendous increase of interest in EVs has therefore grown in the last decades, mainly in humans, but progressively also in animals, parasites, and bacteria. With the present review, we aim to summarize the current status of the EV research on domestic and wild animals, analyzing the content of scientific literature, including approximately 220 papers published between 1984 and 2021. Critical aspects evidenced through the veterinarian EV literature are discussed. Then, specific subsections describe details regarding EVs in physiology and pathophysiology, as biomarkers, and in therapy and vaccines. Further, the wide area of research related to animal milk-derived EVs is also presented in brief. The numerous studies on EVs related to parasites and parasitic diseases are excluded, deserving further specific attention. The literature shows that EVs are becoming increasingly addressed in veterinary studies and standardization in protocols and procedures is mandatory, as in human research, to maximize the knowledge and the possibility to exploit these naturally produced nanoparticles.

LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 enhances the radioresistance of lung squamous cell carcinoma by targeting the miR-491-5p/TPX2-RNF2 axis

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer, especially lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Currently, radiosensitization research is a vital direction for the improvement of LUSC therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be novel biomarkers due to their multiple functions in cancers. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in the radioresistance of LUSC remain to be elucidated.

METHODS

The clonogenic assay was employed to determine the radioresistance of SK-MES-1R and NCI-H226R cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were conducted for the detection of gene expression. Cell proliferation was determined by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, and cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The relationships between genes were also evaluated by applying the luciferase reporter and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

RESULTS

Radioresistant LUSC cells (SK-MES-1R and NCI-H226R) had strong resistance to X-ray irradiation, and lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 was highly expressed in SK-MES-1R and NCI-H226R cells. Moreover, knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 prominently suppressed proliferation, attenuated radioresistance, and accelerated the apoptosis of SK-MES-1R and NCI-H226R cells. More importantly, we verified that miR-491-5p was a regulatory target of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1, and Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) and RING finger protein 2 (RNF2) were the target genes of miR-491-5p. The rescue experiment results also demonstrated that miR-491-5p was involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the downregulation of TPX2 and RNF2 expression mediated by lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 knockdown in SK-MES-1R and NCI-H226R cells.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 was associated with the radioresistance of radioresistant LUSC cells, and the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1/miR-491-5p/TPX2-RNF2 axis might be used as a therapeutic target to enhance the radiosensitivity of radioresistant LUSC cells.

Diet and miRNA: Epigenetic Regulator or a New Class of Supplements?

It is well recognized that diet components are important genomic regulators considering that food intake influences cytokines such as leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and NPY, which regulate gene expression in response to different nutritional programs, particularly regarding the caloric balance. However, the single nutrients, both the macro-nutrients, the fatty acids, and above all the micronutrients, show an essential capacity also for epigenetic regulation; in this sense, vitamins and their derivatives polyphenols are the main actors.

Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Recovery of Intestinal Damage by Accelerating Intestinal Stem Cell-Mediated Epithelial Regeneration

SCOPE

Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (M-sEVs) are critical bioactive components in milk. They are considered to be regulators in milk that may have promising applications. Understanding their biological effects would be important in nutrition. Intestinal organoids and mice are used to explore the effects of M-sEVs on intestinal regeneration.

METHODS AND RESULTS

M-sEVs could be absorbed by intestinal epithelia and upregulate expression of the microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in milk: miR-148a, miR-22, miR-30, and miR-29a. Interestingly, M-sEVs promote proliferation of intestinal epithelia and repairs the epithelial damage that is caused by tumor necrosis factor-α in intestinal organoids. M-sEVs ameliorate intestinal mucosa damage in mice caused by treatment with dextran sulfate sodium, as well as increasing expression of the intestinal stem cells (ISC) markers leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4), and Achaete-Scute Family BHLH Transcription Factor 2 (Ascl2) and stimulating intestinal epithelial proliferation to repair epithelial damage. Furthermore, miR-29 is more abundant in M-sEVs-treated mice, and miR-29 could upregulate expression of ISC marker genes and accelerates intestinal regeneration to recover damaged intestinal epithelia.

CONCLUSIONS

We reveal that M-sEVs and miR-29 can accelerate intestinal stem cell-mediated epithelial regeneration and repair epithelial damage.

Examination of the effects of microRNA-145-5p and phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 in colon cancer

Previous studies manifested that microRNA-145-5p is pivotal in the development of various cancers. Nevertheless, the potential function of microRNA-145-5p in colorectal cancer remains unclear. This study attempted to investigate the potential role and possible mechanism of microRNA-145-5p in colon cancer. MicroRNA-145-5p and phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) levels in colon cancer cells were assayed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation and cell cycle status were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, and flow cytometry. The target binding relationship of microRNA-145-5p and PSAT1 was identified using bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The result of qRT-PCR disclosed that microRNA-145-5p was markedly down-regulated and PSAT1 level was up-regulated in colon cancer cell lines. Besides, enforced microRNA-145-5p level repressed proliferation of colon cancer cells, and cells were arrested in G0-G1 phase. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter genes confirmed that PSAT1 was a downstream target of microRNA-145-5p. Enforced PSAT1 level remarkably modulated cell cycle and fostered cell proliferation. Furthermore, rescue experiments displayed that microRNA-145-5p restrained cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and forced PSAT1 level could partially reverse this process. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that microRNA-145-5p repressed colon cancer cell cycle progression and cell proliferation via targeting PSAT1. Our findings identified microRNA-145-5p as an essential tumor repressor gene in colon cancer and may provide a novel biomarker for colon cancer.

Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers

Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.

Epigenetics in Precision Nutrition

Precision nutrition is an emerging area of nutrition research, with primary focus on the individual variability in response to dietary and lifestyle factors, which are mainly determined by an individual’s intrinsic variations, such as those in genome, epigenome, and gut microbiome. The current research on precision nutrition is heavily focused on genome and gut microbiome, while epigenome (DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and histone modification) is largely neglected. The epigenome acts as the interface between the human genome and environmental stressors, including diets and lifestyle. Increasing evidence has suggested that epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, may determine the individual variability in metabolic health and response to dietary and lifestyle factors and, therefore, hold great promise in discovering novel markers for precision nutrition and potential targets for precision interventions. This review summarized recent studies on DNA methylation with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, with more emphasis put in the relations of DNA methylation with nutrition and diet/lifestyle interventions. We also briefly reviewed other epigenetic events, such as non-coding RNAs, in relation to human health and nutrition, and discussed the potential role of epigenetics in the precision nutrition research.

MicroRNA-98-5p Inhibits IL-13-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells by Targeting RAC1

The dysfunction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of asthma. How miR-98-5p works in asthma has not been completely elucidated. This work focused on how miR-98-5p functions in the proliferation and migration of human ASMCs treated with interleukin-13 (IL-13). MiR-98-5p expression in plasma of asthmatic patients and IL-13-stimulated ASMCs was probed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RAS-relevant C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) protein expression in ASMCs was assessed by Western blot. The growth of ASMCs was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The migration of ASMCs was examined by Transwell assay. Besides, the apoptosis of ASMCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. The targeting relationship between miR-98-5p and RAC1 3'-UTR was verified by a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. MiR-98-5p expression was reduced in patients' plasma and IL-13-stimulated ASMCs, and RAC1 expression was upregulated in ASMCs treated with IL-13. MiR-98-5p overexpression inhibited IL-13-induced proliferation and migration of ASMCs while promoting the apoptosis. The opposite result was observed after inhibiting miR-98-5p expression. Besides, RAC1 was identified as a direct downstream target of miR-98-5p in ASMCs. The restoration of RAC1 expression counteracted the impacts of miR-98-5p overexpression on IL-13-stimulated proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of ASMCs. MiR-98-5p inhibits IL-13-induced proliferation and migration and accelerates the apoptosis of ASMCs by downregulating RAC1 expression.

Identification of microRNAs from Medicinal Plant Murraya koenigii by High-Throughput Sequencing and Their Functional Implications in Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that play crucial post-transcriptional regulatory roles in plants, including development and stress-response signaling. However, information about their involvement in secondary metabolism is still limited. Murraya koenigii is a popular medicinal plant, better known as curry leaves, that possesses pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites. The present study utilized high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate the miRNA profile of M. koenigii and their association with secondary metabolite biosynthesis. A total of 343,505 unique reads with lengths ranging from 16 to 40 nt were obtained from the sequencing data, among which 142 miRNAs were identified as conserved and 7 as novel miRNAs. Moreover, 6078 corresponding potential target genes of M. koenigii miRNAs were recognized in this study. Interestingly, several conserved and novel miRNAs of M. koenigii were found to target key enzymes of the terpenoid backbone and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, to validate the sequencing results, the relative expression of eight randomly selected miRNAs was determined by qPCR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the M. koenigii miRNA profile that may provide useful information for further elucidation of the involvement of miRNAs in secondary metabolism. These findings might be crucial in the future to generate artificial-miRNA-based, genetically engineered M. koenigii plants for the overproduction of medicinally highly valuable secondary metabolites.

Genetic Basis of Follicle Development in Dazu Black Goat by Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing

Simple Summary

The follicle development (FD) of a goat is precisely regulated by various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially by the regulatory mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). This study aimed to determine the expression patterns of messenger RNA (mRNA), long noncoding RNA, microRNA, and circular RNA during the FD of Dazhu black goats by whole-transcriptomic sequencing and analyze the regulatory mechanism of the ncRNA and ceRNA regulatory network. The results may lay a foundation for further research on FD and improving the reproductive performance of goats.

Abstract

The follicle development (FD) is an important factor determining litter size in animals. Recent studies have found that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in FD. In particular, the role of the regulatory mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that drive FD has attracted increasing attention. Therefore, this study explored the genetic basis of goat FD by obtaining the complete follicular transcriptome of Dazu black goats at different developmental stages. Results revealed that 128 messenger RNAs (mRNAs), 4 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 49 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 290 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between large and small follicles. Moreover, DEmRNAs were enriched in many signaling pathways related to FD, as well as GO terms related to molecular binding and enzyme activity. Based on the analysis of the ceRNA network (CRN), 34 nodes (1 DElncRNAs, 10 DEcircRNAs, 14 DEmiRNAs, and 9 DEmRNAs) and 35 interactions (17 DEcircRNAs–DEmRNAs, 2 DElncRNAs–DEmiRNAs, and 16 DEmRNA–DEmiRNAs) implied that the CRN could be involved in the FD of goats. In conclusion, we described gene regulation by DERNAs and lncRNA/circRNA–miRNA–mRNA CRNs in the FD of goats. This study provided insights into the genetic basis of FD in precise transcriptional regulation.

Methylation Status of the miR-141-3p Promoter Regulates miR-141-3p Expression, Inflammasome Formation, and the Invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo Cells

MicroRNA-141 (miR-141-3p) is upregulated in preeclampsia. This study investigated the effect of methylation of the miR-141-3p promoter on cell viability, invasion capability, and inflammasomes in vitro. The expression of miR-141-3p and methylation status of the miR-141-3p promoter were examined by RT-qPCR and pyrosequencing in villus tissues of women with spontaneous delivery (VTsd), villus tissues of women with preeclampsia (VTpe), and also in HTR-8/SVneo cells treated with a miR-141-3p inhibitor and 20 μmol/L 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Cell viability and invasion were evaluated by CCK-8 and transwell assays. In addition, the levels of CXCL12, CXCR4, CXCR2, MMPs, NLRP3, and ASC expression were assessed by western blotting, and IL-1β and IL-18 concentrations were assayed by ELISA. miR-141-3p expression was upregulated, and the levels of miR-141-3p promoter methylation and CXCL12, CXCR4, and CXCR2 expression were decreased in VTpe relative to VTsd. In HTR-8/SVneo cells, hypomethylation caused by 5-Aza treatment increased miR-141-3p expression, while DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) transfection decreased miR-141-3p expression. miRNA-141-3p induced NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 production, decreased CXCR4, MMP, and MMP2 production, and suppressed cell growth and invasion. Furthermore, we observed that NLRP3 plays an important mediatory role in the effects of miR-141-3p described above. Decreased methylation of the miR-141-3p promoter increases miR-141-3p expression, which in turn increases NLRP3 expression, resulting in higher IL-1β and IL-18 levels and lower levels of MMP2/9 and CXCR4. We conclude that modification of the miR-141-3p promoter might be a curial mediator in preeclampsia.

MiR-200c-3p aggravates gastric cell carcinoma via KLF6

Background

Gastric cell carcinoma (GCC) is a common and high-incidence malignant gastrointestinal cancer that seriously threatens human life and safety. Evidences suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit an essential role in regulating the occurrence and development of GCC, while the effects and possible mechanisms remain to be further explored.

Objective

This study was designed to explore whether miR-200c-3p exerted its functional role in the growth and metastasis of GCC, and investigate the possible mechanisms.

Methods

The expression levels of miR-200c-3p in GCC tissues and cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR analysis. The functional role of miR-200c-3p in the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of GCC cells were evaluated by CCK-8, EdU, wound healing and Transwell assays. In addition, the candidate targets of miR-200c-3p was predicted and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, the relationship between miR-200c-3p and target (Krüppel like factor 6, KLF6) was assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Besides, the expression levels of KLF6 in GCC cells were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Furthermore, the role of KLF6 in the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of GCC cells mediated with miR-200c-3p mimics was evaluated by CCK-8, EdU, wound healing and Transwell assays.

Results

In the present study, a new tumor promoting function of miR-200c-3p was disclosed in GCC. We found that the expression of miR-200c-3p was obviously increased in clinic GCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, down-regulation of miR-200c-3p suppressed cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion in GCC cells. Moreover, KLF6 was verified as a direct target of miR-200c-3p by binding its 3’-UTR. Additionally, KLF6 was remarkably decreased and was negatively associated with the miR-200c-3p expression in GCC cell lines. Furthermore, over-expression of KLF6 retarded the effects of miR-200c-3p on the growth and metastasis of GCC cell lines.

Conclusions

MiR-200c-3p potentially played a tumor-promoting role in the occurrence and development of GCC, which may be achieved by targeting KLF6.

Graphic abstract

MicroRNA: A mediator of diet-induced cardiovascular protection

Diets containing nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, or vitamins have been shown to have cardiovascular benefits. Micro (mi)RNAs are fundamental regulators of gene expression and function in the cardiovascular system. Diet-induced cardiovascular benefits are associated with changes in endogenous expression of miRNAs in the cardiovascular system. In addition, emerging studies have shown that miRNAs present in the food can be transported in the circulation to tissues. These exogenous miRNAs may also affect cardiovascular function contributing to the diet-induced benefits. This review discusses the emerging role of both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs as mediators of diet-induced cardiovascular protection. Understanding the mechanisms of diet-mediated actions through modulation of miRNA may provide a potential strategy for new therapies.

MicroRNA expression profiling during the suckling-to-weaning transition in pigs

Weaning induces physiological changes in intestinal development that affect pigs’ growth performance and susceptibility to disease. As a posttranscriptional regulator, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cellular homeostasis during intestinal development. We performed small RNA expression profiling in the small intestine of piglets before weaning (BW), 1 week after weaning (1W), and 2 weeks after weaning (2W) to identify weaning-associated differentially expressed miRNAs. We identified 38 differentially expressed miRNAs with varying expression levels among BW, 1W, and 2W. Then, we classified expression patterns of the identified miRNAs into four types. ssc-miR-196a and ssc-miR-451 represent pattern 1, which had an increased expression at 1W and a decreased expression at 2W. ssc-miR-499-5p represents pattern 2, which had an increased expression at 1W and a stable expression at 2W. ssc-miR-7135-3p and ssc-miR-144 represent pattern 3, which had a stable expression at 1W and a decreased expression at 2W. Eleven miRNAs (ssc-miR-542-3p, ssc-miR-214, ssc-miR-758, ssc-miR-4331, ssc-miR-105-1, ssc-miR-1285, ssc-miR-10a-5p, ssc-miR-4332, ssc-miR-503, ssc-miR-6782-3p, and ssc-miR-424-5p) represent pattern 4, which had a decreased expression at 1W and a stable expression at 2W. Moreover, we identified 133 candidate targets for miR-196a using a target prediction database. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that the target genes were associated with 19 biological processes, 4 cellular components, 8 molecular functions, and 7 KEGG pathways, including anterior/posterior pattern specification as well as the cancer, PI3K–Akt, MAPK, GnRH, and neurotrophin signaling pathways. These findings suggest that miRNAs regulate the development of the small intestine during the weaning process in piglets by anterior/posterior pattern specification as well as the cancer, PI3K–Akt, MAPK, GnRH, and neurotrophin signaling pathways.

MicroRNA miR-502-5p inhibits ovarian cancer genesis by downregulation of GINS complex subunit 2

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common malignancies with high incidence and mortality and the eighth most common cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. Aberrant expression of the GINS complex subunit 2 (GINS2) gene and miR-502-5p has been associated with cancer progression. This study aims to investigate the specific molecular mechanism of the miR-502-5p-GINS2 axis in OC. GINS2 and miR-502-5p expression in OC tissues and cell lines was measured using RT-qPCR. Next, we investigated the interaction between miR-502-5p and GINS2 using a luciferase assay. The role of the miR-502-5p-GINS2 axis was detected by assessing cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis levels, such as caspase-3 activity and caspase-3 protein expression, in the OC cell lines CaOV3 and SKOV3, respectively. MiR-502-5p expression was decreased, and GINS2 expression was dramatically elevated in OC tissues and cells. Upregulation of miR-502-5p expression repressed cellular proliferation and migration levels but increased the cellular apoptosis level. GINS2 overexpression enhanced the proliferation and migration levels but hampered OC cell apoptosis. Moreover, miR-502-5p inhibited GINS2 expression and suppressed OC tumorigenesis. miR-502-5p targeting GINS2 suppressed OC progression by inhibiting cell growth and promoting cell apoptosis. Hence, we provide a comprehensive understanding of OC involving both miR-502-5p and GINS2, which might be effective therapeutic targets for OC patients.

Epigenetic dysregulation in various types of cells exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields

Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression, without changing the DNA sequence, and establish cell-type-specific temporal and spatial expression patterns. Alterations of epigenetic marks have been observed in several pathological conditions, including cancer and neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that a variety of environmental factors may cause epigenetic alterations and eventually influence disease risks. Humans are increasingly exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), which in 2002 were classified as possible carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the link between the exposure to ELF-MFs and epigenetic alterations in various cell types. In spite of the limited number of publications, available evidence indicates that ELF-MF exposure can be associated with epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, modifications of histones and microRNA expression. Further research is needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena.

MiR-20a-5p Regulates MPP+-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in HT22 Cells by Targeting IRF9/NF-κB Axis

Substantial evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as biological markers of Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to the risk assessment, early diagnosis, and treatment. We aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of miR-20a-5p on inflammation and oxidative stress in 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion- (MPP⁺-) induced HT22 cells. HT22 cells were pretreated with miR-20a-5p mimic and/or pcDNA-IRF9 for 24 h and then treated with MPP⁺ (0.5 mM) for 24 h. The cell viability and apoptosis were determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Annexin V FITC/PI staining flow cytometry assay, respectively. The expression and secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress-related factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels were detected using Western blot analysis. Here, we discovered that MPP⁺ led to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and cell damage of HT22 cells, which were alleviated by miR-20a-5p overexpression. We further clarified that interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) was a target gene of miR-20a-5p. IRF9 contributed to MPP⁺-induced mitochondrial disruption, inflammation, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, IRF9 hindered the improvement of miR-20a-5p overexpression on MPP⁺-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the decrease of p-P65 level induced by miR-20a-5p mimic was significantly reversed by IRF9 overexpression. These findings demonstrate that miR-20a-5p contributes to MPP⁺-induced mitochondrial disruption and cell damage, and miR-20a-5p might be a novel therapeutic target for PD.

Dietary microRNAs: Current status and perspective in food science

Food safety and health conditions are global issues that are primarily caused by insufficient nutrition or contaminated food, which have enormous social, economic, and public health implications. Foodomics study mainly involves nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics, and nutritional epigenetics, which help in finding the correlation between genetic variation and nutrient-driven epigenetic alterations that are suggested as a primary challenge to nutritional needs. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules that have recently gained in popularity as a result of their critical roles in gene regulation and nutritional studies. In this commentary, the relevance of miRNAs to human nutrition is discussed. This study emphasizes the importance of dietary miRNAs based on numerous independent studies, which have explained the unique characteristics of dietary miRNAs in terms of gene expression regulation mechanism. There is an urgent requirement of measurement techniques to detect miRNA in food and evolutionary samples. These techniques may be helpful to find even low levels of miRNAs because of their high susceptibility and selectivity. There is a desperate requisite to evaluate the impact of dietary supplement compounds on circulating and tissue miRNAs. Food science studies in humans may aid in the identification of novel biomarkers and other necessary mode of action of certain dietary compounds, with the goal of facilitating how nutrients and bioactive components can influence miRNAs and enforce biological effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Dietary microRNAs may be helpful to find even the low levels of miRNAs due to their high susceptibility and selectivity. There is also desperate need to evaluate the impact of dietary supplement compounds effect on circulating and tissue miRNAs. There is also requirement for new analytical tools to study the role of gene regulations and nutrition in different diseases. The quality of dietary miRNAs should be investigated, particularly the exogenous types which are used as high doses in food supplements. It would also be of great interest to use antagomir technology in food science research, in addition to omics technology. Dietary miRNAs may also aid in the identification of novel biomarkers. These are some of the practical applications of dietary miRNAs.

The functions of fluoxetine and identification of fluoxetine-mediated circular RNAs and messenger RNAs in cerebral ischemic stroke

Fluoxetine is used to improve cognition, exercise ability, depression, and neurological functions in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important regulatory roles in multiple diseases. However, studies regarding the fluoxetine-mediated circRNA-microRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) axis have not been conducted. This study is aim to investigate the functions of fluoxetine and identification of fluoxetine-mediated circRNAs and mRNAs in cerebral ischemic stroke. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat models were successfully established at fisrt, and then rats were intraperitoneally injected with 10-mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride for 14 d. Afterward, the cerebral infarction area was evaluated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. High-throughput sequencing was adopted to screen the differential circRNAs and mRNAs. The candidate circRNAs, mRNAs, and potential microRNAs were verified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addtion, microRNA and circRNA binding was verified using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results revealed that fluoxetine markedly diminished the cerebral infarction area in rats after MCAO. The circRNAs and mRNAs were differentially expressed, which includes 879 circRNAs and 815 mRNAs between sham and MCAO groups, respectively, and 958 circRNAs and 838 mRNAs between MCAO and fluoxetine groups, respectively. In which, circMap2k1 and Pidd1 expression was significantly increased in the MCAO group but suppressed after fluoxetine treatment. Moreover, circMap2k1 directly binds with miR-135b-5p. Taken together, we verified that fluoxetine could improve brain injury after cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, the circMap2k1/miR-135b-5p/Pidd1 axis is potentially involved in cerebral ischemic stroke.

Onion (Allium cepa L.)-Derived Nanoparticles Inhibited LPS-Induced Nitrate Production, However, Their Intracellular Incorporation by Endocytosis Was Not Involved in This Effect on RAW264 Cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of nanoparticles prepared from Allium cepa L. as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, we identified nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. using the ultracentrifugation exosome purification method. The nanoparticles were referred to as 17,000× g and 200,000× g precipitates, and they contained quercetins, proteins, lipids, and small-sized RNA. The nanoparticles inhibited nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264 cells without cytotoxic properties. Cellular incorporation was confirmed by laser microscopic observation after PKH26 staining. The inhibition of caveolae-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis significantly prevented the incorporation of the nanoparticles but had no effect on the inhibition of nitric oxide in RAW264 cells. Collectively, the identified nanoparticles were capable of inhibiting the LPS response via extracellular mechanisms. Taken together, the way of consuming Allium cepa L. without collapsing the nanoparticles is expected to provide an efficient anti-inflammatory effect.

Dietary Selenium Regulates microRNAs in Metabolic Disease: Recent Progress

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for the maintenance of a healthy physiological state. However, due to environmental and dietary factors and the narrow safety range of Se, diseases caused by Se deficiency or excess have gained considerable traction in recent years. In particular, links have been identified between low Se status, cognitive decline, immune disorders, and increased mortality, whereas excess Se increases metabolic risk. Considerable evidence has suggested microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate interactions between the environment (including the diet) and genes, and play important roles in several diseases, including cancer. MiRNAs target messenger RNAs to induce changes in proteins including selenoprotein expression, ultimately generating disease. While a plethora of data exists on the epigenetic regulation of other dietary factors, nutrient Se epigenetics and especially miRNA regulated mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this review mainly focuses on Se metabolism, pathogenic mechanisms, and miRNAs as key regulatory factors in Se-related diseases. Finally, we attempt to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underpinning Se, miRNAs, selenoproteins, and Se-related diseases.

Long-term chronic caloric restriction alters miRNA profiles in the brain of ageing mice

Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to be one of the most effective methods in alleviating the effects of ageing and age-related diseases. Although the protective effects of CR have been reported, the exact molecular mechanism still needs to be clarified. This study aims to determine differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and altered gene pathways due to long-term chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) CR in the brain of mice to understand the preventive roles of miRNAs resulting from long-term CR. Ten weeks old mice were enrolled into three different dietary groups; ad libitum, CCR or ICR, and fed until 82 weeks of age. miRNAs were analysed using GeneChip 4.1 microarray and the target of DE miRNAs was determined using miRNA target databases. Out of a total 3,163 analysed miRNAs, 55 of them were differentially expressed either by different CR protocols or by ageing. Brain samples from the CCR group had increased expression levels of mmu-miR-713 while decreasing expression levels of mmu-miR-184-3p and mmu-miR-351-5p compared to the other dietary groups. Also, current results indicated that CCR showed better preventive effects than that of ICR. Thus, CCR may perform its protective effects by modulating these specific miRNAs since they are shown to play roles in neurogenesis, chromatin and histone regulation. In conclusion, these three miRNAs could be potential targets for neurodegenerative and ageing-related diseases and may play important roles in the protective effects of CR in the brain.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR), fatty acids and microRNAs: Implications in women delivering low birth weight babies

Low birth weight (LBW) babies are associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality and are at increased risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in later life. However, the molecular determinants of LBW are not well understood. Placental insufficiency/dysfunction is the most frequent etiology for fetal growth restriction resulting in LBW and placental epigenetic processes are suggested to be important regulators of pregnancy outcome. Early life exposures like altered maternal nutrition may have long-lasting effects on the health of the offspring via epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) regulation. miRNAs have been recognized as major regulators of gene expression and are known to play an important role in placental development. Angiogenesis in the placenta is known to be regulated by transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) which is activated by ligands such as long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). In vitro studies in different cell types indicate that fatty acids can influence epigenetic mechanisms like miRNA regulation. We hypothesize that maternal fatty acid status may influence the miRNA regulation of PPAR genes in the placenta in women delivering LBW babies. This review provides an overview of miRNAs and their regulation of PPAR gene in the placenta of women delivering LBW babies.Abbreviations: AA - Arachidonic Acid; Ago2 - Argonaute2; ALA - Alpha-Linolenic Acid; ANGPTL4 - Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; C14MC - Chromosome 14 miRNA Cluster; C19MC - Chromosome 19 miRNA Cluster; CLA - Conjugated Linoleic Acid; CSE - Cystathionine γ-Lyase; DHA - Docosahexaenoic Acid; EFA - Essential Fatty Acids; E2F3 - E2F transcription factor 3; EPA - Eicosapentaenoic Acid; FGFR1 - Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; GDM - Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; hADMSCs - Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hBMSCs - Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells; HBV - Hepatitis B Virus; HCC - Hepatocellular Carcinoma; HCPT - Hydroxycamptothecin; HFD - High-Fat Diet; Hmads - Human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem; HSCS - Human Hepatic Stellate Cells; IUGR - Intrauterine Growth Restriction; LA - Linoleic Acid; LBW - Low Birth Weight; LCPUFA - Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; MEK1 - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; MiRNA - MicroRNA; mTOR - Mammalian Target of Rapamycin; NCDs - NonCommunicable Diseases; OA - Oleic Acid; PASMC - Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell; PLAG1 - Pleiomorphic Adenoma Gene 1; PPAR - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor; PPARα - PPAR alpha; PPARγ - PPAR gamma; PPARδ - PPAR delta; pre-miRNA - precursor miRNA; RISC - RNA-Induced Silencing Complex; ROS - Reactive Oxygen Species; SAT - Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue; WHO - World Health Organization.

The miR-187 induced bone reconstruction and healing in a mouse model of osteoporosis, and accelerated osteoblastic differentiation of human multipotent stromal cells by targeting BARX2

BACKGROUND

Multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to regulate osteogenic differentiation by affecting the Runx2 signaling pathway. The intervention of miRNA can delay the progress of osteoporosis (OP) and induce fracture repair by affecting bone regeneration. However, the function and mechanism of miR-187 in osteoporotic fractures are still unknown.

METHODS

We first established the OP mouse model. Next, the BMD value was certified by iDXA. The miR-187 level in the OP mice and serum of OP patients was identified through qRT-PCR. Bone repair and bone healing were assessed through toluidine blue staining and X-ray, and BARX2 expression was also confirmed. Osteogenesis-related proteins, ALP activity, and the matrix mineralization state were evaluated by western blot, ALP staining, and Alizarin Red staining in hMSCs after transfection with miR-187 mimics, miR-187 inhibitor, or human BarH-like homeobox 2 (BARX2) siRNA. Moreover, the interplay between miR-187 and BARX2 was identified through the dual-luciferase reporter.

RESULTS

The BMD value was notably reduced in the OP mice, and miR-187 was markedly downregulated in the OP mice and serum of OP patients. Meanwhile, we proved that miR-187 induced bone reconstruction and healing, and downregulated BARX2 in the OP mouse model. We also proved that BARX2 was a direct target of miR-187, and could be significantly downregulated by miR-187. Furthermore, miR-187 induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs by targeting BARX2.

CONCLUSIONS

The miR-187 might have a significant therapeutic effect in osteoporotic fractures. miR-187 accelerated osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs by directly regulating BARX2.

Nutrition and Rheumatoid Arthritis in the 'Omics' Era

Modern high-throughput 'omics' science tools (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiomics) are currently being applied to nutritional sciences to unravel the fundamental processes of health effects ascribed to particular nutrients in humans and to contribute to more precise nutritional advice. Diet and food components are key environmental factors that interact with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and the microbiota, and this life-long interplay defines health and diseases state of the individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet. In recent years increasing evidences suggested that nutritional factors and gut microbiome have a central role in RA risk and progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the main and most recent applications of 'omics' technologies in human nutrition and in RA research, examining the possible influences of some nutrients and nutritional patterns on RA pathogenesis, following a nutrigenomics approach. The opportunities and challenges of novel 'omics technologies' in the exploration of new avenues in RA and nutritional research to prevent and manage RA will be also discussed.

Role of Human Milk Bioactives on Infants' Gut and Immune Health

Exclusive human milk feeding of the newborn is recommended during the first 6 months of life to promote optimal health outcomes during early life and beyond. Human milk contains a variety of bioactive factors such as hormones, cytokines, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, stem cells, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), microbiota, and microRNAs. Recent findings highlighted the potential importance of adding HMOs into infant formula for their roles in enhancing host defense mechanisms in neonates. Therefore, understanding the roles of human milk bioactive factors on immune function is critical to build the scientific evidence base around breastfeeding recommendations, and to enhance positive health outcomes in formula fed infants through modifications to formulas. However, there are still knowledge gaps concerning the roles of different milk components, the interactions between the different components, and the mechanisms behind health outcomes are poorly understood. This review aims to show the current knowledge about HMOs, milk microbiota, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and milk microRNAs (miRNAs) and how these could have similar mechanisms of regulating gut and microbiota function. It will also highlight the knowledge gaps for future research.

Association between the Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome with Serum Levels of miRNA in Morbid Obesity

Background: The Mediterranean diet (MD) could be involved in the regulation of different miRNAs related to metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: We analyzed the serum level of mir-let7a-5p, mir-21, mir-590, mir-107 and mir-192 in patients with morbid obesity and its association with the MD and MS. Results: There is an association between the adherence to MD and higher serum levels of mir-590. Mir-590 was lower in those patients who consumed >2 commercial pastries/week. Mir-let7a was lower in those who consumed ≥1 sweetened drinks, in those who consumed ≥3 pieces of fruit/day and in those who consumed less red than white meat. A lower mir-590 and mir-let7a, and a higher mir-192 level, were found in patients who met the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) criterion of MS. A higher mir-192 was found in those patients who met the triglyceride criterion of MS and in those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Conclusions: There is an association between specific serum levels of miRNAs and the amount and kind of food intake related to MD. Mir-590 was positively associated with a healthy metabolic profile and type of diet, while mir-192 was positively associated with a worse metabolic profile. These associations could be suggestive of a possible modulation of these miRNAs by food.

Involvement of miR-190b in Xbp1 mRNA Splicing upon Tocotrienol Treatment

We previously demonstrated that apoptosis induced by tocotrienols (γ and δT3) in HeLa cells is preceded by Ca²⁺ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. This event is eventually followed by the induction of specific calcium-dependent signals, leading to the expression and activation of the gene encoding for the IRE1α protein and, in turn, to the alternative splicing of the pro-apoptotic protein sXbp1 and other molecules involved in the unfolded protein response, the core pathway coping with EndoR stress. Here, we showed that treatment with T3s induces the expression of a specific set of miRNAs in HeLa cells. Data interrogation based on the intersection of this set of miRNAs with a set of genes previously differentially expressed after γT3 treatment provided a few miRNA candidates to be the effectors of EndoR-stress-induced apoptosis. To identify the best candidate to act as the effector of the Xbp1-mediated apoptotic response to γT3, we performed in silico analysis based on the evaluation of the highest ∆ in Gibbs energy of different mRNA–miRNA–Argonaute (AGO) protein complexes. The involvement of the best candidate identified in silico, miR-190b, in Xbp1 splicing was confirmed in vitro using T3-treated cells pre-incubated with the specific miRNA inhibitor, providing a preliminary indication of its role as an effector of EndoR-stress-induced apoptosis.