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Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Weber P, Fenger M, Frystyk J, Hansen E, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Magkos F, Thomsen HS, Walzem RL, Haugaard SB, Krarup T. Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat improves lipoprotein subclass profile and liver fat in type 2 diabetes independent of body weight: evidence from 2 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)01425-4. [PMID: 39617302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia with elevated concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), small-dense LDL, and reduced HDL is linked to hepatic steatosis and promotes atherogenesis in type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze whether moderate carbohydrate restriction reduces liver fat in T2D independent of changes in body weight and whether this is accompanied by parallel improvements in plasma lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS We determined the density profile of circulating lipoproteins in patients with T2D from 2 previous randomized controlled trials. In the isoenergetic study (Iso), 30 participants were allocated in a crossover design to 6 + 6 wk of an isocaloric carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP, C/P/F = 30/30/40 E%) or conventional diabetes (CD, C/P/F = 50/17/33 E%) diet aimed at weight maintenance. In the hypoenergetic study, 72 participants were allocated in a parallel-group design to 6 wk of a hypocaloric CRHP or CD diet aimed at matched ∼6% weight loss. Both studies provided all meals from a metabolic kitchen to maximize adherence. RESULTS In the isoenergetic study, the CRHP diet reduced TRL (mean: -33%; 95% CI: -48%, -14%) and LDL5 (mean: -16%; 95% CI: -26%, -4%) and increased HDL2/HDL3 (mean: 10%; 95% CI: 0%, 22%) compared with the CD diet. In the hypoenergetic study, weight loss induced by CRHP diet tended to reduce TRL (mean: -16%; 95% CI: -30%, 1%) and LDL5 (mean: -13%; 95% CI: -22%, -3%) and increase HDL2/HDL3 (mean: 11%; 95% CI: 1%, 22%) compared with an equivalent weight loss induced by CD diet. The CRHP diet decreased intrahepatic triacylglycerol (IHTG) more than the CD diet (isoenergetic: -55%; 95% CI: -74%, -22%; hypoenergetic: -26%; 95% CI: -45%, 0%), and changes in IHTG correlated directly with changes in TRL and LDL5 (r = 0.36-0.55; P < 0.01 for all) in both studies. CONCLUSIONS Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat improves dyslipidemia in T2D independently of changes in body weight, by inducing an atheroprotective shift in the lipoprotein particle profile possibly facilitated by reduced IHTG accumulation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02764021 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02764021?term=NCT02764021&rank=1) and NCT03814694 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03814694?term=NCT03814694&rank=1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Weber
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik S Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Walzem
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Choi JH, Park SE, Kim S. Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba Oil Supplementation Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia, Fatty Liver, and Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:3614. [PMID: 39519447 PMCID: PMC11547309 DOI: 10.3390/nu16213614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several Previous studies indicate that consuming krill oil may aid in reducing hypercholesterolemia and improving cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, our study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of Antarctic krill oil (Euphausia superba) (ESKO) in combating obesity and lowering fat/lipid/cholesterol levels. METHODS The study aimed to investigate the molecular docking model targeting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) using ESKO-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and astaxanthin. In this study, histological alterations in the liver of the obesity model (ICR male mouse), obesity-related or antioxidant markers in both liver and serum, the molecular mechanisms in HepG2 cells and liver tissue, and HMGCR activity were analyzed. RESULTS Our findings revealed that a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly led to increased oxidative stress, obesity-related indicators, and cardiovascular-associated risk indices. However, ESKO effectively mitigated HFD-induced oxidative stress, fat accumulation, and the suppression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) or activation of related molecular pathways. This was achieved through improvements in metabolic parameters, including CD36/liver X receptor α (LXRα)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9), and HMGCR, ultimately ameliorating HFD-induced hypercholesterolemia and obesity. CONCLUSIONS These beneficial findings indicate that ESKO might have significant potential for preventing and treating obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.C.)
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Peng H, Cai XQ, Zhen J, Shen JJ, Shen HS, Wu XH, Zhou YB, Ren L, Wu J, Xu A, Tsang TK, Cheung BMY, Li C. The association between circulating fatty acids and stroke in hypertensive patients. Am J Med Sci 2024; 368:48-54. [PMID: 38460926 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is prevalent in hypertensive population. It has been suggested that unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) have protective effect on stroke. The effect of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on stroke is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the relationship between circulating fatty acids and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in hypertensive patients. METHODS Eighty-nine pairs including 100 men and 78 women matched by sex and age were recruited. Each pair included a hypertensive patient within 48h of AIS onset and a hypertensive patient without stroke. Six circulating fatty acids were methylated before concentration determination which was repeated twice with percent recovery estimated. RESULTS There were differences in educational level (P = 0.002) and occupation (P < 0.001) between stroke and non-stroke participants. All the 6 fatty acid levels were higher in non-stroke participants (P = 0.017 for palmitoleic acid, 0.001 for palmitic acid, <0.001 for linoleic acid, <0.001 for behenic acid, <0.001 for nervonic acid and 0.002 for lignoceric acid). In logistic regression analysis, AIS was inversely associated with fatty acid levels except for lignoceric acid. After adjustment for education and occupation, the palmitoleic acid and palmitic acid levels were no longer inversely associated with AIS. After further adjustment for systolic blood pressure, smoking, drinking, total cholesterol and triglyceride, the inverse associations of linoleic acid (OR = 0.965, 95%CI = 0.942-0.990, P = 0.005), behenic acid (OR = 0.778, 95%CI = 0.664-0.939, P = 0.009), nervonic acid (OR = 0.323, 95%CI = 0.121-0.860, P = 0.024) with AIS remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Circulating fatty acids except lignoceric acid were inversely associated with AIS. Both USFAs and SFAs may have beneficial effect on stroke prevention in hypertensive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Cai
- Department of Diagnostic Center, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanying Zhen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Heng-Shan Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin-Han Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Center, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Zhou
- Department of Diagnostic Center, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijie Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tim K Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bernard Man Yung Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Bigazzi F, De Pasquale CF, Maestro S, Corciulo C, Dal Pino B, Sbrana F, Sampietro T. PCSK9 and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa. Hormones (Athens) 2024; 23:137-140. [PMID: 37999906 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a regulator of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a major risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Since the hormone leptin has been suggested as having a role in CV risk regulation, possibly by modulating LDL receptor expression through the PCSK9 pathway, nutritional status may represent a potential regulator. Thus, evaluation of PCSK9 levels in human eating disorders appears to be of interest. In this report, we evaluate the lipoprotein profile, PCSK9, and leptin levels in subjects affected by anorexia nervosa (AN) to improve our understanding of the metabolic alterations in this disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a case-control observational study, enrolling 20 anorexic adolescent females and 20 adolescent females without AN as the control group, age- and sex-matched. Subjects affected by AN showed lower BMI, total cholesterol, and LDL-C in comparison to the control group, with lipoprotein levels in the normal range. Furthermore, adolescent girls with AN show significantly higher PCSK9 (+24%, p < 0.005) and lower leptin levels (-43%, p < 0.01), compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The findings of increased levels of PCSK9 and reduced leptin levels among AN subjects warrant further research in order to unravel the role of the liver and adipose tissue in the management of PCSK9/LDL metabolism in adolescents affected by AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bigazzi
- U.O. Lipoapheresis and Center for Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Francesca De Pasquale
- Fondazione Stella Maris, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico per la Neuropsichiatria dell'Infanzia e dell'Adolescenza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Maestro
- Fondazione Stella Maris, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico per la Neuropsichiatria dell'Infanzia e dell'Adolescenza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- U.O. Lipoapheresis and Center for Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dal Pino
- U.O. Lipoapheresis and Center for Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sbrana
- U.O. Lipoapheresis and Center for Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Sampietro
- U.O. Lipoapheresis and Center for Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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Gandhi MM, Nguyen KL, Lake JE, Liao D, Khodabakhshian A, Guerrero M, Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN, Jordan WC, Daar ES, Bhattacharya D, Chew KW. Proprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin 9 levels decline with hepatitis C virus therapy in people with HIV/hepatitis C virus and correlate with inflammation. AIDS 2024; 38:317-327. [PMID: 37788081 PMCID: PMC10841736 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) raises low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and is associated with inflammation, which is elevated in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared PCSK9 levels in people with co-occurring HIV and HCV (HIV/HCV) vs. HIV alone, and evaluated the impact of HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy on PCSK9. DESIGN A prospective, observational cohort study. METHODS Thirty-five adults with HIV/HCV and 37 with HIV alone were evaluated, all with HIV virologic suppression and without documented cardiovascular disease. Circulating PCSK9 and inflammatory biomarkers were measured at baseline and following HCV treatment or at week 52 (for HIV alone) and compared using Wilcoxon tests and Spearman correlations. RESULTS At baseline, PCSK9 trended higher in HIV/HCV vs. HIV alone (307 vs. 284 ng/ml, P = 0.06). Twenty-nine participants with HIV/HCV completed DAA therapy with sustained virologic response. PCSK9 declined from baseline to posttreatment 1 (median 7.3 weeks after end of therapy [EOT]) and posttreatment 2 (median 43.5 weeks after EOT), reaching levels similar to HIV alone; median within-person reduction was -60.5 ng/ml ( P = 0.003) and -55.6 ng/ml ( P = 0.02), respectively. Decline in PCSK9 correlated with decline in soluble (s)E-selectin and sCD163 ( r = 0.64, P = 0.002; r = 0.58, P = 0.008, respectively), but not with changes in LDL-C or other biomarkers. No significant change in PCSK9 occurred in the HIV alone group over 52 weeks. CONCLUSION PCSK9 declined with DAA therapy in participants with HIV/HCV, correlating with declines in several inflammatory biomarkers but not LDL-C. Elevated PCSK9 with HCV may be linked to particular HCV-associated inflammatory pathways more so than cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini M Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kim-Lien Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jordan E Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern School of Medicine, UTHealth Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Diana Liao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles
| | | | - Mario Guerrero
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | | | - Wilbert C Jordan
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Debika Bhattacharya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kara W Chew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Saputri FC, Azmi NU, Puteri MU, Damayanti, Novita V, Marisi G, Oktavira E, Sari AN, Ronaningtyas K, Herawati E. High-Fat Diet Enhances Platelet Activation and Is Associated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9: An Animal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4463. [PMID: 37892538 PMCID: PMC10609754 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) play pivotal roles in the progression of atherosclerosis to cardiovascular events. It has been reported that hyperlipidemia, a well-documented risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, tends increase platelet activation and PCSK9 expression. However, little is known about this specific mechanism, particularly how nutrition affects platelet activation and PCSK9 levels in hyperlipidemia conditions. This study aimed to assess how a high-fat diet influences platelet activation, its association with PCSK9, and the effects on blood pressure in an animal model. Here, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, subjected to different high-fat diets for ten weeks with varying nutrient components. The results showed that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), p-selectin, and platelet factor 4 (PF-4). The blood pressure readings were also elevated post high-fat diet induction. Interestingly, the group with the highest percentage of saturated fatty acid and trans-fat exhibited the highest PCSK9 levels, along with the highest increase in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and platelet activation parameters. These findings confirm that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia stimulate platelet activity and PCSK9 levels. Moreover, our results suggest that PCSK9, implicated in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, may synergistically mediate platelet hyperactivity, aligning with clinical studies. Notably, our results highlight the association between a high-fat diet and PCSK9, providing insights for drug discovery targeting platelet activation in atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuriza Ulul Azmi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Meidi Utami Puteri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Vivi Novita
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Gracia Marisi
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Elin Oktavira
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Aninda Novika Sari
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Khairunisa Ronaningtyas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Enny Herawati
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
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Hummelgaard S, Vilstrup JP, Gustafsen C, Glerup S, Weyer K. Targeting PCSK9 to tackle cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108480. [PMID: 37331523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Lowering blood cholesterol levels efficiently reduces the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), which is the main cause of death worldwide. CAD is caused by plaque formation, comprising cholesterol deposits in the coronary arteries. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin/type 9 (PCSK9) was discovered in the early 2000s and later identified as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism. PCSK9 induces lysosomal degradation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver, which is responsible for clearing LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the circulation. Accordingly, gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations are causative of familial hypercholesterolemia, a severe condition with extremely high plasma cholesterol levels and increased ASCVD risk, whereas loss-of-function PCSK9 mutations are associated with very low LDL-C levels and protection against CAD. Since the discovery of PCSK9, extensive investigations in developing PCSK9 targeting therapies have been performed. The combined delineation of clear biology, genetic risk variants, and PCSK9 crystal structures have been major drivers in developing antagonistic molecules. Today, two antibody-based PCSK9 inhibitors have successfully progressed to clinical application and shown to be effective in reducing cholesterol levels and mitigating the risk of ASCVD events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death, without any major adverse effects. A third siRNA-based inhibitor has been FDA-approved but awaits cardiovascular outcome data. In this review, we outline the PCSK9 biology, focusing on the structure and nonsynonymous mutations reported in the PCSK9 gene and elaborate on PCSK9-lowering strategies under development. Finally, we discuss future perspectives with PCSK9 inhibition in other severe disorders beyond cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Draupnir Bio, INCUBA Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Weyer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Okutsu S, Kato Y, Takeoka H, Funakoshi S, Maeda T, Yoshimura C, Kawazoe M, Satoh A, Tada K, Takahashi K, Ito K, Yasuno T, Fujii H, Mukoubara S, Saku K, Kodama S, Kawanami D, Masutani K, Arima H, Nabeshima S. Elevation in white blood cell count and development of hyper LDL cholesterolemia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8292. [PMID: 37217577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) count and incidence of hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia in a population-based longitudinal study. This is a retrospective study using data of annual health check-ups for residents of Iki City, Japan. A total of 3312 residents (≥ 30 years) without hyper-LDL cholesterolemia at baseline were included in this analysis. Primary outcome was incidence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol levels ≥ 3.62 mmol/L and/or use of lipid lowering drugs). During follow-up (average 4.6 years), 698 participants development of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (incidence 46.8 per 1000 person-years). Higher incidence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was observed among participants with higher leukocyte count (1st quartile group: 38.5, 2nd quartile group: 47.7, 3rd quartile group: 47.3, and 4th quartile group: 52.4 per 1,000 person-years, P = 0.012 for trend). Statistically significant relation was observed even after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, leisure-time exercise, obesity, hypertension and diabetes: hazard ratio 1.24 (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.54) for 2nd quartile group, 1.29 (1.03-1.62) for 3rd quartile group and 1.39 (1.10-1.75) for 4th quartile group, compared with 1st quartile group (P for trend = 0.006). Increased WBC count was related to incidence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in general Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Okutsu
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kato
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeoka
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Funakoshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Maeda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikara Yoshimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Kawazoe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tada
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Yasuno
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Fujii
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Keijiro Saku
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiji Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Masutani
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Nabeshima
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Xia VQ, Ong CM, Zier LS, MacGregor JS, Wu AHB, Chorba JS. Heparin Does Not Regulate Circulating Human PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin Type 9) in a General Population-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:352-358. [PMID: 36475702 PMCID: PMC10038152 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) chaperones the hepatic LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) for lysosomal degradation, elevating serum LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and promoting atherosclerotic heart disease. Though the major effect on the hepatic LDLR comes from secreted PCSK9, the details of PCSK9 reuptake into the hepatocyte remain unclear. In both tissue culture and animal models, HSPGs (heparan sulfate proteoglycans) on hepatocytes act as co-receptors to promote PCSK9 reuptake. We hypothesized that if this PCSK9:HSPG interaction is important in humans, disrupting it with unfractionated heparin (UFH) would acutely displace PCSK9 from the liver and increase plasma PCSK9. METHODS We obtained remnant plasma samples from 160 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization before and after administration of intravenous UFH. PCSK9 levels were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Median plasma PCSK9 was 113 ng/mL prior to UFH and 119 ng/mL afterward. This difference was not significant (P=0.83 [95% CI, -6.23 to 6.31 ng/mL]). Equivalence testing provided 95% confidence that UFH would not raise plasma PCSK9 by > 4.7%. Among all subgroups, only subjects with the lowest baseline PCSK9 concentrations exhibited a response to UFH (8.8% increase, adj. P=0.044). A modest correlation was observed between baseline plasma PCSK9 and the change in plasma PCSK9 due to UFH (RS=-0.3634; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Administration of UFH does not result in a clinically meaningful effect on circulating PCSK9 among an unselected population of humans. The results cast doubt on the clinical utility of disrupting the PCSK9:HSPG interaction as a general therapeutic strategy for PCSK9 inhibition. However, the observations suggest that in selected populations, disrupting the PCSK9:HSPG interaction could still affect PCSK9 reuptake and offer a therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Q. Xia
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Chui Mei Ong
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Lucas S. Zier
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - John S. MacGregor
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Alan H. B. Wu
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - John S. Chorba
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
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10
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Sun C, Wang Z, Hu L, Zhang X, Chen J, Yu Z, Liu L, Wu M. Targets of statins intervention in LDL-C metabolism: Gut microbiota. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:972603. [PMID: 36158845 PMCID: PMC9492915 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing researches have considered gut microbiota as a new “metabolic organ,” which mediates the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. In addition, the liver is an important organ of lipid metabolism, and abnormal lipid metabolism can cause the elevation of blood lipids. Among them, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is related with ectopic lipid deposition and metabolic diseases, and statins are widely used to lower LDL-C. In recent years, the gut microbiota has been shown to mediate statins efficacy, both in animals and humans. The effect of statins on microbiota abundance has been deeply explored, and the pathways through which statins reduce the LDL-C levels by affecting the abundance of microbiota have gradually been explored. In this review, we discussed the interaction between gut microbiota and cholesterol metabolism, especially the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins mediated by gut microbiota, via AMPK-PPARγ-SREBP1C/2, FXR and PXR-related, and LPS-TLR4-Myd88 pathways, which may help to explain the individual differences in statins efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangXin Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZePing Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - LanQing Hu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoNan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - JiYe Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZongLiang Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - LongTao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: LongTao Liu
| | - Min Wu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Min Wu
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11
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Jia F, Fei SF, Tong DB, Xue C, Li JJ. Sex difference in circulating PCSK9 and its clinical implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953845. [PMID: 36160427 PMCID: PMC9490038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a proprotein convertase that increases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by triggering the degradation of LDL receptors (LDLRs). Beyond the regulation of circulating LDL-C, PCSK9 also has direct atherosclerotic effects on the vascular wall and is associated with coronary plaque inflammation. Interestingly, emerging data show that women have higher circulating PCSK9 concentrations than men, suggesting that the potential roles of PCSK9 may have different impacts according to sex. In this review, we summarize the studies concerning sex difference in circulating levels of PCSK9. In addition, we report on the sex differences in the relations of elevated circulating PCSK9 levels to the severity and prognosis of coronary artery disease, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurological damage after cardiac arrest and liver injury, as well as inflammatory biomarkers and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, sex difference in the clinical efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors application are reviewed. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of sex difference in circulating PCSK9 concentrations and the clinical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Si-Fan Fei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - De-Bing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Cong Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Xue, ; Jian-Jun Li,
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Cardio-Metabolic Center, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Xue, ; Jian-Jun Li,
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12
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Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Is Associated with Changes in Circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Metabolically Healthy Obese Subjects. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58040503. [PMID: 35454343 PMCID: PMC9029631 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dietary modification is the principal approach to the management of hyperlipidemia in adults. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of plasma cholesterol and a target for novel lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies. This study aimed to explore how circulating levels of PCSK9 changed during Ramadan intermittent fasting in metabolically healthy obese subjects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study used convenience sampling to recruit 55 overweight and obese participants (22 females and 33 males) who observed Ramadan fasting. Body weight and composition, glucoregulatory factors, serum PCSK9 concentration, dietary intake, and physical activity were assessed 1 week before and at the end of Ramadan fasting. Results: The median (interquartile range) age was 35 (22) years, and body mass index was 30.2 (5.4). We found significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum levels of PCSK9, serum insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin at the end of Ramadan compared with pre-fasting levels. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in body weight, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and adiponectin were also observed at the end of Ramadan. Conclusions: Observing Ramadan fasting was associated with increased PCSK9 levels in metabolically healthy obese subjects. The complex relationships between PCSK9 and insulin resistance and dysregulation of adipokine secretion in relation to dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan warrant further research.
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13
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PCSK9 as a Target for Development of a New Generation of Hypolipidemic Drugs. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020434. [PMID: 35056760 PMCID: PMC8778893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PCSK9 has now become an important target to create new classes of lipid-lowering drugs. The prevention of its interaction with LDL receptors allows an increase in the number of these receptors on the surface of the cell membrane of hepatocytes, which leads to an increase in the uptake of cholesterol-rich atherogenic LDL from the bloodstream. The PCSK9 antagonists described in this review belong to different classes of compounds, may have a low molecular weight or belong to macromolecular structures, and also demonstrate different mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action include preventing the effective binding of PCSK9 to LDLR, stimulating the degradation of PCSK9, and even blocking its transcription or transport to the plasma membrane/cell surface. Although several types of antihyperlipidemic drugs have been introduced on the market and are actively used in clinical practice, they are not without disadvantages, such as well-known side effects (statins) or high costs (monoclonal antibodies). Thus, there is still a need for effective cholesterol-lowering drugs with minimal side effects, preferably orally bioavailable. Low-molecular-weight PCSK9 inhibitors could be a worthy alternative for this purpose.
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14
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Wen XQ, Huang K, Li J, Wu LX, Gao B. Elevated plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 is associated with poor prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in hypertension patients. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) affects the prognosis of patients after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in hypertension patients remains unknown. A total of 2350 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) subjects with hypertension after PCI were enrolled. Subjects were under 30-months follow-up and divided into the major cardiovascular adverse event (MACE) Group and the non-MACE Group. Cox regression analysis were performed for the risk factors of occurrence of MACE. The relationship between the level of PCSK9 and Gensin score was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Two hundred and thirty-two patients were divided to the MACE Group. Age over 55 (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.52; p = 0.032), smoking (HR = 1.02; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.35; p < 0.001) and PCSK9 levels over 1011.3 ng/mL (HR = 1.05; ptdf < 0.001) were risk factors of occurrence of MACE. Baseline levels of PCSK9 was significantly related with Gensini score in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients ( r = 0.51), all patients ( r = 0.37) and non-STEMI patients ( r = 0.34, p < 0.001). A high baseline PCSK9 level was the risk factor of poor prognosis of AMI patients with hypertension after PCI. PCSK9 levels were associated with the Gensini score in STEMI patients. Trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04100434.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Kui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Li-Xue Wu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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15
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Vergès B, Hassid J, Rouland A, Bouillet B, Simoneau I, Petit JM, Duvillard L. Liraglutide reduces plasma PCSK9 in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with statins. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2021; 48:101284. [PMID: 34551355 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which increases cardiovascular risk, includes abnormal metabolism of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Our group has recently shown that liraglutide increases LDL catabolism in patients with T2DM and that it reduces the expression of PCSK9 (a major inhibitor of LDL-receptor expression) in vitro and in mice. This prompted us to study the effect of liraglutide on plasma PCSK9 level in patients with T2DM. METHODS We studied prospectively 82 patients with T2DM (51 without statins, 31 with statins). Plasma PCSK9 and plasma lipids were measured before and six months after the initiation of a treatment with liraglutide at a dose of 1.2 mg/day. RESULTS Plasma PCSK9 was significantly reduced by liraglutide treatment (214.9 ± 56.4 vs 244.5 ± 99.2 ng/ml, P = 0.024) in patients not on statins, but not in patients treated with statins (301.1 ± 91.5 vs 281.2 ± 96.9 ng/ml, P = 0.41). In patients not on statins, a very significant 17% decrease in plasma PCSK9 was observed in patients with baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 10% (n = 33; mean = -45.0 ng/ml, P = 0.013), when it was not observed in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 10% (n = 18; mean = +5.2 ng/ml, P = 0.75). In multivariate analysis, baseline HbA1c was an independent factor associated with plasma PCSK9 reduction, in patients not on statins. CONCLUSION Treatment with liraglutide induces a significant reduction of plasma PCSK9 in patients with T2DM not on statins. This is in line with the acceleration of LDL catabolism that has been observed with liraglutide. However, this decrease in plasma PCSK9 is significantly influenced by glycaemic control and is not observed in patients with poorly controlled T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vergès
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
| | - Jonathan Hassid
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France
| | - Alexia Rouland
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Simoneau
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Petit
- CHU Dijon, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, Dijon, France; University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- University of Burgundy, INSERM LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France; CHU Dijon, Department of Biochemistry, Dijon, France
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16
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Djuricic I, Calder PC. Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072421. [PMID: 34371930 PMCID: PMC8308533 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation have been recognized as important contributors to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may regulate the antioxidant signaling pathway and modulate inflammatory processes. They also influence hepatic lipid metabolism and physiological responses of other organs, including the heart. Longitudinal prospective cohort studies demonstrate that there is an association between moderate intake of the omega-6 PUFA linoleic acid and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), most likely as a result of lower blood cholesterol concentration. Current evidence suggests that increasing intake of arachidonic acid (up to 1500 mg/day) has no adverse effect on platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function and markers of inflammation, but may benefit muscle and cognitive performance. Many studies show that higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases characterized by elevated inflammation, including CVDs. This is because of the multiple molecular and cellular actions of EPA and DHA. Intervention trials using EPA + DHA indicate benefit on CVD mortality and a significant inverse linear dose-response relationship has been found between EPA + DHA intake and CVD outcomes. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, omega-3 fatty acids are considered to regulate platelet homeostasis and lower risk of thrombosis, which together indicate their potential use in COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence:
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17
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Grimm J, Peschel G, Müller M, Schacherer D, Wiest R, Weigand K, Buechler C. Rapid Decline of Serum Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) in Non-Cirrhotic Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Receiving Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1621. [PMID: 33920491 PMCID: PMC8069657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) efficiently eradicate the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increase rapidly upon DAA treatment. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) induces degradation of the hepatic LDL receptor and thereby elevates serum LDL. The aim of this study was to determine serum PCSK9 concentrations during and after DAA therapy to identify associations with LDL levels. Serum PCSK9 was increased in 82 chronic HCV-infected patients compared to 55 patients not infected with HCV. Serum PCSK9 was low in HCV patients with liver cirrhosis, but patients with HCV-induced liver cirrhosis still exhibited higher serum PCSK9 than patients with non-viral liver cirrhosis. Serum PCSK9 correlated with measures of liver injury and inflammation in cirrhotic HCV patients. In patients without liver cirrhosis, a positive association of serum PCSK9 with viral load existed. Serum PCSK9 was not different between viral genotypes. Serum PCSK9 did not correlate with LDL levels in HCV patients irrespective of cirrhotic status. Serum PCSK9 was reduced, and LDL was increased at four weeks after DAA therapy start in non-cirrhotic HCV patients. Serum PCSK9 and LDL did not change upon DAA treatment in the cirrhotic group. The rapid decline of PCSK9 after the start of DAA therapy in conjunction with raised LDL levels in non-cirrhotic HCV patients shows that these changes are not functionally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grimm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Georg Peschel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Doris Schacherer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Kilian Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.G.); (G.P.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (K.W.)
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Rohrbach S, Li L, Novoyatleva T, Niemann B, Knapp F, Molenda N, Schulz R. Impact of PCSK9 on CTRP9-Induced Metabolic Effects in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:593862. [PMID: 33643060 PMCID: PMC7904879 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.593862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocytokine adiponectin and its structural homologs, the C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs), increase insulin sensitivity, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Adiponectin- and CTRP-induced signal transduction has been described to involve the adiponectin receptors and a number of co-receptors including the Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LRP1 is another target of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 (PCSK9) in addition to the LDL-receptor (LDL-R). Here, we investigated the influence of PCSK9 on the metabolic effects of CTRP9, the CTRP with the highest homology to adiponectin. Knockdown of LRP1 in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts blunts the effects of CTRP9 on signal transduction and mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting its involvement in CTRP9-induced cellular effects. Treatment of adult rat cardiomyocytes with recombinant PCSK9 but not knockdown of endogenous PCSK9 by siRNA results in a strong reduction in LRP1 protein expression and subsequently reduces the mitochondrial biogenic effect of CTRP9. PCSK9 treatment (24 h) blunts the effects of CTRP9-induced signaling cascade activation (AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase B). In addition, the stimulating effects of CTRP9 on cardiomyocyte mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose metabolism (GLUT-4 translocation, glucose uptake) are largely blunted. Basal fatty acid (FA) uptake is strongly reduced by exogenous PCSK9, although protein expression of the PCSK9 target CD36, the key regulator of FA transport in cardiomyocytes, is not altered. In addition, only minor effects of PCSK9 were observed on CTRP9-induced FA uptake or the expression of genes involved in FA metabolism or uptake. Finally, this CTRP9-induced increase in CD36 expression occurs independent from LRP1 and LDL-R. In conclusion, PCSK9 treatment influences LRP1-mediated signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes. Thus, therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition may provide an additional benefit through stimulation of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to the known lipid-lowering effects. This could be an important beneficial side effect in situations with impaired mitochondrial function and reduced metabolic flexibility thereby influencing cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Novoyatleva
- Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Niemann
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Knapp
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Molenda
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Ferri N, Ruscica M, Coggi D, Bonomi A, Amato M, Frigerio B, Sansaro D, Ravani A, Veglia F, Capra N, Lupo MG, Macchi C, Castelnuovo S, Savonen K, Silveira A, Kurl S, Giral P, Pirro M, Strawbridge RJ, Gigante B, Smit AJ, Tremoli E, Colombo GI, Baldassarre D. Sex-specific predictors of PCSK9 levels in a European population: The IMPROVE study. Atherosclerosis 2020; 309:39-46. [PMID: 32862087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is one of the key regulators of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels. Circulating PCSK9, which differs between genders, represents a valid pharmacological target for preventing cardiovascular (CV) events. We aimed to investigate sex-related associations between PCSK9 plasma levels and biochemical and anthropomorphic factors, and familial and personal morbidities, in a large European cohort (n = 3673) of men (47.9%) and women (52.1%). METHODS Individuals (aged 54-79 years) free of CV diseases were enrolled in seven centers of five European countries: Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. PCSK9 plasma levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS PCSK9 was higher in women than in men. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that latitude, sex, and treatments with statins and fibrates were the strongest predictors of PCSK9 in the whole group. These variables, together with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were also associated with PCSK9 in men or women. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and pack-years were PCSK9 independent predictors in women, whereas hypercholesterolemia and physical activity were independent predictors in men. The associations between PCSK9 and latitude, uric acid, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and physical activity were significantly different in men and women (pinteraction <0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Besides confirming the association with lipids in the whole group, our study revealed previously unknown differences in PCSK9 predictors in men and women. These might be taken into account when defining individual risk for CV events and/or for refining PCSK9 lowering treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Coggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Bonomi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Amato
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolò Capra
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuela Castelnuovo
- Centro Dislipidemie E. Grossi Paoletti, Ospedale Ca' Granda di Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Angela Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Philippe Giral
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service Endocrinologie-Metabolisme, Groupe Hôpitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Unités de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Health Data Research, UK
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andries J Smit
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen & Isala Clinics Zwolle, Department of Medicine, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Malvandi AM, Canclini L, Alliaj A, Magni P, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Progress and prospects of biological approaches targeting PCSK9 for cholesterol-lowering, from molecular mechanism to clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 32715821 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1801628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent advances showed a promising role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a critical player in regulating plasma LDL levels and lipid metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the molecular functions of PCSK9 with a vision on the clinical progress of utilizing monoclonal antibodies and other biological approaches to block PCSK9 activity. The successful clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies are reviewed. Recent advances in (pre)clinical trials of other biological approaches, such as small interfering RNAs, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of PCSK9 and clinical use of its inhibitors to manage lipid metabolism is a step forward in hypolipidaemic therapy. A better understanding of the molecular activity of PCSK9 can help to identify new approaches in the inhibition of PCSK9 expression/activity. Whether if PCSK9 plays a role in other cardiometabolic conditions may provide grounds for further development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Canclini
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Magni
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zambon
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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21
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Eligibility for PCSK-9 inhibitors treatment in acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary artery disease and outpatient dyslipidemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2020; 303:29-35. [PMID: 32505012 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to investigate potential eligibility for proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease and dyslipidaemia according to patient characteristics and variable criteria. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 2000 patients (acute coronary syndrome = 407, chronic coronary artery disease inpatients = 1087, outpatient Lipid's clinic = 506). To calculate PCSK-9 inhibitors real-world eligibility, a proprietary adjustable software was developed, which stores data and patient characteristics and can determine eligibility depending on different criteria. We tested four scenarios with different LDL thresholds according to ESC/EAS 2016 and 2019 Guidelines, 2017 American College of Cardiology Expert Consensus, and National criteria. RESULTS The eligible percentage was 18.85%, 9.75%, 8.55% and 2.15%, in the total population for the four classifications, respectively, and it varied according to clinical status. The increase toward more recent guidelines was mostly attributed to the increasing number of coronary patients who become eligible as our criteria become stricter. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a realistic estimation of PCSK-9 eligibility is provided via an adjustable predictive model in a population of 2000 patients with acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary artery disease and dyslipidaemia. This can be a valuable tool for the incorporation of PCSK-9 inhibitors in health care systems.
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Cesaro A, Bianconi V, Gragnano F, Moscarella E, Fimiani F, Monda E, Scudiero O, Limongelli G, Pirro M, Calabrò P. Beyond cholesterol metabolism: The pleiotropic effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Genetics, mutations, expression, and perspective for long-term inhibition. Biofactors 2020; 46:367-380. [PMID: 31999032 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has a crucial role in lipid metabolism, particularly due to its function in low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation. Gain-of-function genetic mutations of PCSK9 result in autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia, characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and clinical signs of early atherosclerosis. In recent years, PCSK9 has become an important therapeutic target for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Particularly, its inhibition with monoclonal antibodies has shown excellent efficacy in decreasing LDL-C and reducing cardiovascular events. However, PCSK9, first identified in the brain, seems to be a ubiquitous protein with different tissue-specific functions also independent of cholesterol metabolism. Accordingly, it appears to be involved in the immune response, haemostasis, glucose metabolism, neuronal survival, and several other biological functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genetics, biochemical structure, expression, and function of PCSK9 and discusses the potential implications of its long-term pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Cesaro
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. "Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. "Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. "Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. "Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Monda
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. "Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Luo X, Sui J, Yang W, Sun Q, Ma Y, Simon TG, Liang G, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Zhang X. Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Diet and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in US Men and Women. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:1870-1877. [PMID: 31688024 PMCID: PMC6893135 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adherence to a healthy diet has been associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may have overlapping mechanisms with T2D, such as inflammation and insulin resistance. Thus, we examined the association between a previously developed T2D prevention dietary pattern and HCC risk. METHODS We followed 87,943 women in the Nurses' Health Study and 49,665 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study for up to 32 years. The dietary diabetes risk reduction score, which includes dietary glycemic index, cereal fiber, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats, trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, nuts, coffee, and red and processed meats, was obtained using validated food frequency questionnaires and updated every 4 years. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate multivariable hazard ratios and confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS During over 1.9 million person-years, a total of 160 incident HCC cases were identified. The dietary diabetes risk reduction score was associated with a lower risk of HCC (top vs bottom quartile; hazard ratio: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.95; Ptrend = 0.03). All the individual food and beverage items were associated with the risk of HCC in the expected direction, although the association was weaker than the overall dietary pattern. DISCUSSION Greater adherence to the T2D prevention diet was associated with a lower risk of developing HCC among US men and women. Further studies are needed to confirm and extend our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanshui Yang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanan Ma
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Heggen E, Dushanov S, Klemsdal TO, Tonstad S. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:832-841. [PMID: 31216575 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SFA intake increases LDL cholesterol whereas PUFA intake lowers it. Whether the lipid response to dietary fat differs between normal-weight and obese persons is of relevance to dietary recommendations for obese populations. OBJECTIVES We compared the effect of substituting unsaturated fat for saturated fat on LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations in normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI: 30-45) subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol. METHODS We randomly assigned 83 men and women (aged 21-70 y) stratified by BMI (normal: n = 44; obese: n = 39) and elevated LDL cholesterol (mean ± SD, normal weight 4.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L; obese 4.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L) to either a PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine ( n = 42) or an SFA diet enriched with butter (n = 41) for 6 wk. RESULTS Seven-day dietary records showed differences of ∼9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ∼4 E% in PUFA between the SFA and PUFA groups. In the total study population, the PUFA diet compared with the SFA diet lowered LDL cholesterol (-0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.15 mmol/L, compared with 0.32 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.47 mmol/L; P < 0.001) and apoB (-0.08 g/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.05 g/L, compared with 0.07 g/L; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10 g/L; P < 0.001). Tests of the BMI × diet interaction were significant for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoB ( P values ≤ 0.009). In normal-weight compared with obese participants post-hoc comparisons found that the respective changes in LDL cholesterol were 9.7% (95% CI: 5.3%, 14.2%) compared with 5.3% (95% CI: -0.7%, 11.2%), P = 0.206, in the SFA group, and -10.4% (95% CI: -15.2%, -5.7%) compared with -2.3% (95% CI: -7.4%, 2.8%), P = 0.020, in the PUFA group. ApoB changes were 7.5% (95% CI: 3.5%, 11.4%) compared with 3.0% (95% CI: -1.7%, 7.7%), P = 0.140, in the SFA group, and -8.9% (95% CI: -12.6%, -5.2%) compared with -3.8% (95% CI: -6.3%, -1.2%), P = 0.021, in the PUFA group. Responses to dietary fat were not associated with changes in polyprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin type 9 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS BMI modifies the effect of PUFAs compared with SFAs, with smaller improvements in atherogenic lipid concentrations in obese than in normal-weight individuals, possibly supporting adjustment of dietary recommendations according to BMI. This trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02589769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Mejlbo Sundfør
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Svendsen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Heggen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sasha Dushanov
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Ole Klemsdal
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Panahi Y, Ghahrodi MS, Jamshir M, Safarpour MA, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Farahani MM, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 and atherosclerosis burden in the coronary arteries of patients undergoing coronary angiography. Clin Biochem 2019; 74:12-18. [PMID: 31493378 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) concentrations, current acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD) presence, severity and extension and the burden of coronary calcifications in patients with suspected CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and one patients, with or without current ACS, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. CAD presence was defined based on either the presence or absence of at least one significant (≥50%) CAD lesion (SCAD). CAD severity was classified according to the absence of coronary lesions, the presence of non-significant (<50%) CAD (MCAD) or SCAD in at least one major coronary artery. Patients with one, two or three significantly diseased major coronary arteries were defined as 1-SCAD, 2-SCAD and 3-SCAD, respectively. The cumulative length of SCAD lesions and the amount of calcifications in coronary arteries were estimated. Plasma PCSK9 concentrations were higher in patients with SCAD as compared to those without (p = .012). A significant increase in plasma PCSK9 concentrations was observed with greater CAD severity (p = .042). Higher plasma PCSK9 concentrations were found in 3-SCAD patients as compared to either 2-SCAD or 1-SCAD (p < .001). PCSK9 increased with the cumulative length of SCAD lesions and the burden of calcifications (p < .05 for both comparisons). Multivariable adjustment abolished the association between PCSK9 and either CAD presence or severity, but not the association between PCSK9 and the number of significantly diseased vessels, SCAD lesion length and the burden of coronary calcifications. ACS was associated with a borderline significant increase of plasma PCSK9 concentrations among patients not taking statins (p = .05). CONCLUSION Circulating PCSK9 concentrations discriminate patients with greater coronary atherosclerotic lesion extension and calcification, and are increased in patients with current ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Jamshir
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Park C, Choi JE, Jin Y, Park Y. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, but not α-linolenic acid, decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol synergistically with estrogen via regulation of cholesterol synthesis and clearance in ovariectomized rats. Nutr Res 2019; 66:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated hypercholesterolemia: involvement of proprotein-convertase-subtilisin-kexin type-9 (PCSK9). Cancer Metab 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 30386595 PMCID: PMC6201570 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCSK9 regulates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) level and has been implicated in hypercholesterolemia. Aberrant plasma lipid profile is often associated with various cancers. Clinically, the relationship between altered serum lipid level and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been documented; however, the underlying cause and implications of such dyslipidemia remain unclear. Methods The present study includes the use of HepG2 tumor xenograft model to study the potential role of glucose (by providing 15% glucose via drinking water) in regulating PCSK9 expression and associated hypercholesterolemia. To support in vivo findings, in vitro approaches were used by incubating HCC cells in culture medium with different glucose concentrations or treating the cells with glucose uptake inhibitors. Impact of hypercholesterolemia on chemotherapy was demonstrated by exogenously providing LDLc followed by appropriate in vitro assays. Results We observed that serum and hepatic PCSK9 level is decreased in mice which were provided with glucose containing water. Interestingly, serum and tumor PCSK9 level was upregulated in HepG2-tumor-bearing mice having access to water containing glucose. Additionally, elevated LDLc is detected in sera of these mice. In vitro studies indicated that PCSK9 expression was increased by high glucose availability with potential involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that pre-treatment of cells with LDLc diminishes cytotoxicity of sorafenib in HCC cells. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a regulation of PCSK9 by high glucose which could contribute, at least partly, towards understanding the cause of hypercholesterolemia in HCC and its accompanied upshots in terms of altered response of HCC cells towards cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Baragetti A, Grejtakova D, Casula M, Olmastroni E, Jotti GS, Norata GD, Catapano AL, Bellosta S. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type-9 (PCSK9) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism: Facts and gaps. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:1-11. [PMID: 29428206 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After more than a decade of intense investigation, Pro-protein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) remains a hot topic of research both at experimental and clinical level. Interestingly PCSK9 is expressed in different tissues suggesting the existence of additional function(s) beyond the modulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver. Emerging data suggest that PCSK9 might play a role in the modulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) metabolism, mainly Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and their remnants. In vitro, PCSK9 affects TGRLs production by intestinal cells as well as the catabolism of LDL receptor homologous and non-homologous targets such as VLDL receptor, CD36 and ApoE2R. However, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still debated. This review aims at critically discussing the role of PCSK9 on TGRLs metabolism with a major focus on the impact of its genetic and pharmacological modulation on circulating lipids and lipoproteins beyond LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; S.I.S.A. Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis - Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Saccani Jotti
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Kent St., Bentley Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy
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Duntas LH, Brenta G. A Renewed Focus on the Association Between Thyroid Hormones and Lipid Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:511. [PMID: 30233497 PMCID: PMC6129606 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction, manifesting as either overt or subclinical hypothyroidism, negatively affects lipid metabolism: this leads to hypercholesterolemia which progressively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and, potentially, mortality. Hypercholesterolemia in hypothyroidism is mainly due to a reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity, this accompanied by concomitant diminishing control by triiodothyronine (T3) of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), which modulates cholesterol biosynthesis by regulating rate-limit degrading enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) activity. Recently, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2), a natural thyroid hormone derivative, was found to repress the transcription factor carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) and also to be involved in lipid catabolism and lipogenesis, though via a different pathway than that of T3. While thyroid hormone could therapeutically reverse the dyslipidemic profile commonly occurring in hypothyroidism, it should be borne in mind that the potency of the effects may be age-and sex-dependent. Thyroid hormone administration possibly also sustains and enhances the efficacy of hypolipidemic drugs, such as statins, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), in patients with dyslipidemia and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H. Duntas
- Unit of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Thyroid Section, Evgenideion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Leonidas H. Duntas
| | - Gabriela Brenta
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Thyroid Section, Dr. Cesar Milstein Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gong Y, Ma Y, Ye Z, Fu Z, Yang P, Gao B, Guo W, Hu D, Ye J, Ma S, Zhang F, Zhou L, Xu X, Li Z, Yang T, Zhou H. Thyroid stimulating hormone exhibits the impact on LDLR/LDL-c via up-regulating hepatic PCSK9 expression. Metabolism 2017; 76:32-41. [PMID: 28987238 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has received increasing attention as being closely associated with increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level and higher atherosclerotic risks. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is known for increasing circulating LDL-c level by inducing LDL receptor degradation. However, whether TSH influences hepatic PCSK9 expression and LDL-c metabolism remains unclear. METHODS First, the correlation between TSH and lipid profiles were investigated in euthyroid population and in subclinical hypothyroidism patients. Then, an in vitro study was conducted to validate the effects of TSH on hepatic PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Serum TSH concentrations positively correlated with LDL-c levels in euthyroid subjects. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients with higher serum TSH levels showed significantly increased serum PCSK9 levels than the matched euthyroid participants (151.29 (89.51-293.03) vs. 84.70 (34.98-141.72) ng/ml, P<0.001), along with increased LDL-c concentrations. In HepG2 cells, LDLR expression on the plasma membrane was decreased, and PCSK9 mRNA and protein levels were synchronously upregulated after recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) treatment, while the effects could be blocked by TSH receptor blocking antibody K1-70. Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 1c and SREBP2 mRNA expressions were enhanced after rhTSH treatment, and specific siRNAs significantly inhibited the effects of rhTSH. Furthermore, there was a noticeable induction of PCSK9 expression by rhTSH even though HMGCR gene expression was silenced. CONCLUSION We conclude a regulating role of TSH on hepatic PCSK9 expression, which further contributing to a higher LDL-c level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210023, China
| | - Yizhe Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210023, China
| | - Zhengqin Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210023, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wen Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingya Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210023, China.
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31
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Physiological and therapeutic regulation of PCSK9 activity in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:32. [PMID: 28439730 PMCID: PMC5403857 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and is accelerated by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL-C through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Only in the last few years, a number of breakthroughs in the understanding of PCSK9 biology have been reported illustrating how PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Two humanized antibodies directed against the LDLR-binding site in PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics are climbing up the phases of clinical trials. The first outcome data of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab reported a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and further outcome data are awaited. Meanwhile, it became evident that PCSK9 has (patho)physiological roles in several cardiovascular cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological and clinical data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, its extra-hepatic activities focusing on cardiovascular cells, molecular concepts to target PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies.
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