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Blander JM. Different routes of MHC-I delivery to phagosomes and their consequences to CD8 T cell immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101713. [PMID: 36706521 PMCID: PMC10023361 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present internalized antigens to CD8 T cells through cross-presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. While conventional cDC1 excel at cross-presentation, cDC2 can be licensed to cross-present during infection by signals from inflammatory receptors, most prominently Toll-like receptors (TLRs). At the core of the regulation of cross-presentation by TLRs is the control of subcellular MHC-I traffic. Within DCs, MHC-I are enriched within endosomal recycling compartments (ERC) and traffic to microbe-carrying phagosomes under the control of phagosome-compartmentalized TLR signals to favor CD8 T cell cross-priming to microbial antigens. Viral blockade of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), known to inhibit the classic MHC-I presentation of cytoplasmic protein-derived peptides, depletes the ERC stores of MHC-I to simultaneously also block TLR-regulated cross-presentation. DCs counter this impairment in the two major pathways of MHC-I presentation to CD8 T cells by mobilizing noncanonical cross-presentation, which delivers MHC-I to phagosomes from a new location in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) where MHC-I abnormally accumulate upon TAP blockade. Noncanonical cross-presentation thus rescues MHC-I presentation and cross-primes TAP-independent CD8 T cells best-matched against target cells infected with immune evasive viruses. Because noncanonical cross-presentation relies on a phagosome delivery route of MHC-I that is not under TLR control, it risks potential cross-presentation of self-antigens during infection. Here I review these findings to illustrate how the subcellular route of MHC-I to phagosomes critically impacts the regulation of cross-presentation and the nature of the CD8 T cell response to infection and cancer. I highlight important and novel implications to CD8 T cell vaccines and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Mantel I, Sadiq BA, Blander JM. Spotlight on TAP and its vital role in antigen presentation and cross-presentation. Mol Immunol 2022; 142:105-119. [PMID: 34973498 PMCID: PMC9241385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the hunt for a transporter molecule ostensibly responsible for the translocation of peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane yielded the successful discovery of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. TAP is a heterodimer complex comprised of TAP1 and TAP2, which utilizes ATP to transport cytosolic peptides into the ER across its membrane. In the ER, together with other components it forms the peptide loading complex (PLC), which directs loading of high affinity peptides onto nascent major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules that are then transported to the cell surface for presentation to CD8+ T cells. TAP also plays a crucial role in transporting peptides into phagosomes and endosomes during cross-presentation in dendritic cells (DCs). Because of the critical role that TAP plays in both classical MHC-I presentation and cross-presentation, its expression and function are often compromised by numerous types of cancers and viruses to evade recognition by cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Here we review the discovery and function of TAP with a major focus on its role in cross-presentation in DCs. We discuss a recently described emergency route of noncanonical cross-presentation that is mobilized in DCs upon TAP blockade to restore CD8 T cell cross-priming. We also discuss the various strategies employed by cancer cells and viruses to target TAP expression or function to evade immunosurveillance - along with some strategies by which the repertoire of peptides presented by cells which downregulate TAP can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy to mobilize a TAP-independent CD8 T cell response. Lastly, we discuss TAP polymorphisms and the role of TAP in inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mantel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Barzan A Sadiq
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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3
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Pharmacological disruption of the MTDH-SND1 complex enhances tumor antigen presentation and synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic breast cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:60-74. [PMID: 35121988 PMCID: PMC8818088 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased overall survival rates, curative options for metastatic breast cancer remain limited. We have previously shown that metadherin (MTDH) is frequently overexpressed in poor prognosis breast cancer, where it promotes metastasis and therapy resistance through its interaction with staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing 1 (SND1). Through genetic and pharmacological targeting of the MTDH-SND1 interaction, we reveal a key role for this complex in suppressing antitumor T cell responses in breast cancer. The MTDH-SND1 complex reduces tumor antigen presentation and inhibits T cell infiltration and activation by binding to and destabilizing Tap1/2 messenger RNAs, which encode key components of the antigen-presentation machinery. Following small-molecule compound C26-A6 treatment to disrupt the MTDH-SND1 complex, we showed enhanced immune surveillance and sensitivity to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy in preclinical models of metastatic breast cancer, in support of this combination therapy as a viable approach to increase immune-checkpoint blockade therapy responses in metastatic breast cancer.
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4
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Melacarne A, Ferrari V, Tiraboschi L, Mishto M, Liepe J, Aralla M, Marconato L, Lizier M, Pozzi C, Zeira O, Penna G, Rescigno M. Identification of a class of non-conventional ER-stress-response-derived immunogenic peptides. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109312. [PMID: 34233181 PMCID: PMC8278487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy have focused on vaccination strategies using neoepitopes, although they cannot be applied on a large scale due to the "private" nature of cancer mutations. Here, we show that infection of tumor cells with Salmonella induces the opening of membrane hemichannels and the extracellular release of proteasome-generated peptides by the exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Peptides released by cancer cells foster an antitumor response in vivo, both in mice bearing B16F10 melanomas and in dogs suffering from osteosarcoma. Mass spectrometry analysis on the supernatant of human melanoma cells revealed 12 peptides capable of priming healthy-donor CD8+ T cells that recognize and kill human melanoma cells in vitro and when xenotransplanted in vivo. Hence, we identified a class of shared tumor antigens that are generated in ER-stressed cells, such as tumor cells, that do not induce tolerance and are not presented by healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Melacarne
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Tiraboschi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mishto
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Great Maze Pond, SE1 1UL London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Aralla
- Pronto Soccorso Veterinario Laudense, Via Milano 22, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Lizier
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pozzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Offer Zeira
- San Michele Veterinary Hospital, via I maggio 26838 Tavazzano con Villavesco, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Penna
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Aflalo A, Boyle LH. Polymorphisms in MHC class I molecules influence their interactions with components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway. Int J Immunogenet 2021; 48:317-325. [PMID: 34176210 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules undergo an intricate folding process in order to pick up antigenic peptide to present to the immune system. In recent years, the discovery of a new peptide editor for MHC-I has added an extra level of complexity in our understanding of how peptide presentation is regulated. On top of this, the incredible diversity in MHC-I molecules leads to significant variation in the interaction between MHC-I and components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway. Here, we review our current understanding regarding how polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen class I molecules influence their interactions with key components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway. A deeper understanding of this may offer new insights regarding how apparently subtle variation in MHC-I can have a significant impact on susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aure Aflalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise H Boyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Oh CY, Klatt MG, Bourne C, Dao T, Dacek MM, Brea EJ, Mun SS, Chang AY, Korontsvit T, Scheinberg DA. ALK and RET Inhibitors Promote HLA Class I Antigen Presentation and Unmask New Antigens within the Tumor Immunopeptidome. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1984-1997. [PMID: 31540894 PMCID: PMC6891198 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapies are often thwarted by the limited presentation of tumor-specific antigens abetted by the downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We showed that drugs inhibiting ALK and RET produced dose-related increases in cell-surface HLA in tumor cells bearing these mutated kinases in vitro and in vivo, as well as elevated transcript and protein expression of HLA and other antigen-processing machinery. Subsequent analysis of HLA-presented peptides after ALK and RET inhibitor treatment identified large changes in the immunopeptidome with the appearance of hundreds of new antigens, including T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP) peptides. ALK inhibition additionally decreased PD-L1 levels by 75%. Therefore, these oncogenes may enhance cancer formation by allowing tumors to evade the immune system by downregulating HLA expression. Altogether, RET and ALK inhibitors could enhance T-cell-based immunotherapies by upregulating HLA, decreasing checkpoint blockade ligands, and revealing new, immunogenic, cancer-associated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Oh
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Martin G Klatt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Megan M Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elliott J Brea
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tatyana Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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7
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Rider PJF, Uche IK, Sweeny L, Kousoulas KG. Anti-viral immunity in the tumor microenvironment: implications for the rational design of herpes simplex virus type 1 oncolytic virotherapy. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:193-199. [PMID: 33344108 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The design of novel herpes simplex type I (HSV-1)-derived oncolytic virotherapies is a balancing act between safety, immunogenicity and replicative potential. We have undertaken this review to better understand how these considerations can be incorporated into rational approaches to the design of novel herpesvirus oncolytic virotherapies. Recent findings Several recent papers have demonstrated that enhancing the potential of HSV-1 oncolytic viruses to combat anti-viral mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment leads to greater efficacy than their parental viruses. Summary It is not entirely clear how the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment affects oncolytic viral replication and spread within tumors. Recent work has shown that the manipulation of specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression operating within the tumor microenvironment can enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. We anticipate that future work will integrate greater knowledge of immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments with design of oncolytic virotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J F Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ifeanyi K Uche
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Larissa Sweeny
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.,Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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8
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Abdulhaqq SA, Wu H, Schell JB, Hammond KB, Reed JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Park BS, Asokan A, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB. Vaccine-Mediated Inhibition of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Is Insufficient To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex E-Restricted CD8 + T Cells in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2019; 93:e00592-19. [PMID: 31315990 PMCID: PMC6744250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved nonclassical MHC-Ib molecule that tightly binds peptides derived from leader sequences of classical MHC-Ia molecules for presentation to natural killer cells. However, MHC-E also binds diverse foreign and neoplastic self-peptide antigens for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Although the determinants of MHC-E-restricted T cell priming remain unknown, these cells are induced in humans infected with pathogens containing genes that inhibit the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Indeed, mice vaccinated with TAP-inhibited autologous dendritic cells develop T cells restricted by the murine MHC-E homologue, Qa-1b. Here, we tested whether rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with viral constructs expressing a TAP inhibitor would develop insert-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. We generated viral constructs coexpressing SIVmac239 Gag in addition to one of three TAP inhibitors: herpes simplex virus 2 ICP47, bovine herpes virus 1 UL49.5, or rhesus cytomegalovirus Rh185. Each TAP inhibitor reduced surface expression of MHC-Ia molecules but did not reduce surface MHC-E expression. In agreement with modulation of surface MHC-Ia levels, TAP inhibition diminished presentation of MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes without impacting presentation of peptide antigen bound by MHC-E. Vaccination of macaques with vectors dually expressing SIVmac239 Gag with ICP47, UL49.5, or Rh185 generated Gag-specific CD8+ T cells classically restricted by MHC-Ia but not MHC-E. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to results in mice, TAP inhibition alone is insufficient for priming of MHC-E-restricted T cell responses in primates and suggest that additional unknown mechanisms govern the induction of CD8+ T cells recognizing MHC-E-bound antigen.IMPORTANCE Due to the near monomorphic nature of MHC-E in the human population and inability of many pathogens to inhibit MHC-E-mediated peptide presentation, MHC-E-restricted T cells have become an attractive vaccine target. However, little is known concerning how these cells are induced. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that induce these T cells would provide a powerful new vaccine strategy to an array of neoplasms and viral and bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have indicated a link between TAP inhibition and induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells. The significance of our research is in demonstrating that TAP inhibition alone does not prime MHC-E-restricted T cell generation and suggests that other, currently unknown mechanisms regulate their induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed A Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Helen Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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9
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Garrido G, Schrand B, Rabasa A, Levay A, D'Eramo F, Berezhnoy A, Modi S, Gefen T, Marijt K, Doorduijn E, Dudeja V, van Hall T, Gilboa E. Tumor-targeted silencing of the peptide transporter TAP induces potent antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3773. [PMID: 31434881 PMCID: PMC6704146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigen burden is a major determinant of tumor immunogenicity, underscored by recent clinical experience with checkpoint blockade therapy. Yet the majority of patients do not express, or express too few, neoantigens, and hence are less responsive to immune therapy. Here we describe an approach whereby a common set of new antigens are induced in tumor cells in situ by transient downregulation of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Administration of TAP siRNA conjugated to a broad-range tumor-targeting nucleolin aptamer inhibited tumor growth in multiple tumor models without measurable toxicity, was comparatively effective to vaccination against prototypic mutation-generated neoantigens, potentiated the antitumor effect of PD-1 antibody or Flt3 ligand, and induced the presentation of a TAP-independent peptide in human tumor cells. Treatment with the chemically-synthesized nucleolin aptamer-TAP siRNA conjugate represents a broadly-applicable approach to increase the antigenicity of tumor lesions and thereby enhance the effectiveness of immune potentiating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Garrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brett Schrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ailem Rabasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Agata Levay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francesca D'Eramo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexey Berezhnoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shrey Modi
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tal Gefen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Koen Marijt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elien Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Durgeau A, Virk Y, Gros G, Voilin E, Corgnac S, Djenidi F, Salmon J, Adam J, de Montpréville V, Validire P, Ferrone S, Chouaib S, Eggermont A, Soria JC, Lemonnier F, Tartour E, Chaput N, Besse B, Mami-Chouaib F. Human preprocalcitonin self-antigen generates TAP-dependent and -independent epitopes triggering optimised T-cell responses toward immune-escaped tumours. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5097. [PMID: 30504837 PMCID: PMC6269466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours often evade CD8 T-cell immunity by downregulating TAP. T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing are immunogenic non-mutated neoantigens that emerge during tumour immune evasion. The preprocalcitonin (ppCT)16-25 neoepitope belongs to this category of antigens. Here we show that most human lung tumours display altered expression of TAP and frequently express ppCT self-antigen. We also show that ppCT includes HLA-A2-restricted epitopes that are processed by TAP-independent and -dependent pathways. Processing occurs in either the endoplasmic reticulum, by signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase, or in the cytosol after release of a signal peptide precursor or retrotranslocation of a procalcitonin substrate by endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation. Remarkably, ppCT peptide-based immunotherapy induces efficient T-cell responses toward antigen processing and presenting machinery-impaired tumours transplanted into HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice and in NOD-scid-Il2rγnull mice adoptively transferred with human PBMC. Thus, ppCT-specific T lymphocytes are promising effectors for treatment of tumours that have escaped immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France.,ElyssaMed, Paris Biotech Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Yasemin Virk
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Gwendoline Gros
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Elodie Voilin
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Corgnac
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Fayçal Djenidi
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jérôme Salmon
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) UMR 8122, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Adam
- INSERM U 981, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent de Montpréville
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue, 92350, Le-Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France.,Thumbay Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, UAE
| | - Alexander Eggermont
- Cancer Institute, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Department of Drug Development (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- Département Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Diabète, Equipe Immunologie des Diabètes, INSERM U1016, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, and CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, University Paris-Sud, F-92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Département de Médecine, Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, PSL, Fac. de Médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France.
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11
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Exploring the elements for a successful immune offense against cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:213-215. [PMID: 30130493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A successful immune attack on a tumor requires two elements. First, a nonself (NS) epitope that can act as an effective target must be expressed uniquely and uniformly on the tumor. Second, the immune system must be induced to produce an appropriate ridding effector activity specific for the cell expressing that de novo displayed NS-epitope. Today, the major effort is directed toward nonspecifically increasing the horsepower of the immune system by relieving suppressive and resistance factors using checkpoint blockade. This is coupled to the hope that the cancer will display a unique nonself determinant and that tolerance to Self (S) will not be abrogated. Here, these two elements will be explored in order to see what a more defined approach to the immune system treatment of cancer entails. While a Hail Mary approach may, in the end, be our only alternative, defining the elements of a solution, attainable or not, based on basic immunology, can only be salutary.
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12
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Geng J, Zaitouna AJ, Raghavan M. Selected HLA-B allotypes are resistant to inhibition or deficiency of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007171. [PMID: 29995954 PMCID: PMC6056074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules present antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells, and are also important for natural killer (NK) cell immune surveillance against infections and cancers. MHC-I molecules are assembled via a complex assembly pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells. Peptides present in the cytosol of cells are transported into the ER via the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). In the ER, peptides are assembled with MHC-I molecules via the peptide-loading complex (PLC). Components of the MHC-I assembly pathway are frequently targeted by viruses, in order to evade host immunity. Many viruses encode inhibitors of TAP, which is thought to be a central source of peptides for the assembly of MHC-I molecules. However, human MHC-I (HLA-I) genes are highly polymorphic, and it is conceivable that several variants can acquire peptides via TAP-independent pathways, thereby conferring resistance to pathogen-derived inhibitors of TAP. To broadly assess TAP-independent expression within the HLA-B locus, expression levels of 27 frequent HLA-B alleles were tested in cells with deficiencies in TAP. Approximately 15% of tested HLA-B allotypes are expressed at relatively high levels on the surface of TAP1 or TAP2-deficient cells and occur in partially peptide-receptive forms and Endoglycosidase H sensitive forms on the cell surface. Synergy between high peptide loading efficiency, broad specificity for peptides prevalent within unconventional sources and high intrinsic stability of the empty form allows for deviations from the conventional HLA-I assembly pathway for some HLA-B*35, HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*15 alleles. Allotypes that display higher expression in TAP-deficient cells are more resistant to viral TAP inhibitor-induced HLA-I down-modulation, and HLA-I down-modulation-induced NK cell activation. Conversely, the same allotypes are expected to mediate stronger CD8+ T cell responses under TAP-inhibited conditions. Thus, the degree of resistance to TAP inhibition functionally separates specific HLA-B allotypes. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules present pathogen-derived components (peptides) to cytotoxic T cells, thereby inducing the T cells to kill virus-infected cells. A complex cellular pathway involving the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is typically required for the loading of peptides onto HLA class I molecules, and for effective anti-viral immunity mediated by cytotoxic T cells. Many viruses encode inhibitors of TAP as a means to evade anti-viral immunity by cytotoxic T cells. In humans, there are three sets of genes encoding HLA class I molecules, which are the HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C genes. These genes are highly variable, with thousands of allelic variants in human populations. Most individuals typically express two variants of each gene, one inherited from each parent. We demonstrate that about 15% of tested HLA-B allotypes have higher resistance to viral inhibitors of TAP or deficiency of TAP, compared to other HLA-B variants. HLA-B allotypes that are more resistant to TAP inhibition are expected to induce stronger CD8+ T cell responses against pathogens that inhibit TAP. Thus, unconventional TAP-independent assembly pathways are broadly prevalent among HLA-B variants. Such pathways provide mechanisms to effectively combat viruses that evade the conventional TAP-dependent HLA-B assembly pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anita J. Zaitouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Santos MR, Couto AR, Foroni I, Bettencourt BF, Li Z, Meneses R, Wheeler L, Pereira J, Pimentel-Santos F, Fonseca JE, Alves H, Martinho A, Lima M, Brown MA, Bruges-Armas J. Non-classical human leucocyte antigens in ankylosing spondylitis: possible association with HLA-E and HLA-F. RMD Open 2018; 4:e000677. [PMID: 30018800 PMCID: PMC6045739 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the most prevalent form of spondyloarthritis, with a known genetic association with the HLA-B27 molecule. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of the HLA-G, HLA-E and HLA-F to AS susceptibility/protection in Portuguese patients with HLA-B27 AS and HLA-B27 unaffected controls. METHODS High-resolution typing of HLA-G, HLA-E and HLA-F was performed in 228 patients with HLA-B27 AS and 244 HLA-B27 unaffected controls. Allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies were compared between cohorts. To replicate the results, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HLA-E and HLA-F genes were typed in Australian cohorts. For further confirmation, a group of European-descent patients with AS and unaffected controls were genotyped for Major Histocompatibility Complex SNPs using the Illumina microarray. RESULTS In the Portuguese population, no significant differences were found in HLA-G. For HLA-E, a significant difference was detected for the genotype HLA-E*01:01:01/01:03:01 (p=0.009; pc=0.009; OR=0.51), with a protection effect. For HLA-F, significant differences were detected in the allele HLA-F*01:01:02 (p=0.0049; pc=0.0098; OR=0.60) and corresponding SNP rs2075682 (p=0.0004; pc=0.0008; OR=0.53), suggesting protection and in the genotype HLA-F*01:01:01/01:03:01 (p=0.011; pc=0.043; OR=2.00), suggesting a susceptibility effect. Three G-E-F haplotypes with significant differences were detected but occur in a very small number of individuals. The only significant differences detected in the replication studies were for HLA-E rs1059510 in the Australians and for HLA-F rs1736924 in the European-descent cohorts. CONCLUSION Our results reveal suggestive AS protective and susceptibility effects from both HLA-E and HLA-F loci, however with population differences. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing association of HLA-F with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Rodrigues Santos
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Couto
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Iris Foroni
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Bruno Filipe Bettencourt
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raquel Meneses
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | - Lawrie Wheeler
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joaquim Pereira
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
| | | | | | - Helena Alves
- Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Norte, Instituto Português do Sangue e da Transplantação, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Martinho
- Centro de Sangue e Transplantação de Coimbra, Instituto Português do Sangue e da Transplantação, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jácome Bruges-Armas
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular, Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira, EPER, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Marijt KA, Doorduijn EM, van Hall T. TEIPP antigens for T-cell based immunotherapy of immune-edited HLA class I low cancers. Mol Immunol 2018; 113:43-49. [PMID: 29627136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell based immunotherapies through checkpoint blockade or adoptive transfer are effective treatments for a wide range of cancers like melanomas and lung carcinomas that harbor a high mutational load. The HLA class I and class II (HLA-I and HLA-II) presented neoantigens arise from genetic mutations in the cancerous cells and are ideal non-self targets for the T cell-based treatments. Although some cancer patients responded with complete regression, many others are irresponsive to checkpoint blockade treatments, or relapse after initial success. One of the mechanisms by which tumors evade T cell recognition is by acquiring deficiencies in the HLA-I antigen-processing pathway, leading to downregulation of HLA-I molecules at the cell surface and thereby creating an 'invisible' tumor phenotype. Interestingly, an alternative antigen repertoire arises on these HLA-Ilow cancer cells. We refer to this alternative antigen repertoire as TEIPP: T cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing. TEIPP antigens are curious non-mutated peptides from housekeeping proteins that are not presented in homeostasis. In this review, for the first time we recapitulate all our published work on TEIPP antigens, including our recent understanding of the CD8 T cell repertoire. We are convinced that TEIPP-directed T cells will be valuable resources to target immune-edited tumors that have acquired resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen A Marijt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elien M Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Ling A, Löfgren-Burström A, Larsson P, Li X, Wikberg ML, Öberg Å, Stenling R, Edin S, Palmqvist R. TAP1 down-regulation elicits immune escape and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1356143. [PMID: 29147604 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1356143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor immune response has been shown to be of great prognostic importance in colorectal cancer (CRC) and so has the tumors ability for immune evasion. Our aim of this study was to investigate tumor factors that influence immunity. We used a gene expression array to search for potential mechanisms of tumor immune escape. One candidate gene identified was TAP1, involved in antigen presentation by MHC class I. TAP1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 436 CRC patients of the Colorectal Cancer in Umeå Study cohort. We found a significant association between a downregulated expression of TAP1 and low infiltration of various subtypes of lymphocytes as well as macrophages. A downregulated expression of TAP1 was further found to be independent of molecular characteristics, suggesting TAP1 down-regulation to reach beyond the well described highly immunogenic MSI CRCs. A low expression of TAP1 was also significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with CRC, a result that stayed significant in tumor front of early stage tumors (stage I-II) through multivariable analyses. Furthermore, we found that TAP1 expression was inversely correlated with methylation at sites in close proximity to the promoter region. In summary, our results show down-regulation of TAP1 to be a general mechanism of tumor immune escape in CRC and a poor prognostic factor in stage I-II CRC patients. We also suggest that methylation of the TAP1 gene may be a putative mechanism for TAP1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ling
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Pär Larsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria L Wikberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åke Öberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Stenling
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofia Edin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Palmqvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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van Hateren A, Bailey A, Elliott T. Recent advances in Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation: Plastic MHC molecules and TAPBPR-mediated quality control. F1000Res 2017; 6:158. [PMID: 28299193 PMCID: PMC5321123 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10474.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have known since the late 1980s that the function of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is to bind peptides and display them at the cell surface to cytotoxic T cells. Recognition by these sentinels of the immune system can lead to the destruction of the presenting cell, thus protecting the host from pathogens and cancer. Classical MHC class I molecules (MHC I hereafter) are co-dominantly expressed, polygenic, and exceptionally polymorphic and have significant sequence diversity. Thus, in most species, there are many different MHC I allotypes expressed, each with different peptide-binding specificity, which can have a dramatic effect on disease outcome. Although MHC allotypes vary in their primary sequence, they share common tertiary and quaternary structures. Here, we review the evidence that, despite this commonality, polymorphic amino acid differences between allotypes alter the ability of MHC I molecules to change shape (that is, their conformational plasticity). We discuss how the peptide loading co-factor tapasin might modify this plasticity to augment peptide loading. Lastly, we consider recent findings concerning the functions of the non-classical MHC I molecule HLA-E as well as the tapasin-related protein TAPBPR (transporter associated with antigen presentation binding protein-related), which has been shown to act as a second quality-control stage in MHC I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy van Hateren
- Institute for Life Sciences and Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alistair Bailey
- Institute for Life Sciences and Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences and Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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17
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van der Burg SH, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van Hall T, Melief CJM. Vaccines for established cancer: overcoming the challenges posed by immune evasion. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:219-33. [PMID: 26965076 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines preferentially stimulate T cells against tumour-specific epitopes that are created by DNA mutations or oncogenic viruses. In the setting of premalignant disease, carcinoma in situ or minimal residual disease, therapeutic vaccination can be clinically successful as monotherapy; however, in established cancers, therapeutic vaccines will require co-treatments to overcome immune evasion and to become fully effective. In this Review, we discuss the progress that has been made in overcoming immune evasion controlled by tumour cell-intrinsic factors and the tumour microenvironment. We summarize how therapeutic benefit can be maximized in patients with established cancers by improving vaccine design and by using vaccines to increase the effects of standard chemotherapies, to establish and/or maintain tumour-specific T cells that are re-energized by checkpoint blockade and other therapies, and to sustain the antitumour response of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J. H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Pourchet A, Fuhrmann SR, Pilones KA, Demaria S, Frey AB, Mulvey M, Mohr I. CD8(+) T-cell Immune Evasion Enables Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:59-67. [PMID: 27077112 PMCID: PMC4816761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although counteracting innate defenses allows oncolytic viruses (OVs) to better replicate and spread within tumors, CD8(+) T-cells restrict their capacity to trigger systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) evades CD8(+) T-cells by producing ICP47, which limits immune recognition of infected cells by inhibiting the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Surprisingly, removing ICP47 was assumed to benefit OV immuno-therapy, but the impact of inhibiting TAP remains unknown because human HSV-1 ICP47 is not effective in rodents. Here, we engineer an HSV-1 OV to produce bovine herpesvirus UL49.5, which unlike ICP47, antagonizes rodent and human TAP. Significantly, UL49.5-expressing OVs showed superior efficacy treating bladder and breast cancer in murine models that was dependent upon CD8(+) T-cells. Besides injected subcutaneous tumors, UL49.5-OV reduced untreated, contralateral tumor size and metastases. These findings establish TAP inhibitor-armed OVs that evade CD8(+) T-cells as an immunotherapy strategy to elicit potent local and systemic anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Pourchet
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Karsten A. Pilones
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan B. Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Hafstrand I, Doorduijn EM, Duru AD, Buratto J, Oliveira CC, Sandalova T, van Hall T, Achour A. The MHC Class I Cancer-Associated Neoepitope Trh4 Linked with Impaired Peptide Processing Induces a Unique Noncanonical TCR Conformer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2327-34. [PMID: 26800871 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I downregulation represents a significant challenge for successful T cell-based immunotherapy. T cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP) constitute a novel category of immunogenic Ags that are selectively presented on transporter associated with Ag processing-deficient cells. The TEIPP neoepitopes are CD8 T cell targets, derived from nonmutated self-proteins that might be exploited to prevent immune escape. In this study, the crystal structure of H-2D(b) in complex with the first identified TEIPP Ag (MCLRMTAVM) derived from the Trh4 protein has been determined to 2.25 Å resolution. In contrast to prototypic H-2D(b) peptides, Trh4 takes a noncanonical peptide-binding pattern with extensive sulfur-π interactions that contribute to the overall complex stability. Importantly, the noncanonical methionine at peptide position 5 acts as a main anchor, altering only the conformation of the H-2D(b) residues Y156 and H155 and thereby forming a unique MHC/peptide conformer that is essential for recognition by TEIPP-specific T cells. Substitution of peptide residues p2C and p5M to the conservative α-aminobutyric acid and norleucine, respectively, significantly reduced complex stability, without altering peptide conformation or T cell recognition. In contrast, substitution of p5M to a conventional asparagine abolished recognition by the H-2D(b)/Trh4-specific T cell clone LnB5. We anticipate that the H-2D(b)/Trh4 complex represents the first example, to our knowledge, of a broader repertoire of alternative MHC class I binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Hafstrand
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-10450 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Elien M Doorduijn
- Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Adil Doganay Duru
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-10450 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jeremie Buratto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-10450 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | | | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-10450 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-10450 Stockholm, Sweden; and
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20
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy in which cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) target tumor-specific antigens complexed to MHC-I molecules has been used successfully for several types of cancer; however, MHC-I is frequently downregulated in tumors, resulting in CTL evasion. Recently, it has been shown that MHC-Ilo tumors produce a set of T cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP) that have potential to be exploited for immunotherapy. TEIPP-specific CTLs recognize tumors defective in antigen presentation machinery (APM) but not those with intact APM. In this issue of the JCI, Doorduljn et al. evaluated thymus selection and peripheral behavior of TEIPP-specific T cells, using a unique T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse model. They demonstrated that TEIPP-specific T cells in TAP-deficient mice have largely been deleted by central tolerance, while the same T cells in WT mice are naive and sustained. The results of this study suggest that TIEPPs have potential to be successful targets for elimination of MHC-Ilo tumors.
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21
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Oliveira CC, van Hall T. Alternative Antigen Processing for MHC Class I: Multiple Roads Lead to Rome. Front Immunol 2015; 6:298. [PMID: 26097483 PMCID: PMC4457021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The well described conventional antigen-processing pathway is accountable for most peptides that end up in MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. These peptides experienced liberation by the proteasome and transport by the peptide transporter TAP. However, there are multiple roads that lead to Rome, illustrated by the increasing number of alternative processing pathways that have been reported during last years. Interestingly, TAP-deficient individuals do not succumb to viral infections, suggesting that CD8 T cell immunity is sufficiently supported by alternative TAP-independent processing pathways. To date, a diversity of viral and endogenous TAP-independent peptides have been identified in the grooves of different MHC class I alleles. Some of these peptides are not displayed by normal TAP-positive cells and we therefore called them TEIPP, for “T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing.” TEIPPs are hidden self-antigens, are derived from normal housekeeping proteins, and are processed via unconventional processing pathways. Per definition, TEIPPs are presented via TAP-independent pathways, but recent data suggest that part of this repertoire still depend on proteasome and metalloprotease activity. An exception is the C-terminal peptide of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane-spanning ceramide synthase Trh4 that is surprisingly liberated by the signal peptide peptidase (SPP), the proteolytic enzyme involved in cleaving leader sequences. The intramembrane cleaving SPP is thereby an important contributor of TAP-independent peptides. Its family members, like the Alzheimer’s related presenilins, might contribute as well, according to our preliminary data. Finally, alternative peptide routing is an emerging field and includes processes like the unfolded protein response, the ER-associated degradation, and autophagy-associated vesicular pathways. These data convince us that there is a world to be discovered in the field of unconventional antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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van de Weijer ML, Luteijn RD, Wiertz EJHJ. Viral immune evasion: Lessons in MHC class I antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:125-37. [PMID: 25887630 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway enables cells infected with intracellular pathogens to signal the presence of the invader to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are able to eliminate the infected cells through recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. In the course of evolution, many viruses have acquired inhibitors that target essential stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Studies on these immune evasion proteins reveal fascinating strategies used by viruses to elude the immune system. Viral immunoevasins also constitute great research tools that facilitate functional studies on the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, allowing the investigation of less well understood routes, such as TAP-independent antigen presentation and cross-presentation of exogenous proteins. Viral immunoevasins have also helped to unravel more general cellular processes. For instance, basic principles of ER-associated protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have been resolved using virus-induced degradation of MHC class I as a model. This review highlights how viral immunoevasins have increased our understanding of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rutger D Luteijn
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Oliveira CC, Sluijter M, Querido B, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. Dominant contribution of the proteasome and metalloproteinases to TAP-independent MHC-I peptide repertoire. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:129-36. [PMID: 24983205 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors frequently display defects in the MHC-I antigen processing machinery, such as deficiency of the peptide transporter TAP. Interestingly, the residual peptide repertoire contains neo-antigens which are not presented by processing-proficient cells. We termed these immunogenic peptides TEIPP ('T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing') and were interested to unravel their TAP-independent processing pathways. With an array of chemical inhibitors we assessed the participation of numerous proteases to TAP-independent peptides and found that the previously described catalytic enzymes signal peptidase and furin contributed in a cell-type and MHC-I allele-specific way. In addition, a dominant role for the proteasome and metallopeptidases was observed. These findings raised the question how these proteasome products get access to MHC-I molecules. A novel TEIPP peptide-epitope that represented this intracellular route revealed that the lysosomal peptide transporter ABCB9 ('TAP-like') was dispensable for its presentation. Interestingly, prevention of endolysosomal vesicle acidification by bafilomycin enhanced the surface display of this TEIPP peptide, suggesting that this proteasome-dependent pathway intersects endolysosomes and that these antigens are merely destroyed there. In conclusion, the proteasome has a surprisingly dominant role in shaping the TAP-independent MHC-I peptide repertoire and some of these antigens might be targeted to the endocytic vesicular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Querido
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Fehres CM, Unger WWJ, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Understanding the biology of antigen cross-presentation for the design of vaccines against cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:149. [PMID: 24782858 PMCID: PMC3986565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation, the process in which exogenous antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules, is crucial for the generation of effector CD8(+) T cell responses. Although multiple cell types are being described to be able to cross-present antigens, in vivo this task is mainly carried out by certain subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). Aspects such as the internalization route, the pathway of endocytic trafficking, and the simultaneous activation through pattern-recognition receptors have a determining influence in how antigens are handled for cross-presentation by DCs. In this review, we will summarize new insights in factors that affect antigen cross-presentation of human DC subsets, and we will discuss the possibilities to exploit antigen cross-presentation for immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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25
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Wang P, Kan Q, Yu Z, Li L, Zhang Z, Pan X, Feng T. Recombinant adenovirus expressing ICP47 gene suppresses the ability of dendritic cells by restricting specific T cell responses. Cell Immunol 2013; 282:129-35. [PMID: 23774531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been demonstrated to be one of the most effective vehicles to deliver foreign DNA into dendritic cells (DCs). However, the response of host immune systems against foreign gene products is a major obstacle to successful gene therapy. Infected cell protein 47 (ICP47) inhibits MHC Ⅰ antigen presentation pathway by binding to host transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), and thereby attenuates of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responses and evades the host immune clearance. This subject was designed to construct a recombinant adenovirus expressing His-tag-ICP47 fusion protein to investigate further the role of ICP47 in the elimination of transgene expression. Consequently, a recombinant adenovirus expressing the His-tag-ICP47 fusion protein was successfully constructed and it had the abilities of attenuating the stimulatory capacity of DCs by reducing the proliferation of lymphocytes and cytokine production of perforin compared with those of the r-track group and the control group. Our observations provide the first evidence of the regulation mechanism of ICP47 on DC-based immunotherapy for long-term persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Nursing College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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26
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Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen-presenting cells depends on their expression of a spectrum of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules. Conversion of antigens from pathogens or transformed cells into MHC-I- and MHC-II-bound peptides is critical for mounting protective T cell responses, and similar processing of self proteins is necessary to establish and maintain tolerance. Cells use a variety of mechanisms to acquire protein antigens, from translation in the cytosol to variations on the theme of endocytosis, and to degrade them once acquired. In this review, we highlight the aspects of MHC-I and MHC-II biosynthesis and assembly that have evolved to intersect these pathways and sample the peptides that are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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27
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Lampen MH, Hassan C, Sluijter M, Geluk A, Dijkman K, Tjon JM, de Ru AH, van der Burg SH, van Veelen PA, van Hall T. Alternative peptide repertoire of HLA-E reveals a binding motif that is strikingly similar to HLA-A2. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:126-31. [PMID: 22898188 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The non-classical HLA-E is a conserved class I molecule that mainly presents monomorphic leader peptides derived from other HLA class I molecules. These leader peptides comprise an optimized sequence for tight and deep binding into the HLA-E groove. In a TAP-deficient environment, as it can be generated during viral infection or in tumor tissue, loading of the classical leader peptide sequences is hampered leading to an alternative HLA-E peptide repertoire. In this study, we characterized this alternative peptide repertoire using cells in which TAP activity is inhibited. We identified more than 500 unique peptide sequences carried by HLA-E and found that their binding motif is different from the dominant leader peptides. Hydrophobic amino acids were only found at positions 2 and 9, in close resemblance to the peptide binding motif of HLA-A*0201. HLA-E-eluted peptides were indeed able to bind this classical HLA class I molecule. Our findings suggest that the dominant leader peptides uniquely conform to HLA-E, but that in their absence a peptide pool is presented like that of HLA-A*0201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit H Lampen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
The majority of peptides presented in MHC class I at the cell surface originate from the conventional antigen processing pathway, involving the proteasome and TAP peptide transporter. Alternative pathways, however, certainly contribute to the diversity of the total peptide repertoire. The importance of such TAP-independent processing pathways is nicely illustrated by the finding that individuals with an inherited deficiency in this peptide transporter still sufficiently mount T cell responses against viruses. Although defects in TAP do result in strongly decreased surface display of MHC class I molecules, the residual levels are capable to educate and elicit T cell immunity. In our work, we have shown that a broad repertoire of peptides is presented on processing-deficient cells. The characterization of these peptides, which we called TEIPP - "T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing", showed that they derive from housekeeping proteins, are diverse in length and amino-acid composition, and are not presented on normal cells. So, TAP-deficiency promotes the emergence of neo-antigens. These TAP-independent peptides might be processed via the two already known pathways, signal sequence liberation or furin-mediated cleavage in the Golgi, or via yet other routes. Our study on TEIPP antigens reveals that there is a world to be discovered in the alternative antigen processing field. Autophagy, vesicular routing, membrane-associated proteolysis, invariant chain involvement and recycling of MHC class I molecules all might come to the stage in this interesting research area.
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29
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van Luijn MM, van de Loosdrecht AA, Lampen MH, van Veelen PA, Zevenbergen A, Kester MGD, de Ru AH, Ossenkoppele GJ, van Hall T, van Ham SM. Promiscuous binding of invariant chain-derived CLIP peptide to distinct HLA-I molecules revealed in leukemic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34649. [PMID: 22563374 PMCID: PMC3338516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by HLA class I (HLA-I) and HLA class II (HLA-II) complexes is achieved by proteins that are specific for their respective processing pathway. The invariant chain (Ii)-derived peptide CLIP is required for HLA-II-mediated antigen presentation by stabilizing HLA-II molecules before antigen loading through transient and promiscuous binding to different HLA-II peptide grooves. Here, we demonstrate alternative binding of CLIP to surface HLA-I molecules on leukemic cells. In HLA-II-negative AML cells, we found plasma membrane display of the CLIP peptide. Silencing Ii in AML cells resulted in reduced HLA-I cell surface display, which indicated a direct role of CLIP in the HLA-I antigen presentation pathway. In HLA-I-specific peptide eluates from B-LCLs, five Ii-derived peptides were identified, of which two were from the CLIP region. In vitro peptide binding assays strikingly revealed that the eluted CLIP peptide RMATPLLMQALPM efficiently bound to four distinct HLA-I supertypes (-A2, -B7, -A3, -B40). Furthermore, shorter length variants of this CLIP peptide also bound to these four supertypes, although in silico algorithms only predicted binding to HLA-A2 or -B7. Immunization of HLA-A2 transgenic mice with these peptides did not induce CTL responses. Together these data show a remarkable promiscuity of CLIP for binding to a wide variety of HLA-I molecules. The found participation of CLIP in the HLA-I antigen presentation pathway could reflect an aberrant mechanism in leukemic cells, but might also lead to elucidation of novel processing pathways or immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Hematology, VU Institute for Cancer and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Raafat N, Sadowski-Cron C, Mengus C, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Zajac P. Preventing vaccinia virus class-I epitopes presentation by HSV-ICP47 enhances the immunogenicity of a TAP-independent cancer vaccine epitope. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E659-69. [PMID: 22116674 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus protein ICP47, encoded by US12 gene, strongly downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I antigen restricted presentation by blocking transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. To decrease viral vector antigenic immunodominance and MHC class-I driven clearance, we engineered recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV) expressing ICP47 alone (rVV-US12) or together with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted Melan-A/MART-1(27-35) model tumor epitope (rVV-MUS12). In this study, we show that antigen presenting cells (APC), infected with rVV-US12, display a decreased ability to present TAP dependent MHC class-I restricted viral antigens to CD8+ T-cells. While HLA class-I cell surface expression is strongly downregulated, other important immune related molecules such as CD80, CD44 and, most importantly, MHC class-II are unaffected. Characterization of rVV-MUS12 infected cells demonstrates that over-expression of a TAP-independent peptide, partially compensates for ICP47 induced surface MHC class-I downregulation (30% vs. 70% respectively). Most importantly, in conditions where clearance of infected APC by virus-specific CTL represents a limiting factor, a significant enhancement of CTL responses to the tumor epitope can be detected in cultures stimulated with rVV-MUS12, as compared to those stimulated by rVV-MART alone. Such reagents could become of high relevance in multiple boost protocols required for cancer immunotherapy, to limit vector-specific responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Raafat
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncology group, Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, University of Basel, Switzerland
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31
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A novel category of antigens enabling CTL immunity to tumor escape variants: Cinderella antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:119-25. [PMID: 22116347 PMCID: PMC3249164 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in MHC class I antigen presentation are a common feature of tumors and allows escape from cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. It is crucial to take this capacity of tumors into account for the development of T-cell-based immunotherapy, as it may strongly impair their effectiveness. A variety of escape mechanisms has been described thus far, but progress in counteracting them is poor. Here we review a novel strategy to target malignancies with defects in the antigenic processing machinery (APM). The concept is based on a unique category of CD8+ T-cell epitopes that is associated with impaired peptide processing, which we named TEIPP. We characterized this alternative peptide repertoire emerging in MHC-I on tumors lacking classical antigen processing due to defects in the peptide transporter TAP (transporter associated with peptide processing). These TEIPPs exemplify interesting parallels with the folktale figure Cinderella: they are oppressed and neglected by a stepmother (like functional TAP prevents TEIPP presentation), until the suppression is released and Cinderella/TEIPP achieves unexpected recognition. TEIPP-specific CTLs and their cognate peptide-epitopes provide a new strategy to counteract immune evasion by APM defects and bear potential to targeting escape variants observed in a wide range of cancers.
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32
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Durgeau A, El Hage F, Vergnon I, Validire P, de Montpréville V, Besse B, Soria JC, van Hall T, Mami-Chouaib F. Different expression levels of the TAP peptide transporter lead to recognition of different antigenic peptides by tumor-specific CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5532-9. [PMID: 22025554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Decreased antigenicity of cancer cells is a major problem in tumor immunology. This is often acquired by an expression defect in the TAP. However, it has been reported that certain murine Ags appear on the target cell surface upon impairment of TAP expression. In this study, we identified a human CTL epitope belonging to this Ag category. This epitope is derived from preprocalcitonin (ppCT) signal peptide and is generated within the endoplasmic reticulum by signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase. Lung cancer cells bearing this antigenic peptide displayed low levels of TAP, but restoration of their expression by IFN-γ treatment or TAP1 and TAP2 gene transfer abrogated ppCT Ag presentation. In contrast, TAP upregulation in the same tumor cells increased their recognition by proteasome/TAP-dependent peptide-specific CTLs. Thus, to our knowledge, ppCT(16-25) is the first human tumor epitope whose surface expression requires loss or downregulation of TAP. Lung tumors frequently display low levels of TAP molecules and might thus be ignored by the immune system. Our results suggest that emerging signal peptidase-generated peptides represent alternative T cell targets, which permit CTLs to destroy TAP-impaired tumors and thus overcome tumor escape from CD8(+) T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM U753, Team 1, Tumor Antigens and CTL Reactivity, Integrated Research Cancer Institute in Villejuif, Gustave Roussy Institute, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
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33
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Oliveira CC, Querido B, Sluijter M, Derbinski J, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. Peptide transporter TAP mediates between competing antigen sources generating distinct surface MHC class I peptide repertoires. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3114-24. [PMID: 21898382 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We recently described a category of TAP-independent peptide-epitopes that are selectively presented by cells with processing defects in the classical MHC class I (MHC-I) pathway. Here, we studied the ER-resident ceramide synthase Trh4 as a prototypic example of these neo-antigens and found that moderate inhibition of TAP permits cell surface presentation of the Trh4 peptide. The absence of this peptide from WT cells was not related to the binding or stability of the Trh4/D(b) complexes, or to the availability of MHC-I heavy chains, but rather to the limited expression of the antigen. Strongly elevated antigen levels were needed to reach comparable peptide display on WT as on TAP-deficient cells. Our data suggest that the normal influx of TAP-transported peptides in the ER during routine processing creates an efficient barrier for peptides from alternative processing routes. Impairment of TAP function, as commonly found in cancers and virus-infected cells, lowers this resistance allowing for MHC-I presentation of other peptide sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Lampen MH, van Hall T. Strategies to counteract MHC-I defects in tumors. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:293-8. [PMID: 21295956 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Defects in MHC-I antigen presentation represent a common feature of cancer and allow evasion from T cell recognition. Recent findings from immunotherapy in melanoma suggested that irreversible MHC-I defects enable escape from immune pressure. Although loss of antigen presentation is known for many years, strategies to counteract these defects are scarce and largely unexamined. Now that the first forms of T-cell-based immunotherapy show clinical efficacy and reach FDA approval, this issue deserves urgent awareness. Here we describe possible roads leading to corrections of MHC-I defects in tumors and describe a salvage pathway for CTL by targeting novel tumor antigens that we recently uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit H Lampen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
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