1
|
Huang D, Jiao X, Huang S, Liu J, Si H, Qi D, Pei X, Lu D, Wang Y, Li Z. Analysis of the heterogeneity and complexity of murine extraorbital lacrimal gland via single-cell RNA sequencing. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:60-95. [PMID: 38945476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal gland is essential for maintaining ocular surface health and avoiding external damage by secreting an aqueous layer of the tear film. However, a healthy lacrimal gland's inventory of cell types and heterogeneity remains understudied. METHODS Here, 10X Genome-based single-cell RNA sequencing was used to generate an unbiased classification of cellular diversity in the extraorbital lacrimal gland (ELG) of C57BL/6J mice. From 43,850 high-quality cells, we produced an atlas of cell heterogeneity and defined cell types using classic marker genes. The possible functions of these cells were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, the CellChat was employed for a preliminary analysis of the cell-cell communication network in the ELG. RESULTS Over 37 subclasses of cells were identified, including seven types of glandular epithelial cells, three types of fibroblasts, ten types of myeloid-derived immune cells, at least eleven types of lymphoid-derived immune cells, and five types of vascular-associated cell subsets. The cell-cell communication network analysis revealed that fibroblasts and immune cells play a pivotal role in the dense intercellular communication network within the mouse ELG. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive transcriptome atlas and related database of the mouse ELG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duliurui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiangman Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongli Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Di Qi
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoting Pei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yimian Wang
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ushio A, Matsuda-Lennikov M, Kalle-Youngoue F, Shimizu A, Abdelmaksoud A, Kelly MC, Ishimaru N, Takahama Y. Functionally diverse thymic medullary epithelial cells interplay to direct central tolerance. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114072. [PMID: 38581680 PMCID: PMC11079940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are essential for the establishment of self-tolerance in T cells. Promiscuous gene expression by a subpopulation of mTECs regulated by the nuclear protein Aire contributes to the display of self-genomic products to newly generated T cells. Recent reports have highlighted additional self-antigen-displaying mTEC subpopulations, namely Fezf2-expressing mTECs and a mosaic of self-mimetic mTECs including thymic tuft cells. In addition, a functionally different subset of mTECs produces chemokine CCL21, which attracts developing thymocytes to the medullary region. Here, we report that CCL21+ mTECs and Aire+ mTECs non-redundantly cooperate to direct self-tolerance to prevent autoimmune pathology by optimizing the deletion of self-reactive T cells and the generation of regulatory T cells. We also detect cooperation for self-tolerance between Aire and Fezf2, the latter of which unexpectedly regulates thymic tuft cells. Our results indicate an indispensable interplay among functionally diverse mTECs for the establishment of central self-tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ushio
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda-Lennikov
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felix Kalle-Youngoue
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Akihide Shimizu
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdalla Abdelmaksoud
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alkhalifah M, AlMezaine H, AlMoallem B. Identification of AIRE pathogenic variants ends diagnostic odyssey for Saudi child with infantile-onset keratoconjunctivitis as an early sign of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type1; a case report. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:59-62. [PMID: 37017251 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2196565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic keratoconjunctivitis is a rare presentation of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1) during the first year of life. Herein, We report a case of a 10-month-old baby girl with chronic bilateral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring and neovascularization that was treated initially with topical immunosuppressants. METHODS Detailed ophthalmological assessment followed by molecular testing using whole exome sequencing. RESULTS In addition to the severe chronic bilateral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal scarring and neovascularization, patient weight was found to be low than 10th percentile. Further genetic testing revealed autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene variant that was only reported once in the literature confirming the diagnosis of APS-1. Further workup detected hypoparathyroidism that was treated with calcium supplementation. CONCLUSION Our case represents the importance of multidisciplinary services and highlights the role of genetic testing in diagnosing such syndromic cases. We reviewed previous reports and found that available treatment for ocular involvement is usually nonsatisfactory; however, early detection and referral by ophthalmologists could result in treating previously undetected endocrine disorders that can be life threatening if left untreated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Alkhalifah
- Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani AlMezaine
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basamat AlMoallem
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohno Y, Satoh K, Kashimata M. Review of genes potentially related to hyposecretion in male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a Sjögren's syndrome model. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:211-217. [PMID: 37209839 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is known to cause dry eyes and mouth due to inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands. However, some reports imply that other factors trigger dry eyes and mouth. We previously investigated various factors using RNA-sequencing analysis of lacrimal glands from male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, an SS model. In this review, we described (1) the exocrine features of male and female NOD mice, (2) the up- and down-regulated genes in the lacrimal glands of male NOD mice as revealed by our RNA-sequencing data, and (3) comparisons between these genes and data in the Salivary Gland Gene Expression Atlas. HIGHLIGHTS Male NOD mice exhibit a steady worsening of lacrimal hyposecretion and dacryoadenitis, whereas females exhibit a complex pathophysiological condition that includes diabetic disease, salivary hyposecretion, and sialadenitis. Ctss, an up-regulated gene, is a potential inducer of lacrimal hyposecretion and is also expressed in salivary glands. Two other up-regulated genes, Ccl5 and Cxcl13, may worsen the inflammation of SS in both the lacrimal and salivary glands. The genes Esp23, Obp1a, and Spc25 were detected as down-regulated, but judging the relationship between these genes and hyposecretion is difficult as only limited information is available. Another down-regulated gene, Arg1, is involved in lacrimal hyposecretion, and it also has the potential to cause salivary hyposecretion in NOD mice. CONCLUSION In NOD mice, males may be better than females at evaluating the pathophysiology of SS. Some regulated genes revealed by our RNA-sequencing data might be potential therapeutic targets for SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ohno
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
| | - Keitaro Satoh
- Department of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
| | - Masanori Kashimata
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aytekin ES, Cagdas D. APECED and the place of AIRE in the puzzle of the immune network associated with autoimmunity. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13299. [PMID: 38441333 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, discoveries about the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein and its critical role in immune tolerance have provided fundamental insights into understanding the molecular basis of autoimmunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of AIRE on immunological tolerance and the characteristics of autoimmune diseases in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED), which is caused by biallelic AIRE mutations. A better understanding of the immunological mechanisms of AIRE deficiency may enlighten immune tolerance mechanisms and new diagnostic and treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases. Considering that not all clinical features of APECED are present in a given follow-up period, the diagnosis is not easy in a patient at the first visit. Longer follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach are essential for diagnosis. It is challenging to prevent endocrine and other organ damage compared with other diseases associated with multiple autoimmunities, such as FOXP3, LRBA, and CTLA4 deficiencies. Unfortunately, no curative therapy like haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or specific immunomodulation is present that is successful in the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Soyak Aytekin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, SBU Dr. Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Dogramaci Children`s Hospital, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han H, Cummings S, Shade KTC, Johnson J, Qian G, Gans J, Shankara S, Escobedo J, Zarazinski E, Bodinizzo R, Bangari D, Bryce P, Hicks A. Cellular mechanisms and effects of IL-4 receptor blockade in experimental conjunctivitis evoked by skin inflammation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163495. [PMID: 36626228 PMCID: PMC9977427 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases, including conjunctivitis, are recognized as common comorbidities in atopic dermatitis (AD) and occur at an increased frequency in patients with AD treated with biologics targeting IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) or IL-13. However, the inflammatory mechanisms underlying this pathology are unknown. Here, we developed a potentially novel mouse model of skin inflammation-evoked conjunctivitis and showed that it is dependent on CD4+ T cells and basophils. Blockade of IL-4Rα partially attenuated conjunctivitis development, downregulated basophil activation, and led to a reduction in expression of genes related to type 2 cytokine responses. Together, these data suggest that an IL-4Rα/basophil axis plays a role in the development of murine allergic conjunctivitis. Interestingly, we found a significant augmentation of a number of genes that encode tear proteins and enzymes in anti-IL-4Rα-treated mice, and it may underlie the partial efficacy in this model and may represent candidate mediators of the increased frequency of conjunctivitis following dupilumab in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheila Cummings
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Platform, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai-Ting C. Shade
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Platform, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Qian
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Gans
- Sanofi, Translational Science Single Cell & Functional Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srinivas Shankara
- Sanofi, Translational Science Single Cell & Functional Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Javier Escobedo
- Sanofi, Translational Science Single Cell & Functional Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik Zarazinski
- Sanofi, In-vivo Research Center, Translational In-vivo Models Platform, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renee Bodinizzo
- Sanofi, In-vivo Research Center, Translational In-vivo Models Platform, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dinesh Bangari
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Platform, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Bryce
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Hicks
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qi Y, Zhang R, Lu Y, Zou X, Yang W. Aire and Fezf2, two regulators in medullary thymic epithelial cells, control autoimmune diseases by regulating TSAs: Partner or complementer? Front Immunol 2022; 13:948259. [PMID: 36110862 PMCID: PMC9468217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is believed to be responsible for the elimination of autoreactive T cells, a critical process in the maintenance of central immune tolerance. The transcription factor autoimmune regulator (Aire) and FEZ family zinc finger 2(Fezf2) play an essential role in driving the expression of TSAs in mTECs, while their deficiency in humans and mice causes a range of autoimmune manifestations, such as type 1 diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. However, because of their regulatory mechanisms, the expression profile of TSAs and their relationship with special autoimmune diseases are still in dispute. In this review, we compare the roles of Aire and Fezf2 in regulating TSAs, with an emphasis on their molecular mechanisms in autoimmune diseases, which provides the foundation for devising improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Yang
- *Correspondence: Wei Yang, ; Xueyang Zou,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mauduit O, Delcroix V, Umazume T, de Paiva CS, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Spatial transcriptomics of the lacrimal gland features macrophage activity and epithelium metabolism as key alterations during chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011125. [PMID: 36341342 PMCID: PMC9628215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine gland that produces the watery part of the tear film that lubricates the ocular surface. Chronic inflammation, such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS), is one of the leading causes of aqueous-deficiency dry eye (ADDE) disease worldwide. In this study we analyzed the chronic inflammation in the LGs of the NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.H-2b) mice, a mouse model of SS, utilizing bulk RNAseq and Visium spatial gene expression. With Seurat we performed unsupervised clustering and analyzed the spatial cell distribution and gene expression changes in all cell clusters within the LG sections. Moreover, for the first time, we analyzed and validated specific pathways defined by bulk RNAseq using Visium technology to determine activation of these pathways within the LG sections. This analysis suggests that altered metabolism and the hallmarks of inflammatory responses from both epithelial and immune cells drive inflammation. The most significant pathway enriched in upregulated DEGs was the "TYROBP Causal Network", that has not been described previously in SS. We also noted a significant decrease in lipid metabolism in the LG of the NOD.H-2b mice. Our data suggests that modulation of these pathways can provide a therapeutic strategy to treat ADDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- The Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Dana R. Autoimmunity in dry eye disease - An updated review of evidence on effector and memory Th17 cells in disease pathogenicity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102933. [PMID: 34509656 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The classic Th1/Th2 dogma has been significantly reshaped since the subsequent introduction of several new T helper cell subsets, among which the most intensively investigated during the last decade is the Th17 lineage that demonstrates critical pathogenic roles in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation - including the highly prevalent dry eye disease. In this review, we summarize current concepts of Th17-mediated disruption of ocular surface immune homeostasis that leads to autoimmune inflammatory dry eye disease, by discussing the induction, activation, differentiation, migration, and function of effector Th17 cells in disease development, highlighting the phenotypic and functional plasticity of Th17 lineage throughout the disease initiation, perpetuation and sustention. Furthermore, we emphasize the most recent advance in Th17 memory formation and function in the chronic course of dry eye disease, a major area to be better understood for facilitating the development of effective treatments in a broader field of autoimmune diseases that usually present a chronic course with recurrent episodes of flare in the target tissues or organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Masli S, Dartt DA. Mouse Models of Sjögren's Syndrome with Ocular Surface Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239112. [PMID: 33266081 PMCID: PMC7730359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic rheumatic disease that predominantly affects salivary and lacrimal glands resulting in oral and ocular dryness, respectively, referred to as sicca symptoms. The clinical presentation of ocular dryness includes keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), resulting from the inflammatory damage to the ocular surface tissues of cornea and conjunctiva. The diagnostic evaluation of KCS is a critical component of the classification criteria used by clinicians worldwide to confirm SS diagnosis. Therapeutic management of SS requires both topical and systemic treatments. Several mouse models of SS have contributed to our current understanding of immunopathologic mechanisms underlying the disease. This information also helps develop novel therapeutic interventions. Although these models address glandular aspects of SS pathology, their impact on ocular surface tissues is addressed only in a few models such as thrombospondin (TSP)-1 deficient, C57BL/6.NOD.Aec1Aec2, NOD.H2b, NOD.Aire KO, and IL-2Rα (CD25) KO mice. While corneal and/or conjunctival damage is reported in most of these models, the characteristic SS specific autoantibodies are only reported in the TSP-1 deficient mouse model, which is also validated as a preclinical model. This review summarizes valuable insights provided by investigations on the ocular spectrum of the SS pathology in these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.A.D.); Tel.: +1-617-358-2195 (S.M.); +1-617-912-0272 (D.A.D.)
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.A.D.); Tel.: +1-617-358-2195 (S.M.); +1-617-912-0272 (D.A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rausch MP, Meador LR, Metzger TC, Li H, Qiu S, Anderson MS, Hastings KT. GILT in Thymic Epithelial Cells Facilitates Central CD4 T Cell Tolerance to a Tissue-Restricted, Melanoma-Associated Self-Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2877-2886. [PMID: 32269095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central tolerance prevents autoimmunity, but also limits T cell responses to potentially immunodominant tumor epitopes with limited expression in healthy tissues. In peripheral APCs, γ-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is critical for MHC class II-restricted presentation of disulfide bond-containing proteins, including the self-antigen and melanoma Ag tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1). The role of GILT in thymic Ag processing and generation of central tolerance has not been investigated. We found that GILT enhanced the negative selection of TRP1-specific thymocytes in mice. GILT expression was enriched in thymic APCs capable of mediating deletion, namely medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells, whereas TRP1 expression was restricted solely to mTECs. GILT facilitated MHC class II-restricted presentation of endogenous TRP1 by pooled thymic APCs. Using bone marrow chimeras, GILT expression in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), but not hematopoietic cells, was sufficient for complete deletion of TRP1-specific thymocytes. An increased frequency of TRP1-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells was present in chimeras with increased deletion of TRP1-specific thymocytes. Only chimeras that lacked GILT in both TECs and hematopoietic cells had a high conventional T/Treg cell ratio and were protected from melanoma challenge. Thus, GILT expression in thymic APCs, and mTECs in particular, preferentially facilitates MHC class II-restricted presentation, negative selection, and increased Treg cells, resulting in a diminished antitumor response to a tissue-restricted, melanoma-associated self-antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Lydia R Meador
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Handong Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - K Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du HM, Wang YJ, Liu X, Wang SL, Wu SM, Yuan Z, Zhu XK. Defective Central Immune Tolerance Induced by High-Dose D-Galactose Resembles Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:617-626. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791906004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptor ameliorates Sjögren's syndrome in NOD mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27240-27251. [PMID: 28460477 PMCID: PMC5432331 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lysophospholipid, is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of LPA/LPA receptor (LPAR) signaling in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We found that autotaxin, an LPA producing enzyme, and LPAR1 and LPAR3 mRNA, and IL-17 mRNA were highly expressed in the exocrine glands of 20-week-old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which show SS symptoms at this age, as compared with non-symptomatic 8-week-old NOD mice. In an adoptive transfer model using NOD lymphocytes, treatment with Ki16425, an LPAR1/3 antagonist, restored tear and saliva secretion and decreased symptoms of SS compared with the vehicle-treated group. IL-17 levels in serum and lacrimal glands were also significantly reduced by Ki16425 in recipient mice. In addition, Ki16425 treatment of 20-week-old NOD mice, which spontaneously developed SS, restored saliva volume. Treatment of NOD splenocytes with LPA induced the expression of IL-17 in a dose-dependent manner, and Ki16425 inhibited this increase. LPA stimulated the activation of ROCK2 and p38 MAPK; and inhibition of ROCK2 or p38 MAPK suppressed LPA-induced IL-17 expression. Our data suggest that LPAR signaling stimulates SS development by induction of IL-17 production via ROCK and p38 MAPK pathways. Thus, LPAR inhibition could be a possible therapeutic strategy for SS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
About two decades ago, cloning of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene materialized one of the most important actors on the scene of self-tolerance. Thymic transcription of genes encoding tissue-specific antigens (ts-ags) is activated by AIRE protein and embodies the essence of thymic self-representation. Pathogenic AIRE variants cause the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, which is a rare and complex disease that is gaining attention in research on autoimmunity. The animal models of disease, although not identically reproducing the human picture, supply fundamental information on mechanisms and extent of AIRE action: thanks to its multidomain structure, AIRE localizes to chromatin enclosing the target genes, binds to histones, and offers an anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in initiation and post-initiation events of gene transcription. In addition, AIRE enhances mRNA diversity by favoring alternative mRNA splicing. Once synthesized, ts-ags are presented to, and cause deletion of the self-reactive thymocyte clones. However, AIRE function is not restricted to the activation of gene transcription. AIRE would control presentation and transfer of self-antigens for thymic cellular interplay: such mechanism is aimed at increasing the likelihood of engagement of the thymocytes that carry the corresponding T-cell receptors. Another fundamental role of AIRE in promoting self-tolerance is related to the development of thymocyte anergy, as thymic self-representation shapes at the same time the repertoire of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIRE seems to replicate its action in the secondary lymphoid organs, albeit the cell lineage detaining such property has not been fully characterized. Delineation of AIRE functions adds interesting data to the knowledge of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and introduces exciting perspectives of therapeutic interventions against the related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, Vito Fazzi Regional Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takaba H, Takayanagi H. The Mechanisms of T Cell Selection in the Thymus. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:805-816. [PMID: 28830733 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo positive and negative selection in the thymic cortex and medulla, respectively. A promiscuous expression of a wide array of self-antigens in the thymus is essential for the negative selection of self-reactive T cells and the establishment of central tolerance. Aire was originally thought to be the exclusive factor regulating the expression of tissue-restricted antigens, but Fezf2 recently emerged as a critical transcription factor in this regulatory activity. Fezf2 is selectively expressed in thymic medullary epithelial cells, regulates a large number of tissue-restricted antigens and suppresses the onset of autoimmune responses. Here, we discuss novel findings on the transcriptional mechanisms of tissue restricted-antigen expression in the medullary thymic epithelial cells and its effects on T cell selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takaba
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pathological Analysis of Ocular Lesions in a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061209. [PMID: 28587293 PMCID: PMC5486032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by severe inflammation of exocrine glands such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. When it affects the lacrimal glands, many patients experience keratoconjunctivitis due to severely dry eyes. This study investigated the pathological and immunological characteristics of ocular lesions in a mouse model of SS. Corneal epithelial injury and hyperplasia were confirmed pathologically. The number of conjunctival mucin-producing goblet cells was significantly decreased in the SS model mice compared with control mice. Expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 12 were significantly higher in the corneal epithelium of the SS model mice than in control mice. Inflammatory lesions were observed in the Harderian, intraorbital, and extraorbital lacrimal glands in the SS model mice, suggesting that the ocular glands were targeted by an autoimmune response. The lacrimal glands of the SS model mice were infiltrated by cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed significantly increased mRNA expression of TNF-α, TGF-β, CXCL9, and lysozyme in the extraorbital lacrimal glands of the SS model mice compared with control mice. These results add to the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of SS and may facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Oftedal BE, Marthinussen MC, Erichsen MM, Tveitarås MK, Kjellesvik-Kristiansen A, Hammenfors D, Jonsson MV, Kisand K, Jonsson R, Wolff ASB. Impaired salivary gland activity in patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:211-222. [PMID: 28686485 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1344972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS-I) is a severe disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. We hypothesized that salivary gland dysfunction could be a possible unexplored component of these patients and here aimed to investigate salivary and lachrymal symptoms in the Norwegian cohort of APS-I patients (N = 41) and the aetiology behind it. Sicca symptoms and possible corresponding underlying factors were assessed by subjective reports combined with objective measures of saliva and tear flow, serological testing, immune fluorescence microscopy, ultrasonography and searching for putative autoantibodies in the salivary glands. In addition, defensin and anti-defensin levels were analysed in patients and compared with healthy controls. Our results indicate mild salivary and/or lachrymal gland dysfunction manifesting in low saliva or tear flow in a total of 62% of APS-I patients. Serum IgG from 9 of 12 patients bound to targets in salivary gland biopsy slides, although the specificity and pattern of binding varied. There was no reactivity against known Sjögren-associated autoantigens in sera from APS-I patients using quantitative methods, but 11% were ANA positive by immunofluorescence microscopy. We identified several putative autoantigens in one patient, although none of these were verified as APS-I specific. We conclude that impaired salivary gland activity is part of the clinical picture of APS-I and our findings could indicate an autoimmune aetiology. We further show that APS-I patients have an altered antimicrobial signature in both sera and saliva, which requires further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E Oftedal
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | | | - Martina M Erichsen
- c Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Maria K Tveitarås
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | | | - Daniel Hammenfors
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
- d Department of Rheumatology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Malin V Jonsson
- e Department of Clinical Dentistry , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Kai Kisand
- f Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Roland Jonsson
- d Department of Rheumatology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
- g Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- a Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Pathogenic and Protective Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6010001. [PMID: 31548517 PMCID: PMC6698825 DOI: 10.3390/antib6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, leading to defects in T cell selection. The disease manifestations include both autoimmune tissue destruction and immunodeficiency, with specific susceptibility to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Studies have demonstrated a wide repertoire of high affinity tissue- and cytokine-specific antibodies in patients with APECED. Here, we review the antigenic targets and function of these disease-causing and disease-ameliorating antibodies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Couturier A, Brézin AP. Ocular manifestations of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27:505-513. [PMID: 27606815 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ocular manifestations in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS1) are frequent and have a poor prognosis. The phenotype of these APS1-associated ocular features have been recently characterized in molecularly confirmed patients with APS1. RECENT FINDINGS Keratopathy and retinopathy can be severe manifestations of APS1. Heterogeneous corneal involvement can be observed, ranging from minimal superficial punctate staining to severe stromal scarring with deep corneal neovascularization. This phenotypic heterogeneity, observed even in patients with identical AIRE mutations, is suggestive of a poor genotype-phenotype correlation. Similarly, in patients with retinopathy, peripheral pigmentary changes are noted in all cases, yet with heterogeneous severity, ranging from isolated patchy atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium to a retinitis pigmentosa-like fundus. Macular atrophy with vision loss is found in most cases. The severity of ophthalmic findings is uncorrelated to that of systemic manifestations. An autoimmune origin with specific autoantibodies directed against corneal and/or retinal autoantigens is the main mechanism believed to be responsible for the ocular manifestations of APS1. SUMMARY Progressive keratopathy and/or retinopathy can lead to severe visual loss and pain in patients with APS1. Although no treatment has shown efficacy regarding the APS1-associated ocular manifestations, ophthalmologic examinations are recommended in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Couturier
- aDepartment of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Université Paris 7 - Sorbonne Paris Cité bDepartment of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris 5 - Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Farid M, Agrawal A, Fremgen D, Tao J, Chuyi H, Nesburn AB, BenMohamed L. Age-related Defects in Ocular and Nasal Mucosal Immune System and the Immunopathology of Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 24:327-47. [PMID: 25535823 PMCID: PMC4478284 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.986581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent public health concern that affects up to 30% of adults and is particularly chronic and severe in the elderly. Two interconnected mechanisms cause DED: (1) an age-related dysfunction of lacrimal and meibomian glands, which leads to decreased tear production and/or an increase in tear evaporation; and (2) an age-related uncontrolled inflammation of the surface of the eye triggered by yet-to-be-determined internal immunopathological mechanisms, independent of tear deficiency and evaporation. In this review we summarize current knowledge on animal models that mimic both the severity and chronicity of inflammatory DED and that have been reliably used to provide insights into the immunopathological mechanisms of DED, and we provide an overview of the opportunities and limitations of the rabbit model in investigating the role of both ocular and nasal mucosal immune systems in the immunopathology of inflammatory DED and in testing novel immunotherapies aimed at delaying or reversing the uncontrolled age-related inflammatory DED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Farid
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniel Fremgen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeremiah Tao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - He Chuyi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dragin N, Bismuth J, Cizeron-Clairac G, Biferi MG, Berthault C, Serraf A, Nottin R, Klatzmann D, Cumano A, Barkats M, Le Panse R, Berrih-Aknin S. Estrogen-mediated downregulation of AIRE influences sexual dimorphism in autoimmune diseases. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1525-37. [PMID: 26999605 PMCID: PMC4811157 DOI: 10.1172/jci81894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 5% to 8% of the population, and females are more susceptible to these diseases than males. Here, we analyzed human thymic transcriptome and revealed sex-associated differences in the expression of tissue-specific antigens that are controlled by the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), a key factor in central tolerance. We hypothesized that the level of AIRE is linked to sexual dimorphism susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. In human and mouse thymus, females expressed less AIRE (mRNA and protein) than males after puberty. These results were confirmed in purified murine thymic epithelial cells (TECs). We also demonstrated that AIRE expression is related to sexual hormones, as male castration decreased AIRE thymic expression and estrogen receptor α-deficient mice did not show a sex disparity for AIRE expression. Moreover, estrogen treatment resulted in downregulation of AIRE expression in cultured human TECs, human thymic tissue grafted to immunodeficient mice, and murine fetal thymus organ cultures. AIRE levels in human thymus grafted in immunodeficient mice depended upon the sex of the recipient. Estrogen also upregulated the number of methylated CpG sites in the AIRE promoter. Together, our results indicate that in females, estrogen induces epigenetic changes in the AIRE gene, leading to reduced AIRE expression under a threshold that increases female susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dragin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Jacky Bismuth
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Grazia Biferi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Claire Berthault
- INSERM U668, Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Serraf
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis–Robinson, France
| | - Rémi Nottin
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis–Robinson, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Biotherapy, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- INSERM U668, Unit for Lymphopoiesis, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Martine Barkats
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- CNRS FRE 3617, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Couturier A, Saugier-Veber P, Carel JC, Bertherat J, Brézin AP. Keratopathy in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type 1. Cornea 2015; 34:1086-91. [PMID: 26114819 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the spectrum of phenotypes in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS1)-related keratopathy. METHODS In this retrospective observational case series, 6 patients followed for APS1 were included. Data collected included family history, age at presentation, and systemic and ophthalmic manifestations. The 14 coding exons of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene were sequenced. RESULTS The age at the onset of keratopathy ranged from 4 to 20 years. The ocular symptoms varied from mild photophobia to severe pain, and visual acuity was from light perception to 20/20 Snellen equivalent. Heterogeneous corneal involvement was observed, ranging from minimal superficial punctate staining to severe stromal scarring with deep corneal neovascularization. The severity of ophthalmic findings was uncorrelated to that of systemic manifestations. The genetic analyses identified 2 novel mutations (c.173C>A in exon 2 and c.892G>T in exon 8) and 4 known mutations (c.62C>T in exon 1, c.415C>T in exon 3, c.1096-1G>A in intron 9, and c.1193delC in exon 10) in the AIRE gene. In patients with identical AIRE mutations, including within a sib-pair, heterogeneous phenotypes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Keratopathy can be an early and severe manifestation of APS1, which contributes to the global prognosis of the disease. Its mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Couturier
- *APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Paris, France; †Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; ‡APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Paris, France; §Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; ¶Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medecine, University of Rouen, France; ‖Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; **AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique et Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and ††APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Endocrinologie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou D, McNamara NA. Macrophages: important players in primary Sjögren's syndrome? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:513-20. [PMID: 24646086 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands with unknown etiology. Due to recent research utilizing human subjects as well as laboratory animal models, our understanding of the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms of pSS has made great strides. As a consequence, targeted, immune-based therapies are gaining increased attention as the ideal way to conquer autoimmune diseases like pSS. Currently, however, there is no effective treatment to target specific immunological events or effector immune cells in the pathogenesis of pSS (discussed in other reviews of the current issue). Here, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge of the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of pSS. Human studies, especially utilizing salivary gland biopsies, demonstrate the infiltration of macrophages and its correlation with disease severity. Moreover, animal model studies have shown the functional involvement of macrophages in promoting the ocular component of pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Combined anterior chamber washout, amniotic membrane transplantation, and topical use of corticosteroids for severe peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Cornea 2014; 33:559-64. [PMID: 24763125 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of anterior chamber washout, amniotic membrane transplantation, and topical use of corticosteroids in the treatment of severe peripheral ulcerative keratitis with membranous endothelial exudation. METHODS Twelve patients (12 eyes) with severe corneal ulceration were included. All ulcers were located at the corneal periphery, accompanied by central corneal epithelial defects and stromal edema. Membranous endothelial exudates were observed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The duration of the ulcers was 1 to 10 months (mean, 3.0 ± 2.9 months) before the patients visited our institution. Corneal inflammation and ulceration could not be controlled after 2 weeks of topical antiinflammation treatment. Bacterial, fungal, and Acanthamoeba infections were not detected. Surgical treatment was performed. After the necrotic corneal tissue was cut, exudation clinging to the endothelium was removed. Then, amniotic membrane was placed on the corneal lesion. Postoperatively, corticosteroid eye drops and topical and systemic antiinflammation medication were given. Healing of corneal ulcers and improvement of stromal edema were detected by slit-lamp microscopy. All patients were followed up for 3 to 15 months (mean, 6.5 ± 3.7 months). RESULTS All corneal ulcers healed by 1 to 2 weeks after surgery. The corneal stromal edema subsided within 1 month. All patients achieved a stable ocular surface. There was no recurrence during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Anterior chamber washout and amniotic membrane transplantation combined with topical corticosteroids seems to be effective for the treatment of severe peripheral ulcerative keratitis with endothelial exudates.
Collapse
|
26
|
McNamara NA, Gallup M, Porco TC. Establishing PAX6 as a biomarker to detect early loss of ocular phenotype in human patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7079-84. [PMID: 25228544 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common autoimmune disease that can cause aqueous-deficient dry eye and the aberrant differentiation of ocular mucosal epithelial cells toward a lineage that is pathologically keratinized and skin-like. PAX6 is the master regulator of corneal lineage commitment. Recently, we showed a functional role for PAX6 in preventing ocular surface damage induced by the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, in a mouse model of SS. Here, we examine PAX6's potential as a clinical biomarker that predicts ocular surface disease in SS patients. METHODS Impression cytology specimens isolated from the bulbar conjunctiva of control (n = 43) and SS patients (n = 43) were used to evaluate the relative abundance of PAX6, IL-1β, and pathologic keratinization marker, small proline-rich protein (SPRR1B) by TaqMan qPCR. Transcript expression was examined relative to clinical data, including the ocular staining score (OSS), tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer tear test, serum autoantibody results, and the labial salivary gland focus score. RESULTS PAX6 expression was significantly reduced in SS patients (P = 0.010, Wilcoxon rank sum test), and highly correlated with OSS (Spearman ρ = 0.239, 95% CI 0.02-0.43; P = 0.027). The extent to which PAX6 predicted SPRR1B was largely dependent on IL-1β expression (R(2) = 0.28, P < 0.01) and elevated IL-1β predicted reduced TBUT (R(2) = 0.24, P = 0.035), low tear secretion (R(2) = 0.30, P = 0.011), and focus score (R(2) = 0.21, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of PAX6 in SS patients was highly associated with ocular surface damage and largely dependent on the level of inflammation. Restoration of PAX6 may provide a clinical approach to manage dry eye in SS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
A critical function of the thymus is to help enforce tolerance to self. The importance of central tolerance in preventing autoimmunity has been enlightened by a deeper understanding of the interactions of developing T cells with a diverse population of thymic antigen presenting cell populations. Furthermore, there has been rapid progress in our understanding of how autoreactive T cell specificities are diverted into the T regulatory lineage. Here we review and highlight the recent progress in how tolerance is imposed on the developing thymocyte repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Mouchess
- Diabetes Center, University of California-San Francisco, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Berrih-Aknin S. Myasthenia Gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 52:1-28. [PMID: 24934596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmune disease (AID). It is mediated by antibodies that target the neuromuscular junction. The purpose of this review is to place MG in the general context of autoimmunity, to summarize the common mechanisms between MG and other AIDs, and to describe the specific mechanisms of MG. We have chosen the most common organ-specific AIDs to compare with MG: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS), some systemic AIDs (systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS)), as well as inflammatory diseases of the gut and liver (celiac disease (CeD), Crohn's disease (CD), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)). Several features are similar between all AIDs, suggesting that common pathogenic mechanisms lead to their development. In this review, we address the predisposing factors (genetic, epigenetic, hormones, vitamin D, microbiota), the triggering components (infections, drugs) and their interactions with the immune system [1,2]. The dysregulation of the immune system is detailed and includes the role of B cells, Treg cells, Th17 and cytokines. We particularly focused on the role of TNF-α and interferon type I whose role in MG is very analogous to that in several other AIDS. The implication of AIRE, a key factor in central tolerance is also discussed. Finally, if MG is a prototype of AIDS, it has a clear specificity compared to the other AIDS, by the fact that the target organ, the muscle, is not the site of immune infiltration and B cell expansion, but exclusively that of antibody-mediated pathogenic mechanisms. By contrast, the thymus in the early onset subtype frequently undergoes tissue remodeling, resulting in the development of ectopic germinal centers surrounded by high endothelial venules (HEV), as observed in the target organs of many other AIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center UM76, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM U974, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS FRE 3617, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Myology, F-75013 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kisand K, Peterson P, Laan M. Lymphopenia-induced proliferation in aire-deficient mice helps to explain their autoimmunity and differences from human patients. Front Immunol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 24592265 PMCID: PMC3923166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) and its mouse model – both caused by mutant AIRE – have greatly advanced the understanding of thymic processes that generate a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Much is now known about the molecular mechanisms by which AIRE induces tissue-specific antigen expression in thymic epithelium, and how this leads to negative selection of auto-reactive thymocytes. However, we still do not understand the processes that lead to the activation of any infrequent naïve auto-reactive T-cells exported by AIRE-deficient thymi. Also, the striking phenotypic differences between APECED and its mouse models have puzzled researchers for years. The aim of this review is to suggest explanations for some of these unanswered questions, based on a fresh view of published experiments. We review evidence that auto-reactive T-cells can be activated by the prolonged neonatal lymphopenia that naturally develops in young Aire-deficient mice due to delayed export of mature thymocytes. Lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) helps to fill the empty space; by favoring auto-reactive T-cells, it also leads to lymphocyte infiltration in the same tissues as in day 3 thymectomized animals. The LIP becomes uncontrolled when loss of Aire is combined with defects in genes responsible for anergy induction and Treg responsiveness, or in signaling from the T-cell receptor and homeostatic cytokines. In APECED patients, LIP is much less likely to be involved in activation of naïve auto-reactive T-cells, as humans are born with a more mature immune system than in neonatal mice. We suggest that human AIRE-deficiency presents with different phenotypes because of additional precipitating factors that compound the defective negative selection of potentially autoaggressive tissue-specific thymocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Martti Laan
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Metzger TC, Khan IS, Gardner JM, Mouchess ML, Johannes KP, Krawisz AK, Skrzypczynska KM, Anderson MS. Lineage tracing and cell ablation identify a post-Aire-expressing thymic epithelial cell population. Cell Rep 2013; 5:166-79. [PMID: 24095736 PMCID: PMC3820422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells in the medulla (mTECs) play a critical role in enforcing central tolerance through expression and presentation of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) and deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. TSA expression requires autoimmune regulator (Aire), a transcriptional activator present in a subset of mTECs characterized by high CD80 and major histocompatibility complex II expression and a lack of potential for differentiation or proliferation. Here, using an Aire-DTR transgenic line, we show that short-term ablation specifically targets Aire(+) mTECs, which quickly undergo RANK-dependent recovery. Repeated ablation also affects Aire(-) mTECs, and using an inducible Aire-Cre fate-mapping system, we find that this results from the loss of a subset of mTECs that showed prior expression of Aire, maintains intermediate TSA expression, and preferentially migrates toward the center of the medulla. These results clearly identify a distinct stage of mTEC development and underscore the diversity of mTECs that play a key role in maintaining tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen YT, Chen FYT, Vijmasi T, Stephens DN, Gallup M, McNamara NA. Pax6 downregulation mediates abnormal lineage commitment of the ocular surface epithelium in aqueous-deficient dry eye disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77286. [PMID: 24143217 PMCID: PMC3797128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia (SQM) of the ocular surface is a blinding consequence of systemic autoimmune disease and there is no cure. Ocular SQM is traditionally viewed as an adaptive tissue response during chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) that provokes pathological keratinization of the corneal epithelium and fibrosis of the corneal stroma. Recently, we established the autoimmune regulator-knockout (Aire KO) mouse as a model of autoimmune KCS and identified an essential role for autoreactive CD4+ T cells in SQM pathogenesis. In subsequent studies, we noted the down-regulation of paired box gene 6 (Pax6) in both human patients with chronic KCS associated with Sjögren’s syndrome and Aire KO mice. Pax6 encodes a pleiotropic transcription factor guiding eye morphogenesis during development. While the postnatal function of Pax6 is largely unknown, we hypothesized that its role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis was disrupted in the inflamed eye and that loss of Pax6 played a functional role in the initiation and progression of SQM. Adoptive transfer of autoreactive T cells from Aire KO mice to immunodeficient recipients confirmed CD4+ T cells as the principal downstream effectors promoting Pax6 downregulation in Aire KO mice. CD4+ T cells required local signaling via Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R1) to provoke Pax6 loss, which prompted a switch from corneal-specific cytokeratin, CK12, to epidermal-specific CK10. The functional role of Pax6 loss in SQM pathogenesis was indicated by the reversal of SQM and restoration of ocular surface homeostasis following forced expression of Pax6 in corneal epithelial cells using adenovirus. Thus, tissue-restricted restoration of Pax6 prevented aberrant epidermal-lineage commitment suggesting adjuvant Pax6 gene therapy may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent SQM in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the ocular surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ting Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Feeling Y. T. Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Trinka Vijmasi
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Denise N. Stephens
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zumer K, Saksela K, Peterlin BM. The mechanism of tissue-restricted antigen gene expression by AIRE. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2479-82. [PMID: 23456700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator is a critical transcription factor for generating central tolerance in the thymus. Recent studies have revealed how the autoimmune regulator targets many otherwise tissue-restricted Ag genes to enable negative selection of autoreactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zumer
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou D, Chen YT, Chen F, Gallup M, Vijmasi T, Bahrami AF, Noble LB, van Rooijen N, McNamara NA. Critical involvement of macrophage infiltration in the development of Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eye. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:753-60. [PMID: 22770665 PMCID: PMC3432423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland and ocular surface in autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS) causes an aqueous-deficient dry eye that is associated with significant morbidity. Previous studies from our laboratory and others have established autoimmune regulator (Aire)-deficient mice as a useful model to examine exocrinopathy and ocular surface disease associated with SS. Consistent with human SS, autoreactive CD4(+) T cells play an indispensible role in the development of exocrine and ocular surface disease in Aire knockout mice. We report that in addition to CD4(+) T cells, a large number of macrophages infiltrate the corneal stroma, limbus, and lacrimal glands of diseased mice. Adoptive transfer of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells from Aire knockout mice led to local infiltration of macrophages and ocular surface damage in immunodeficient recipients. Depletion of local macrophages, through subconjunctival injection of clodronate liposome, attenuated lissamine green staining and improved ocular phenotype. Alternatively, systemic depletion of macrophages had no effect on ocular phenotype but led to significant improvements in lacrimal gland exocrinopathy and tear secretion. Our results suggested that autoreactive CD4(+) T cells provoked macrophage infiltration to the eye and lacrimal gland, where they played a functional role in directing the development of autoimmune dry eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ying-Ting Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Feeling Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Trinka Vijmasi
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ahmad F. Bahrami
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Lisa B. Noble
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy A. McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kluger N, Ranki A, Krohn K. APECED: is this a model for failure of T cell and B cell tolerance? Front Immunol 2012; 3:232. [PMID: 22876245 PMCID: PMC3410439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In APECED, the key abnormality is in the T cell defect that may lead to tissue destruction chiefly in endocrine organs. Besides, APECED is characterized by high-titer antibodies against a wide variety of cytokines that could partly be responsible for the clinical symptoms during APECED, mainly chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and linked to antibodies against Th17 cells effector molecules, IL-17 and IL-22. On the other hand, the same antibodies, together with antibodies against type I interferons may prevent the patients from other immunological diseases, such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematous. The same effector Th17 cells, present in the lymphocytic infiltrate of target organs of APECED, could be responsible for the tissue destruction. Here again, the antibodies against the corresponding effector molecules, anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-22 could be protective. The occurrence of several effector mechanisms (CD4(+) Th17 cell and CD8(+) CTL and the effector cytokines IL-17 and IL-22), and simultaneous existence of regulatory mechanisms (CD4(+) Treg and antibodies neutralizing the effect of the effector cytokines) may explain the polymorphism of APECED. Almost all the patients develop the characteristic manifestations of the complex, but temporal course and severity of the symptoms vary considerably, even among siblings. The autoantibody profile does not correlate with the clinical picture. One could speculate that a secondary homeostatic balance between the harmful effector mechanisms, and the favorable regulatory mechanisms, finally define both the extent and severity of the clinical condition in the AIRE defective individuals. The proposed hypothesis that in APECED, in addition to strong tissue destructive mechanisms, a controlling regulatory mechanism does exist, allow us to conclude that APECED could be treated, and even cured, with immunological manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki,Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki,Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Krohn
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH Ltd,Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Taniguchi RT, DeVoss JJ, Moon JJ, Sidney J, Sette A, Jenkins MK, Anderson MS. Detection of an autoreactive T-cell population within the polyclonal repertoire that undergoes distinct autoimmune regulator (Aire)-mediated selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7847-52. [PMID: 22552229 PMCID: PMC3356674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120607109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) plays a critical role in central tolerance by promoting the display of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus. To study the influence of Aire on thymic selection in a physiological setting, we used tetramer reagents to detect autoreactive T cells specific for the Aire-dependent tissue-specific antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), in the polyclonal repertoire. Two class II tetramer reagents were designed to identify T cells specific for two different peptide epitopes of IRBP. Analyses of the polyclonal T-cell repertoire showed a high frequency of activated T cells specific for both IRBP tetramers in Aire(-/-) mice, but not in Aire(+/+) mice. Surprisingly, although one tetramer-binding T-cell population was efficiently deleted in the thymus in an Aire-dependent manner, the second tetramer-binding population was not deleted and could be detected in both the Aire(-/-) and Aire(+/+) T-cell repertoires. We found that Aire-dependent thymic deletion of IRBP-specific T cells relies on intercellular transfer of IRBP between thymic stroma and bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that Aire-mediated deletion relies not only on thymic expression of IRBP, but also on proper antigen processing and presentation of IRBP by thymic antigen-presenting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J. DeVoss
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
There is now growing evidence that autoimmunity is the common trait connecting multiple clinical phenotypes albeit differences in tissue specificity, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches cannot be overlooked. Over the past years we witnessed a constant growth of the number of publications related to autoimmune diseases in peer-reviewed journals of the immunology area. Original data referred to factors from common injury pathways (i.e. T helper 17 cells, serum autoantibodies, or vitamin D) and specific diseases such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. As an example, the issue of a latitudinal gradient in the prevalence and incidence rates has been proposed for all autoimmune diseases and was recently coined as geoepidemiology to suggest new environmental triggers for tolerance breakdown. The present article is aimed at reviewing the articles that were published over the past year in the major autoimmunity and immunology journals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Autoimmunity and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Delaleu N, Nguyen CQ, Peck AB, Jonsson R. Sjögren's syndrome: studying the disease in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:217. [PMID: 21672284 PMCID: PMC3218871 DOI: 10.1186/ar3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune disease, is characterized by inflammation of exocrine tissues accompanied by a significant loss of their secretory function. Clinical symptoms develop late and there are no diagnostic tests enabling early diagnosis of SS. Thus, particularly to study these covert stages, researchers turn to studying animal models where mice provide great freedom for genetic manipulation and testing the effect of experimental intervention. The present review summarizes current literature pertaining to both spontaneous and extrinsic-factor induced SS-like diseases in mouse models, discussing advantages and disadvantages related to the use of murine models in SS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, New Laboratory Building, 5th floor, #5305, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes depends on the expression of tissue-specific antigens by medullary thymic epithelial cells. The autoimmune regulator (Aire) protein plays an important role in turning on these antigens, and the absence of even one Aire-induced tissue-specific antigen in the thymus can lead to autoimmunity in the antigen-expressing target organ. Recently, Aire protein has been detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, suggesting that peripheral Aire plays a complementary role here. In these peripheral sites, Aire was found to regulate the expression of a group of tissue-specific antigens that is distinct from those expressed in the thymus. Furthermore, transgenic antigen expression in extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) can mediate deletional tolerance, but the immunological relevance of Aire-dependent, endogenous tissue-specific antigens remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Derbinski J, Kyewski B. How thymic antigen presenting cells sample the body's self-antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:592-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|