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Allam VSRR, Akula S, Waern I, Taha S, Wernersson S, Pejler G. Monensin Suppresses Multiple Features of House Dust Mite-Induced Experimental Asthma in Mice. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02090-7. [PMID: 38958812 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite intense efforts to develop efficient therapeutic regimes for asthma, there is a large demand for novel treatment strategies in this disease. Here we evaluated the impact of monensin, a drug with potent anti-mast cell effects, in a mouse model of asthma. Allergic airway inflammation was induced by sensitization of mice with house dust mite (HDM) antigen, and effects of monensin on airway hyperreactivity and inflammatory parameters were studied. Following intraperitoneal administration, monensin did not suppress airway hyperreactivity but was shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, as manifested by reduced eosinophil- and lymphocyte infiltration into the airway lumen, and by suppressed inflammation of the lung tissue. After intranasal instillation, monensin exhibited similar anti-inflammatory effects as seen after intraperitoneal administration. Moreover, intranasally administered monensin was demonstrated to suppress goblet cell hyperplasia, and to cause a reduction in the expression of genes coding for key inflammatory markers. Further, monensin blocked mast cell degranulation in the airways of allergen-sensitized mice. Together, this study reveals that monensin has the capacity to suppress key pathological events associated with allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sowsan Taha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rommel FR, Tumala S, Urban AL, Siebenhaar F, Kruse J, Gieler U, Peters EMJ. Stress Affects Mast Cell Proteases in Murine Skin in a Model of Atopic Dermatitis-like Allergic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5738. [PMID: 38891925 PMCID: PMC11171663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure worsens allergic inflammatory diseases substantially. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in peripheral immune responses to neuroendocrine stress mediators such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P (SP). Mast cell proteases (MCPs) and cholinergic factors (Chrna7, SLURP1) were recently described to modulate MC stress response. We studied MCPs and Chrna7/SLURP1 and their interplay in a mouse model for noise induced stress (NiS) and atopic dermatitis-like allergic inflammation (AlD) and in cultured MC lacking Chrna7. We found that the cholinergic stress axis interacts with neuroendocrine stress mediators and stress-mediator cleaving enzymes in AlD. SP-cleaving mMCP4+ MC were upregulated in AlD and further upregulated by stress in NiS+AlD. Anti-NGF neutralizing antibody treatment blocked the stress-induced upregulation in vivo, and mMCP4+ MCs correlated with measures of AlD disease activity. Finally, high mMCP4 production in response to SP depended on Chrna7/SLURP1 in cultured MCs. In conclusion, mMCP4 and its upstream regulation by Chrna7/SLURP1 are interesting novel targets for the treatment of allergic inflammation and its aggravation by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R. Rommel
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Tumala
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Urban
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Gieler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva M. J. Peters
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Charité Center 12 for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Waern I, Akula S, Allam VSRR, Taha S, Feyerabend TB, Åbrink M, Wernersson S. Disruption of the mast cell carboxypeptidase A3 gene does not attenuate airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in two mouse models of asthma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300668. [PMID: 38578780 PMCID: PMC10997103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells known to contribute to allergic airway disease. When activated, mast cells release a broad spectrum of inflammatory mediators, including the mast cell-specific protease carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). The expression of CPA3 in the airway epithelium and lumen of asthma patients has been associated with a Th2-driven airway inflammation. However, the role of CPA3 in asthma is unclear and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of CPA3 for the development and severity of allergic airway inflammation using knockout mice with a deletion in the Cpa3 gene. We used the ovalbumin (OVA)- and house-dust mite (HDM) induced murine asthma models, and monitored development of allergic airway inflammation. In the OVA model, mice were sensitized with OVA intraperitoneally at seven time points and challenged intranasally (i.n.) with OVA three times. HDM-treated mice were challenged i.n. twice weekly for three weeks. Both asthma protocols resulted in elevated airway hyperresponsiveness, increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, increased peribronchial mast cell degranulation, goblet cell hyperplasia, thickening of airway smooth muscle layer, increased expression of IL-33 and increased production of allergen-specific IgE in allergen-exposed mice as compared to mocktreated mice. However, increased number of peribronchial mast cells was only seen in the HDM asthma model. The asthma-like responses in Cpa3-/- mice were similar as in wild type mice, regardless of the asthma protocol used. Our results demonstrated that the absence of a functional Cpa3 gene had no effect on several symptoms of asthma in two different mouse models. This suggest that CPA3 is dispensable for development of allergic airway inflammation in acute models of asthma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sowsan Taha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Allam VSRR, Waern I, Taha S, Akula S, Wernersson S, Pejler G. Nafamostat has anti-asthmatic effects associated with suppressed pro-inflammatory gene expression, eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperreactivity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1136780. [PMID: 37153590 PMCID: PMC10160450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1136780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asthma is characterized by an imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors. Hence, an attractive therapeutic option could be to interfere with asthma-associated proteases. Here we exploited this option by assessing the impact of nafamostat, a serine protease inhibitor known to neutralize mast cell tryptase. Methods Nafamostat was administered in a mouse model for asthma based on sensitization by house dust mite (HDM) extract, followed by the assessment of effects on airway hyperreactivity, inflammatory parameters and gene expression. Results We show that nafamostat efficiently suppressed the airway hyperreactivity in HDM-sensitized mice. This was accompanied by reduced infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes to the airways, and by lower levels of pro-inflammatory compounds within the airway lumen. Further, nafamostat had a dampening impact on goblet cell hyperplasia and smooth muscle layer thickening in the lungs of HDM-sensitized animals. To obtain deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms, a transcriptomic analysis was conducted. This revealed, as expected, that the HDM sensitization caused an upregulated expression of numerous pro-inflammatory genes. Further, the transcriptomic analysis showed that nafamostat suppressed the levels of multiple pro-inflammatory genes, with a particular impact on genes related to asthma. Discussion Taken together, this study provides extensive insight into the ameliorating effect of nafamostat on experimental asthma, and our findings can thereby provide a basis for the further evaluation of nafamostat as a potential therapeutic agent in human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sita Rama Raju Allam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sowsan Taha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Wernersson, ; Gunnar Pejler,
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Wernersson, ; Gunnar Pejler,
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Krysko O, Korsakova D, Teufelberger A, De Meyer A, Steels J, De Ruyck N, van Ovost J, Van Nevel S, Holtappels G, Coppieters F, Ivanchenko M, Braun H, Vedunova M, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Differential protease content of mast cells and the processing of IL-33 in Alternaria alternata induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1040493. [PMID: 37153601 PMCID: PMC10154570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent in vitro studies strongly implicated mast cell-derived proteases as regulators of IL-33 activity by enzymatic cleavage in its central domain. A better understanding of the role of mast cell proteases on IL-33 activity in vivo is needed. We aimed to compare the expression of mast cell proteases in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, their role in the cleavage of IL-33 cytokine, and their contribution to allergic airway inflammation. Results In vitro, full-length IL-33 protein was efficiently degraded by mast cell supernatants of BALB/c mice in contrast to the mast cell supernatants from C57BL/6 mice. RNAseq analysis indicated major differences in the gene expression profiles of bone marrow-derived mast cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In Alternaria alternata (Alt) - treated C57BL/6 mice the full-length form of IL-33 was mainly present, while in BALB/c mice, the processed shorter form of IL-33 was more prominent. The observed cleavage pattern of IL-33 was associated with a nearly complete lack of mast cells and their proteases in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. While most inflammatory cells were similarly increased in Alt-treated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice had significantly more eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and IL-5 protein levels in their lungs than BALB/c mice. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that lung mast cells differ in number and protease content between the two tested mouse strains and could affect the processing of IL-33 and inflammatory outcome of Alt -induced airway inflammation. We suggest that mast cells and their proteases play a regulatory role in IL-33-induced lung inflammation by limiting its proinflammatory effect via the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Olga Krysko,
| | - Darya Korsakova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrea Teufelberger
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amse De Meyer
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jill Steels
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Ruyck
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judith van Ovost
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sharon Van Nevel
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Holtappels
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frauke Coppieters
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent (CMGG), Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Ivanchenko
- Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Harald Braun
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Mast cell chymase regulates extracellular matrix remodeling-related events in primary human small airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1534-1544. [PMID: 35779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Under asthmatic conditions, mast cells can relocalize to the epithelial layer and may thereby affect the functional properties of the airway epithelial cells. OBJECTIVES Activated mast cells release large quantities of proteases from their secretory granules, including chymase and tryptase. Here we investigated whether these proteases may affect airway epithelial cells. METHODS Primary small airway epithelial cells were treated with tryptase or chymase, and the effects on epithelial cell viability, proliferation, migration, cytokine output, and transcriptome were evaluated. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells were relatively refractory to tryptase. In contrast, chymase had extensive effects on multiple features of the epithelial cells, with a particular emphasis on processes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. These included suppressed expression of ECM-related genes such as matrix metalloproteinases, which was confirmed at the protein level. Further, chymase suppressed the expression of the fibronectin gene and also caused degradation of fibronectin released by the epithelial cells. Chymase was also shown to suppress the migratory capacity of the airway epithelial cells and to degrade the cell-cell contact protein E-cadherin on the epithelial cell surface. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chymase may affect the regulation of ECM remodeling events mediated by airway epithelial cells, with implications for the impact of mast cells in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma.
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Hellman L, Akula S, Fu Z, Wernersson S. Mast Cell and Basophil Granule Proteases - In Vivo Targets and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918305. [PMID: 35865537 PMCID: PMC9294451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are stored in very large amounts within abundant cytoplasmic granules of mast cells (MCs), and in lower amounts in basophils. These proteases are stored in their active form in complex with negatively charged proteoglycans, such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate, ready for rapid release upon MC and basophil activation. The absolute majority of these proteases belong to the large family of chymotrypsin related serine proteases. Three such enzymes are found in human MCs, a chymotryptic enzyme, the chymase, a tryptic enzyme, the tryptase and cathepsin G. Cathepsin G has in primates both chymase and tryptase activity. MCs also express a MC specific exopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). The targets and thereby the functions of these enzymes have for many years been the major question of the field. However, the fact that some of these enzymes have a relatively broad specificity has made it difficult to obtain reliable information about the biologically most important targets for these enzymes. Under optimal conditions they may cleave a relatively large number of potential targets. Three of these enzymes, the chymase, the tryptase and CPA3, have been shown to inactivate several venoms from snakes, scorpions, bees and Gila monster. The chymase has also been shown to cleave several connective tissue components and thereby to be an important player in connective tissue homeostasis. This enzyme can also generate angiotensin II (Ang II) by cleavage of Ang I and have thereby a role in blood pressure regulation. It also display anticoagulant activity by cleaving fibrinogen and thrombin. A regulatory function on excessive TH2 immunity has also been observed for both the chymase and the tryptase by cleavage of a highly selective set of cytokines and chemokines. The chymase also appear to have a protective role against ectoparasites such as ticks, mosquitos and leeches by the cleavage of their anticoagulant proteins. We here review the data that has accumulated concerning the potential in vivo functions of these enzymes and we discuss how this information sheds new light on the role of MCs and basophils in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Lars Hellman,
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772004. [PMID: 34868033 PMCID: PMC8634472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically a minority population of circulating granulocytes being released from the bone-marrow as terminally differentiated cells. Besides their function in the defense against parasites and in promoting allergic airway inflammation, regulatory functions have now been attributed to eosinophils in various organs. Although eosinophils are involved in the inflammatory response to allergens, it remains unclear whether they are drivers of the asthma pathology or merely recruited effector cells. Recent findings highlight the homeostatic and pro-resolving capacity of eosinophils and raise the question at what point in time their function is regulated. Similarly, eosinophils from different physical locations display phenotypic and functional diversity. However, it remains unclear whether eosinophil plasticity remains as they develop and travel from the bone marrow to the tissue, in homeostasis or during inflammation. In the tissue, eosinophils of different ages and origin along the inflammatory trajectory may exhibit functional diversity as circumstances change. Herein, we outline the inflammatory time line of allergic airway inflammation from acute, late, adaptive to chronic processes. We summarize the function of the eosinophils in regards to their resident localization and time of recruitment to the lung, in all stages of the inflammatory response. In all, we argue that immunological differences in eosinophils are a function of time and space as the allergic inflammatory response is initiated and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Tanaka S, Furuta K. Roles of IgE and Histamine in Mast Cell Maturation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082170. [PMID: 34440939 PMCID: PMC8392195 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are activated upon immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated antigen stimulation, and release a wide variety of mediators, including histamine to trigger inflammatory responses. The surface expression levels of Fcε receptor I (FcεRI), a high affinity receptor of IgE, were found to be positively regulated by IgE. IgE could protect murine cultured mast cells from apoptotic cell death induced by the deprivation of interleukin-3 and a certain kind of IgE could activate immature mast cells in the absence of antigens, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a transient increase in histamine synthesis. Histamine synthesis in mast cells was found to be required for the maturation of murine connective tissue-type mast cells, raising the possibility that IgE indirectly modulates local mast cell maturation. Although it remains controversial to what extent this concept of "monomeric IgE effects" could have relevance in the modulation of human mast cell functions, the therapeutic effects of anti-IgE antibodies might be accounted for in terms of the decreased serum IgE concentrations. Because drastic increases in serum IgE concentrations are often observed in patients with atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria, a close investigation of the roles of IgE in mast cell maturation should contribute to development of novel therapeutic approaches for these inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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Ramu S, Akbarshahi H, Mogren S, Berlin F, Cerps S, Menzel M, Hvidtfeldt M, Porsbjerg C, Uller L, Andersson CK. Direct effects of mast cell proteases, tryptase and chymase, on bronchial epithelial integrity proteins and anti-viral responses. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34078278 PMCID: PMC8170739 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are known to contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. Bronchial epithelial cells are the first line of defence against pathogens and a deficient anti-viral response has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbations. However, effects of MC mediators on bronchial epithelial immune response have been less studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of stimulation with MC proteases, tryptase and chymase, on inflammatory and anti-viral responses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). METHOD Cultured BEAS-2b cells and primary HBECs from 3 asthmatic patients were stimulated with tryptase or chymase (0.1 to 0.5 μg/ml) for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. To study the effects of MC mediators on the anti-viral response, cells were stimulated with 10 μg/ml of viral mimic Poly (I:C) for 3 and 24 h following pre-treatment with 0.5 μg/ml tryptase or chymase for 3 h. Samples were analysed for changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral mediators and receptors using RT-qPCR, western blot and Luminex. RESULTS Tryptase and chymase induced release of the alarmin ATP and pro-inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-6, IL-22 and MCP-1 from HBECs. Moreover, tryptase and chymase decreased the expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 expression from HBECs. Pre-treatment of HBECs with tryptase and chymase further increased Poly (I:C) induced IL-8 release at 3 h. Furthermore, tryptase significantly reduced type-I and III interferons (IFNs) and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in HBECs. Tryptase impaired Poly (I:C) induced IFN and PRR expression which was restored by treatment of a serine protease inhibitor. Similar effects of tryptase on inflammation and anti-viral responses were also confirmed in primary HBECs from asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION MC localization within the epithelium and the release of their proteases may play a critical role in asthma pathology by provoking pro-inflammatory and alarmin responses and downregulating IFNs. Furthermore, MC proteases induce downregulation of epithelial junction proteins which may lead to barrier dysfunction. In summary, our data suggests that mast cells may contribute towards impaired anti-viral epithelial responses during asthma exacerbations mediated by the protease activity of tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Vibhushan S, Bratti M, Montero-Hernández JE, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Charles N, Daugas E, Blank U. Mast Cell Chymase and Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E302. [PMID: 33396702 PMCID: PMC7795820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sizable part (~2%) of the human genome encodes for proteases. They are involved in many physiological processes, such as development, reproduction and inflammation, but also play a role in pathology. Mast cells (MC) contain a variety of MC specific proteases, the expression of which may differ between various MC subtypes. Amongst these proteases, chymase represents up to 25% of the total proteins in the MC and is released from cytoplasmic granules upon activation. Once secreted, it cleaves the targets in the local tissue environment, but may also act in lymph nodes infiltrated by MC, or systemically, when reaching the circulation during an inflammatory response. MC have been recognized as important components in the development of kidney disease. Based on this observation, MC chymase has gained interest following the discovery that it contributes to the angiotensin-converting enzyme's independent generation of angiotensin II, an important inflammatory mediator in the development of kidney disease. Hence, progress regarding its role has been made based on studies using inhibitors but also on mice deficient in MC protease 4 (mMCP-4), the functional murine counterpart of human chymase. In this review, we discuss the role and actions of chymase in kidney disease. While initially believed to contribute to pathogenesis, the accumulated data favor a more subtle view, indicating that chymase may also have beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Vibhushan
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Bratti
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Juan Eduardo Montero-Hernández
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
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Formation of nasal polyps: The roles of innate type 2 inflammation and deposition of fibrin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:740-750. [PMID: 32145873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. It is a heterogeneous disease, and geographical or ethnic differences in inflammatory pattern in nasal mucosa are major issues. Tissue eosinophilia in CRS is highly associated with extensive sinus disease, recalcitrance, and a higher nasal polyp (NP) recurrence rate after surgery. The prevalence of eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) is increasing in Asian countries within the last 2 decades, and this trend appears to be occurring across the world. International consensus criteria for ECRS are required for the accurate understanding of disease pathology and precision medicine. In a multicenter large-scale epidemiological survey, the "Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis study," ECRS was definitively defined when the eosinophil count in nasal mucosa is greater than or equal to 70 eosinophils/hpf (magnification, ×400), and this study proposed an algorithm that classifies CRS into 4 groups according to disease severity. The main therapeutic goal with ECRS is to eliminate or diminish the bulk of NP tissue. NPs are unique abnormal lesions that grow from the lining of the nasal and paranasal sinuses, and type 2 inflammation plays a critical role in NP development in patients with ECRS. An imbalance between protease and endogenous protease inhibitors might play a pivotal role in the initiation and exacerbation of type 2 inflammation in ECRS. Intraepithelial mast cells in NPs, showing a tryptase+, chymase- phenotype, may also enhance type 2 inflammation. Intense edema and reduced fibrosis are important histological features of eosinophilic NPs. Mucosal edema mainly consists of exuded plasma protein, and excessive fibrin deposition would be expected to contribute to the retention of proteins from capillaries and thereby perpetuate mucosal edema that may play an etiological role in NPs. Upregulation of the coagulation cascade and downregulation of fibrinolysis strongly induce abnormal fibrin deposition in nasal mucosa, and type 2 inflammation plays a central role in the imbalance of coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Pejler G. Novel Insight into the in vivo Function of Mast Cell Chymase: Lessons from Knockouts and Inhibitors. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32498069 DOI: 10.1159/000506985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as key players in diverse pathologies, but the mechanisms by which they contribute in such settings are only partially understood. Mast cells are packed with secretory granules, and when they undergo degranulation in response to activation the contents of the granules are expelled to the extracellular milieu. Chymases, neutral serine proteases, are the major constituents of the mast cell granules and are hence released in large amounts upon mast cell activation. Following their release, chymases can cleave one or several of a myriad of potential substrates, and the cleavage of many of these could potentially have a profound impact on the respective pathology. Indeed, chymases have recently been implicated in several pathological contexts, in particular through studies using chymase inhibitors and by the use of chymase-deficient animals. In many cases, chymase has been shown to account for mast cell-dependent detrimental effects in the respective conditions and is therefore emerging as a promising drug target. On the other hand, chymase has been shown to have protective roles in other pathological settings. More unexpectedly, chymase has also been shown to control certain homeostatic processes. Here, these findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
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14
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The Chymase Mouse Mast Cell Protease-4 Regulates Intestinal Cytokine Expression in Mature Adult Mice Infected with Giardia intestinalis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040925. [PMID: 32283818 PMCID: PMC7226739 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been shown to affect the control of infections with the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Recently, we demonstrated that Giardia excretory-secretory proteins inhibited the activity of the connective tissue mast cell-specific protease chymase. To study the potential role of the chymase mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-4 during infections with Giardia, mMCP-4+/+ and mMCP-4−/− littermate mice were gavage-infected with G. intestinalis trophozoites of the human assemblage B isolate GS. No significant changes in weight gain was observed in infected young (≈10 weeks old) mMCP-4−/− and mMCP-4+/+ littermate mice. In contrast, infections of mature adult mice (>18 weeks old) caused significant weight loss as compared to uninfected control mice. We detected a more rapid weight loss in mMCP-4−/− mice as compared to littermate mMCP-4+/+ mice. Submucosal mast cell and granulocyte counts in jejunum increased in the infected adult mMCP-4−/− and mMCP-4+/+ mice. This increase was correlated with an augmented intestinal trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activity, but the myeloperoxidase activity was constant. Infected mice showed a significantly lower intestinal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, and in vitro, soluble Giardia proteins inhibited human recombinant NE. Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly increased eight and 13 days post infection (dpi), while intestinal IL-6 levels showed a trend to significant increase 8 dpi. Strikingly, the lack of mMCP-4 resulted in significantly less intestinal transcriptional upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-25, CXCL2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 in the Giardia-infected mature adult mice, suggesting that chymase may play a regulatory role in intestinal cytokine responses.
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15
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Pejler G. The emerging role of mast cell proteases in asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00685-2019. [PMID: 31371445 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00685-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role in asthma. This is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including both clinical studies and studies on MC-deficient mice. However, there is still only limited knowledge of the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs influence asthma pathology. MCs contain large amounts of secretory granules, which are filled with a variety of bioactive compounds including histamine, cytokines, lysosomal hydrolases, serglycin proteoglycans and a number of MC-restricted proteases. When MCs are activated, e.g. in response to IgE receptor cross-linking, the contents of their granules are released to the exterior and can cause a massive inflammatory reaction. The MC-restricted proteases include tryptases, chymases and carboxypeptidase A3, and these are expressed and stored at remarkably high levels. There is now emerging evidence supporting a prominent role of these enzymes in the pathology of asthma. Interestingly, however, the role of the MC-restricted proteases is multifaceted, encompassing both protective and detrimental activities. Here, the current knowledge of how the MC-restricted proteases impact on asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden .,Dept of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Madjene LC, Danelli L, Dahdah A, Vibhushan S, Bex-Coudrat J, Pacreau E, Vaugier C, Claver J, Rolas L, Pons M, Madera-Salcedo IK, Beghdadi W, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Launay P, Abrink M, Pejler G, Moura IC, Charles N, Daugas E, Perianin A, Blank U. Mast cell chymase protects against acute ischemic kidney injury by limiting neutrophil hyperactivation and recruitment. Kidney Int 2019; 97:516-527. [PMID: 31866111 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the role of murine mast cell protease 4 (MCPT4), the functional counterpart of human mast cell chymase, in an experimental model of renal ischemia reperfusion injury, a major cause of acute kidney injury. MCPT4-deficient mice had worsened kidney function compared to wildtype mice. MCPT4 absence exacerbated pathologic neutrophil infiltration in the kidney and increased kidney myeloperoxidase expression, cell death and necrosis. In kidneys with ischemia reperfusion injury, when compared to wildtype mice, MCPT4-deficient mice showed increased surface expression of adhesion molecules necessary for leukocyte extravasation including neutrophil CD162 and endothelial cell CD54. In vitro, human chymase mediated the cleavage of neutrophil expressed CD162 and also CD54, P- and E-Selectin expressed on human glomerular endothelial cells. MCPT4 also dampened systemic neutrophil activation after renal ischemia reperfusion injury as neutrophils expressed more CD11b integrin and produced more reactive oxygen species in MCPT4-deficient mice. Accordingly, after renal injury, neutrophil migration to an inflammatory site distal from the kidney was increased in MCPT4-deficient versus wildtype mice. Thus, contrary to the described overall aggravating role of mast cells, one granule-released mediator, the MCPT4 chymase, exhibits a potent anti-inflammatory function in renal ischemia reperfusion injury by controlling neutrophil extravasation and activation thereby limiting associated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Celia Madjene
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Celine Vaugier
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Julien Claver
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Maguelonne Pons
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Iris Karina Madera-Salcedo
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Walid Beghdadi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hopital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Magnus Abrink
- Immunology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Cruz Moura
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Axel Perianin
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.
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17
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Mast cells drive IgE-mediated disease but might be bystanders in many other inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S19-S30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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de Souza Junior DA, Santana C, Vieira GV, Oliver C, Jamur MC. Mast Cell Protease 7 Promotes Angiogenesis by Degradation of Integrin Subunits. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040349. [PMID: 31013764 PMCID: PMC6523500 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that during angiogenesis in vitro, rmMCP-7 (recombinant mouse mast cell protease-7) stimulates endothelial cell spreading and induces their penetration into the matrix. The ability of rmMCP-7 to induce angiogenesis in vivo was assessed in the present study using a directed in vivo angiogenesis assay (DIVAA™). Vessel invasion of the angioreactor was observed in the presence of rmMCP-7 but was not seen in the control. Since integrins are involved in endothelial cell migration, the relationship between rmMCP-7 and integrins during angiogenesis was investigated. Incubation with rmMCP-7 resulted in a reduction in the levels of integrin subunits αv and β1 on SVEC4-10 endothelial cells during angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, the degradation of integrin subunits occurs both through the direct action of rmMCP-7 and indirectly via the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Even in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, incubation of endothelial cells with rmMCP-7 induced cell migration and tube formation as well as the beginning of loop formation. These data indicate that the direct degradation of the integrin subunits by rmMCP-7 is sufficient to initiate angiogenesis. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that mMCP-7 acts in angiogenesis through integrin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devandir A de Souza Junior
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Santana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel V Vieira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Celia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14.049-900, Brazil.
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21
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Zhang J, Chai X, He XP, Kim HJ, Yoon J, Tian H. Fluorogenic probes for disease-relevant enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:683-722. [PMID: 30520895 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional biochemical methods for enzyme detection are mainly based on antibody-based immunoassays, which lack the ability to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution and, in particular, the in situ activity of enzymes in live cells and in vivo. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress that has been made in the development of small-molecule as well as material-based fluorogenic probes for sensitive detection of the activities of enzymes that are related to a number of human diseases. The principles utilized to design these probes as well as their applications are reviewed. Specific attention is given to fluorogenic probes that have been developed for analysis of the activities of enzymes including oxidases and reductases, those that act on biomacromolecules including DNAs, proteins/peptides/amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids, and those that are responsible for translational modifications. We envision that this review will serve as an ideal reference for practitioners as well as beginners in relevant research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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22
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Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Tam LS, Wong CK. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2019; 10:364. [PMID: 30886621 PMCID: PMC6409346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 belongs to IL-1 cytokine family which is constitutively produced from the structural and lining cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells of skin, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs that are exposed to the environment. Different from most cytokines that are actively secreted from cells, nuclear cytokine IL-33 is passively released during cell necrosis or when tissues are damaged, suggesting that it may function as an alarmin that alerts the immune system after endothelial or epithelial cell damage during infection, physical stress, or trauma. IL-33 plays important roles in type-2 innate immunity via activation of allergic inflammation-related eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, macrophages, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) through its receptor ST2. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of the underlying intercellular and intracellular mechanisms by which IL-33 can regulate the allergic inflammation in various allergic diseases including allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. The future pharmacological strategy and application of traditional Chinese medicines targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis for anti-inflammatory therapy of allergic diseases were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W K Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Lai-Shan Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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23
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Korkmaz B, Caughey GH, Chapple I, Gauthier F, Hirschfeld J, Jenne DE, Kettritz R, Lalmanach G, Lamort AS, Lauritzen C, Łȩgowska M, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, McKaig SJ, Moss C, Pedersen J, Roberts H, Schreiber A, Seren S, Thakker NS. Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C: from pathophysiology to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:202-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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The combined action of mast cell chymase, tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 protects against melanoma colonization of the lung. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25066-25079. [PMID: 28212574 PMCID: PMC5421910 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell secretory granules are densely packed with various bioactive mediators including proteases of chymase, tryptase and CPA3 type. Previous studies have indicated that mast cells can affect the outcome of melanoma but the contribution of the mast cell granule proteases to such effects has not been clear. Here we addressed this issue by assessing mice lacking either the chymase Mcpt4, the tryptase Mcpt6 or carboxypeptidase A3 (Cpa3), as well as mice simultaneously lacking all three proteases, in a model of melanoma dissemination from blood to the lung. Although mice with individual deficiency in the respective proteases did not differ significantly from wildtype mice in the extent of melanoma colonization, mice with multiple protease deficiency (Mcpt4/Mcpt6/Cpa3-deficient) exhibited a higher extent of melanoma colonization in lungs as compared to wildtype animals. This was supported by higher expression of melanoma-specific genes in lungs of Mcpt4/Mcpt6/CPA3-deficient vs. wildtype mice. Cytokine profiling showed that the levels of CXCL16, a chemokine with effects on T cell populations and NKT cells, were significantly lower in lungs of Mcpt4/Mcpt6/Cpa3-deficient animals vs. controls, suggesting that multiple mast cell protease deficiency might affect T cell or NKT cell populations. In line with this, we found that the Mcpt4/Mcpt6/Cpa3-deficiency was associated with a reduction in cells expressing CD1d, a MHC class 1-like molecule that is crucial for presenting antigen to invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Together, these findings indicate a protective role of mast cell-specific proteases in melanoma dissemination, and suggest that this effect involves a CXCL16/CD1d/NKT cell axis.
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25
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Zarnegar B, Mendez-Enriquez E, Westin A, Söderberg C, Dahlin JS, Grönvik KO, Hallgren J. Influenza Infection in Mice Induces Accumulation of Lung Mast Cells through the Recruitment and Maturation of Mast Cell Progenitors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:310. [PMID: 28382037 PMCID: PMC5360735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are powerful immune cells that mature in the peripheral tissues from bone marrow (BM)-derived mast cell progenitors (MCp). Accumulation of MCs in lung compartments where they are normally absent is thought to enhance symptoms in asthma. The enrichment of lung MCs is also observed in mice subjected to models of allergic airway inflammation. However, whether other types of lung inflammation trigger increased number of MCp, which give rise to MCs, is unknown. Here, mouse-adapted H1N1 influenza A was used as a model of respiratory virus infection. Intranasal administration of the virus induced expression of VCAM-1 on the lung vascular endothelium and an extensive increase in integrin β7hi lung MCp. Experiments were performed to distinguish whether the influenza-induced increase in the number of lung MCp was triggered mainly by recruitment or in situ cell proliferation. A similar proportion of lung MCp from influenza-infected and PBS control mice were found to be in a proliferative state. Furthermore, BM chimeric mice were used in which the possibility of influenza-induced in situ cell proliferation of host MCp was prevented. Influenza infection in the chimeric mice induced a similar number of lung MCp as in normal mice. These experiments demonstrated that recruitment of MCp to the lung is the major mechanism behind the influenza-induced increase in lung MCp. Fifteen days post-infection, the influenza infection had elicited an immature MC population expressing intermediate levels of integrin β7, which was absent in controls. At the same time point, an increased number of toluidine blue+ MCs was detected in the upper central airways. When the inflammation was resolved, the MCs that accumulated in the lung upon influenza infection were gradually lost. In summary, our study reveals that influenza infection induces a transient accumulation of lung MCs through the recruitment and maturation of MCp. We speculate that temporary augmented numbers of lung MCs are a cause behind virus-induced exacerbations of MC-related lung diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behdad Zarnegar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Erika Mendez-Enriquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Annika Westin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Joakim S Dahlin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Kjell-Olov Grönvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala Immunobiology Lab, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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26
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Sundaram A, Chen C, Khalifeh-Soltani A, Atakilit A, Ren X, Qiu W, Jo H, DeGrado W, Huang X, Sheppard D. Targeting integrin α5β1 ameliorates severe airway hyperresponsiveness in experimental asthma. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:365-374. [PMID: 27918306 DOI: 10.1172/jci88555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options are limited for severe asthma, and the need for additional therapies remains great. Previously, we demonstrated that integrin αvβ6-deficient mice are protected from airway hyperresponsiveness, due in part to increased expression of the murine ortholog of human chymase. Here, we determined that chymase protects against cytokine-enhanced bronchoconstriction by cleaving fibronectin to impair tension transmission in airway smooth muscle (ASM). Additionally, we identified a pathway that can be therapeutically targeted to mitigate the effects of airway hyperresponsiveness. Administration of chymase to human bronchial rings abrogated IL-13-enhanced contraction, and this effect was not due to alterations in calcium homeostasis or myosin light chain phosphorylation. Rather, chymase cleaved fibronectin, inhibited ASM adhesion, and attenuated focal adhesion phosphorylation. Disruption of integrin ligation with an RGD-containing peptide abrogated IL-13-enhanced contraction, with no further effect from chymase. We identified α5β1 as the primary fibronectin-binding integrin in ASM, and α5β1-specific blockade inhibited focal adhesion phosphorylation and IL-13-enhanced contraction, with no additional effect from chymase. Delivery of an α5β1 inhibitor into murine airways abrogated the exaggerated bronchoconstriction induced by allergen sensitization and challenge. Finally, α5β1 blockade enhanced the effect of the bronchodilator isoproterenol on airway relaxation. Our data identify the α5β1 integrin as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the severity of airway contraction in asthma.
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27
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Zhang R, Zhang CJ, Feng G, Hu F, Wang J, Liu B. Specific Light-Up Probe with Aggregation-Induced Emission for Facile Detection of Chymase. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9111-7. [PMID: 27541711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human chymases are important proteases abundant in mast cell granules. The elevated level of chymases and other serine proteases is closely related to inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. Monitoring of the chymase level is very important, however, the existing methods remain limited and insufficient. In this work, a light-up probe of TPETH-2(CFTERD3) (where CFTERD is Cys-Phe-Thr-Glu-Arg-Asp) was developed for chymase detection. The probe has low fluorescent signal in aqueous media, but its solubility can be changed after hydrolysis by chymase, giving significant fluorescence turn-on with a high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The probe has excellent selectivity to chymase compared to other proteins and can effectively differentiate chymase from other enzymes (e.g., chymotrypsin and trypsin) in the same family (E.C. 3.4.21). The detection limit is calculated to be 0.1 ng/mL in PBS buffer with a linear range of 0-9.0 ng/mL. A comparison study using TPETH-2(CFTERD2) as the probe reveals the importance of molecular design in realizing the high S/N ratio. TPETH-2(CFTERD3) thus represents a simple turn-on probe for chymase detection, with real-time and direct readout and also excellent sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Jigang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) , Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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28
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Oklu R, Lynch M, Fava M, Baig F, Yin X, Barwari T, Potier DN, Albadawi H, Jahangiri M, Porter KE, Watkins MT, Misra S, Stoughton J, Mayr M. Extracellular matrix remodelling in response to venous hypertension: proteomics of human varicose veins. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:419-30. [PMID: 27068509 PMCID: PMC4872879 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extracellular matrix remodelling has been implicated in a number of vascular conditions, including venous hypertension and varicose veins. However, to date, no systematic analysis of matrix remodelling in human veins has been performed. METHODS AND RESULTS To understand the consequences of venous hypertension, normal and varicose veins were evaluated using proteomics approaches targeting the extracellular matrix. Varicose saphenous veins removed during phlebectomy and normal saphenous veins obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery were collected for proteomics analysis. Extracellular matrix proteins were enriched from venous tissues. The proteomics analysis revealed the presence of >150 extracellular matrix proteins, of which 48 had not been previously detected in venous tissue. Extracellular matrix remodelling in varicose veins was characterized by a loss of aggrecan and several small leucine-rich proteoglycans and a compensatory increase in collagen I and laminins. Gene expression analysis of the same tissues suggested that the remodelling process associated with venous hypertension predominantly occurs at the protein rather than the transcript level. The loss of aggrecan in varicose veins was paralleled by a reduced expression of aggrecanases. Chymase and tryptase β1 were among the up-regulated proteases. The effect of these serine proteases on the venous extracellular matrix was further explored by incubating normal saphenous veins with recombinant enzymes. Proteomics analysis revealed extensive extracellular matrix degradation after digestion with tryptase β1. In comparison, chymase was less potent and degraded predominantly basement membrane-associated proteins. CONCLUSION The present proteomics study provides unprecedented insights into the expression and degradation of structural and regulatory components of the vascular extracellular matrix in varicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Marc Lynch
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marika Fava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ferheen Baig
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - David N Potier
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karen E Porter
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julianne Stoughton
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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29
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Waern I, Karlsson I, Pejler G, Wernersson S. IL-6 and IL-17A degradation by mast cells is mediated by a serglycin:serine protease axis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:70-9. [PMID: 27042303 PMCID: PMC4768062 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells contain large amounts of fully active proteases that are stored in complex with serglycin proteoglycan in their secretory granules. Upon degranulation, such serglycin:protease complexes are released to the extracellular space and can potentially have an impact on the local inflammatory reaction, either through direct effects of serglycin proteoglycan or through effects mediated by its bound proteases. The objective of this study was to address this scenario by investigating the possibility that serglycin‐associated proteases can regulate levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, we show here that activated cultured peritoneal mast cells from wild type mice efficiently reduced the levels of exogenously administered IL‐6 and IL‐17A, whereas serglycin‐deficient mast cells lacked this ability. Furthermore, our data suggest that the reduction of IL‐6 and IL‐17A concentrations is due to proteolytic degradation mediated by serglycin‐dependent serine proteases. Moreover, we show that activated mast cells have the capacity to release IL‐6 and that the levels of this cytokine in supernatants were markedly higher in cultures of serglycin‐deficient versus serglycin‐sufficient mast cells, suggesting that serglycin‐dependent serine proteases also participate in the regulation of endogenously produced IL‐6. In summary, although the general consensus is that mast cells have a pathogenic impact on inflammatory settings, this study identifies a role for a mast cell‐derived serglycin:serine protease axis in down‐regulating levels of major inflammatory cytokines. These findings support the notion that mast cells could have a dual role in inflammatory settings, by both being able to secrete pathogenic compounds and being able to regulate their levels after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Iulia Karlsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and BiochemistrySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSE-75007Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE-75123Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
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30
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Morris A, Wang B, Waern I, Venkatasamy R, Page C, Schmidt EP, Wernersson S, Li JP, Spina D. The role of heparanase in pulmonary cell recruitment in response to an allergic but not non-allergic stimulus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127032. [PMID: 26039697 PMCID: PMC4454641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Expression of this enzyme is increased in several pathological conditions including inflammation. We have investigated the role of heparanase in pulmonary inflammation in the context of allergic and non-allergic pulmonary cell recruitment using heparanase knockout (Hpa-/-) mice as a model. Following local delivery of LPS or zymosan, no significant difference was found in the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung between Hpa-/- and wild type (WT) control. Similarly neutrophil recruitment was not inhibited in WT mice treated with a heparanase inhibitor. However, in allergic inflammatory models, Hpa-/- mice displayed a significantly reduced eosinophil (but not neutrophil) recruitment to the airways and this was also associated with a reduction in allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, indicating that heparanase expression is associated with allergic reactions. This was further demonstrated by pharmacological treatment with a heparanase inhibitor in the WT allergic mice. Examination of lung specimens from patients with different severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) found increased heparanase expression. Thus, it is established that heparanase contributes to allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the lung and could provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Morris
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radhakrishnan Venkatasamy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Domenico Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:44-55. [PMID: 25958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are rich in proteases, which are the major proteins of intracellular granules and are released with histamine and heparin by activated cells. Most of these proteases are active in the granule as well as outside of the mast cell when secreted, and can cleave targets near degranulating mast cells and in adjoining tissue compartments. Some proteases released from mast cells reach the bloodstream and may have far-reaching actions. In terms of relative amounts, the major mast cell proteases include the tryptases, chymases, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidylpeptidase I/cathepsin C, and cathepsins L and S. Some mast cells also produce granzyme B, plasminogen activators, and matrix metalloproteinases. Tryptases and chymases are almost entirely mast cell-specific, whereas other proteases, such as cathepsins G, C, and L are expressed by a variety of inflammatory cells. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression is a property shared by basophils and mast cells. Other proteases, such as mastins, are largely basophil-specific, although human basophils are protease-deficient compared with their murine counterparts. The major classes of mast cell proteases have been targeted for development of therapeutic inhibitors. Also, a human β-tryptase has been proposed as a potential drug itself, to inactivate of snake venins. Diseases linked to mast cell proteases include allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis, but also include non-allergic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and scarring diseases of lungs and other organs. In some cases, studies performed in mouse models suggest protective or homeostatic roles for specific proteases (or groups of proteases) in infections by bacteria, worms and other parasites, and even in allergic inflammation. At the same time, a clearer picture has emerged of differences in the properties and patterns of expression of proteases expressed in human mast cell subsets, and in humans versus other mammals. These considerations are influencing prioritization of specific protease targets for therapeutic inhibition, as well as options of pre-clinical models, disease indications, and choice of topical versus systemic routes of inhibitor administration.
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32
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Reber LL, Sibilano R, Mukai K, Galli SJ. Potential effector and immunoregulatory functions of mast cells in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:444-63. [PMID: 25669149 PMCID: PMC4739802 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells of hematopoietic origin that normally reside in mucosal tissues, often near epithelial cells, glands, smooth muscle cells, and nerves. Best known for their contributions to pathology during IgE-associated disorders such as food allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis, MCs are also thought to mediate IgE-associated effector functions during certain parasite infections. However, various MC populations also can be activated to express functional programs--such as secreting preformed and/or newly synthesized biologically active products--in response to encounters with products derived from diverse pathogens, other host cells (including leukocytes and structural cells), damaged tissue, or the activation of the complement or coagulation systems, as well as by signals derived from the external environment (including animal toxins, plant products, and physical agents). In this review, we will discuss evidence suggesting that MCs can perform diverse effector and immunoregulatory roles that contribute to homeostasis or pathology in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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33
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Galli SJ, Tsai M, Marichal T, Tchougounova E, Reber LL, Pejler G. Approaches for analyzing the roles of mast cells and their proteases in vivo. Adv Immunol 2015; 126:45-127. [PMID: 25727288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in health and disease remain incompletely understood. While the evidence that mast cells are critical effector cells in IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and other acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions seems unassailable, studies employing various mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-associated proteases have yielded divergent conclusions about the roles of mast cells or their proteases in certain other immunological responses. Such "controversial" results call into question the relative utility of various older versus newer approaches to ascertain the roles of mast cells and mast cell proteases in vivo. This review discusses how both older and more recent mouse models have been used to investigate the functions of mast cells and their proteases in health and disease. We particularly focus on settings in which divergent conclusions about the importance of mast cells and their proteases have been supported by studies that employed different models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency. We think that two major conclusions can be drawn from such findings: (1) no matter which models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency one employs, the conclusions drawn from the experiments always should take into account the potential limitations of the models (particularly abnormalities affecting cell types other than mast cells) and (2) even when analyzing a biological response using a single model of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency, details of experimental design are critical in efforts to define those conditions under which important contributions of mast cells or their proteases can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cui Y, Dahlin JS, Feinstein R, Bankova LG, Xing W, Shin K, Gurish MF, Hallgren J. Mouse mast cell protease-6 and MHC are involved in the development of experimental asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4783-4789. [PMID: 25320274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex disease with a strong genetic component where mast cells play a major role by the release of proinflammatory mediators. In the mouse, mast cell protease-6 (mMCP-6) closely resembles the human version of mast cell tryptase, β-tryptase. The gene that encodes mMCP-6, Tpsb2, resides close by the H-2 complex (MHC gene) on chromosome 17. Thus, when the original mMCP-6 knockout mice were backcrossed to the BALB/c strain, these mice were carrying the 129/Sv haplotype of MHC (mMCP-6(-/-)/H-2bc). Further backcrossing yielded mMCP-6(-/-) mice with the BALB/c MHC locus. BALB/c mice were compared with mMCP-6(-/-) and mMCP-6(-/-)/H-2bc mice in a mouse model of experimental asthma. Although OVA-sensitized and challenged wild type mice displayed a striking airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mMCP-6(-/-) mice had less AHR that was comparable with that of mMCP-6(-/-)/H-2bc mice, suggesting that mMCP-6 is required for a full-blown AHR. The mMCP-6(-/-)/H-2bc mice had strikingly reduced lung inflammation, IgE responses, and Th2 cell responses upon sensitization and challenge, whereas the mMCP-6(-/-) mice responded similarly to the wild type mice but with a minor decrease in bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils. These findings suggest that inflammatory Th2 responses are highly dependent on the MHC-haplotype and that they can develop essentially independently of mMCP-6, whereas mMCP-6 plays a key role in the development of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim S Dahlin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Feinstein
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Xing
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kichul Shin
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael F Gurish
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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Martins PR, Nascimento RD, de Souza Lisboa A, Martinelli PM, d'Ávila Reis D. Neuroimmunopathology of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced megaoesophagus: Is there a role for mast cell proteases? Hum Immunol 2014; 75:302-5. [PMID: 24530752 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tryptase and chymase are mast cell (MC)-specific proteases, which influence in the activation of inflammatory cells. In this study, we quantified tryptase- or chymase-expressing MCs in the oesophaguses of Chagas patients, and searched for a correlation between those data with area of nerve fibres that expressed either PGP9.5 (pan-marker) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which is a neuromediator that has anti-inflammatory activity. Samples from the oesophaguses of 14 individuals Trypanosoma cruzi-infected and from six uninfected individuals were analysed by immunohistochemistry. It was demonstrated that the number of tryptase-IR MCs in infected individuals increased when compared with controls, regardless of whether the individuals had megaoesophagus, whereas the number of chymase-IR MCs increased only in infected individuals without megaoesophagus. Negative correlations were observed between tryptase-IR MCs and the density of nerve fibres that expressed VIP or PGP 9.5-IR. The participation of chymase and tryptase in this type of immunopathology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André de Souza Lisboa
- Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Débora d'Ávila Reis
- Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil.
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Reber LL, Frossard N. Targeting mast cells in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:416-35. [PMID: 24486828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mast cells have long been known to play a critical role in anaphylaxis and other allergic diseases, they also participate in some innate immune responses and may even have some protective functions. Data from the study of mast cell-deficient mice have facilitated our understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms driving mast cell functions during both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review presents an overview of the biology of mast cells and their potential involvement in various inflammatory diseases. We then discuss some of the current pharmacological approaches used to target mast cells and their products in several diseases associated with mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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Reber LL, Daubeuf F, Pejler G, Abrink M, Frossard N. Mast Cells Contribute to Bleomycin-Induced Lung Inflammation and Injury in Mice through a Chymase/Mast Cell Protease 4–Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1847-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Generation of a new congenic mouse strain with enhanced chymase expression in mast cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84340. [PMID: 24391943 PMCID: PMC3877308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells best known for their roles in IgE-associated allergy, but they also play a protective role in defense against pathogens. These cells express high levels of proteases including chymase, tryptase and carboxypeptidase. In the present study, we identified a congenic strain of C57BL/6 mice expressing an extraordinarily high level of chymases Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 in mast cells. The overexpression was associated with variant Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 genes originated from DBA/2 mice that also expressed high levels of the two enzymes. Real time PCR analysis revealed that Mcp-2 and Mcp-4 were selectively overexpressed as tryptases, Cpa3 and several other chymases were kept at normal levels. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Mcp-2 gene may be partly responsible for the increased gene transcription. Our study provides a new model system to study the function of mast cell chymases. The data also suggest that expression of chymases differs considerably in different strains of mice and the increased chymase activity may be responsible for some unique phenotypes observed in DBA/2 mice.
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Roy A, Ganesh G, Sippola H, Bolin S, Sawesi O, Dagälv A, Schlenner SM, Feyerabend T, Rodewald HR, Kjellén L, Hellman L, Åbrink M. Mast cell chymase degrades the alarmins heat shock protein 70, biglycan, HMGB1, and interleukin-33 (IL-33) and limits danger-induced inflammation. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:237-50. [PMID: 24257755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection and tissue damage, virulence factors and alarmins are pro-inflammatory and induce activation of various immune cells including macrophages and mast cells (MCs). Activated MCs instantly release preformed inflammatory mediators, including several proteases. The chymase mouse mast cell protease (MCPT)-4 is thought to be pro-inflammatory, whereas human chymase also degrades pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that chymase instead limits inflammation. Here we explored the contribution of MCPT4 and human chymase to the control of danger-induced inflammation. We found that protein extracts from wild type (WT), carboxypeptidase A3-, and MCPT6-deficient mice and MCs and recombinant human chymase efficiently degrade the Trichinella spiralis virulence factor heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as well as endogenous Hsp70. MC-(W(sash))-, serglycin-, NDST2-, and MCPT4-deficient extracts lacked this capacity, indicating that chymase is responsible for the degradation. Chymase, but not MC tryptase, also degraded other alarmins, i.e. biglycan, HMGB1, and IL-33, a degradation that was efficiently blocked by the chymase inhibitor chymostatin. IL-7, IL-22, GM-CSF, and CCL2 were resistant to chymase degradation. MCPT4-deficient conditions ex vivo and in vivo showed no reduction in added Hsp70 and only minor reduction of IL-33. Peritoneal challenge with Hsp70 resulted in increased neutrophil recruitment and TNF-α levels in the MCPT4-deficient mice, whereas IL-6 and CCL2 levels were similar to the levels found in WT mice. The rapid and MC chymase-specific degradation of virulence factors and alarmins may depend on the presence of accessible extended recognition cleavage sites in target substrates and suggests a protective and regulatory role of MC chymase during danger-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- From the Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
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Mast cell chymase modulates IL-33 levels and controls allergic sensitization in dust-mite induced airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:911-20. [PMID: 23235745 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells contributing to allergic conditions. When activated, they can release large amounts of active proteases, including chymase from their secretory granules. Here we assessed the role of the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) in allergic airway inflammation induced by house-dust mite (HDM) extract. mMCP-4-/-) mice demonstrated elevated airway reactivity and eosinophilia compared with wild-type (WT) animals, suggesting a protective role for mMCP-4 during the late inflammatory phase of the disease. However, mMCP-4 also contributed to the sensitization phase, as indicated by higher levels of serum immunoglobulin E in mMCP-4(-/-) vs. WT mice and higher levels of cytokines secreted by HDM-restimulated mMCP-4(-/-) vs. WT splenocytes. In line with a contribution of mMCP-4 in the early stages of disease, HDM extract directly induced chymase secretion from MCs. The elevated airway and inflammatory responses of mMCP-4(-/-) mice were associated with a profound increase in the levels of interleukin (IL)-33 in the lung tissue. Moreover, WT MCs degraded IL-33 more efficiently than did MCs lacking mMCP-4. Together, our findings identify a protective role of a MC chymase in a physiologically relevant model for airway inflammation and suggest that chymase-mediated regulation of IL-33 can account for this protective function.
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Mast cell chymase protects against renal fibrosis in murine unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2013; 84:317-26. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lei Y, Gregory JA, Nilsson GP, Adner M. Insights into mast cell functions in asthma using mouse models. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:532-9. [PMID: 23583635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics targeting specific mechanisms of asthma have shown promising results in mouse models of asthma. However, these successes have not transferred well to the clinic or to the treatment of asthma sufferers. We suggest a reason for this incongruity is that mast cell-dependent responses, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of both atopic and non-atopic asthma, are not a key component in most of the current asthma mouse models. Two reasons for this are that wild type mice have, in contrast to humans, a negligible number of mast cells localized in the smaller airways and in the parenchyma, and that only specific protocols show mast cell-dependent reactions. The development of mast cell-deficient mice and the reconstitution of mast cells within these mice have opened up the possibility to generate mouse models of asthma with a marked role of mast cells. In addition, mast cell-deficient mice engrafted with mast cells have a distribution of mast cells more similar to humans. In this article we review and highlight the mast cell-dependent and -independent responses with respect to airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthma models using mast cell-deficient and mast cell-engrafted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and they have both beneficial and detrimental functions for the host. They are mainly implicated in pro-inflammatory responses to allergens but can also contribute to protection against pathogens. Although both cell types were identified more than 130 years ago by Paul Ehrlich, their in vivo functions remain poorly understood. The precursor cell populations that give rise to mast cells and basophils have recently been characterized and isolated. Furthermore, new genetically modified mouse strains have been developed, which enable more specific targeting of mast cells and basophils. Such advances offer new opportunities to uncover the true in vivo activities of these cells and to revisit their previously proposed effector functions.
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Heuston S, Hyland NP. Chymase inhibition as a pharmacological target: a role in inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal disorders? Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:732-40. [PMID: 22646261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase has been extensively studied with respect to its role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, and is notable for its role in the generation of angiotensin II, a mediator crucial in vascular remodelling. However, in more recent years, an association between chymase and several inflammatory diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been described. Such studies, to date, with respect to IBD at least, are descriptive in the clinical context; nonetheless, preclinical studies implicate chymase in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation. However, studies to elucidate the role of chymase in functional bowel disease are in their infancy, but suggest a plausible role for chymase in contributing to some of the phenotypic changes observed in such disorders, namely increased epithelial permeability. In this short review, we have summarized the current knowledge on the pathophysiological role of chymase and its inhibition with reference to inflammation and tissue injury outside of the GI tract and discussed its potential role in GI disorders. We speculate that chymase may be a novel therapeutic target in the GI tract, and as such, inhibitors of chymase warrant preclinical investigation in GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heuston
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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Mfge8 suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma by regulating smooth muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:660-5. [PMID: 23269839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216673110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway obstruction is a hallmark of allergic asthma and is caused primarily by airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypercontractility. Airway inflammation leads to the release of cytokines that enhance ASM contraction by increasing ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) activity. The protective mechanisms that prevent or attenuate the increase in RhoA activity have not been well studied. Here, we report that mice lacking the gene that encodes the protein Milk Fat Globule-EGF factor 8 (Mfge8(-/-)) develop exaggerated airway hyperresponsiveness in experimental models of asthma. Mfge8(-/-) ASM had enhanced contraction after treatment with IL-13, IL-17A, or TNF-α. Recombinant Mfge8 reduced contraction in murine and human ASM treated with IL-13. Mfge8 inhibited IL-13-induced NF-κB activation and induction of RhoA. Mfge8 also inhibited rapid activation of RhoA, an effect that was eliminated by an inactivating point mutation in the RGD integrin-binding site in recombinant Mfge8. Human subjects with asthma had decreased Mfge8 expression in airway biopsies compared with healthy controls. These data indicate that Mfge8 binding to integrin receptors on ASM opposes the effect of allergic inflammation on RhoA activity and identify a pathway for specific inhibition of ASM hypercontractility in asthma.
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Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Rios EJ, Treuting PM, Lahiri A, Abrink M, Pejler G, Tsai M, Galli SJ. The chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 degrades TNF, limits inflammation, and promotes survival in a model of sepsis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:875-86. [PMID: 22901752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4), the mouse counterpart of human mast cell chymase, is thought to have proinflammatory effects in innate or adaptive immune responses associated with mast cell activation. However, human chymase can degrade the proinflammatory cytokine TNF, a mediator that can be produced by mast cells and many other cell types. We found that mMCP-4 can reduce levels of mouse mast cell-derived TNF in vitro through degradation of transmembrane and soluble TNF. We assessed the effects of interactions between mMCP-4 and TNF in vivo by analyzing the features of a classic model of polymicrobial sepsis, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), in C57BL/6J-mMCP-4-deficient mice versus C57BL/6J wild-type mice, and in C57BL/6J-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice containing adoptively transferred mast cells that were either wild type or lacked mMCP-4, TNF, or both mediators. The mMCP-4-deficient mice exhibited increased levels of intraperitoneal TNF, higher numbers of peritoneal neutrophils, and increased acute kidney injury after CLP, and also had significantly higher mortality after this procedure. Our findings support the conclusion that mMCP-4 can enhance survival after CLP at least in part by limiting detrimental effects of TNF, and suggest that mast cell chymase may represent an important negative regulator of TNF in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Piliponsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5324, USA.
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Van der Velden J, Barker D, Barcham G, Koumoundouros E, Snibson K. Increased mast cell density and airway responses to allergic and non-allergic stimuli in a sheep model of chronic asthma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37161. [PMID: 22606346 PMCID: PMC3351402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased mast cell (MC) density and changes in their distribution in airway tissues is thought to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of asthma. However, the time sequence for these changes and how they impact small airway function in asthma is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to characterise temporal changes in airway MC density and correlate these changes with functional airway responses in sheep chronically challenged with house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Methodology/Principal Findings MC density was examined on lung tissue from four spatially separate lung segments of allergic sheep which received weekly challenges with HDM allergen for 0, 8, 16 or 24 weeks. Lung tissue was collected from each segment 7 days following the final challenge. The density of tryptase-positive and chymase-positive MCs (MCT and MCTC respectively) was assessed by morphometric analysis of airway sections immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against MC tryptase and chymase. MCT and MCTC density was increased in small bronchi following 24 weeks of HDM challenges compared with controls (P<0.05). The MCTC/MCT ratio was significantly increased in HDM challenged sheep compared to controls (P<0.05). MCT and MCTC density was inversely correlated with allergen-induced increases in peripheral airway resistance after 24 weeks of allergen exposure (P<0.05). MCT density was also negatively correlated with airway responsiveness after 24 challenges (P<0.01). Conclusions MCT and MCTC density in the small airways correlates with better lung function in this sheep model of chronic asthma. Whether this finding indicates that under some conditions mast cells have protective activities in asthma, or that other explanations are to be considered requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Van der Velden
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Donna Barker
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Garry Barcham
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Koumoundouros
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kenneth Snibson
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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