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Fathi PA, Bales MB, Ayala JE. Time-dependent changes in feeding behavior and energy balance associated with weight gain in mice fed obesogenic diets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1373-1388. [PMID: 38932722 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is characterized by dysregulated homeostatic mechanisms resulting in positive energy balance; however, when this dysregulation occurs is unknown. We assessed the time course of alterations to behaviors promoting weight gain in male and female mice switched to an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were housed in metabolic chambers and were switched from chow to a 60% or 45% HFD for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively. Food intake, meal patterns, energy expenditure (EE), and body weight were continuously measured. A separate cohort of male mice was switched from chow to a 60% HFD and was given access to locked or unlocked running wheels. RESULTS Switching mice to obesogenic diets promotes transient bouts of hyperphagia during the first 2 weeks followed by persistent caloric hyperphagia. EE increases but not sufficiently enough to offset increased caloric intake, resulting in a sustained net positive energy balance. Hyperphagia is associated with consumption of calorically larger meals (impaired satiation) more frequently (impaired satiety), particularly during the light cycle. Running wheel exercise delays weight gain in male mice fed a 60% HFD by enhancing satiation and increasing EE. However, exercise effects on satiation are no longer apparent after 2 weeks, coinciding with weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to obesogenic diets engages homeostatic regulatory mechanisms for ~2 weeks that ultimately fail, and consequent weight gain is characterized by impaired satiation and satiety. Insights into the etiology of obesity can be obtained by investigating changes to satiation and satiety mechanisms during the initial ~2 weeks of HFD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam A Fathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle B Bales
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Wu W, Zhu L, Dou Z, Hou Q, Wang S, Yuan Z, Li B. Ghrelin in Focus: Dissecting Its Critical Roles in Gastrointestinal Pathologies and Therapies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:948-964. [PMID: 38275675 PMCID: PMC10813987 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review elucidates the critical role of ghrelin, a peptide hormone mainly synthesized in the stomach in various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Ghrelin participates in diverse biological functions ranging from appetite regulation to impacting autophagy and apoptosis. In sepsis, it reduces intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses, enhancing GI blood flow, and modulating cellular processes like autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), serum ghrelin levels serve as markers for distinguishing between active and remission phases, underscoring its potential in IBD treatment. In gastric cancer, ghrelin acts as an early risk marker, and due to its significant role in increasing the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, the ghrelin-GHS-R axis is poised to become a target for gastric cancer treatment. The role of ghrelin in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial; however, ghrelin analogs have demonstrated substantial benefits in treating cachexia associated with CRC, highlighting the therapeutic potential of ghrelin. Nonetheless, the complex interplay between ghrelin's protective and potential tumorigenic effects necessitates a cautious approach to its therapeutic application. In post-GI surgery scenarios, ghrelin and its analogs could be instrumental in enhancing recovery and reducing complications. This article accentuates ghrelin's multifunctionality, shedding light on its influence on disease mechanisms, including inflammatory responses and cancer progression, and examines its therapeutic potential in GI surgeries and disorders, advocating for continued research in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhimin Dou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Qiliang Hou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ziqian Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
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Rathod YD, Abdelgawad R, Hübner CA, Di Fulvio M. Slc12a2 loss in insulin-secreting β-cells links development of overweight and metabolic dysregulation to impaired satiation control of feeding. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E581-E594. [PMID: 37819196 PMCID: PMC10864024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00197.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Male mice lacking the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter Slc12a2 (Nkcc1) specifically in insulin-secreting β-cells (Slc12a2βKO) have reduced β-cell mass and mild β-cell secretory dysfunction associated with overweight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Here, we confirmed and extended previous results to female Slc12a2βKO mice, which developed a similar metabolic syndrome-like phenotype as males, albeit milder. Notably, male and female Slc12a2βKO mice developed overweight without consuming excess calories. Analysis of the feeding microstructure revealed that young lean Slc12a2βKO male mice ate meals of higher caloric content and at a relatively lower frequency than normal mice, particularly during the night. In addition, overweight Slc12a2βKO mice consumed significantly larger meals than lean mice. Therefore, the reduced satiation control of feeding precedes the onset of overweight and is worsened in older Slc12a2βKO mice. However, the time spent between meals remained intact in lean and overweight Slc12a2βKO mice, indicating conserved satiety responses to ad libitum feeding. Nevertheless, satiety was intensified during and after refeeding only in overweight males. In lean females, satiety responses to refeeding were delayed relative to age- and body weight-matched control mice but normalized in overweight mice. Since meal size did not change during refeeding, these data suggested that the satiety control of eating after fasting is impaired in lean Slc12a2βKO mice before the onset of overweight and independently of their reduced satiation responses. Therefore, our results support the novel hypothesis that reduced satiation precedes the onset of overweight and the development of metabolic dysregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity, defined as excess fat accumulation, increases the absolute risk for metabolic diseases. Although obesity is usually attributed to increased food intake, we demonstrate that body weight gain can be hastened without consuming excess calories. In fact, impaired meal termination control, i.e., satiation, is detectable before the development of overweight in an animal model that develops a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakshkumar Dilipbhai Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Rana Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institut für Humangenetik Am Klinikum 1, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
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Kim JW, Lee S, Ryu DS, Park J, Lee H, Na HK, Noh JH, Kim DH, Park JH, Jung HY, Na K. Photoactive intragastric satiety-inducing device using polymeric photosensitizers for minimally invasive weight loss treatment. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122159. [PMID: 37209542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An intragastric satiety-inducing device (ISD) located in the stomach induce satiety and fullness in the absence of food by continuously pressing on the distal esophagus and cardia of the stomach. To improve the therapeutic function of ISD, Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was embedded in a disk portion of ISD, generating reactive oxygen species and stimulating endocrine cells under the laser irradiation. Since Ce6 has remarkable light efficiency but poor solubility in various solvents, it is essential to use a polymeric photosensitizer and optimize a suitable coating solution composition. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-Ce6 was uniformly coated and the spontaneous release amount of the Ce6 from the device could be reduced, which induced photo-responsive cell death and reduced ghrelin levels in vitro. In mini pigs operated single therapy (PDT or ISD) or combination therapy (Photoreactive ISD), there were differences in body weight (control: 28% vs. Photoreactive ISD: 4%, P < 0.001), ghrelin (control: 4% vs. Photoreactive ISD: 35%, P < 0.001), and leptin levels (control: 8% vs. Photoreactive PDT: 35%, P < 0.001) at 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Ryu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyong Na
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Noh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JH, Xue B, Chen Z, Sun Y. Neuronal GHS-R Differentially Modulates Feeding Patterns under Normal and Obesogenic Conditions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020293. [PMID: 35204795 PMCID: PMC8961776 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic hormone ghrelin increases food intake and promotes obesity through its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). We previously reported two neuron-specific GHS-R knockout mouse lines, namely pan-neuronal deletion by Syn1-cre and hypothalamic deletion by AgRP-cre, exhibiting differential diet-dependent effects on body weight. GHS-R deficiency in neurons elicited less pronounced metabolic effects under regular diet (RD) than high fat diet (HFD). While there was no difference in total food intake of HFD in either mouse line, Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice showed much greater anti-obesity effect than that of AgRP-cre; Ghsrf/f mice. Meal feeding pattern is known to have a major impact on energy homeostasis and obesity development. Here, we investigated the feeding behaviors of these two neuron-specific GHS-R knockout mice under RD and HFD feeding, by assessing meal number, meal size, meal duration, and feeding frequency. Under the normal diet, RD-fed Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice showed a decreased meal size in dark phase, while RD-fed AgRP-cre; Ghsrf/f mice showed an increased meal duration in dark phase. Under the obesogenic diet, HFD-fed Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice displayed reduced meal numbers in light phase and increased feeding in both light and dark phases, whereas HFD-fed AgRP-cre; Ghsrf/f mice showed a decreased meal duration in the light phase only. Consistently, the expression of neuropeptides (Neuropeptide Y and Orexin) was increased in the hypothalamus of RD-fed Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice, whereas the expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) was increased in the hypothalamus of HFD fed Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice. Overall, feeding pattern changes were more pronounced in Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice than that in AgRP-cre; Ghsrf/f mice, and HFD elicited greater alteration than RD. While AgRP-cre; Ghsrf/f mice consumed HFD meals faster during the day (showing shorter meal duration), Syn1-cre; Ghsrf/f mice ate few HFD meals during the light phase and ate slowly throughout the day (showing longer meal duration in both phases). Our findings reveal that neuronal GHS-R regulates energy homeostasis by altering feeding patterns, and differentially modulates feeding patterns in a site- and diet-dependent manner. The distinctive data in these two mouse lines also suggest that eating slowly during the optimal feeding period (dark phase for mice) may be beneficial in combating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Han Lee
- Department of Marine Bio and Medical Science, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea;
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-862-9143
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Desmet L, Thijs T, Segers A, Verbeke K, Depoortere I. Chronodisruption by chronic jetlag impacts metabolic and gastrointestinal homeostasis in male mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13703. [PMID: 34107165 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronodisruption desynchronizes peripheral clocks and leads to metabolic diseases. Feeding cues are important synchronizers of peripheral clocks and influence rhythmic oscillations in intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. We investigated whether chronic jetlag, mimicking frequent time zone travelling, affected the diurnal fluctuations in faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, that feed back to the gut clock to regulate rhythmicity in gut function. METHODS Rhythms in faecal SCFAs levels and in the expression of clock genes and epithelial markers were measured in the colonic mucosa of control and jetlagged mice. The entraining effect of SCFAs on the rhythm in clock gene mRNA expression was studied in primary colonic crypts. The role of the circadian clock in epithelial marker expression was studied in Arntl-/- mice. RESULTS Chronic jetlag increased body weight gain and abolished the day/night food intake pattern which resulted in a phase-delay in the rhythm of faecal SCFAs that paralleled the shift in the expression of mucosal clock genes. This effect was mimicked by stimulation of primary colonic crypts from control mice with SCFAs. Jetlag abolished the rhythm in Tnfα, proglucagon and ghrelin expression but not in the expression of tight junction markers. Only a dampening in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 but not in ghrelin levels was observed. Rhythms in ghrelin but not proglucagon mRNA expression were abolished in Arntl-/- mice. CONCLUSION The altered food intake pattern during chronodisruption corresponds with the changes in rhythmicity of SCFA levels that entrain clock genes to affect rhythms in mRNA expression of gut epithelial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Desmet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Theo Thijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Rathod YD, Di Fulvio M. The feeding microstructure of male and female mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246569. [PMID: 33539467 PMCID: PMC7861458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The feeding pattern and control of energy intake in mice housed in groups are poorly understood. Here, we determined and quantified the normal feeding microstructure of social male and female mice of the C57BL/6J genetic background fed a chow diet. Mice at 10w, 20w and 30w of age showed the expected increase in lean and fat mass, being the latter more pronounced and variable in males than in females. Under ad libitum conditions, 20w and 30w old females housed in groups showed significantly increased daily energy intake when adjusted to body weight relative to age-matched males. This was the combined result of small increases in energy intake during the nocturnal and diurnal photoperiods of the day without major changes in the circadian pattern of energy intake or spontaneous ambulatory activity. The analysis of the feeding microstructure suggests sex- and age-related contributions of meal size, meal frequency and intermeal interval to the control of energy intake under stable energy balance, but not under negative energy balance imposed by prolonged fasting. During the night, 10-20w old females ate less frequently bigger meals and spent more time eating them resulting in reduced net energy intake relative to age-matched males. In addition, male and female mice at all ages tested significantly shortened the intermeal interval during the first hours of re-feeding in response to fasting without affecting meal size. Further, 20-30w old males lengthened their intermeal interval as re-feeding time increased to reach fed-levels faster than age-matched females. Collectively, our results suggest that the physiological mechanisms controlling meal size (satiation) and the non-eating time spent between meals (satiety) during stable or negative energy balance are regulated in a sex- and age-dependent manner in social mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakshkumar Dilipbhai Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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A Novel Intragastric Satiety-Inducing Device to Inhibit Weight Gain in Juvenile Pigs: a Pilot Study. Obes Surg 2020; 30:4643-4651. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bechaux J, Gatellier P, Le Page JF, Drillet Y, Sante-Lhoutellier V. A comprehensive review of bioactive peptides obtained from animal byproducts and their applications. Food Funct 2020; 10:6244-6266. [PMID: 31577308 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Livestock generates high quantities of residues, which has become a major socioeconomic issue for the meat industry. This review focuses on the identification of bioactive peptides (BPs) in animal byproducts and meat wastes. Firstly, the main bioactivities that peptides can have will be described and the methods for their evaluation will be discussed. Secondly, the various origins of these BPs will be studied. Then, the techniques and tools for the generation of BPs will be detailed in order to discuss, in the final part, how peptides could be used and assimilated. BPs possess diverse biological activities and can be strategic candidates for substituting synthetic molecules. In silico potentiality studies are a helpful tool to understand and predict BPs released from proteins and their potential activities. However, in vitro validation is often required. Although BP use is compelled by strict regulations in relation to the field of application, they are also limited by their low bioavailability and bioaccessibility. Therefore, it is important to test peptide stability during gastrointestinal digestion. Protective strategies have been discussed since their use could improve the stability and effectiveness of BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bechaux
- INRA, UR 370, Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), Site de Theix, 63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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Tilston TW, Brown RD, Wateridge MJ, Arms-Williams B, Walker JJ, Sun Y, Wells T. A Novel Automated System Yields Reproducible Temporal Feeding Patterns in Laboratory Rodents. J Nutr 2019; 149:1674-1684. [PMID: 31287142 PMCID: PMC6736427 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of temporal feeding patterns remains a major unanswered question in nutritional science. Progress has been hampered by the absence of a reliable method to impose temporal feeding in laboratory rodents, without the confounding influence of food-hoarding behavior. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a reliable method for supplying crushed diets to laboratory rodents in consistent, relevant feeding patterns for prolonged periods. METHODS We programmed our experimental feeding station to deliver a standard diet [StD; Atwater Fuel Energy (AFE) 13.9% fat] or high-fat diet (HFD; AFE 45% fat) during nocturnal grazing [providing 1/24th of the total daily food intake (tdF/I) of ad libitum-fed controls every 30 min] and meal-fed (3 × 1-h periods of ad libitum feeding) patterns in male rats (Sprague-Dawley: 4 wk old, 72-119 g) and mice [C57/Bl6J wild-type (WT): 6 mo old, 29-37 g], and ghrelin-null littermates (Ghr-/-; 27-34 g). RESULTS Grazing yielded accurate, consistent feeding events in rats, with an approximately linear rise in nocturnal cumulative food intake [tdF/I (StD): 97.4 ± 1.5% accurate compared with manual measurement; R2 = 0.86; tdF/I (HFD): 99.0 ± 1.4% accurate; R2 = 0.86]. Meal-feeding produced 3 nocturnal meals of equal size and duration in StD-fed rats (tdF/I: 97.4 ± 0.9% accurate; R2 = 0.90), whereas the second meal size increased progressively in HFD-fed rats (44% higher on day 35 than on day 14; P < 0.01). Importantly, cumulative food intake in grazing and meal-fed rats was identical. Similar results were obtained in WT mice except that less restricted grazing induced hyperphagia (compared with meal-fed WT mice; P < 0.05 from day 1). This difference was abolished in Ghr-/- mice, with meal initiation delayed and meal duration enhanced. Neither pattern elevated corticosterone secretion in rats, but meal-feeding aligned ultradian pulses. CONCLUSIONS We have established a consistent, measurable, researcher-defined, stress-free method for imposing temporal feeding patterns in rats and mice. This approach will facilitate progress in understanding the physiologic impact of feeding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Tilston
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Brown
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Wateridge
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Arms-Williams
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie J Walker
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Wells
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Yamada C, Mogami S, Hattori T. Psychological stress exposure to aged mice causes abnormal feeding patterns with changes in the bout number. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:2269-2287. [PMID: 29129830 PMCID: PMC5723686 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses are affected by aging. However, studies on stress-related changes in feeding patterns with aging subject are minimal. We investigated feeding patterns induced by two psychological stress models, revealing characteristics of stress-induced feeding patterns as “meal” and “bout” (defined as the minimum feeding behavior parameters) in aged mice. Feeding behaviors of C57BL/6J mice were monitored for 24 h by an automatic monitoring device. Novelty stress reduced the meal amount over the 24 h in both young and aged mice, but as a result of a time course study it was persistent in aged mice. In addition, the decreased bout number was more pronounced in aged mice than in young mice. The 24-h meal and bout parameters did not change in either the young or aged mice following water avoidance stress (WAS). However, the meal amount and bout number increased in aged mice for 0–6 h after WAS exposure but remained unchanged in young mice. Our findings suggest that changes in bout number may lead to abnormal stress-related feeding patterns and may be one tool for evaluating eating abnormality in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Mogami S, Yamada C, Fujitsuka N, Hattori T. Peptide YY induces characteristic meal patterns of aged mice. Horm Behav 2017; 96:62-68. [PMID: 28916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Changes in eating behavior occur in the elderly due to oral and swallowing dysfunctions. We aimed to clarify the difference between basal meal patterns of young and aged mice in relation to appetite regulating hormones. METHODS Thirty two of young (7-week-old) and aged (23-25-month-old) C57BL/6 male mice were acclimated to a single housing and then transferred to a highly sensitive automated feeding monitoring device. Feeding behavior was monitored from the onset of the dark phase after habituation to the device. Plasma peptide YY (PYY) levels were assessed under the several feeding status or after treatment of PYY. PYY and its receptor (NPY Y2 receptor, Y2R) antagonist were intraperitoneally administered 30min before the monitoring. RESULTS Although the basal 24-h meal amounts did not differ by age, the total meal time and frequency of minimum feeding activity (bout) were significantly increased and the average bout size and time per bout were significantly decreased in aged mice. PYY dynamics were abnormal and the temporal reduction in food intake by exogenous PYY was more prominent in aged mice than in young mice. PYY administration to young mice induced aged-like meal patterns, and Y2R antagonist administration to aged mice induced young-like meal patterns. CONCLUSIONS Aged mice exhibited characteristic meal patterns probably due to PYY metabolism dysfunction and/or enhanced PYY-Y2R signaling, suggesting a novel method for assessing eating difficulties in aged animals and a potential target for the remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan.
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14
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Page AJ, Kentish SJ. Plasticity of gastrointestinal vagal afferent satiety signals. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27781333 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vagal link between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) has numerous vital functions for maintaining homeostasis. The regulation of energy balance is one which is attracting more and more attention due to the potential for exploiting peripheral hormonal targets as treatments for conditions such as obesity. While physiologically, this system is well tuned and demonstrated to be effective in the regulation of both local function and promoting/terminating food intake the neural connection represents a susceptible pathway for disruption in various disease states. Numerous studies have revealed that obesity in particularly is associated with an array of modifications in vagal afferent function from changes in expression of signaling molecules to altered activation mechanics. In general, these changes in vagal afferent function in obesity further promote food intake instead of the more desirable reduction in food intake. It is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these detrimental effects before we can establish more effective pharmacotherapies or lifestyle strategies for the treatment of obesity and the maintenance of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Page
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S J Kentish
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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15
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Qiao F, Longley KR, Feng S, Schnack S, Gao H, Li Y, Schlenker EH, Wang H. Reduced body weight gain in ubiquilin-1 transgenic mice is associated with increased expression of energy-sensing proteins. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13260. [PMID: 28420763 PMCID: PMC5408289 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquilin-1 (Ubqln1), a ubiquitin-like protein, is implicated in a variety of pathophysiological processes, but its role in mediating body weight gain or metabolism has not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that global overexpression of Ubqln1 in a transgenic (Tg) mouse reduces the animal's body weight gain. The decreased body weight gain in Tg mice is associated with lower visceral fat content and higher metabolic rate. The Ubqln1 Tg mice exhibited reduced leptin and insulin levels as well as increased insulin sensitivity manifested by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Additionally, the reduced body weight in Tg mice was associated with the upregulation of two energy-sensing proteins, sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in the hypothalamus and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the skeletal muscle. Consistent with the in vivo results, overexpression of Ubqln1 significantly increased SIRT1 and AMPK levels in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell culture. Thus, our results not only establish the link between Ubqln1 and body weight regulation but also indicate that the metabolic function of Ubqln1 on body weight may be through regulating energy-sensing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qiao
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Kirsty R Longley
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Shelley Feng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Sabrina Schnack
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Yifan Li
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Evelyn H Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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16
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Donald JA, Hamid NKA, McLeod JL. The role of leptin and ghrelin in appetite regulation in the Australian Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, during long-term water deprivation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:201-208. [PMID: 27102941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water deprivation of the Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, induced a biphasic pattern of food intake with an initial hypophagia that was followed by an increased, and then sustained food intake. The mice lost approximately 20% of their body mass and there was a loss of white adipose tissue. Stomach ghrelin mRNA was significantly higher at day 2 of water deprivation but then returned to the same levels as water-replete (day 0) mice for the duration of the experiment. Plasma ghrelin was unaffected by water deprivation except at day 10 where it was significantly increased. Plasma leptin levels decreased at day 2 and day 5 of water deprivation, and then increased significantly by the end of the water deprivation period. Water deprivation caused a significant decrease in skeletal muscle leptin mRNA expression at days 2 and 5, but then it returned to day 0 levels by day 29. In the hypothalamus, water deprivation caused a significant up-regulation in both ghrelin and neuropeptide Y mRNA expression, respectively. In contrast, hypothalamic GHSR1a mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated. A significant increase in LepRb mRNA expression was observed at days 17 and 29 of water deprivation. This study demonstrated that the sustained food intake in N. alexis during water deprivation was uncoupled from peripheral appetite-regulating signals, and that the hypothalamus appears to play an important role in regulating food intake; this may contribute to the maintenance of fluid balance in the absence of free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Donald
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environmental, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environmental, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Janet L McLeod
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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17
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Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:138-151. [PMID: 26680745 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, a synthetic dimethyl biguanide, has been in clinical use for over 55 years, and today is considered the first-choice drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes used by an estimated 125 million people worldwide. Metformin is orally effective, not metabolized, excreted unchanged by the kidney, relatively free of side effects and well tolerated by the majority of patients. Of importance is that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 20-year study of type 2 diabetics, completed in 1998, compared patients treated with insulin, sulfonylureas and metformin and concluded that metformin provided vascular protective actions. Cardiovascular disease is the primary basis for the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with diabetes and that metformin proved to be protective resulted in a dramatic increase in its use. The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. As reflected by a number of clinical studies, patients treated with metformin also have improvement in endothelial function as measured by the use of plethysmography and measurement of flow-mediated vasodilatation. These data as well as data from animal studies are supportive that metformin has a direct protective action on the vascular endothelium. In this review article, we discuss the pharmacology of metformin and critique the literature as to its cellular sites and mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar; Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - H. Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar; Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
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18
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Bell CG, Xia Y, Yuan W, Gao F, Ward K, Roos L, Mangino M, Hysi PG, Bell J, Wang J, Spector TD. Novel regional age-associated DNA methylation changes within human common disease-associated loci. Genome Biol 2016; 17:193. [PMID: 27663977 PMCID: PMC5034469 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advancing age progressively impacts on risk and severity of chronic disease. It also modifies the epigenome, with changes in DNA methylation, due to both random drift and variation within specific functional loci. Results In a discovery set of 2238 peripheral-blood genome-wide DNA methylomes aged 19–82 years, we identify 71 age-associated differentially methylated regions within the linkage disequilibrium blocks of the single nucleotide polymorphisms from the NIH genome-wide association study catalogue. This included 52 novel regions, 29 within loci not covered by 450 k or 27 k Illumina array, and with enrichment for DNase-I Hypersensitivity sites across the full range of tissues. These age-associated differentially methylated regions also show marked enrichment for enhancers and poised promoters across multiple cell types. In a replication set of 2084 DNA methylomes, 95.7 % of the age-associated differentially methylated regions showed the same direction of ageing effect, with 80.3 % and 53.5 % replicated to p < 0.05 and p < 1.85 × 10–8, respectively. Conclusion By analysing the functionally enriched disease and trait-associated regions of the human genome, we identify novel epigenetic ageing changes, which could be useful biomarkers or provide mechanistic insights into age-related common diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1051-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. .,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Epigenomic Medicine, Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | | | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Kirsten Ward
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie Roos
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jordana Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Lipina C, Vaanholt LM, Davidova A, Mitchell SE, Storey-Gordon E, Hambly C, Irving AJ, Speakman JR, Hundal HS. CB1 receptor blockade counters age-induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Aging Cell 2016; 15:325-35. [PMID: 26757949 PMCID: PMC4783351 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system can modulate energy homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviour as well as peripheral energy storage and utilization. Importantly, many of its metabolic actions are mediated through the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), whose hyperactivation is associated with obesity and impaired metabolic function. Herein, we explored the effects of administering rimonabant, a selective CB1R inverse agonist, upon key metabolic parameters in young (4 month old) and aged (17 month old) adult male C57BL/6 mice. Daily treatment with rimonabant for 14 days transiently reduced food intake in young and aged mice; however, the anorectic response was more profound in aged animals, coinciding with a substantive loss in body fat mass. Notably, reduced insulin sensitivity in aged skeletal muscle and liver concurred with increased CB1R mRNA abundance. Strikingly, rimonabant was shown to improve glucose tolerance and enhance skeletal muscle and liver insulin sensitivity in aged, but not young, adult mice. Moreover, rimonabant‐mediated insulin sensitization in aged adipose tissue coincided with amelioration of low‐grade inflammation and repressed lipogenic gene expression. Collectively, our findings indicate a key role for CB1R in aging‐related insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction and highlight CB1R blockade as a potential strategy for combating metabolic disorders associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Lobke M. Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Anastasija Davidova
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Emma Storey-Gordon
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- Division of Neuroscience; Medical Research Institute; Ninewells Hospital; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang; Beijing China
| | - Harinder S. Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
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20
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Meadows A, Lee JH, Wu CS, Wei Q, Pradhan G, Yafi M, Lu HC, Sun Y. Deletion of G-protein-coupled receptor 55 promotes obesity by reducing physical activity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:417-24. [PMID: 26447738 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is the best-characterized cannabinoid receptor, and CB1 antagonists are used in clinical trials to treat obesity. Because of the wide range of CB1 functions, the side effects of CB1 antagonists pose serious concerns. G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is an atypical cannabinoid receptor, and its pharmacology and functions are distinct from CB1. GPR55 regulates neuropathic pain, gut, bone, immune functions and motor coordination. GPR55 is expressed in various brain regions and peripheral tissues. However, the roles of GPR55 in energy and glucose homeostasis are unknown. Here we have investigated the roles of GPR55 in energy balance and insulin sensitivity using GPR55-null mice (GPR55(-/-)). METHODS Body composition of the mice was measured by EchoMRI. Food intake, feeding behavior, energy expenditure and physical activity of GPR55(-/-) mice were determined by indirect calorimetry. Muscle function was assessed by forced treadmill running test. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Adipose inflammation was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of adipose tissue macrophages. The expression of inflammatory markers in adipose tissues and orexigenic/anorexigenic peptides in the hypothalamus was also analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS GPR55(-/-) mice had normal total energy intake and feeding pattern (i.e., no changes in meal size, meal number or feeding frequency). Intriguingly, whereas adult GPR55(-/-) mice only showed a modest increase in overall body weight, they exhibited significantly increased fat mass and insulin resistance. The spontaneous locomotor activity of GPR55(-/-) mice was dramatically decreased, whereas resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis were unchanged. Moreover, GPR55(-/-) mice exhibited significantly decreased voluntary physical activity, showing reduced running distance on the running wheels, whereas muscle function appeared to be normal. CONCLUSIONS GPR55 has an important role in energy homeostasis. GPR55 ablation increases adiposity and insulin resistance by selectively decreasing physical activity, but not by altering feeding behavior as CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meadows
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J H Lee
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C-S Wu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Q Wei
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Yafi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H-C Lu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Y Sun
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Wysokiński A, Sobów T, Kłoszewska I, Kostka T. Mechanisms of the anorexia of aging-a review. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9821. [PMID: 26232135 PMCID: PMC5005824 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many, even healthy, older people fail to adequately regulate food intake and experience loss of weight. Aging-associated changes in the regulation of appetite and the lack of hunger have been termed as the anorexia of aging. The etiology of the anorexia of aging is multi-factorial and includes a combination of physiological changes associated with aging (decline in smell and taste, reduced central and peripheral drive to eat, delayed gastric emptying), pathological conditions (depression, dementia, somatic diseases, medications and iatrogenic interventions, oral-health status), and social factors (poverty, loneliness). However, exact mechanisms of the anorexia of aging remain to be elucidated. Many neurobiological mechanisms may be secondary to age-related changes in body composition and not associated with anorexia per se. Therefore, further studies on pathophysiological mechanisms of the anorexia of aging should employ accurate measurement of body fat and lean mass. The anorexia of aging is associated with protein-energy malnutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, functional deterioration, morbidity, and mortality. Since this symptom can lead to dramatic consequences, early identification and effective interventions are needed. One of the most important goals in the geriatric care is to optimize nutritional status of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216, Łódź, Poland,
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22
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Yin Y, Zhang W. The Role of Ghrelin in Senescence: A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2015; 62:155-62. [PMID: 26160147 DOI: 10.1159/000433533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid hormone produced mainly by the X/A-like endocrine cells in gastric mucosa, has a widespread tissue distribution and diverse physiological functions such as hormonal, orexigenic, metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological activities. Considerable evidence has suggested that ghrelin plays an important role in organism senescence or aging. The present review provides a comprehensive picture of this new development. We first reviewed the aging (senescence)-dependent reduction of ghrelin signaling, and then highlighted its relationship with the aging-associated alteration in food intake, energy metabolism, cardiovascular function, neurological activity, and adaptive immunity. Our literature review suggests that ghrelin is an innovative and promising agent in the treatment of these pathophysiological conditions associated with senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Diabetes Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Luglio HF, Inggriyani CG, Huriyati E, Julia M, Susilowati R. Association of SNPs in GHSR rs292216 and rs509035 on dietary intake in Indonesian obese female adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2014; 5:195-199. [PMID: 25755847 PMCID: PMC4348703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked to high dietary intake and low physical activity. Studies showed that those factors were not only regulated by environment but also by genetic. However, the relationship is less been understood in obese children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the role of SNPs in GHSR rs292216 and rs509035 on dietary intake in obese female adolescents. METHODS This is an observational study with cross sectional design. Respondents were obese female adolescents enrolled from obesity screening done in six junior high schools in Yogyakarta. Dietary intake was measured using 6 days 24 hours inconsecutive dietary recall. Genotyping of 2 SNPs from GHSR was done using FRLP-PCR. RESULTS There were 78 obese female adolescents joined this study. We found that no significant association between SNPs GHSR and dietary intake (p < 0.05). In addition, a SNP-SNP interaction analysis shown there is no difference between combination of GHSR rs292216 and rs509035 on dietary intake (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that SNPs on GHSR rs292216 and rs509035 were not related to dietary intake in Indonesian obese female adolescents. Further study is necessary to investigate the effect of those genes on dietary intake in the broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Freitag Luglio
- Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesia
| | - Cut Gina Inggriyani
- Department of Anatomy Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah KualaIndonesia
| | - Emy Huriyati
- Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesia
| | - Madarina Julia
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesia
| | - Rina Susilowati
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesia
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