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Saadh MJ, Alfattah MA, Ismail AH, Saeed BA, Abbas HH, Elashmawy NF, Hashim GA, Ismail KS, Abo-Zaid MA, Waggiallah HA. The role of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) in allergic disorders: Biological insights and regulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:111825. [PMID: 38723368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, allergic diseases subsequent from an IgE-mediated response to specific allergens have become a progressively public chronic disease worldwide. They have shaped an important medical and socio-economic burden. A significant proportion of allergic disorders are branded via a form 2 immune response relating Th2 cells, type 2 natural lymphoid cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a participant of the type-I cytokine family manufactured through numerous subsets of stimulated CD4+ T cells and uses controlling properties on a diversity of immune cells. Increasingly, experimental sign suggests a character for IL-21 in the pathogenesis of numerous allergic disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biological properties of IL-21 and to summaries current developments in its role in the regulation of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Alfattah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashar Abdullah Saeed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Nabila F Elashmawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan A Hashim
- Department of Nursing, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Khatib Sayeed Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Chan CW, Chen HW, Wang YW, Lin CI, Chuang YH. IL-21, not IL-17A, exacerbates murine primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:137-147. [PMID: 37708215 PMCID: PMC10847827 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease caused by intrahepatic bile duct injuries, resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure. T helper (Th) 17 cells are proposed to involve in the pathogenesis of PBC. However, how and which Th17 cell-derived cytokines affect PBC remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Th17 effector cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 in PBC using a xenobiotic-induced mouse model of autoimmune cholangitis (inducible chemical xenobiotic models of PBC) treated with cytokine-expressing adeno-associated virus. Our results showed that administration of IL-17A, the well-known main cytokine produced by Th17 cells, did not augment liver inflammation or fibrosis. In contrast, we noted IL-17A-treated mice had lower hepatic Th1 cell numbers and higher hepatic CD11b+Ly6G+ polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell numbers. IL-17F did not alter liver inflammation or fibrosis. However, the administration of IL-21 exacerbated liver inflammatory responses and portal cell infiltration. IL-21 markedly increased the numbers of activated CD8+ T cells and liver tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IL-21 aggravates liver fibrosis in mice with autoimmune cholangitis. These results emphasized that not IL-17A but IL-21 in Th17 cell-derived cytokines affected the pathogenesis of PBC. IL-21 enhanced liver inflammation and progression to fibrosis by enhancing the numbers and effector activities of CD8+ T cells. Delineation of the effects of different Th17 effector cytokines in PBC offers clues for developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Chan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Koh CH, Kim BS, Kang CY, Chung Y, Seo H. IL-17 and IL-21: Their Immunobiology and Therapeutic Potentials. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e2. [PMID: 38455465 PMCID: PMC10917578 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies over the last 2 decades have identified IL-17 and IL-21 as key cytokines in the modulation of a wide range of immune responses. IL-17 serves as a critical defender against bacterial and fungal pathogens, while maintaining symbiotic relationships with commensal microbiota. However, alterations in its levels can lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. IL-21, on the other hand, bridges the adaptive and innate immune responses, and its imbalance is implicated in autoimmune diseases and cancer, highlighting its important role in both health and disease. Delving into the intricacies of these cytokines not only opens new avenues for understanding the immune system, but also promises innovative advances in the development of therapeutic strategies for numerous diseases. In this review, we will discuss an updated view of the immunobiology and therapeutic potential of IL-17 and IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyungseok Seo
- Laboratory of Cell & Gene Therapy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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4
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Chen H, Han Z, Fan Y, Chen L, Peng F, Cheng X, Wang Y, Su J, Li D. CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmune hepatitis: A review. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0269. [PMID: 37695088 PMCID: PMC10497257 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that can lead to hepatocyte destruction, inflammation, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. The diagnosis of AIH requires the identification of lymphoblast cell interface hepatitis and serum biochemical abnormalities, as well as the exclusion of related diseases. According to different specific autoantibodies, AIH can be divided into AIH-1 and AIH-2. The first-line treatment for AIH is a corticosteroid and azathioprine regimen, and patients with liver failure require liver transplantation. However, the long-term use of corticosteroids has obvious side effects, and patients are prone to relapse after drug withdrawal. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an imbalance in immune tolerance of self-antigens, activation of autoreactive T cells, overactivity of B cells, and increased production of autoantibodies. CD4+ T cells are key players in adaptive immunity and can secrete cytokines, activate B cells to produce antibodies, and influence the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. According to their characteristics, CD4+ T cells can be divided into different subsets. In this review, we discuss the changes in T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, Th9, Th22, regulatory T cell, T follicular helper, and T peripheral helper cells and their related factors in AIH and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting CD4+ T-cell subsets in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyue Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Liuyan Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyan Su
- The First People’s Hospital of Longquanyi District, Chengdu, China
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5
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Robinson JP, Ostafe R, Iyengar SN, Rajwa B, Fischer R. Flow Cytometry: The Next Revolution. Cells 2023; 12:1875. [PMID: 37508539 PMCID: PMC10378642 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmasking the subtleties of the immune system requires both a comprehensive knowledge base and the ability to interrogate that system with intimate sensitivity. That task, to a considerable extent, has been handled by an iterative expansion in flow cytometry methods, both in technological capability and also in accompanying advances in informatics. As the field of fluorescence-based cytomics matured, it reached a technological barrier at around 30 parameter analyses, which stalled the field until spectral flow cytometry created a fundamental transformation that will likely lead to the potential of 100 simultaneous parameter analyses within a few years. The simultaneous advance in informatics has now become a watershed moment for the field as it competes with mature systematic approaches such as genomics and proteomics, allowing cytomics to take a seat at the multi-omics table. In addition, recent technological advances try to combine the speed of flow systems with other detection methods, in addition to fluorescence alone, which will make flow-based instruments even more indispensable in any biological laboratory. This paper outlines current approaches in cell analysis and detection methods, discusses traditional and microfluidic sorting approaches as well as next-generation instruments, and provides an early look at future opportunities that are likely to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raluca Ostafe
- Molecular Evolution, Protein Engineering and Production Facility (PI4D), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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Cao J, Xu H, Yu Y, Xu Z. Regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B lymphocytes-mediated immunity in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104621. [PMID: 36801469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
T and B lymphocytes (T and B cells) are immune effector cells that play critical roles in adaptive immunity and defend against external pathogens in most vertebrates, including teleost fish. In mammals, the development and immune response of T and B cells is associated with cytokines including chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors during pathogenic invasion or immunization. Given that teleost fish have evolved a similar adaptive immune system to mammals with T and B cells bearing unique receptors (B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs)) and that cytokines in general have been identified, whether the regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B cell-mediated immunity are evolutionarily conserved between mammalians and teleost fish is a fascinating question. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of teleost cytokines and T and B cells as well as the regulatory roles of cytokines on these two types of lymphocytes. This may provide important information on the parallelisms and dissimilarities of the functions of cytokines in bony fish versus higher vertebrates, which may aid in the evaluation and development of adaptive immunity-based vaccines or immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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7
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Abhiraman GC, Bruun TUJ, Caveney NA, Su LL, Saxton RA, Yin Q, Tang S, Davis MM, Jude KM, Garcia KC. A structural blueprint for interleukin-21 signal modulation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112657. [PMID: 37339051 PMCID: PMC10320830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) plays a critical role in generating immunological memory by promoting the germinal center reaction, yet clinical use of IL-21 remains challenging because of its pleiotropy and association with autoimmune disease. To better understand the structural basis of IL-21 signaling, we determine the structure of the IL-21-IL-21R-γc ternary signaling complex by X-ray crystallography and a structure of a dimer of trimeric complexes using cryo-electron microscopy. Guided by the structure, we design analogs of IL-21 by introducing substitutions to the IL-21-γc interface. These IL-21 analogs act as partial agonists that modulate downstream activation of pS6, pSTAT3, and pSTAT1. These analogs exhibit differential activity on T and B cell subsets and modulate antibody production in human tonsil organoids. These results clarify the structural basis of IL-21 signaling and offer a potential strategy for tunable manipulation of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita C Abhiraman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theodora U J Bruun
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nathanael A Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leon L Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Bos JW, Groen EJN, Budding K, Delemarre EM, Goedee HS, Knol EF, van den Berg LH, van der Pol WL. Multifocal motor neuropathy is not associated with altered innate immune responses to endotoxin. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120692. [PMID: 37422959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibody- and complement-mediated peripheral nerve inflammation are central in the pathogenesis of MMN. Here, we studied innate immune responses to endotoxin in patients with MMN and controls to further our understanding of MMN risk factors and disease modifiers. METHODS We stimulated whole blood of 52 patients with MMN and 24 controls with endotoxin and collected plasma. With a multiplex assay, we determined levels of the immunoregulating proteins IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, TNF-α, IL-8 and CD40L in unstimulated and LPS-stimulated plasma. We compared baseline and stimulated protein levels between patients and controls and correlated concentrations to clinical parameters. RESULTS Protein level changes after stimulation were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-21 baseline concentrations showed a positive correlation with monthly IVIg dosage (all corrected p-values < 0.016). Patients with anti-GM1 IgM antibodies showed a more pronounced IL-21 increase after stimulation (p 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Altered endotoxin-induced innate immune responses are unlikely to be a susceptibility factor for MMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen W Bos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Budding
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Eveline M Delemarre
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Edward F Knol
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, National Expertise Center for Atopic Dermatitis, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Petphong V, Kosoltanapiwat N, Limkittikul K, Maneekan P, Chatchen S, Jittmittraphap A, Sriburin P, Chattanadee S, Leaungwutiwong P. Detection of Anti-ZIKV NS1 IgA, IgM, and Combined IgA/IgM and Identification of IL-4 and IL-10 as Potential Biomarkers for Early ZIKV and DENV Infections in Hyperendemic Regions, Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050284. [PMID: 37235332 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific IgA and IgM and the cytokine expression profile of ZIKV-infected patients in hyperendemic areas remain unclear. This study investigated the rates of ZIKV non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-specific IgA and IgM and evaluated serum cytokine levels of ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) cases in Thailand to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers, elucidate the immunity against ZIKV and DENV, and investigate the association between cytokine levels and ZIKV symptoms. Low rates of positivity for ZIKV NS1-specific IgA and IgM were detected in our study. ZIKV NS1 IgA/M (11%, 11/101) in combination was more frequently detected than ZIKV NS1 IgM (2%, 2/101) or ZIKV NS1 IgA (4%, 4/96) alone, especially in acute ZIKV cases with previous DENV exposure (14%, 10/72). Cytokine analysis showed that both ZIKV and DENV infections induced polyfunctional immunity, and the latter triggered more prolonged responses. The existence of significant differences in IL-4 and IL-10 levels between acute ZIKV and acute DENV cases suggested that IL-4 (p = 0.0176) and IL-10 (p = 0.0003) may represent biomarkers for acute ZIKV and acute DENV infections, respectively. Analysis of the association between increased cytokine levels and ZIKV symptoms indicated that CXCL10 (p = 0.0029) was associated with exanthema, while IL-5 (p = 0.0496) was linked to headache. The detection of ZIKV NS1 IgA and IgM in combination may enhance the diagnosis of early ZIKV infection, particularly when levels of IgM or IgA alone are low or undetectable. IL-4 and IL-10 may serve as targets for the development of diagnostic tools to detect ZIKV and DENV infections early, respectively, in flavivirus-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajee Petphong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Limkittikul
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pannamas Maneekan
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supawat Chatchen
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Akanitt Jittmittraphap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pimolpachr Sriburin
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chattanadee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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10
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Lin HH, Wu YS, Jian TY, Liao JY, Chang MT, Shyur LF, Lin YL. Phytogalactolipids activate humoral immunity against colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:95. [PMID: 37081540 PMCID: PMC10120243 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most lethal cancer in the world, and its incidence is steadily rising. In this study, we investigated the induction of humoral immunity by a phytogalactolipid enriched fraction (CRA) derived from the medicinal plant Crassocephalum rabens (Benth.) S. Moore to combat CRC. METHODS Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were used to evaluate CRA's therapeutic effects in CRC. The phenotypes of B cell subsets in splenocytes and tumors from the CRA-treated mice were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The titers, isotypes, specificity, antigen recognition, and cytotoxic activity of CRA-induced anti-tumor antibodies were determined. The mechanisms of CRA on B cell differentiation were determined by cell-based analyses, including co-cultural with T cells, cytokine analysis, gene expression by qPCR, and protein expression by western blotting. RESULTS CRA efficiently inhibited tumor growth in colorectal tumor-bearing allograft mice. CRA treatment attracted an abundance of B cells into the tumor consequently enhancing the anti-tumor antibodies in sera and inducing a class-switch. CRA-induced antisera (designated CRA antisera) specifically recognized surface antigens on the plasma membrane of cancer cells. CRA antisera induced cytotoxicity including antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. CRA interacted with IL-6 receptor to activate STAT3 and cMaf, resulting in T cell secretion of IL-21, which, in turn induced B cell differentiation through the IL-21R/STAT3/Blimp-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS CRA regulated T cell activity resulting in B cell activation and triggering of anti-tumor antibodies to impede CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Huei Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shin Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yan Jian
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yun Liao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ting Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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11
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Zhang Y, Su J. Interleukin-2 family cytokines: An overview of genes, expression, signaling and functional roles in teleost. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104645. [PMID: 36696924 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 (IL-2) family cytokines include IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, which share γ chain (γc) subunit in receptors. The IL-2 family cytokines have unique biological effects that regulate differentiation, survival and activation of multiple lymphocyte lineages. Deficiency of IL-2 family signaling pathway in mammals prevents CD4+ T cells from developing effector functions and CD8+ T cells from developing immunological memory. In the present review, we addressed available information from teleost IL-2 family cytokines and discussed implications in teleost immunity. Also, we described and discussed their expression profiles, receptors, signaling transductions and functions. In teleost, IL-2 family has 5 members (IL-2, IL-4/13, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21) without IL-9, and their receptors share a common γc subunit and include other 6 subunits (IL-2Rβ1/2, IL-4Rα1/2, IL-13Rα1/2, IL-7Rα, IL-15Rα, and IL-21Rα1/2). Some paralogues have changes in domain structure and show differential expression, modulation, functions. IL-2 family cytokines constitutively express in many immune associated tissues and are largely induced after pathogenic microbial stimulation. In general, there are relatively conserved functions in the IL-2 family throughout vertebrates, and many of the key IL-2 family members are important in lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, development, inflammation from fishes to mammals. This review will give an update on the effective information of teleost IL-2 family cytokines. Thus, it will provide a source of reference for other researchers/readers and inspire further interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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12
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Ertl HCJ. Mitigating Serious Adverse Events in Gene Therapy with AAV Vectors: Vector Dose and Immunosuppression. Drugs 2023; 83:287-298. [PMID: 36715794 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer with high doses of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has resulted in serious adverse events and even death of the recipients. Toxicity could most likely be circumvented by repeated injections of lower and less toxic doses of vectors. This has not been pursued as AAV vectors induce potent neutralizing antibodies, which prevent cell transduction upon reinjection of the same vector. This review discusses different types of immune responses against AAV vectors and how they offer targets for the elimination or inhibition of vector-specific neutralizing antibodies. Such antibodies can be circumvented by using different virus serotypes for sequential injections, they can be removed by plasmapheresis, or they can be destroyed by enzymatic degradation. Antibody producing cells can be eliminated by proteasome inhibitors. Drugs that inhibit T-cell responses, B-cell signaling, or presentation of the vector's antigens to B cells can prevent or reduce induction of AAV-specific antibodies. Combinations of different approaches and drugs are likely needed to suppress or eliminate neutralizing antibodies, which would then allow for repeated dosing. Alternatively, novel AAV vectors with higher transduction efficacy are being developed and may allow for a dose reduction, although it remains unknown if this will completely address the problem of high-dose adverse events.
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Alomari N, Totonchy J. IL-21 signaling promotes the establishment of KSHV infection in human tonsil lymphocytes by increasing differentiation and targeting of plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010274. [PMID: 36569889 PMCID: PMC9769966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Factors influencing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transmission and the early stages of KSHV infection in the human immune system remain poorly characterized. KSHV is known to extensively manipulate the host immune system and the cytokine milieu, and cytokines are known to influence the progression of KSHV-associated diseases. Our previous work identified the early targeting of plasma cells for KSHV infection. In this study, we examine whether IL-21, a cytokine known to profoundly influence plasma cell fate, influences the early stages of KSHV infection in B lymphocytes. Methods Using our unique model of ex vivo KSHV infection in tonsil lymphocytes, we investigate the influence of IL-21 supplementation, IL-21 neutralization, the distribution of IL-21 receptor on B cell subsets and IL-21 secreting T cell subsets on the establishment of KSHV infection in human B cells. Results We show that IL-21 signaling promotes KSHV infection by promoting both total plasma cell numbers and increasing KSHV infection in plasma cells as early as 3 days post-infection. We further demonstrate that the synergistic effect of KSHV infection and IL-21 treatment on plasma cell frequencies is due to differentiation of new plasma cells from naïve B cell precursors. We examine T cells secreting IL-21 in our tonsil specimens and determine that IL-21 producing CD8+ central memory T cells are correlated with plasma cell frequencies and KSHV targeting of plasma cells. Discussion These results demonstrate the novel finding that differentiation of new plasma cells is involved in the early stages of KSHV infection in B cells, and that IL-21 signaling can potentiate this effect thereby increasing the overall magnitude of KSHV infection at early timepoints. These results suggest that IL-21 signaling represents a host-level susceptibility factor for the establishment of KSHV infection.
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Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
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15
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Jensen O, Trivedi S, Li K, Aubé J, Hale JS, Ryan ET, Leung DT. Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of Vibrio cholerae O1 Vaccination. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:122-144. [PMID: 36072570 PMCID: PMC9438945 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B-cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT-activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae. Methods We utilized murine models of V. cholerae vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT-activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured V. cholerae-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT-cell and B-cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live V. cholerae O1 or a V. cholerae O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Results We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs (P < 0.001) and BALF (P < 0.001) of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and higher mucosal (BALF, P = 0.045) but not systemic (serum, P = 0.21) V. cholerae O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model when adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. In contrast, despite significant MAIT cell expansion, no significant differences in V. cholerae-specific humoral responses were found in our live V. cholerae vaccination model. Conclusions Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to mucosal cholera vaccines. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT-cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Hui CW, Wu WC, Leung SO. Interleukins 4 and 21 Protect Anti-IgM Induced Cell Death in Ramos B Cells: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919854. [PMID: 35911775 PMCID: PMC9326153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 21 (IL-21) belong to the common gamma chain cytokine family which are highly involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases. While IL-4 is well known to be involved in the suppression of apoptosis of autoreactive B cells, the role played by IL-21 remains unclear. In the current study, we activated the human Burkitt’s lymphoma Ramos B cells with anti-IgM to mimic B cell hyperactivation observed in patients of autoimmune diseases. Consistent with other reported findings, anti-IgM led to the downregulation of proteins involved in B cell survival and proliferation, as well as the activation of caspase 3 activity and DNA damage, resulting in apoptotic cell death after 48-hour treatment. Although both IL-4 and IL-21 reversed anti-IgM-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, they did so via different mechanisms: while IL-4 could directly suppress anti-IgM-induced caspase 3 activation and marker indicative of DNA damage, IL-21 could induce B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM. Importantly, IL-21 also suppressed activation induced cell death in human primary B cells. Pre-treatment with clinically validated JAK inhibitors completely reversed the effects of IL-4 and IL-21 to rescue anti-IgM induced cell death and DNA damage. The results indicate the underlying mechanisms of how IL-4 and IL-21 differentially promote survival of hyperactivated B cells and provide hints to treat autoimmune diseases.
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17
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Li D, Cui Z, Zhao F, Zhu X, Tan A, Deng Y, Lai Y, Huang Z. Characterization of snakehead (Channa argus) interleukin-21: Involvement in immune defense against two pathogenic bacteria, in leukocyte proliferation, and in activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:207-217. [PMID: 35278639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a crucial immune regulatory molecule, belongs to the common γ-chain family of type I cytokines, and exerts pleiotropic effects on multiple immune cell types in mammals. However, the characteristics and functions of fish IL-21 remain unclear. To further investigate the molecular mechanism of IL-21 in teleosts, we first cloned and identified the IL-21 gene (designated shIL-21) of the snakehead (Channa argus). The full-length open reading frame of shIL-21 is 438 bp in length, and encodes a predicted protein of 145 amino acid residues. A sequence analysis showed that shIL-21 has the typical structural characteristics of other IL-21 proteins, containing four α-helices and four conserved cysteine residues. In a phylogenetic analysis, shIL-21 clustered within a subgroup of IL-21 proteins from other teleost species and shared its closest evolutionary relationship with that of Lates calcarifer. The expression analysis showed that shIL-21 was ubiquitously expressed in all the healthy snakehead tissues tested, albeit at different levels. After infection with Nocardia seriolae or Aeromonas schubertii, the relative expression of shIL-21 was mainly upregulated in the head kidney and spleen in vivo. Similarly, after stimulation with the three pathogen analogues lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharides, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, the expression of shIL-21 was also induced in head kidney leukocytes in vitro. A recombinant shIL-21 protein was expressed and purified, and promoted the proliferation of head kidney leukocytes, induced the expression of genes encoding critical signaling molecules in the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, including JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3, and induced the expression of endogenous shIL-21 and genes encoding several key proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and IL-1β). Taken together, these preliminary findings suggest that shIL-21 is involved in the immune defense against bacterial infection, in leukocyte proliferation, and in the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. They thus extend the functional studies of IL-21 in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Xueqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Aiping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yingtiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
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18
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Merino-Vico A, van Hamburg JP, Tas SW. B Lineage Cells in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:387. [PMID: 35008813 PMCID: PMC8745114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects small sized blood vessels and can lead to serious complications in the lungs and kidneys. The prominent presence of ANCA autoantibodies in this disease implicates B cells in its pathogenesis, as these are the precursors of the ANCA-producing plasma cells (PCs). Further evidence supporting the potential role of B lineage cells in vasculitis are the increased B cell cytokine levels and the dysregulated B cell populations in patients. Confirmation of the contribution of B cells to pathology arose from the beneficial effect of anti-CD20 therapy (i.e., rituximab) in AAV patients. These anti-CD20 antibodies deplete circulating B cells, which results in amelioration of disease. However, not all patients respond completely, and this treatment does not target PCs, which can maintain ANCA production. Hence, it is important to develop more specific therapies for AAV patients. Intracellular signalling pathways may be potential therapeutic targets as they can show (disease-specific) alterations in certain B lineage cells, including pathogenic B cells, and contribute to differentiation and survival of PCs. Preliminary data on the inhibition of certain signalling molecules downstream of receptors specific for B lineage cells show promising therapeutic effects. In this narrative review, B cell specific receptors and their downstream signalling molecules that may contribute to pathology in AAV are discussed, including the potential to therapeutically target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Merino-Vico
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Piet van Hamburg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Wu F, Gao J, Kang J, Wang X, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang L. B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis:Pathogenic Mechanisms and Treatment Prospects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750753. [PMID: 34650569 PMCID: PMC8505880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic, systemic autoimmune disease, and its clinical features are the proliferation of joint synovial tissue, the formation of pannus and the destruction of cartilage. The global incidence of RA is about 1%, and it is more common in women. The basic feature of RA is the body’s immune system disorders, in which autoreactive CD4+T cells, pathogenic B cells, M1 macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and autoantibodies abnormally increase in the body of RA patients B cell depletion therapy has well proved the important role of B cells in the pathogenesis of RA, and the treatment of RA with B cells as a target has also been paid more and more attention. Although the inflammatory indicators in RA patients receiving B-cell depletion therapy have been significantly improved, the risk of infection and cancer has also increased, which suggests that we need to deplete pathogenic B cells instead of all B cells. However, at present we cannot distinguish between pathogenic B cells and protective B cells in RA patients. In this review, we explore fresh perspectives upon the roles of B cells in the occurrence, development and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Wishnie AJ, Chwat-Edelstein T, Attaway M, Vuong BQ. BCR Affinity Influences T-B Interactions and B Cell Development in Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703918. [PMID: 34381455 PMCID: PMC8350505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell receptor (BCR), are directed toward either an extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) response upon antigen binding. B cell interactions with CD4+ pre-T follicular helper (pre-Tfh) cells at the T-B border and effector Tfh cells in the B cell follicle and GC control B cell development in response to antigen. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating the role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in modulating T-B interactions and the subsequent differentiation of B cells in the EF and GC response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that B cells expressing high affinity BCRs preferentially differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) while those expressing low affinity BCRs undergo further affinity maturation or differentiate into memory B cells (MBCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Wishnie
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzippora Chwat-Edelstein
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Macaulay Honors College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Attaway
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Isailovic N, Ceribelli A, Cincinelli G, Vecellio M, Guidelli G, Caprioli M, Luciano N, Motta F, Selmi C, De Santis M. Lymphocyte modulation by tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:142-149. [PMID: 33899926 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib is an oral small molecule targeting the intracellular Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways approved for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the effects of tofacitinib on the response of RA lymphocytes to B and T cell collagen epitopes in their native and post-translationally modified forms. In particular, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with RA and healthy subjects were cultured with type II collagen peptides (T261-273, B359-369, carT261-273, citB359-369) or with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin/CD40L in the presence or absence of 100 nM tofacitinib for 20 h and analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). Cultures without brefeldin A were used for cytokine supernatant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Tofacitinib down-regulated inflammatory cytokines by stimulated B [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] and T [interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17 or TNF-α] cells in the short term, while a significant reduction of IL-17 and IL-6 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatant was also observed. IL-10 was significantly reduced in collagen-stimulated B cells from patients with RA and increased in controls, thus mirroring an altered response to collagen self-epitopes in RA. Tofacitinib partially prevented the IL-10 down-modulation in RA B cells stimulated with collagen epitopes. In conclusion, the use of tofacitinib exerts a rapid regulatory effect on B cells from patients with RA following stimulation with collagen epitopes while not reducing inflammatory cytokine production by lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Isailovic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Ceribelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Cincinelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vecellio
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giacomo Guidelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Caprioli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Luciano
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Motta
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria De Santis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Pietruszewska M, Biesiada G, Czepiel J, Birczyńska-Zych M, Moskal P, Garlicki A, Wesełucha-Birczyńska A. A 2D COS study of lymphocytes in the course of infectious mononucleosis. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Abos B, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Tafalla C. Distinct modes of action of CD40L and adaptive cytokines IL-2, IL-4/13, IL-10 and IL-21 on rainbow trout IgM + B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103752. [PMID: 32447012 PMCID: PMC7397517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, conventional B (B2) cells are activated within lymphoid follicles through a close relationship with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The interaction between CD40 expressed on B cells and its ligand (CD40L) expressed on Tfh cells is a key signal that regulates the formation of germinal centers (GCs), B cell survival, proliferation and differentiation to plasma cells (PCs) or memory cells. Additionally, certain soluble cytokines produced by T cells also strongly condition the outcome of this interaction. Despite the many differences found between fish B cells and mammalian B2 cells, and the lack of conventional GCs, rainbow trout IgM+ B cells have been shown to be stimulated by CD40L, however, whether cytokines commonly produced by T cells can further modulate this response has never been addressed to date. Thus, in this study, we determined the effects of recombinant rainbow trout adaptive cytokines interleukin 2B (IL-2B), IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B, IL-10 and IL-21 (cytokines known to activate B cells in mammals) on splenic IgM+ B cells alone or in combination with CD40L. We studied how these cytokines and CD40L cooperated to promote IgM+ B cell survival, proliferation and IgM secretion. The results obtained provide valuable information for the first time in teleost fish on how different T cell signals cooperate to activate B cells in the absence of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abos
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Cui ZW, Zhang XY, Chen XH, Zhang XJ, Zhang YA. Splicing variants of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) IL-21: Functions in IgM + B cell proliferation and IgM secretion. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103728. [PMID: 32387557 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a type I four-helical bundle cytokine produced by activated T cells that has pleiotropic functions on immune cells. Although IL-21 has been discovered in fish, the splicing variants of this cytokine and their functions on B cells are unclear. In this study, based on the original transcript of grass carp IL-21 (named gcIL-21sv1 in this study), two alternative splicing variants, named gcIL-21sv2 and gcIL-21sv3, were cloned and characterized. The protein sequences of gcIL-21sv1 and gcIL-21sv2 consist of four α-helixes, and only the six amino acid residues at the C-terminal are different. Unlike gcIL-21sv1 and gcIL-21sv2, gcIL-21sv3 lacks the C-terminal region. The expression analysis showed that gcIL-21sv1, gcIL-21sv2, and gcIL-21sv3 were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues, and their expression could be significantly up-regulated by LPS and Poly (I:C) in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), with the fold change of gcIL-21sv1 being higher than that of gcIL-21sv2 and gcIL-21sv3. Recombinant gcIL-21sv1 and gcIL-21sv2, but not gcIL-21sv3, could induce the proliferation of IgM+ B cells and the secretion of IgM, with the activity of gcIL-21sv1 being stronger than that of gcIL-21sv2, indicating that the C-terminal region plays important roles in the function of gcIL-21. Taken together, this study found that, like IL-21 in human and mouse, IL-21 splicing variants also exist in fish, and the regulatory activities of these variants in humoral immunity are differ, suggesting that grass carp may balance the immune response mediated by IL-21 through alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, PLA, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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25
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Nistor GI, Dillman RO. Cytokine network analysis of immune responses before and after autologous dendritic cell and tumor cell vaccine immunotherapies in a randomized trial. J Transl Med 2020; 18:176. [PMID: 32316978 PMCID: PMC7171762 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a randomized phase II trial conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma, patient-specific autologous dendritic cell vaccines (DCV) were associated with longer survival than autologous tumor cell vaccines (TCV). Both vaccines presented antigens from cell-renewing autologous tumor cells. The current analysis was performed to better understand the immune responses induced by these vaccines, and their association with survival. Methods 110 proteomic markers were measured at a week-0 baseline, 1 week before the first of 3 weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third injection. Data was presented as a deviation from normal controls. A two-component principal component (PC) statistical analysis and discriminant analysis were performed on this data set for all patients and for each treatment cohort. Results At baseline PC-1 contained 64.4% of the variance and included the majority of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 responses, which positively correlated with beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1). Results were similar at baseline for both treatment cohorts. After three injections, DCV-treated patients showed correlative grouping among Th1/Th17 cytokines on PC-1, with an inverse correlation with B2M, FAS, and IL-18, and correlations among immunoglobulins in PC-2. TCV-treated patients showed a positive correlation on PC-1 among most of the cytokines and tumor markers B2M and FAS receptor. There were also correlative changes of IL12p40 with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and TGFβ1. Discriminant analysis provided additional evidence that DCV was associated with innate, Th1/Th17, and Th2 responses while TCV was only associated with innate and Th2 responses. Conclusions These analyses confirm that DCV induced a different immune response than that induced by TCV, and these immune responses were associated with improved survival. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT004936930 retrospectively registered 28 July 2009
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Nistor
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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26
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Uddin MN, Yao Y, Mondal T, Matala R, Manley K, Lin Q, Lawrence DA. Immunity and autoantibodies of a mouse strain with autistic-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 4:100069. [PMID: 34589851 PMCID: PMC8474232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Female and male mice of the BTBR T + Itpr3 tf /J (BTBR) strain have behaviors that resemble autism spectrum disorder. In comparison to C57BL/6 (B6) mice, BTBR mice have elevated humoral immunity, in that they have naturally high serum IgG levels and generate high levels of IgG antibodies, including autoantibodies to brain antigens. This study focused on the specificities of autoantibodies and the immune cells and their transcription factors that might be responsible for the autoantibodies. BTBR IgG autoantibodies bind to neurons better than microglia and with highest titer to nuclear antigens. Two of the antigens identified were alpha-enolase (ENO1) and dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial (DLST). Surprisingly based on IgG levels, the blood and spleens of BTBR mice have more CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but fewer B cells than B6 mice. The high levels of autoantibodies in BTBR relates to their splenic T follicular helper (Tfh) cell levels, which likely are responsible for the higher number of plasma cells in BTBR mice than B6 mice. BTBR mice have increased gene expression of interleukin-21 receptor (I l -21 r) and Paired Box 5 (Pax5), which are known to aid B cell differentiation to plasma cells, and an increased Lysine Demethylase 6B (Kdm6b)/DNA Methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) ratio, which increases gene expression. Identification of gene expression and immune activities of BTBR mice may aid understanding of mechanisms associated with autism since neuroimmune network interactions have been posited and induction of autoantibodies may drive the neuroinflammation associated with autism.
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Key Words
- ASD, autism spectrum disorder
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Alpha-enolase
- Autism
- Autoantibody
- BM, bone marrow
- BTBR
- Dlst, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial
- Dnmt1
- Dnmt1, DNA Methyltransferase 1
- Eno1, alpha-enolase
- IL-21r
- IL21R, interleukin-21 receptor
- Kdm6b
- Kdm6b, Lysine Demethylase 6B
- Pax5
- Pax5, Paired Box 5
- Plasma cell
- T follicular helper cell
- Tfh, T follicular helper cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nizam Uddin
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yunyi Yao
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan Mondal
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Matala
- University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Manley
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Qishan Lin
- RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, RNA Epitranscriptomics & Proteomics Resource, SUNY at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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27
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Iervasi E, Auricchio R, Strangio A, Greco L, Saverino D. Serum IL-21 levels from celiac disease patients correlates with anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies and mucosal damage. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:225-230. [PMID: 32157915 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1736047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Coeliac disease is a multifactorial disorder influenced by environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Interleukin (IL)-21 has been linked to an increase disease risk and the serum level of IL-21 seems to be increased in CD compared to a healthy control population.Methods: Sera were collected from 160 CD patients, 120 untreated and 40 following a gluten-free diet, and form 45 healthy subjects. Serum IL-21 was evaluated by specific ELISA tests.Results: Our data show that patients with untreated CD display IL-21 concentrations significantly higher than both treated-CD patients (following a gluten-free diet) and controls. In addition, serum IL-21 correlates with serum titres of anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies. Finally, our results show a correlation of this cytokine with duodenal mucosal damage.Conclusions: A role of gluten, as antigen with stimulatory function on IL-21 production, seems to be confirmed by the longitudinal analyses showing that the gluten-free diet decreases to a nearly undetectable amount this cytokine. In addition, the finding of a positive correlation between the serum amount of IL-21 and the grade of duodenal mucosa damage suggests a strong immunomodulatory effect of this cytokine on cytotoxic T lymphocyte functions. This study provides an extra evidence to emerging data on the potential role IL-21 in CD pathogenesis, suggesting its involvement in the development and progression of CD. Significance statement: In untreated CD, serum IL-21 shows higher levels compared with treated CD and healthy subjects. Serum amounts of IL-21 correlate with anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies and with duodenal mucosa damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
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28
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Rubin SJS, Bloom MS, Robinson WH. B cell checkpoints in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:303-315. [PMID: 30967621 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells have important functions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In addition to producing autoantibodies, B cells contribute to autoimmunity by serving as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), producing cytokines, and through additional mechanisms. B cell activation and effector functions are regulated by immune checkpoints, including both activating and inhibitory checkpoint receptors that contribute to the regulation of B cell tolerance, activation, antigen presentation, T cell help, class switching, antibody production and cytokine production. The various activating checkpoint receptors include B cell activating receptors that engage with cognate receptors on T cells or other cells, as well as Toll-like receptors that can provide dual stimulation to B cells via co-engagement with the B cell receptor. Furthermore, various inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including B cell inhibitory receptors, have important functions in regulating B cell development, activation and effector functions. Therapeutically targeting B cell checkpoints represents a promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J S Rubin
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Bloom
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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29
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Li Y, Wang Y, Sun N, Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Huang R, Jia X. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase plays crucial role in ovalbumin-induced food allergy and promoted by IL-21. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:369-377. [PMID: 31450182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy is increasing in the whole wide world which often causes skin and gastrointestinal tract symptoms, or even fatal anaphylactic shock. However, the evaluation of food allergens remains difficult, and the mechanism of food allergy is still not fully clear. To study the gene expression profile in food allergy animal models and identify the regulatory mechanism of the crucial genes, two administration routes were used to build animal models in our study. OVA-specific IgE and IL-4 levels were tested by ELISA, transcriptome profiling was carried out by microarray, and the regulatory mechanism of the highest expressed gene was studied in the primary spleen cells. We found that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) is the highest expressed gene in the allergic mice, IL-21 can dramatically enhance the expression of Aicda in the lymph node microenvironment, and IL-17A can promote this effect significantly though it has only limited influence by itself. At last, we illuminated that the promotion of IL-21 on Aicda is partially through STAT3. In summary, our results suggest that IL-21 and IL-17A may play important role in the expression of Aicda as well as food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongning Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nanan Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China
| | - Run Huang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University Of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, China.
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30
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Romberg N, Lawrence MG. Birds of a feather: Common variable immune deficiencies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:461-467. [PMID: 31382019 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the reader on recently proposed common variable immune deficiency (CVID) diagnostic criteria, newly uncovered CVID pathobiology, freshly identified CVID-related genes, and novel CVID therapies. DATA SOURCES PubMed Central. STUDY SELECTIONS We selected 60 clinical and translational research articles that have shaped CVID diagnostic criteria, introduced personalized therapies, and advanced our understanding of CVID biology and genetics. We have incorporated recent articles and older published work that are foundational to the modern understanding of this protean disease. RESULTS CVID has proven to be a heterogenous group of antibody deficiency diseases driven by defects in diverse biologic processes, including B-cell development, activation, tolerance, class-switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, and lymphoproliferation. Recent genetic advances have enabled identification of several CVID-related gene defects that may contribute to patients' infectious and noninfectious symptoms. CONCLUSION Improved understanding of the aberrant biologic processes that drive CVID and the disease's genetic basis may be useful in directing therapeutic decisions, especially in cases complicated by autoimmune, lymphoproliferative, and inflammatory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Romberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Monica G Lawrence
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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31
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Dhande J, Salunke P, Kulkarni A, Ghate M, Thakar M. Short Communication: Nonprogressive HIV-1 Infection Is Associated with Expansion of IL-21R Expressing Class-Switched Memory B Cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:729-733. [PMID: 31044603 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV perturbs the functionality of B cells resulting in defective humoral responses. As efficient humoral immune responses are important in controlling HIV-disease progression, we characterized the memory B cell population for its subsets and their activation (CD38 expression) and functional [interleukin (IL)-21R expression] profile in individuals with nonprogressive [long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), N = 16] and progressive HIV disease (progressors, N = 16) along with 10 HIV uninfected healthy controls (HCs). The frequencies of total memory B cells were similar in HCs and HIV-infected individuals, whereas the frequencies of unswitched memory B (UMB) cells and CD38+ UMB cells were significantly higher in progressors than LTNPs and HCs (p < .03). LTNPs showed higher frequencies of class-switched memory B (SMB) cells and IL-21R expressing SMB cells than seen in progressors (p = .019), which were similar to that seen in HCs. The %UMB cells correlated inversely (p = .0002, r = -0.6053) and %SMB cells correlated positively (p = .0005, r = 0.5804) with CD4 count. IL-21/IL-21R interaction is required for class switching of B cells and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The higher expression of IL-21R on class SMB cells from LTNPs might be resulting in efficient plasma cell differentiation and the functional humoral immune response that might be responsible for mounting efficient antibody response against the encountered infections. The more insights in this area might be required to further understand the role of IL-21R expressing class SMB cells in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Dhande
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Salunke
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Archana Kulkarni
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Departments of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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32
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Araki A, Jin L, Nara H, Takeda Y, Nemoto N, Gazi MY, Asao H. IL-21 Enhances the Development of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer: Possible Involvement of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3326-3333. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Morandi F, Horenstein AL, Quarona V, Faini AC, Castella B, Srinivasan RC, Strom SC, Malavasi F, Gramignoli R. Ectonucleotidase Expression on Human Amnion Epithelial Cells: Adenosinergic Pathways and Dichotomic Effects on Immune Effector Cell Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:724-735. [PMID: 30587530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism(s) underlying the immunoregulatory activities of placenta-derived human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC). The working hypothesis is that NAD+ and ATP, along with ectoenzymes involved in their metabolism, play a significant role in hAEC-mediated immune regulation. Proof of principle of the hypothesis was obtained by analyzing the interactions between hAEC and the main human leukocyte populations. The results obtained indicate that hAEC constitutively express a unique combination of functional ectoenzymes, driving the production of adenosine (ADO) via canonical (CD39, CD73) and alternative (CD38, CD203a/PC-1, CD73) pathways. Further, the picture is completed by the observation that hAEC express A1, A2a, and A2b ADO receptors as well as ADO deaminase, the enzyme involved in ADO catabolism. The contribution of the purinergic mediator to immunomodulation was confirmed by exposing in vitro different immune effector cells to the action of primary hAECs. B cells showed an enhanced proliferation and diminished spontaneous apoptosis when in contact with hAEC. T cell proliferation was partially inhibited by hAEC through ADO production, as confirmed by using specific ectoenzyme inhibitors. Further, hAEC induced an expansion of both T and B regulatory cells. Last, hAEC inhibited NK cell proliferation. However, the involvement of ADO-producing ectoenzymes is less apparent in this context. In conclusion, hAEC exert different in vitro immunoregulatory effects, per se, as a result of interactions with different populations of immune effector cells. These results support the view that hAEC are instrumental for regenerative medicine as well as in therapeutic applications for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- UOC Laboratorio Cellule Staminali post natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Immunologia dei Trapianti, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; and
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Corso Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Castella
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; and
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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IL-21 and anti-CD40 restore Bcl-2 family protein imbalance in vitro in low-survival CD27 + B cells from CVID patients. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1156. [PMID: 30464201 PMCID: PMC6249202 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by an abnormal B cell differentiation to memory and antibody-secreting B cells. The defective functionality of CVID patients’ B cells could be the consequence of alterations in apoptosis regulation. We studied the balance of Bcl-2 family anti-/pro-apoptotic proteins to identify molecular mechanisms that could underlie B cell survival defects in CVID. We used flow cytometry to investigate Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax, and Bim expression in B cells ex vivo and after anti-CD40 or anti-BCR activation with or without IL-21, besides to spontaneous and stimulation-induced Caspase-3 activation and viable/apoptotic B cell subpopulations. We found increased basal levels of Bax and Bim in CVID B cells that correlated with low viability and high Caspase-3 activation only in CD27+ B cells, particularly in a subgroup of apoptosis-prone CVID (AP-CVID) patients with low peripheral B cell counts and high autoimmunity prevalence (mostly cytopenias). We detected a broad B cell defect in CVID regarding Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL induction, irrespective of the stimulus used. Therefore, peripheral CVID memory B cells are prompted to die from apoptosis due to a constitutive Bcl-2 family protein imbalance and defective protection from activation-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, anti-CD40 and IL-21 induced normal and even higher levels of Bcl-XL, respectively, in CD27+ B cells from AP-CVID, which was accompanied by cell viability increase. Thus low-survival memory B cells from AP-CVID can overcome their cell death regulation defects through pro-survival signals provided by T cells. In conclusion, we identify apoptosis regulation defects as disease-contributing factors in CVID. B cell counts and case history of cytopenias might be useful to predict positive responses to therapeutic approaches targeting T-dependent signaling pathways.
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Interleukin 21 (IL-21)/microRNA-29 (miR-29) axis is associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2018; 32:2453-2461. [PMID: 30005016 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-21 (IL-21) modulates HIV-1 infection through the elicitation of different antiviral mechanisms, including Th17 lineage commitment and induction of microRNA (miR)-29, a miRNA endowed with anti-HIV activity. As miR-29 expression is significantly increased in HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESN), we investigated the role of miR-29/IL21 axis in the natural control of HIV-1 infection. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 15 Italian sexually exposed HESN and 15 HIV-unexposed healthy controls were in-vitro infected with an R5-tropic HIV-1Ba-L strain. Seven days post HIV-1 infection we evaluated: 1) p24 production (ELISA); 2) CD4/IL-21 and CD4/IL-17 T lymphocytes (FACS); 3) IL-17 concentration in supernatants (ELISA); and 4) IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, and miR-29a,b,c expression by CD4 T lymphocytes as well as perforin and granzyme by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (qPCR). The same analyses were performed on the 15 HIV-positive partners. RESULTS At baseline IL-6 expression alone was increased in HESN compared to healthy controls. Seven days after in-vitro HIV-1 infection, nevertheless, differences emerged. Thus, CD4/IL21 and CD4/IL17 T lymphocytes, as well as IL-21 and IL-17 expression and production were significantly augmented in HESN compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, IL-21 upregulation correlated with a significantly increased expression of miR-29a,b,c and a reduced susceptibility to in-vitro HIV-1 infection in HESN alone. No differences were observed in perforin and granzyme expression. CONCLUSION The IL-21/miR-29 axis is upregulated by HIV-1 infection in HESN suggesting its involvement in the natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in HESN. Approaches that exogenously increase IL-21 production or prompt preexisting cellular IL-21 reservoir could confine the magnitude of the initial HIV-1 infection.
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Jalali S, Ansell SM. The Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:777-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Takeda Y, Kato T, Nemoto N, Araki A, Gazi MY, Nara H, Asao H. Augmentation of the expression of the eotaxin receptor on duodenal neutrophils by IL-21. Cytokine 2018; 110:194-203. [PMID: 29778007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can occur via different mechanisms, such as via acute and chronic responses, on numerous occasions and function accordingly through various roles. There are more than five subsets of neutrophils; neutrophilic heterogeneity is modulated by the inflammatory condition. To understand the characteristics of inflammation, identification of atypical neutrophils is important. In this study, we found that the expression of eotaxin receptor (CD193) on atypical neutrophils in the duodenum is augmented in IL-21 isoform transgenic (Tg) mice. In a series of studies, we have established a Tg mouse strain to further investigate the functions of IL-21 in vivo. Interestingly, Tg mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were more sensitive to OVA-induced systemic anaphylaxis as compared with wild type mice with duodenal and splenic gross congestion. Further analysis conducted in the duodenum of Tg mice revealed that only the number of neutrophils migrating into the duodenum was significantly increased prior to immunization. Previous studies have shown that the gastrointestinal compartment and the spleen constantly produce eotaxin, which regulates basal levels of tissue eosinophils. Therefore, we analyzed CD193 expression on neutrophils and eosinophils. As expected, its expression by duodenal neutrophils was upregulated in Tg mice. Furthermore, the addition of IL-21 into bone marrow cell culture increased the number of CD193+ neutrophils, which easily migrated into the duodenum. These observations suggested that CD193+ neutrophils increase in number under inflammatory conditions due to chronic IL-21 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kato
- Department of Urology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Nemoto
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; Department of Orthopaedics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akemi Araki
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mohammad Yeashin Gazi
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nara
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Song XF, Hu TT, Lei Y, Li H, Zhang L, Zhang M, Liu B, Chen M, Hu HD, Ren H, Hu P. Activation of intrahepatic CD4+CXCR5+ T and CD19+ B cells is associated with viral clearance in a mouse model of acute hepatitis B virus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50952-50962. [PMID: 27447555 PMCID: PMC5239450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is poorly understood. The purpose of this research was to define the intrahepatic immune factors responsible for viral clearance during acute HBV infection. The model of acute HBV infection was established by hydrodynamically transfecting mice with pCDNA3.1-HBV1.3 plasmids which contained a supergenomic HBV1.3-length transgene. The frequency of CD4+ CXCR5+ T cells, CD19+ B cells and their surface molecules in livers, spleens and peripheral blood were detected using flow cytometry. The lymphomononuclear cells isolated from the livers of transfected mice were further stimulated by HBc-derived peptides and then the frequency and cytokine secretion of HBV-specific CD4+CXCR5+ T cells were detected. We found that the frequency of CXCR5+ in CD4+ T cells was specifically increased; the expression of PD-1 was decreased while the expression of ICOS was increased on intrahepatic CD4+CXCR5+ T cells. Although the frequency of CD19+ B cells was not affected, the expression of PDL-1, ICOSL and IL-21R on B cells was increased in the livers of mice. The frequency of HBV-specific CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and the production of IL-21 by intrahepatic CD4+CXCR5+ T cells of mice with acute HBV infection were increased after stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of function-related molecules of intrahepatic CD4+CXCR5+ T, including Bcl-6, CXCR5, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-21 and IL-4 in the liver was increased during acute HBV infection. In conclusion, the activation of intrahepatic CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and B cells was associated with the clearance of HBV during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huai-Dong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chenouard A, Chesneau M, Bui Nguyen L, Le Bot S, Cadoux M, Dugast E, Paul C, Malard-Castagnet S, Ville S, Guérif P, Soulillou JP, Degauque N, Danger R, Giral M, Brouard S. Renal Operational Tolerance Is Associated With a Defect of Blood Tfh Cells That Exhibit Impaired B Cell Help. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1490-1501. [PMID: 27888555 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal operationally tolerant patients (TOL) display a defect in B cell differentiation, with a deficiency in plasma cells. Recently described, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a critical role in B cell differentiation. We analyzed blood Tfh subsets in TOL and transplanted patients with stable graft function under immunosuppression (STA). We observed a reduced proportion of blood activated and highly functional Tfh subsets in TOL, without affecting Tfh absolute numbers. Functionally, Tfh cells from TOL displayed a modified gene expression profile, failed to produce interleukin-21, and were unable to induce IgG production by naive B cells. This Tfh defect is linked to a low incidence of postgraft de novo donor-specific antibody (dnDSA) immunization, suggesting that the lack of Tfh cells in TOL may induce a protolerogenic environment with reduced risk of developing dnDSA. Finally, we showed that elevated Tfh in STA precedes the occurrence of dnDSA during an alloresponse. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms of antibody response in operational tolerance. Disrupted homeostasis and impaired Tfh function in TOL could lead to a reduced risk of developing dnDSA and suggest a predictive role of blood Tfh cells on the occurrence of dnDSA in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chenouard
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - M Chesneau
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Bui Nguyen
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Le Bot
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Cadoux
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - E Dugast
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Paul
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - S Malard-Castagnet
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire HLA, Etablissement Français du Sang Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - S Ville
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - P Guérif
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France
| | - J-P Soulillou
- LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM
| | - N Degauque
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium VISICORT
| | - R Danger
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Giral
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM
| | - S Brouard
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM.,EU Consortium VISICORT.,Immunotherapy Graft Oncology, LabEx IGO, Nantes, France
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Lebre MC, Vieira PL, Tang MW, Aarrass S, Helder B, Newsom-Davis T, Tak PP, Screaton GR. Synovial IL-21/TNF-producing CD4 + T cells induce joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by inducing matrix metalloproteinase production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:775-783. [PMID: 27733582 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0516-217rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and cartilage destruction is one of the key manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although the role of T helper (Th)17 cells in these processes is clear, the role of IL-21-producing cells T cells has been neglected. We sought to investigate the role of IL-21 in RA by focusing on the functional characteristics of the main producers of this cytokine, synovial CD4+IL-21+ T cells. We show that the frequency of both synovial fluid (SF) CD4+IL-21+ or CD4+IL-21+TNF+ T cells in patients with RA was significantly higher compared with patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The frequency of peripheral blood (PB) IL-21+CD4+ T cells in patients with RA positively correlated with disease activity score 28 (DAS28), serum anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF). IL-21 levels in RA SF were associated with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3. Related to this, IL-21 induced significantly the secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in RA synovial biopsies. Sorted SF CD4+IL-21+ T cells significantly induced the release of MMP-1 and MMP-3 by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) compared with medium or CD4+IL-21- T cells in a coculture system. Neutralization of both IL-21 and TNF resulted in significantly less production of MMP by FLS. The results of this study indicate a new role for synovial CD4+IL-21+TNF+ T cells in promoting synovial inflammation/joint destruction in patients with RA. Importantly, IL-21 blockade in combination with anti-TNF might be an effective therapy in patients with RA by inhibiting MMP-induced inflammation/joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Lebre
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Pedro L Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Man Wai Tang
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Saïda Aarrass
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Boy Helder
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Thomas Newsom-Davis
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul P Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Seifert M, Seifert G, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Langenmair E, Hopt UT, Wittel UA. Inducing a humoral immune response to pancreatic cancer antigen. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:150-155. [PMID: 27663207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pancreatic carcinoma have a grim prognosis. Here, we examine the induction of an in vitro antibody response of human B cells to pancreatic carcinoma antigens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cells of five cultured pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma lines were lysed and their plasma membrane fragments isolated in an aqueous two-phase-system. The plasma membrane fragments were then added to cultures of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers for 14 days to act as a tumor antigen. Also, we added combinations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, anti-CD40 mAb and varying protein concentrations of the plasma membrane fragments to these cultures. We then tested characteristics and binding of resulting IgG and IgM against aforementioned tumor plasma membrane fragments and their respective cells using ELISAs. RESULTS The combination of IL-2, IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb elicited IgM production showing significant binding (p<0.05) to plasma membrane fragments. PANC-1 antigen and the combination of IL-4, IL-21 and anti-CD40 mAb was able to produce a significant and specific IgG formation against PANC-1 plasma membrane fragments (p<0.05). Tumor antigen, interleukins and anti-CD40 mAb had a significant impact on the binding capacity of these antibodies (p<0.05). IgG binding pancreatic carcinoma cells was observed when the tumor antigen concentration was increased during stimulation (p<0.05). BxPC3 plasma membrane fragments showed inhibitory effects on IgG binding BxPC3 antigens (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A human anti-tumor antibody formation can be induced in vitro using PANC-1 antigens and B cell stimulating agents. This response has the potential to generate antibodies specific to PANC-1 antigens. PRéCIS: The concept presented is novel and a promising approach to eliciting a specific B cell response to tumor antigen. The method may prove useful in understanding and developing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seifert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gabriel Seifert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guido Wolff-Vorbeck
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elia Langenmair
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich T Hopt
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe A Wittel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Artemisinin analogue SM934 attenuate collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing T follicular helper cells and T helper 17 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38115. [PMID: 27897259 PMCID: PMC5126690 DOI: 10.1038/srep38115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SM934 is an artemisinin analogue with immunosuppressive properties and potent therapeutic activity against lupus-like diseases in autoimmune mice. In this report, the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of SM934 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated using collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice. We demonstrated that SM934 treatment alleviate the severity of arthritis in CIA mice with established manifestations. The therapeutic benefits were associated with ameliorated joint swelling and reduced extent of bone erosion and destruction. Further, administration of SM934 diminished the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and Th17 cells and suppressed the production of pathogenic antibodies, without altering the proportion of germinal center B cells. Ex vivo, SM934 treatment inhibited the bovine type II collagen (CII) induced proliferation and inflammatory cytokines secretion of CII -reactive T cells. In vitro, SM934 impeded the polarization of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells and the expression of its transcript factor Bcl-6. Moreover, SM934 decreased the IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells and dampened the IL-21 downstream signaling through STAT3. These finding offered the convincing evidence that artemisinin derivative might attenuate RA by simultaneously interfering with the generation of Tfh cells and Th17 cells as well as the subsequent antibody-mediated immune responses.
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43
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Wu Y, van Besouw NM, Shi Y, Hoogduijn MJ, Wang L, Baan CC. The Biological Effects of IL-21 Signaling on B-Cell-Mediated Responses in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:319. [PMID: 27602031 PMCID: PMC4994014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection has emerged as one of the major issues limiting the success of organ transplantation. It exerts a highly negative impact on graft function and outcome, and effective treatment is lacking. The triggers for antibody development, and the mechanisms leading to graft dysfunction and failure, are incompletely understood. The production of antibodies is dependent on instructions from various immunocytes including CD4 T-helper cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-21 and interact with antigen-specific B-cells via costimulatory molecules. In this article, we discuss the role of IL-21 in the activation and differentiation of B-cells and consider the mechanisms of IL-21 and B-cell interaction. An improved understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated complications after organ transplantation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which control humoral alloreactivity, potentially preventing and treating graft-threatening antibody-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Besouw
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Carla C Baan
- Sector Nephrology & Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
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Cellular immune profile of kidney transplant patients developing anti-HLA antibodies during childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:1001-10. [PMID: 26692023 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of kidney transplantation, identifying early signatures of humoral rejection is a key challenge. METHODS We investigated the presence of anti-HLA antibodies and the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in 77 kidney-transplanted children and young adults compared to 23 healthy controls. Moreover, we tested whether the presence of anti-HLA antibodies could be related to modification in lymphocyte phenotype. Finally, we correlated the presence of anti-HLA antibodies and specific alteration of lymphocyte subsets with clinical outcomes. RESULTS In kidney-transplanted children who developed anti-HLA antibodies, we observed an expansion of double-negative B cells (CD19 + CD27-IgD-), indicating premature aging of this compartment. Moreover, we reported signs of impaired B cell regulation, indicated by a higher IL-21R+ B cell frequency associated with an abnormal increase of follicular helper T cells. Finally, a considerable reduction in CD8+ effector T and invariant Natural killer T (NKT) cells was observed. The stability of graft function over time is significantly correlated with the frequency of peripheral effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and invariant NKT cells. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the usefulness of lymphocyte subset as one of a spectrum of early diagnostic tools required to identify patients at risk of developing donor alloimmune response.
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45
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Jalali S, Ansell SM. Bone marrow microenvironment in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang M, Li H, Chen Z, Luo A, Liu B, Chen M, Peng M, Ren H, Hu P. Tfh cell-mediated humoral immune response and HBsAg level can predict HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving peginterferon-α therapy. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:37-45. [PMID: 27037894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion constitutes a significant milestone in the treatment of HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but studies have yet to identify the specific humoral immune mechanisms behind the process or any accurate markers that can determine the virus-host immune status and, thereby, predict the degree of HBeAg seroconversion achievable. In the present longitudinal study, higher frequencies of circulating CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+)CD38(+) B cells were found in peginterferon-α treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients in whom HBeAg seroconversion had been achieved. What's more, both cell types peaked at 24 weeks for the HBeAg seroconversion group, while showing only a slight variation in the HBeAg non-seroconversion group. In addition, circulating CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells and hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) were assessed at 24 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively, and the use of their ratio was explored in terms of its ability to predict HBeAg seroconversion. CONCLUSION Dysfunction of the humoral immune response mediated by CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells is associated with the failure of HBeAg seroconversion. The CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells/HBsAg ratio is an ideal marker for predicting HBeAg seroconversion in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aoran Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Lal G, Kulkarni N, Nakayama Y, Singh AK, Sethi A, Burrell BE, Brinkman CC, Iwami D, Zhang T, Hehlgans T, Bromberg JS. IL-10 from marginal zone precursor B cells controls the differentiation of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Lett 2016; 170:52-63. [PMID: 26772435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells are known to control CD4T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. We hypothesized that IL-10 expression by marginal zone precursor (MZP) regulatory B cells controls the differentiation and positioning of effector and regulatory T cells during tolerization. Costimulatory blockade with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD40L mAb in C57BL/6 mice induced tolerance to allogeneic cardiac allograft. B cell depletion or IL-10 deficiency in B cells prevented tolerance, resulting in decreased follicular regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tfr) and increased IL-21 expression by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the B cell and T cell zones. IL-21 acted with IL-6 to induce CCR6(+) Th17 that caused rejection. Deficiency or blockade of IL-6, IL-21, IL-21R, or CCR6 prevented B cell depletion-induced acute cellular rejection; while agonistic mCCL20-Ig induced rejection. Adoptive transfer of IL-10(+/+) MZP in tolerogen treated CD19-Cre(+/-):IL-10(fl/fl) mice rescued the localization of Tfh and Tfr cells in the B cell follicle and prevented allograft rejection. MZP B cell IL-10 is necessary for tolerance and controls the differentiation and position of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. This has implications for understanding tolerance induction and how B cell depletion may prevent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India.
| | | | - Yumi Nakayama
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Amit K Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India
| | | | - Bryna E Burrell
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Daiki Iwami
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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48
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Increased STAT3 phosphorylation on CD27 + B-cells from common variable immunodeficiency disease patients. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ghalamfarsa G, Mahmoudi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Yazdani Y, Anvari E, Hadinia A, Ghanbari A, Setayesh M, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. IL-21 and IL-21 receptor in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:274-85. [PMID: 26507681 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1089343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are considered important factors in the modulation of various immune responses. Among them, interleukin (IL)-21 is one of the major immune modulators, adjusting various immune responses by affecting various immune cells. It has been suggested that IL-21 may enhance autoimmunity through different mechanisms, such as development and activation of helper T (TH)-17 and follicular helper T (TFH) cells, activation of natural killer (NK) cells, enhancing B-cell differentiation and antibody secretion and suppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Moreover, IL-21 has also been suggested to be an inducer of autoimmunity when following treatment of MS patients with some therapeutics such as alemtuzumab. This review will seek to clarify the precise role of IL-21/IL-21R in the pathogenesis of MS and, in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- b Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy , School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- c Department of Immunology and Microbiology , School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol , Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- d Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- e Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Abolghasem Hadinia
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Maryam Setayesh
- f Biology Department , School of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- g Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;,h Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- i Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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De Cecco L, Capaia M, Zupo S, Cutrona G, Matis S, Brizzolara A, Orengo AM, Croce M, Marchesi E, Ferrarini M, Canevari S, Ferrini S. Interleukin 21 Controls mRNA and MicroRNA Expression in CD40-Activated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134706. [PMID: 26305332 PMCID: PMC4549109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors support CLL cell survival in the microenvironment. Under different experimental conditions, IL21 can either induce apoptosis or promote CLL cell survival. To investigate mechanisms involved in the effects of IL21, we studied the ability of IL21 to modulate gene and miRNA expressions in CD40-activated CLL cells. IL21 was a major regulator of chemokine production in CLL cells and it modulated the expression of genes involved in cell movement, metabolism, survival and apoptosis. In particular, IL21 down-regulated the expression of the chemokine genes CCL4, CCL3, CCL3L1, CCL17, and CCL2, while it up-regulated the Th1-related CXCL9 and CXCL10. In addition, IL21 down-regulated the expression of genes encoding signaling molecules, such as CD40, DDR1 and PIK3CD. IL21 modulated a similar set of genes in CLL and normal B-cells (e.g. chemokine genes), whereas other genes, including MYC, TNF, E2F1, EGR2 and GAS-6, were regulated only in CLL cells. An integrated analysis of the miRNome and gene expression indicated that several miRNAs were under IL21 control and these could, in turn, influence the expression of potential target genes. We focused on hsa-miR-663b predicted to down-regulate several relevant genes. Transfection of hsa-miR-663b or its specific antagonist showed that this miRNA regulated CCL17, DDR1, PIK3CD and CD40 gene expression. Our data indicated that IL21 modulates the expression of genes mediating the crosstalk between CLL cells and their microenvironment and miRNAs may take part in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris De Cecco
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Capaia
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Zupo
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzolara
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Orengo
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Croce
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marchesi
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (SF); (SC)
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Biotherapy, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SF); (SC)
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