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Yoon H, Seo J, Yoo SK, Kim PJ, Park J, Choe Y, Yang W. Updated general exposure factors for risk assessment in the Korean population. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:1013-1020. [PMID: 35422491 PMCID: PMC10733140 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing need to update the recommended values of Korean exposure factors for adults aged 19 and older, as using exposure factors developed over a decade ago could reduce risk assessment reliability. OBJECTIVE Exposure factor data have been compiled and standardized using the latest national statistical reports and academic literature, as well as studies conducted from 2016 to 2018. METHODS The updated data contained anthropometric parameters, inhalation rates, food and drinking water ingestion rates, and time-activity patterns and provided technical information on Koreans' exposure factors classified by sex, age group, per capita and general population, and doer-only for various exposure assessments. RESULTS Although the average life expectancy, body weight, body surface area, and inhalation rate increased slightly compared to the 2007 Korean Exposure Factor Handbook, differences various in food consumption were remarkable. Because of Asians' similar food preferences, the intake rate of grain products and vegetables in Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese contributed much toward total intake. Koreans spent half their times outdoors compared to Americans and Chinese. SIGNIFICANCE This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared with recommendations provided by exposure factor resources in various countries. IMPACT STATEMENT Exposure to environmental pollutants may significantly vary depending on the exposure factors related to human behaviors and characteristics. Therefore the exposure factors need to be continuously updated along with more extensive survey areas and improved measurement methods. We utilized the existing data with the aim to develop general exposure factors for risk assessment in Korean aged ≥19 years. Measurements and questionnaire surveys were also performed if there were no existing data. This study provided the currently updated exposure factor information for Koreans and could be compared to those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Seo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Je Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngtae Choe
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Chen W, Oh JS, Lim JE, Moon HB. Occurrence, time trends, and human exposure of siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds in indoor dust from Korean homes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115538. [PMID: 37806134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) have been widely used as additives in household and personal care products. Humans are easily exposed to siloxanes and SMCs originating from these products through ingestion and dermal absorption of indoor dust. In the present study, indoor dust samples were analyzed for 19 siloxanes (cyclic and linear) and 12 SMCs (polycyclic, macrocyclic, and nitro musks) to assess their occurrence, time trends over time, source, and health risks. A total of 18 siloxanes and 10 SMCs were detected in all indoor dust samples obtained from 2011⎯2021, indicating widespread and long-term contamination. Higher detection frequencies and concentrations were associated with siloxanes and SMCs with higher use and strong resistance against degradation processes. Indoor dust samples were dominated by linear siloxanes (L11-L13), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyran (HHCB), musk ketone (MK), and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN). The frequent use of household and personal care products is likely an important source of siloxane and SMC contamination in indoor environments. The concentrations of siloxanes and SMCs in indoor dust increased from 2011 to 2021, particularly, those of linear siloxanes, reflecting the impact of regulatory actions addressing cyclic siloxanes. The profiles of siloxanes remained stable throughout the study period, whereas those of SMCs shifted from nitro to polycyclic musks. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of siloxanes and SMCs arising from ingestion were greater than from dermal absorption of indoor dust. The EDIs of siloxanes and SMCs associated with indoor dust indicated that children are exposed to these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Jin-Su Oh
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Wang W, Park S, Choi BG, Oh JE. Occurrence and removal of benzotriazole and benzothiazole in drinking water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120563. [PMID: 36332710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal of four benzotriazoles (BTRs) and five benzothiazoles (BTHs) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and bottled water were investigated. The mean total BTR and BTH concentrations were 390 and 117 ng/L in raw water, 51.2 and 66.5 ng/L in treated water, and 0.758 and 48.4 ng/L in bottled water, respectively. Different distribution patterns were observed according to the water type, with the dominant BTR being 1H-BTR (mean: 57.8%) in raw water and a predominance of BTH in bottled water (mean: 84.6%). In the DWTPs, the mean removal of BTRs (90.9%) was better than that of BTHs (29.3%). The BTRs were efficiently removed in DWTPs, and in particular during adsorption processes. 5Cl-BTR had a high removal efficiency (75.7%) in the adsorption processes, followed by 5M-BTR (70.0%), 5,6-di-MeBTR (58.4%), and 1H-BTR (50.1%). By contrast, BTHs were not efficiently removed in DWTPs, although relatively high removal efficiencies were achieved with an ozonation process (43.1%) compared to other treatment processes. In treated drinking and bottled water, the hazard quotients (HQs) of the representative BTRs and BTHs were acceptable (defined as HQ < 1), with a safety margin of 2-5 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea; Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, South Korea.
| | - Sangmin Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Empirical Analysis of Dust Health Impacts on Construction Workers Considering Work Types. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the construction industry, workers are exposed to hazardous emissions, such as dust, and various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affect workers. There is, however, a lack of studies that evaluate the dust that workers are exposed to, taking into account different factors of dust. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the amount of dust construction workers are exposed to by considering different factors of dust emission and to assess the health and economic impact of dust emissions. This study is conducted in three steps: (1) scope definition, (2) definition of worker dust exposure, and (3) health impact assessment. As a result, dust concentrations from the energy used, the atmosphere, and during construction activities were 1.01 × 10−5 µg/m3, 37.50 µg/m3, and 1.33 × 104 µg/m3 respectively. Earthwork had the highest dust concentration of 3.85 × 103 µg/m3. The total added number of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of workers was 0.0542a with an economic cost of $13,691.00. The contributions of this study are the accurate assessment of the amount of dust workers are exposed to and the development of policies to help compensate construction workers suffering from dust emission-related diseases.
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Estimation of Children's Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates and Health Risk at E-Waste Dismantling Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127332. [PMID: 35742584 PMCID: PMC9224165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to environmental health concerns, exposure to heavy metals and related adverse effects in electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling areas have attracted considerable interest in the recent years. However, little information is available about the Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates (SIR) of heavy metals for children living in such sites. This study estimated the soil ingestion of 66 children from e-waste disassembly areas by collecting and analyzing selected tracer elements in matched samples of their consumed food, feces, and urine, as well as soil samples from their play areas. The concentrations of tracer elements (including Al, Ba, Ce, Mn, Sc, Ti, Y, and V) in these samples were analyzed. The SIR was estimated to be 148.3 mg/day (median) and 383.3 mg/day (95th percentile) based on the Best Tracer Method (BTM). These values are somewhat higher than those observed in America, Canada, and other parts of China. Health risk assessments showed that Cr presented the greatest carcinogenic risk, at more than 10-6 in this typical polluted area, while As was second. These findings provide important insights into the exposure risks of heavy metals in e-waste dismantling sites and emphasize the health risk caused by Cr and As.
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Kim J, Wang W, Lee S, Park JH, Oh JE. Concentrations and distributions of neonicotinoids in drinking water treatment plants in South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117767. [PMID: 34284206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the fates of seven neonicotinoids (NNIs) in full-scale drinking water treatment plants and assessed human exposure to NNIs through consuming drinking water. The total NNI concentrations in raw water and treated water samples from the drinking water treatment plants were 20.4-166 ng/L (median 118 ng/L) and 1.11-94.7 ng/L (median 20.4 ng/L), respectively. The dinotefuran (DIN) concentrations in raw water collected in different seasons were different, and the highest DIN concentration was found in summer. The drinking water treatment processes removed >91% of the NNIs except DIN and thiamethoxam (THIAM), for which the mean removal rates were 70% and 74%, respectively. The removal rates for all of the NNIs were higher for the granular activated carbon filtration process (mean 83.5%) than the other drinking water treatment plant processes (coagulation/sedimentation 22.3%, ozonation 29.2%). However, the removal rates in the granular activated carbon process were lower for DIN and THIAM (61.0% and 59.2%, respectively) than the other NNIs. Significant correlations were found between the NNI removal rates and physicochemical properties (solubility in water and log (octanol-water partition coefficient)). The estimated mean human exposure to NNIs in drinking water was 0.528 ng/(kg body weight d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Development of a Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Allergenic Flavoring Agents in Cigarettes and Quantitative Risk Assessment for Consumer Safety. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040087. [PMID: 33919504 PMCID: PMC8072964 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flavoring agents are added to cigarettes to improve taste. There are mostly permitted food additives, but some of them are restricted for use in food, cosmetics, and toys, since they can cause allergic reactions. Previous studies have investigated the levels of flavoring agents in tobacco but none has focused on their content in filter tips and capsules. Moreover, no studies have assessed the risk of adding allergenic flavoring agents in cigarettes. Here, we developed and validated a simultaneous analysis method for 25 allergenic flavoring agents and menthol with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to determine levels of flavoring agents in the tobacco, filter tips, and capsules of 54 commercial cigarettes in Korea. All cigarettes contained at least one allergenic flavoring agent regardless of the inclusion of flavoring capsules. Importantly, the filter tips and the capsules contained higher levels of flavoring agents than tobacco, highlighting the importance of the quantification of flavoring agents in these parts of cigarettes. Nevertheless, the risk assessment based on their levels in cigarettes suggested that their exposure was maintained at a safe level. However, the risk assessed from maximum menthol, linalool, and cinnamaldehyde exceeded one-tenth of derived no-effect levels, suggesting the need for further studies on their risk to human health.
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Yong ZY, Kim KY, Oh JE. The occurrence and distributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater after a PFAS leakage incident in 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115395. [PMID: 33035874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations of groundwater in three cities of the Nakdong River Basin in South Korea were quantified to investigate PFAS contamination and the effect of PFAS leakage incident that occurred in the study area in 2018. Groundwater PFASs concentration ranged from non-detectable (N.D.) to 36.9 ng/L (mean 14.1 ng/L), in which, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were commonly observed. Compared to long-chain (C ≥ 8) PFAS, short-chain (<C8) PFAS are more commonly detected in groundwater. Statistical differences were found between the groundwater obtained from different land use. PFAS detected in groundwater from industrial land use were significant different (p<0.01) than other land usages. Spatial difference of PFAS concentrations and distributions in groundwater were also found. PFAS concentrations in groundwater at the furthest downstream area (mean 26.4 ng/L) were the highest followed by the middle reaches (mean 16.2 ng/L), and the upstream area (mean 4.3 ng/L). PFHxS, which was detected dominantly in the middle reach areas, contributed 51% of the total PFAS concentration, but was not detected in the upstream area. There was no health risk by drinking groundwater but found the effect of PFHxS leakage incident on groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yuan Yong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Choo G, Oh JE. Seasonal occurrence and removal of organophosphate esters in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116359. [PMID: 32898789 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was investigated in field scale. In addition, the risk of OPEs by drinking water was assessed. The average total OPE concentrations in raw and treated water were lower in the rainy season (94.3 and 57.1 ng/L, respectively) than dry season (163 and 84.2 ng/L, respectively). Advanced DWTPs showed better removal efficiencies of major OPEs rather than those in conventional DWTPs. The average removal rates for two chlorinated OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), were negative (TCEP: -87%, TCIPP: -41%) for a conventional DWTP but positive (TCEP: 46%, TCIPP: 49%) for advanced DWTPs using granular activated carbon filtration. The average removal rates for advanced DWTPs were statistically higher for the alkyl/aryl OPEs, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP: 67%) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP: 63%), than those for the conventional DWTPs (TNBP: 21%, TBOEP: 25%). The hazardous quotient (HQ) of major OPEs were lower for advanced DWTPs and water irrigated from upstream sties/reservoir compared to that of conventional DWTPs and water irrigated from downstream sites. We believe that this is the first comparison of OPE removal efficiencies achieved in conventional and advanced DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Yoon H, Yoo SK, Seo J, Kim T, Kim P, Kim PJ, Park J, Heo J, Yang W. Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1988. [PMID: 32197312 PMCID: PMC7142402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increasing need for the risk assessment of external environmental hazards in children because they are more sensitive to hazardous chemical exposure than adults. Therefore, the development of general exposure factors is required for appropriate risk assessment in Korean children. This study aimed to determine the general exposure factors among Korean children aged ≤18 years. We developed the recommended exposure factors across five categories: physiological variables, inhalation rates, food and drinking water intake, time-activity patterns, and soil and dust ingestion. National databases were used, and direct measurements and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, water intake, and soil ingestion rate. With regard to the time-activity patterns, the daily inhalation rates ranged from 9.49 m3/day for children aged 0-2 years to 14.98 m3/day for those aged 16-18 years. This study found that Korean children spent an average of 22.64 h indoors, 0.63 h outdoors, and 0.73 h in-transit on weekdays. The general exposure factors of Korean children were studied for the first time, and these results could be used to assess children's exposure and risk. They also suggest the differences compared with the results of international results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Yoon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02546, Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
| | - Jungkwan Seo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
| | - Taksoo Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
| | - Pyeongsoon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
| | - Pil-Je Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22733, Korea; (H.Y.); (S.-K.Y.); (J.S.); (T.K.); (P.K.); (P.-J.K.)
| | - Jinhyeon Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 42472, Korea; (J.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jung Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 42472, Korea; (J.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Wonho Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 42472, Korea; (J.P.); (J.H.)
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Engel B. Health risk assessment of trihalomethanes in water treatment plants in Jiangsu Province, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:346-354. [PMID: 30544095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic lifetime cancer risks and non-cancer risks of trihalomethanes (THMs) through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation exposure in 88 drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) with raw waters from five water systems (WSs) in Jiangsu Province were analyzed and compared. Concentrations of THMs in finished water of study WTPs varied, ranging from 18.81 to 38.96 μg/L, which are lower than the maximum of 80 μg/L recommended by USEPA. The results of health risk assessment indicated that cancer risk as well as non-cancer risks of THMs in WTPs sourced from five water systems decreased in the order of WS3 > WS5 > WS2 > WS1 > WS4. The comparison among multiple exposure routes indicated that when non-boiled drinking water is consumed, ingestion has the highest exposure route, with exposure values greater than dermal contact and inhalation for WTPs with raw water from all five water systems. However, when drinking boiled water, dermal contact is the major risk source for WTPs with raw water from WS1 and WS2, instead of dermal contact, inhalation becomes the major risk source for WTPs with raw water from WS3, WS4, and WS5. In WTPs with raw water from water systems WS1, WS3, WS4, and WS5, dibromochloromethane (DBCM) in THMs has the highest contribution to cancer risk, while chloroform in THMs has the highest contribution to non-cancer risk. However, in WTPs with raw water from water system WS2, bromodichloromethane (BDCM) has the highest contribution to both cancer risk and non-cancer risk. The results also indicated that females are prone to cancer risk induced by THMs since Chinese people are accustomed to drinking boiled water. The results supply valuable information for health departments to put forward more specific and efficient policies to control water borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 2#, Sipailou Street, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210096, China.
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 2#, Sipailou Street, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210096, China.
| | - Bernard Engel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, US.
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Park H, Choo G, Kim H, Oh JE. Evaluation of the current contamination status of PFASs and OPFRs in South Korean tap water associated with its origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1505-1512. [PMID: 29710648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in 44 tap water samples, collected from eight major cities in South Korea served by four representative watersheds, to evaluate the water contamination status. The total concentrations of PFASs and OPFRs ranged from 1.44 to 224ng/L (median=11.9ng/L), and 74.0 to 342ng/L (median=151ng/L), respectively. The predominant compounds in tap water were perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). Tap water originating from the Nakdong River within an industrial complex showed a notably higher PFHxS proportion to total PFASs. In addition, significantly higher PFAS levels were found in river-originating tap water than in lake/reservoir-originating tap water (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05). Meanwhile, major OPFRs showed no clear difference in distribution by region, and no significant difference in major OPFR levels was observed according to tap water origin. Finally, the average human exposure via tap water consumption was estimated for PFASs (46.8ng/person/day) and OPFRs (254ng/person/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Kim HS, Lee SH, Kim HY, Song SH, Cho HS, Kwon KH, Park KH, Lim KM, Choi DW. Mixture risk assessment of selected mainstream cigarette smoke constituents generated from low-yield cigarettes in South Korean smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:152-162. [PMID: 29408505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 38 hazardous constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke of low-yield cigarettes sold in Korea were selected and analyzed using established methods. Risk calculations were performed using risk algorithms employed in previous studies and Korean population-based exposure parameters. The median cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk of male smokers could vary from 828 × 10-6 to 2510 × 10-6, and that of female smokers could range from 440 × 10-6 to 1300 × 10-6, depending on the smoking regimens. The median hazard index as the sum of hazard quotients of male smokers varied from 367 to 1,225, and that of female smokers varied from 289 to 970, depending on the smoking regimens. The sensitivity analysis for this risk assessment indicated that the constituent yields in mainstream cigarette smoke, average number of cigarettes smoked per day or year, and mouth-spill rate are the main risk factors. Statistical positive correlations between the average daily dose calculated by the exposure algorithm used in this study for individual smokers and biomarkers verified the reliability of this assessment. It could be concluded that inhalation of the constituents present in the mainstream of low-yield cigarettes has significant cancer and non-cancer health risks, although its effect on risk reduction is still unknown under the fixed machine-smoking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Sik Cho
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeng Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-city, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Park
- Korea Chemical Management Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Health Risk Assessment of Cooking-Generated Particles in the Kitchen and Living Rooms of Apartment Houses. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Hodas N, Loh M, Shin HM, Li D, Bennett D, McKone TE, Jolliet O, Weschler CJ, Jantunen M, Lioy P, Fantke P. Indoor inhalation intake fractions of fine particulate matter: review of influencing factors. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:836-856. [PMID: 26562829 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is a major contributor to the global human disease burden. The indoor environment is of particular importance when considering the health effects associated with PM2.5 exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors and PM2.5 exposures per unit mass emitted indoors are two to three orders of magnitude larger than exposures to outdoor emissions. Variability in indoor PM2.5 intake fraction (iFin,total ), which is defined as the integrated cumulative intake of PM2.5 per unit of emission, is driven by a combination of building-specific, human-specific, and pollutant-specific factors. Due to a limited availability of data characterizing these factors, however, indoor emissions and intake of PM2.5 are not commonly considered when evaluating the environmental performance of product life cycles. With the aim of addressing this barrier, a literature review was conducted and data characterizing factors influencing iFin,total were compiled. In addition to providing data for the calculation of iFin,total in various indoor environments and for a range of geographic regions, this paper discusses remaining limitations to the incorporation of PM2.5 -derived health impacts into life cycle assessments and makes recommendations regarding future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H-M Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - P Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Lee S, Jeong W, Kannan K, Moon HB. Occurrence and exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) through the consumption of drinking water in Korea. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:182-188. [PMID: 27450356 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in commercial products. Limited data are available on the occurrence and exposure of OPFRs via drinking water consumption. In this study, 127 drinking water samples were collected from tap water, purified water (tap water that is passed through in-house filters) and bottled water from major cities in Korea in 2014. The total concentrations of OPFRs (ΣOPFR) in all of the samples ranged from below the method detection limit (MDL) to 1660 (median: 48.7) ng/L. The predominant OPFR compounds in drinking water were tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Significant differences were observed in the levels of TCPP, TBEP and ΣOPFR among various types of drinking water. TCPP is introduced in the drinking water during the water purification process. Regional differences existed in the levels and patterns of OPFRs in water samples, which indicated the existence of diverse sources of these contaminants. Purified water was a significant contributor to the total OPFR intake by humans. The estimated daily intake of OPFRs was lower than the tentative oral reference dose (RfD) values. In comparison with exposure of OPFRs via dust ingestion, water consumption was a significant source of chlorinated PFRs (99% for TCEP and 34% for TCPP to the total intakes) for Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Jeong
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Exploring Global Exposure Factors Resources for Use in Consumer Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070744. [PMID: 27455300 PMCID: PMC4962285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This publication serves as a global comprehensive resource for readers seeking exposure factor data and information relevant to consumer exposure assessment. It describes the types of information that may be found in various official surveys and online and published resources. The relevant exposure factors cover a broad range, including general exposure factor data found in published compendia and databases and resources about specific exposure factors, such as human activity patterns and housing information. Also included are resources on exposure factors related to specific types of consumer products and the associated patterns of use, such as for a type of personal care product or a type of children’s toy. Further, a section on using exposure factors for designing representative exposure scenarios is included, along with a look into the future for databases and other exposure science developments relevant for consumer exposure assessment.
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18
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Kim SJ, Lee HK, Badejo AC, Lee WC, Moon HB. Species-specific accumulation of methyl and total mercury in sharks from offshore and coastal waters of Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:210-215. [PMID: 26614695 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on mercury (Hg) levels in various shark species consumed in Korea. The methyl-Hg (Me-Hg) and total Hg concentrations in all shark species ranged from 0.08 to 4.5 (mean: 1.2) mg/kg wet weight and from 0.1 to 7.0 (mean: 1.4) mg/kg wet weight, respectively. Inter-species differences in Hg accumulation were found among the species; however, Hg accumulation was homogenous between dorsal and pectoral fins within species. The highest Hg levels were found in aggressive carnivore shark species. Trophic position was important in determining Hg accumulation for aggressive carnivore sharks. Approximately 80% of shark species exceeded the safety limits for Me-Hg established by domestic and international authorities. The mean estimated daily intake of Me-Hg (1.3 μg/kg body weight/day) for Korean populations consuming various sharks was higher than the guidelines proposed by international regulatory authorities, suggesting that excessive shark fin consumption may pose potential health risks for Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jo Kim
- National Fishery Products Quality Management Service (FiQ), Busan 606-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Abimbola C Badejo
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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