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Chen X, Fu S, Chen C, Yuan Y, Dai Z, Chen A, Zhang B, Liu S, Lin C. Association of Traditional dietary pattern with early and precocious puberty: a population-based cross-sectional study. Pediatr Res 2024; 96:245-252. [PMID: 38431666 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precocious puberty is an endocrine disease that is diagnosed by sex, age, and Tanner stage of puberty. This study aimed to investigate the association between various dietary patterns and early or precocious puberty, especially Traditional dietary patterns, which have been rarely investigated. METHODS A total of 4085 primary school students in grades 1-3 (6-9 years) completed individual characteristic surveys, health examinations, and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Physical examinations were also conducted to assess obesity and pubertal onset. Traditional, Westernized, and Protein dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis, and their associations with pubertal onset were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared to the other two patterns, children who predominant the Traditional dietary pattern were protectively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.94), even after adjusting the confounders (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.89). Neither the Westernized nor Protein dietary pattern demonstrated an association with pubertal onset. The Traditional dietary pattern was negatively associated with children's weight status, classified by body mass index (BMI), and was positively associated with parental education. The maternal education and the Protein dietary pattern were negatively related. CONCLUSIONS Traditional dietary patterns were protective associated with early and precocious puberty among Chinese children. IMPACT The Traditional dietary pattern was protective associated with early puberty or precocious puberty in children, as found in large-scale population-based public health research. Current research primarily focuses on Westernized dietary patterns, and we studied Traditional dietary patterns to further explore the influence of food on children's puberty development. We discovered that children's preference for Traditional dietary patterns is protective of pubertal development, which implies that society and parents can benefit from diet guidance to protect children's natural development during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medical, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simao Fu
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Health Care Centre for Primary and Secondary Schools, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yawen Yuan
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhibin Dai
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ang Chen
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Bihong Zhang
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cuilan Lin
- BoAi Hospital of Zhongshan Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, China.
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Guo R, Feng R, Yang J, Xiao Y, Yin C. Genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between dietary habits and age at menarche. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8425. [PMID: 38600095 PMCID: PMC11006932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary habits are essential in the mean age at menarche (AAM). However, the causal relationship between these factors remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the genetic relationship between dietary habits and AAM. Genetic summary statistics for dietary habits were obtained from the UK Biobank. GWAS summary data for AAM was obtained from the ReproGen Consortium. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to test genetic correlations between dietary habits and AAM. The Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses used the inverse-variance weighted method. Genetic correlations with AAM were identified for 29 candi-date dietary habits, such as milk type (skimmed, semi-skimmed, full cream; coefficient = 0.2704, Pldsc = 1.13 × 10-14). MR evaluations revealed that 19 dietary habits were associated with AAM, including bread type (white vs. any other; OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.28-2.29, Pmr = 3.20 × 10-4), tablespoons of cooked vegetables (OR 0.437, 95% CI 0.29-0.67; Pmr = 1.30 × 10-4), and cups of coffee per day (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.92, Pmr = 8.31 × 10-3). These results were observed to be stable under the sensitivity analysis. Our study provides potential insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying AAM and evidence that dietary habits are associated with AAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruoyang Feng
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, Shanxi, China.
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Lawson Y, Mpasi P, Young M, Comerford K, Mitchell E. A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black children and adolescents in the US. J Natl Med Assoc 2024; 116:241-252. [PMID: 38360503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition during childhood and adolescence is crucial for proper neurological, musculoskeletal, immunological, and cardiometabolic health and development. Yet, disparities among socially underserved racial/ethnic groups in the United States (US) provide significant challenges to achieving adequate nutrition during these years of rapid growth and maturation. For example, Black children and adolescents are at greater risk for having food insecurity, lower-quality diets, obesity, and numerous associated health challenges that result from these disparities compared to their White peers. A growing body of evidence indicates that improving diet quality is critical for improving childhood and adolescent health and well-being, and that the diverse nutritional profile and bioactive compounds found within dairy foods may play multiple roles in promoting proper growth and development during these life stages. Therefore, to support overall health and development among Black youth, greater education and implementation efforts are needed to help this population meet the national dietary recommendations of 2.5 to 3 servings of dairy foods per day. Continuing to fall short of these recommendations puts Black children and adolescents at risk of multiple nutrient inadequacies and health disparities that can have lifelong impacts on disease development, mental health, and quality of life. This review presents the state of knowledge on health disparities and modifiable nutritional strategies involving milk and dairy foods to support the growth and maturation of children and adolescents, with a special focus on Black youth in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Lawson
- Associate Attending, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Priscilla Mpasi
- ChristianaCare Health System, Assistant Clinical Director Complex Care and Community Medicine, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Michal Young
- Emeritus, Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Washington D.C., United States
| | - Kevin Comerford
- OMNI Nutrition Science, California Dairy Research Foundation, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Edith Mitchell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer at Jefferson, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Peralta M, Lizcano F. Endocrine Disruptors and Metabolic Changes: Impact on Puberty Control. Endocr Pract 2024; 30:384-397. [PMID: 38185329 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the significant impact of environmental chemicals on disease development, focusing on their role in developing metabolic and endocrine diseases. The objective is to understand how these chemicals contribute to the increasing prevalence of precocious puberty, considering various factors, including epigenetic changes, lifestyle, and emotional disturbances. METHODS The study employs a comprehensive review of descriptive observational studies in both human and animal models to identify a degree of causality between exposure to environmental chemicals and disease development, specifically focusing on endocrine disruption. Due to ethical constraints, direct causation studies in human subjects are not feasible; therefore, the research relies on accumulated observational data. RESULTS Puberty is a crucial life period with marked physiological and psychological changes. The age at which sexual characteristics develop is changing in many regions. The findings indicate a correlation between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the early onset of puberty. These chemicals have been shown to interfere with normal hormonal processes, particularly during critical developmental stages such as adolescence. The research also highlights the interaction of these chemical exposures with other factors, including nutritional history, social and lifestyle changes, and emotional stress, which together contribute to the prevalence of precocious puberty. CONCLUSION Environmental chemicals significantly contribute to the development of certain metabolic and endocrine diseases, particularly in the rising incidence of precocious puberty. Although the evidence is mainly observational, it adequately justifies regulatory actions to reduce exposure risks. Furthermore, these findings highlight the urgent need for more research on the epigenetic effects of these chemicals and their wider impact on human health, especially during vital developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Peralta
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Universidad de La Sabana, CIBUS, Chía, Colombia
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Universidad de La Sabana, CIBUS, Chía, Colombia; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Fundación CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Gu Q, Wu Y, Feng Z, Chai Y, Hou S, Yu Z, Shen X. Dietary pattern and precocious puberty risk in Chinese girls: a case-control study. Nutr J 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38291391 PMCID: PMC10829199 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dietary intake on precocious puberty remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the amount and frequency of dietary intake and the risk of precocious puberty in Chinese girls. METHODS In this case-control study, we enrolled 185 precocious puberty girls and 185 age-matched controls. Their dietary intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Their sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. The associations between dietary intake and risk of precocious puberty were assessed by conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, consuming a higher amount of red meat was associated with higher precocious puberty risk (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.25-6.02), while a higher frequency of fruit ( P for trend = 0.024) and amount of vegetable intake was associated with a lower risk of precocious puberty (P for trend = 0.002). The high vegetable and protein dietary pattern was significantly negatively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97), whereas the high animal food and fruits dietary pattern was remarkably positively associated with precocious puberty (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09-1.69), after adjusting for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS High vegetable and protein dietary pattern is a protective factor against precocious puberty, while high animal food and fruits dietary pattern is a risk factor for precocious puberty in Chinese girls. Attentions should be paid to a reasonable intake of red meat, eggs, and fruits in children's daily diet, increase their intake of vegetables, in order to reduce the risk of precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Statistics, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuowei Feng
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Chai
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Hou
- Department of Paediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Martínez-Arroyo A, Cantor E, Fisberg RM, Corvalán C. Lower adherence to a prudent dietary pattern is associated with earlier age at menarche in adolescents from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2023; 10:995593. [PMID: 36793361 PMCID: PMC9922868 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.995593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early menarche is associated with obesity, and metabolic and mental health risks, among other diseases. Thus, it is relevant to identify modifiable risk factors of early menarche. Some nutrients and foods have been linked to pubertal timing, but how menarche relates to overall dietary patterns is unclear. Methods The aim of this study was to analyze the association between dietary patterns and age at menarche in a prospective cohort of Chilean girls from low and middle-income families. We conducted a survival analysis of 215 girls (median = 12.7 years, IQR = 12.2-13.2) from the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (GOCS) who had been followed prospectively since 4 years of age (2006). Age at menarche and anthropometric measurements were recorded every 6 months since 7 years of age while diet (24-hour dietary recall) was collected for 11 years. Dietary patterns were obtained from exploratory factor analysis. Accelerated Failure Time models adjusted for potential confounding variables were used to study the association between dietary patterns and age at menarche. Results Girls' median age at menarche was 12.7 years. Three dietary patterns were identified: "Breakfast/Light Dinner," "Prudent" and "Snacking" which explained 19.5% of the diet variation. Girls in the lowest tertile of the "Prudent" pattern had menarche 3 months earlier than girls in the highest tertile (β: 0.022; 95% CI: 0.003; 0.041). "Breakfast/Light Dinner" and "Snacking" patterns were not associated with age at menarche. Conclusion Our results suggest that healthier dietary patterns during puberty might be associated with menarche timing. Nevertheless, further studies are required to confirm this result and to clarify the association between diet and puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Martínez-Arroyo
- Food Behavior Research Center (CEIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Erika Cantor
- Institute of Statistics, University of Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Camila Corvalán ✉
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Calcaterra V, Magenes VC, Hruby C, Siccardo F, Mari A, Cordaro E, Fabiano V, Zuccotti G. Links between Childhood Obesity, High-Fat Diet, and Central Precocious Puberty. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020241. [PMID: 36832370 PMCID: PMC9954755 DOI: 10.3390/children10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the existing relationship between excess overweight and central precocious puberty (CPP) has been reported, especially in girls. Different nutritional choices have been associated with different patterns of puberty. In particular, the involvement of altered biochemical and neuroendocrine pathways and a proinflammatory status has been described in connection with a high-fat diet (HFD). In this narrative review, we present an overview on the relationship between obesity and precocious pubertal development, focusing on the role of HFDs as a contributor to activating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although evidence is scarce and studies limited, especially in the paediatric field, the harm of HFDs on PP is a relevant problem that cannot be ignored. Increased knowledge about HFD effects will be useful in developing strategies preventing precocious puberty in children with obesity. Promoting HFD-avoiding behavior may be useful in preserving children's physiological development and protecting reproductive health. Controlling HFDs may represent a target for policy action to improve global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Chiara Hruby
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Mari
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Cordaro
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Tsai MC, Lee YL, Chen YC. Association of the consumption of common drinks with early puberty in both sexes. Front Public Health 2022; 10:854477. [PMID: 36536777 PMCID: PMC9758723 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and common drink intake on pubertal development in both sexes. Methods Data were retrieved from Taiwan Children Health Study, which involved detailed pubertal stage assessments of 2,819 schoolchildren aged 11 years in 2011-2012. Drawings of secondary sexual characteristics and self-reported age at menarche or voice breaking were used to assess pubertal stages. Dietary intake was assessed using a detailed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Generalized estimating equation modeling was applied to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to represent the effects of each drink on early pubertal development outcomes. Results In boys, an one cup/day increment of a SSB was associated with earlier voice breaking (β = -0.12; 95% CI = -0.20, -0.04), whereas consuming yogurt (≥2 cups/day) was a protective factor against early puberty (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.83). In girls, SSB consumption was associated with increased risk of early puberty in a dose-response manner, and a similar protective effect of yogurt consumption and fermented probiotic drink (≥2 cups/day) against early puberty was observed (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94, 0.99). Furthermore, the intake of both total sugar and added sugar within SSBs increased risk of early puberty in girls but not in boys. Conclusions Sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with early puberty, and probiotic drinks appeared to mitigate this link. These findings indicate that the gut-brain axis could play a crucial role in sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Che Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Yungling Leo Lee
| | - Yang Ching Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Yang Ching Chen
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Diet and Nutrients Intakes during Infancy and Childhood in Relation to Early Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235004. [PMID: 36501034 PMCID: PMC9739867 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of puberty has become earlier over the decades, and nutrients and diet are related to the timing of puberty onset. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association between diet or nutrients in infancy, childhood and early puberty. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library were searched systematically up to 15 April 2022. The pooled relative risks (RRs) or regression coefficients (beta) were estimated using the random-effect model or fixed-effect model according to the heterogeneity between studies. Twenty-two articles on diet or nutrients in childhood and six about breastfeeding in infancy were included. The prolonged breastfeeding duration in infancy could reduce the risk of early menarche (beta 0.31, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.60, p = 0.045). The high intake of yogurt was associated with a 35% reduction in the risk of earlier menarche (RR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.89, p = 0.008). Girls with severe food insecurity experienced later menarche (RR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.98, p = 0.027). Conversely, due to the high intake of protein, the risk of early menarche increased by 8% (RR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.16, p = 0.016). High intake of yogurt, longer duration of breastfeeding, and food insecurity decreased the possibility of earlier menarche, while high intake of protein increased that risk. As a modifiable factor, diet and nutrients in infancy and childhood provide new insights into the future prevention of early puberty.
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Soliman A, Alaaraj N, Hamed N, Alyafei F, Ahmed S, Shaat M, Itani M, Elalaily R, Soliman N. Review Nutritional interventions during adolescence and their possible effects. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022087. [PMID: 35315384 PMCID: PMC8972883 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i1.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most important factors affecting pubertal development. Increasing demands for energy proteins and micronutrients are necessary to cope with the rapid linear pubertal growth and development, change in body composition, and increased physical activity. Adequate nutrition is a key permissive factor for the normal timing and tempo of pubertal development. Severe primary or secondary malnutrition also can adversely delay the onset and progression of puberty. The higher incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia in adolescents imposes a nutritional risk on pubertal development. Here we provide an overview of nutritional requirements (macronutrients and micronutrients) necessary to cope with these changes. In addition, we discuss possible nutritional interventions trials and their effects on several aspects of growth and development in undernourished and stunted adolescents, in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), who require nutritional rehabilitation. This mini-review sums up some important findings in this important complex that links between nutrition, nutritional interventions, and pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Qatar
| | - Nada Alaaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Qatar
| | - Noor Hamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Qatar
| | - Fawzia Alyafei
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Qatar
| | - Shayma Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Qatar
| | - Mona Shaat
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Hamad General Hospital
| | - Maya Itani
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Hamad General Hospital
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Carwile JL, Seshasayee SM, Aris IM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Claus Henn B, Calafat AM, Sagiv SK, Oken E, Fleisch AF. Prospective associations of mid-childhood plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and pubertal timing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106729. [PMID: 34171588 PMCID: PMC8380705 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may disrupt pubertal timing. Higher PFAS plasma concentrations have been associated with later pubertal timing in girls, but cross-sectional findings may be explained by reverse causation. OBJECTIVES To assess prospective associations between PFAS plasma concentrations in mid-childhood and markers of pubertal timing in male and female adolescents. METHODS We studied 640 children in Project Viva, a Boston-area prospective cohort. We examined associations of plasma concentrations of 6 PFAS measured at mean 7.9 (SD 0.8) years (2007-2010) with markers of pubertal timing. Parents reported a 5-item pubertal development score at early adolescence (mean 13.1 (SD 0.8) years) and reported age at menarche annually. We calculated age at peak height velocity using research and clinical measures of height. We used sex-specific linear and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate associations of single PFAS with outcomes, and we used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to estimate associations of the PFAS mixture with outcomes. RESULTS Plasma concentrations were highest for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [median (IQR) 6.4(5.6) ng/mL], followed by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) [4.4(3.0) ng/mL]. In early adolescence, girls were further along in puberty than boys [pubertal development score mean (SD) 2.9 (0.7) for girls and 2.2(0.7) for boys; age at peak height velocity mean (SD) 11.2y (1.0) for girls and 13.1y (1.0) for boys]. PFAS was associated with later markers of pubertal timing in girls only. For example, each doubling of PFOA was associated with lower pubertal development score (-0.18 units; 95% CI: -0.30, -0.06) and older age at peak height velocity (0.23 years; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.40)]. We observed similar associations for PFOS, perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and the PFAS mixture. PFAS plasma concentrations were not associated with age at menarche or markers of pubertal timing in boys. DISCUSSION Higher PFAS plasma concentrations in mid-childhood were associated with later onset of puberty in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Carwile
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA.
| | - Shravanthi M Seshasayee
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abby F Fleisch
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA; Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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Duan R, Qiao T, Chen Y, Chen M, Xue H, Zhou X, Yang M, Liu Y, Zhao L, Libuda L, Cheng G. The overall diet quality in childhood is prospectively associated with the timing of puberty. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2423-2434. [PMID: 33140158 PMCID: PMC8275527 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influences of nutrition in childhood on puberty onset could have sustained consequences for health and wellbeing later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective association of diet quality prior to puberty with the timing of puberty onset. METHODS We considered data from 3983 SCCNG (Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth) study participants with dietary data, anthropometric measurement, and information on potential confounders at their baseline assessment (mean age: 7.1 years for girls and 7.3 years for boys; mean length of follow-up was 4.2 years). Cox proportional hazard regression estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine the relationship between diet quality and puberty onset. Dietary intake at baseline was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was determined using the Chinese Children Dietary Index (CCDI) which measures adherence to current dietary recommendations (theoretical range: 0-160 points). Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2), menarche or voice break (M/VB) were used as pubertal markers. RESULTS The CCDI score ranged from 56.2 to 136.3 for girls and 46.1-131.5 for boys. Pubertal markers consistently indicate that girls and boys with higher diet quality were more likely to enter their puberty later than their counterparts with lower CCDI scores (higher vs. lower CCDI tertiles: adjusted HR for age at B2: 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81-0.94), p for trend = 0.02; G2: 0.86 (95% CI,0.80-0.96), p for trend = 0.02; M: 0.86 (95% CI,0.80-0.95), p for trend = 0.02; VB: 0.86 (95% CI,0.79-0.98), p for trend = 0.03), after adjustment for paternal education level, baseline energy intake, and pre-pubertal body fat. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested a later puberty onset and later timing of progressed puberty stages in children with a high diet quality, which were independent of pre-pubertal body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Duan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Qiao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Nutrition and Health Research Centre, By-Health Co. Ltd, No. 3 Kehui 3rd Street, No. 99 Kexue Avenue Central, Science City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Libuda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Moslehi N, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Longitudinal association of dietary sources of animal and plant protein throughout childhood with menarche. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:206. [PMID: 33910533 PMCID: PMC8080383 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inconsistent findings have been reported for associations between protein intake and age at menarche. We aimed to investigate the association between intake of protein and protein-containing food groups during childhood with menarche among Iranian girls. Methods Girls aged 6–18 years who did not experience menarche in the third or fourth examination cycles of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were selected and were followed to the fifth examination cycle. Daily intakes of protein from different animal/plant sources and ten protein-containing food groups were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline (the third or fourth examination cycles). Occurrence of menarche and its onset age were asked during each examination cycle. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the occurrence of menarche per one standard deviation (SD) of dietary intakes. Logistic regression was also used to estimate the odds of reaching menarche ≤12 years. Results During the study, 147(61%) of girls reached menarche, the median age at menarche was 12 years. The adjusted HRs (95% CI) for the occurrence of menarche per one-SD of dietary intakes were 0.68 (0.48, 0.98; p = 0.040) for plant protein and 1.36 (1.01, 1.84; p = 0.042) for animal protein after adjusting for baseline age, BMI Z-score, energy intake, and mother’s early menarche and education. Substituting 10-g animal protein with plant protein was associated with a 16% (95%CI: 5–25%; p = 0.006) lower risk of menarche. Dietary intakes of poultry (adjusted HR: 1.35; 95% CIs: 1.00–1.82; p = 0.049) and low-fat dairy (adjusted HR: 1.20; 95%CIs: 0.99–1.46; p = 0.064) were marginally associated with the increased risk of menarche. However, the odds of early menarche was significant only for plant protein (adjusted odds ratio = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16–0.96; p = 0.040). Conclusions Our findings indicate that the risk of menarche increases by higher intakes of animal protein and decreases by plant protein. Intakes of poultry and low-fat dairy associate with a higher risk of menarche. The odds of menarche occurrence ≤12 years reduces by higher intakes of plant protein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02670-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moslehi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Shahid Arabi St, Yemen Blvd, Chamran Exp, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Shahid Arabi St, Yemen Blvd, Chamran Exp, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Arghavan-e-gharbi St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak-e-qods, P.O.Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Shahid Arabi St, Yemen Blvd, Chamran Exp, P.O.Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Arghavan-e-gharbi St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak-e-qods, P.O.Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Gu Q, Cui X, Zhu Z, Zang J, Wang Z, Wu F, Shen X. Higher poultry consumption was associated with an earlier age at menarche. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:889-895. [PMID: 32869361 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between meat consumption and earlier age of menarche among schoolgirls in Shanghai. METHODS The study randomly selected 1981 schoolgirls aged 6-18 years in Shanghai using a two-stage random sampling design. Information on meat intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Menarche age, household income, physical activity and other covariates were obtained by standardised questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between intake of meat and earlier age of menarche. Earlier age of menarche was defined as first menstruation before 12 years of age. RESULTS Among the 986 girls who had experienced menarche, 518/986 (52.5%) had earlier age of menarche. After adjusting for body mass index, age, physical activity, sleep, household income and parental education, consumption of poultry was positively associated with risk of earlier age of menarche (P-trend = .03). Girls who never consumed poultry had a lower risk of earlier age of menarche (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.96). Neither the consumption of pork, beef, lamb, processed meat nor total meat consumption was associated with menarche age. CONCLUSION Higher consumption of poultry was associated with an earlier age at menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmei Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition XinHua Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qiuyun Gu
- Department of Nutrition School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xueying Cui
- Department of Nutrition School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zhenni Zhu
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai China
| | - Jiajie Zang
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai China
| | - Zhengyuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai China
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition XinHua Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Nutrition School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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Calcaterra V, Cena H, Regalbuto C, Vinci F, Porri D, Verduci E, Mameli C, Zuccotti GV. The Role of Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Nutrition in the Timing of Sexual Maturation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020419. [PMID: 33525559 PMCID: PMC7911282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a crucial developmental stage in the life span, necessary to achieve reproductive and somatic maturity. Timing of puberty is modulated by and responds to central neurotransmitters, hormones, and environmental factors leading to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation. The connection between hormones and nutrition during critical periods of growth, like fetal life or infancy, is fundamental for metabolic adaptation response and pubertal development control and prediction. Since birth weight is an important indicator of growth estimation during fetal life, restricted prenatal growth, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA), may impact endocrine system, affecting pubertal development. Successively, lactation along with early life optimal nutrition during infancy and childhood may be important in order to set up timing of sexual maturation and provide successful reproduction at a later time. Sexual maturation and healthy growth are also influenced by nutrition requirements and diet composition. Early nutritional surveillance and monitoring of pubertal development is recommended in all children, particularly in those at risk, such as the ones born SGA and/or IUGR, as well as in the case of sudden weight gain during infancy. Adequate macro and micronutrient intake is essential for healthy growth and sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (C.M.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.C.); (D.P.)
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Corrado Regalbuto
- Pediatric Unit, Fond, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (F.V.)
| | - Federica Vinci
- Pediatric Unit, Fond, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.R.); (F.V.)
| | - Debora Porri
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (C.M.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (C.M.); (G.V.Z.)
- “L. Sacco” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Unit, “V. Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (C.M.); (G.V.Z.)
- “L. Sacco” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Duan R, Chen Y, Qiao T, Duan R, Chen M, Zhao L, Gong Y, Cheng G. Modern dietary pattern is prospectively associated with earlier age at menarche: data from the CHNS 1997-2015. Nutr J 2020; 19:95. [PMID: 32907571 PMCID: PMC7488069 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early age at menarche is associated with risk of several chronic diseases. Prospective study on the association between dietary pattern and timing of menarche is sparse. We examined whether dietary patterns prior to the menarche onset were prospectively associated with menarcheal age in Chinese girls. Methods One thousand one hundred eighteen girls aged 6–13 y in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) with three-day 24-h recalls and information on potential confounders at baseline were included in the study. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Age at menarche was self-reported at each survey. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to examine the associations of premenarcheal dietary patterns and menarcheal timing. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results Three major dietary patterns were identified: modern dietary pattern, animal food pattern, and snack food pattern. After adjustment for age at baseline, region, ethnicity, maternal education level, energy intake at baseline, and body mass index Z-score at baseline, girls in the highest quartile of modern dietary pattern score had a 33% higher probability of experiencing menarche at an earlier age than those in the lowest quartile (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.002–1.77, p for trend = 0.03). No significant association was found for the animal food pattern or snack food pattern. Conclusions Higher adherence to modern dietary pattern during childhood is associated with an earlier menarcheal age. This association was independent of premenarcheal body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Duan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tian Qiao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ruotong Duan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yunhui Gong
- Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
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Greater adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet is associated with later breast development and menarche in peripubertal girls. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:1020-1030. [PMID: 31439055 PMCID: PMC10071494 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet at age 9-10 years in relation to onset of breast development (thelarche) and first menstruation (menarche). DESIGN We evaluated the associations of adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet (measured by an adapted Mediterranean-like Diet Score, range 0-9) with thelarche at baseline, age at thelarche and time to menarche. Data were collected at baseline during a clinic visit, complemented with a mailed questionnaire and three 24 hour telephone dietary recalls, followed by annual follow-up questionnaires. Multivariable Poisson regression, linear regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to evaluate timing of pubertal development in relation to diet adherence. SETTING New Jersey, USA. PARTICIPANTS Girls aged 9 or 10 years at baseline (2006-2014, n 202). RESULTS High Mediterranean-like diet adherence (score 6-9) was associated with a lower prevalence of thelarche at baseline compared with low adherence (score 0-3; prevalence ratio = 0·65, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·90). This may have been driven by consumption of fish and non-fat/low-fat dairy. Our models also suggested a later age at thelarche with higher Mediterranean-like diet adherence. Girls with higher Mediterranean-like diet adherence had significantly longer time to menarche (hazard ratio = 0·45, 95 % CI 0·28, 0·71 for high v. low adherence). Further analysis suggested this may have been driven by vegetable and non-fat/low-fat dairy consumption. CONCLUSIONS Consuming a Mediterranean-like diet may be associated with older age at thelarche and menarche. Further research is necessary to confirm our findings in other US paediatric populations and elucidate the mechanism through which Mediterranean-like diet may influence puberty timing.
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Wiley AS. The Evolution of Lactase Persistence: Milk Consumption, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, and Human Life-History Parameters. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Alimujiang A, Colditz GA, Gardner JD, Park Y, Berkey CS, Sutcliffe S. Childhood diet and growth in boys in relation to timing of puberty and adult height: the Longitudinal Studies of Child Health and Development. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:915-926. [PMID: 30109531 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To begin to explore the possible roles of childhood diet and growth in prostate cancer (PCa) development, we investigated these exposures in relation to two known/suspected PCa risk factors, earlier pubertal timing and greater attained height, in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Health and Development. METHODS We used biannual/annual height, weight, and dietary history data to investigate childhood diet, body mass index (BMI), birth length, and childhood height in relation to PCa risk factors (age at peak height velocity (APHV), height at age 13, and adult height) for 64 Caucasian American boys. RESULTS In adjusted models, childhood fat and animal protein intake was positively associated with height at age 13 and adult height (P < 0.05). A childhood diet high in fat and animal protein and low in vegetable protein was also associated with earlier APHV (P < 0.05), whereas no associations were observed for childhood energy intake or BMI. Birth length and childhood height were positively associated with height at age 13 and adult height, and childhood height was inversely associated with APHV (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that both childhood diet and growth potential/growth contribute to earlier pubertal timing and taller attained height in males, supporting roles of these factors in PCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Alimujiang
- Division of Public Health Sciences and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Division of Public Health Sciences and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yikyung Park
- Division of Public Health Sciences and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine S Berkey
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 600 S. Taylor Avenue, 2nd floor, Rm. 208S, Box 8100, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun W, Jiang Y, Song Y, Zhu Q, Mei H, Wang X, Liu S, Jiang F. Association between Dietary Patterns and Precocious Puberty in Children: A Population-Based Study. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4528704. [PMID: 29593790 PMCID: PMC5822782 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4528704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and precocious puberty among Shanghai children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among Shanghai children by multistage stratified cluster random sampling in June 2014. Diet was assessed using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Height, weight, and Tanner stages of breast development, pubic hair growth, and testicular volume were carefully measured. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns, and logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between dietary patterns and precocious puberty. RESULTS Three distinct dietary patterns, "traditional diet," "unhealthy diet," and "protein diet," were established. Neither the "traditional diet" pattern nor the "protein diet" pattern showed any association with precocious puberty, taking gender, BMI, and adjustment factors into consideration. The "unhealthy diet" pattern was significantly positively associated with precocious puberty in both boys (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02-1.51) and girls (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.10-1.56). The relationship remained positive only for girls (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49) after adjustment for age and BMI but statistically nonsignificant after further adjustment for socioeconomic factors in both boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns were found to be related to precocious puberty among Shanghai children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqi Sun
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Song
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mervish NA, Teitelbaum SL, Pajak A, Windham GC, Pinney SM, Kushi LH, Biro FM, Wolff MS. Peripubertal dietary flavonol and lignan intake and age at menarche in a longitudinal cohort of girls. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:201-208. [PMID: 28170386 PMCID: PMC5552411 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDietary phytoestrogens may alter hormonal activity in childhood. Flavonols and lignans are the most prevalent phytoestrogens in the Western diet. We examined whether higher intake of flavonols and lignans was associated with later age at menarche in a prospective study of young girls.MethodsIn all, 1,044 girls aged 6-8 years (mean 7.3 years) with two to four 24-h dietary recalls during their baseline year were followed up for 11 years until the attainment of menarche in the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Project (BCERP). Associations of age at menarche with quintiles of phytoestrogens were assessed using hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for body mass index and other covariates.ResultsThe highest quintile of flavonol intake was associated with a later age at menarche, compared with the lowest quintile (adjusted HR: 0.80, 95% CI: (0.66-1.00). For lignans, there was a later age in overweight girls (HR: 0.56, 95% CI=0.40-0.80).ConclusionThese dietary bioactives may reflect a healthy diet, and foods high in phytoestrogens may influence the timing of menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Mervish
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY
| | - Ashley Pajak
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY
| | - Gayle C. Windham
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Richmond, CA
| | - Susan M. Pinney
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lawrence H. Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Frank M. Biro
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY
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22
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Gaskins AJ, Pereira A, Quintiliano D, Shepherd JA, Uauy R, Corvalán C, Michels KB. Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1166-1175. [PMID: 28381475 PMCID: PMC5402036 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Frequent dairy consumption in childhood has been related to higher growth-hormone concentrations that may affect mammary gland and pubertal development.Objective: We evaluated the relation of dairy intake to breast composition at Tanner stage 4 and age at menarche.Design: A total of 515 Chilean girls are included in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. The subjects have been followed longitudinally since they were 3-4 y old (from 2006 to the present). Starting in 2013, diet was assessed every 6 mo via a 24-h recall. The breast fibroglandular volume (FGV) was measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at Tanner stage 4. The date of menarche was reported every 6 mo. Our analysis included 290 girls with data on prospective diet and breast composition and 324 girls with data on prospective diet and age at menarche.Results: The mean ± SD breast FGV and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) (i.e., FGV divided by total breast volume times 100) at Tanner stage 4 was 81.7 ± 32.2 cm3 and 42.0% ± 16.7%, respectively. Only sweetened, artificially flavored milk-based drinks were associated with the %FGV with girls who consumed >125 g/d having a %FGV that was 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9%, 8.1%) higher than that of girls who consumed none (P-trend = 0.007). Yogurt intake was associated with a lower FGV. Specifically, girls who consumed >125 g yogurt/d had -10.2 cm3 (95% CI: -20.2, -0.3 cm3) less FGV than did girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.03). The majority (90.7%) of girls in our cohort attained menarche before the data analyses with a mean ± SD age at menarche of 11.9 ± 0.7 y. In multivariable models, low-fat dairy, low-fat milk, and yogurt intakes were associated with a later age at menarche. In particular, girls who consumed >125 g yogurt/d had menarche, on average, 4.6 mo (95% CI: 1.9, 7.4 mo) later than girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.01).Conclusion: More-frequent consumption of sweetened, artificially-flavored milk-based drinks is associated with a higher %FGV, whereas higher yogurt intake is associated with a lower FGV and delayed age at menarche in Chilean girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ana Pereira
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daiana Quintiliano
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA;,The University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;,Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. The plasticity of sexual development onset could be a mechanism that adapts to prevailing environmental conditions. Early-life nutrition may provide cues for the environment's suitability for reproduction. This review focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the role of diet in the timing of sexual maturation. Population-based observational studies consistently indicate that childhood obesity is related to the earlier onset of puberty in girls. Similarly, intake of animal foods has been associated with earlier sexual development, whereas vegetable protein intake is related to delayed maturation. Evidence for prenatal nutrition, infant feeding practices, and childhood intake of fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrients is inconsistent. Secondary analyses of prenatal and early-life randomized nutritional interventions with extended follow-up through peripubertal years would help clarify the role of nutrition in the timing of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health;,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; ,
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24
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Melnik BC. Milk: an epigenetic amplifier of FTO-mediated transcription? Implications for Western diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:385. [PMID: 26691922 PMCID: PMC4687119 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within intron 1 of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with enhanced FTO expression, increased body weight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays a pivotal regulatory role for postnatal growth and energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to provide translational evidence that links milk signaling with FTO-activated transcription of the milk recipient. FTO-dependent demethylation of m6A regulates mRNA splicing required for adipogenesis, increases the stability of mRNAs, and affects microRNA (miRNA) expression and miRNA biosynthesis. FTO senses branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and activates the nutrient sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which plays a key role in translation. Milk provides abundant BCAAs and glutamine, critical components increasing FTO expression. CpG hypomethylation in the first intron of FTO has recently been associated with T2DM. CpG methylation is generally associated with gene silencing. In contrast, CpG demethylation generally increases transcription. DNA de novo methylation of CpG sites is facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 3A and 3B, whereas DNA maintenance methylation is controlled by DNMT1. MiRNA-29s target all DNMTs and thus reduce DNA CpG methylation. Cow´s milk provides substantial amounts of exosomal miRNA-29s that reach the systemic circulation and target mRNAs of the milk recipient. Via DNMT suppression, milk exosomal miRNA-29s may reduce the magnitude of FTO methylation, thereby epigenetically increasing FTO expression in the milk consumer. High lactation performance with increased milk yield has recently been associated with excessive miRNA-29 expression of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). Notably, the galactopoietic hormone prolactin upregulates the transcription factor STAT3, which induces miRNA-29 expression. In a retrovirus-like manner milk exosomes may transfer DCMEC-derived miRNA-29s and bovine FTO mRNA to the milk consumer amplifying FTO expression. There is compelling evidence that obesity, T2DM, prostate and breast cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases are all associated with increased FTO expression. Maximization of lactation performance by veterinary medicine with enhanced miRNA-29s and FTO expression associated with increased exosomal miRNA-29 and FTO mRNA transfer to the milk consumer may represent key epigenetic mechanisms promoting FTO/mTORC1-mediated diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
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25
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Jansen EC, Marín C, Mora-Plazas M, Villamor E. Higher Childhood Red Meat Intake Frequency Is Associated with Earlier Age at Menarche. J Nutr 2015; 146:792-798. [PMID: 26962195 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.226456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early age at menarche is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Red meat consumption in adolescence predicts breast cancer risk, but it is unknown whether it is also related to earlier menarche. OBJECTIVE We studied the association between intake of red meat at ages 5-12 y and age at menarche in a prospective study. METHODS We assessed usual diets with a food-frequency questionnaire in a group of 456 girls aged 8.4 ± 1.7 y and followed them for a median 5.6 y in Bogotá, Colombia. Girls were asked periodically about the occurrence and date of menarche. Median age at menarche was estimated with use of Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities by categories of red meat intake frequency. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the incidence of menarche by red meat intake frequency, adjusting for potential sociodemographic and dietary confounders including total energy intake and intake frequency of other animal food groups (dairy, poultry, freshwater fish, tuna/sardines, eggs, and innards). RESULTS Median age at menarche was 12.4 y. After adjustment for total energy intake, maternal parity, and socioeconomic status, red meat intake frequency was inversely associated with age at menarche. When compared with girls with red meat intake <4 times/wk, those consuming it ≥2 times/d had a significantly earlier age at menarche (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.41; P-trend = 0.0009). Incidentally, we found that girls with tuna/sardine intake >1 time/wk had a significantly later age at menarche (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.90; P = 0.01) than those with intake <1 time/mo. Intake frequency of other animal food groups was not significantly associated with age at menarche. CONCLUSION Higher red meat intake frequency during childhood is associated with an earlier age at menarche, whereas greater fatty fish intake frequency is associated with a later menarcheal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Jansen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Constanza Marín
- Foundation for Research in Nutrition and Health, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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