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Fairley LH, Lai KO, Grimm A, Eckert A, Barron AM. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) in Alzheimer's disease: Therapeutic and immunomodulatory functions. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00162-7. [PMID: 38971458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) has been widely investigated as a PET-imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation and, more recently, as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. TSPO ligands have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by reducing toxic beta amyloid peptides, and attenuating brain atrophy. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, and the generation of TSPO-KO mice, have enabled new insights into the mechanistic function of TSPO in AD. Using a multi-omics approach in both TSPO-KO- and TSPO ligand-treated mice, we have demonstrated a key role for TSPO in microglial respiratory metabolism and phagocytosis in AD. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for therapeutic and immunomodulatory functions of TSPO in AD, and new tools for studying TSPO in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Fairley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kei Onn Lai
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Amandine Grimm
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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2
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Izadjoo S, Moritz KE, Khayrullina G, Bergman EM, Melvin BM, Stinson MW, Paulson SG, McCormack NM, Anderson KN, Lewis LA, Rotty JD, Burnett BG. Key features of the innate immune response is mediated by the immunoproteasome in microglia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4467983. [PMID: 38883799 PMCID: PMC11177974 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4467983/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). We and others have shown that the inflammatory response of microglia is partially regulated by the immunoproteasome, an inducible form of the proteasome responsible for the generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes. While the role of the proteasome in the adaptive immune system is well established, emerging evidence suggests the immunoproteasome may have discrete functions in the innate immune response. Here, we show that inhibiting the immunoproteasome reduces the IFNγ-dependent induction of complement activator C1q, suppresses phagocytosis, and alters the cytokine expression profile in a microglial cell line and microglia derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we show that the immunoproteasome regulates the degradation of IκBα, a modulator of NF-κB signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that NADH prevents induction of the immunoproteasome, representing a potential pathway to suppress immunoproteasome-dependent immune responses.
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3
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Pandya VA, Patani R. The role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:381-450. [PMID: 38802179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has traditionally been considered a neuron-centric disease. This view is now outdated, with increasing recognition of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contributions of central and peripheral nervous system glia to ALS pathomechanisms. With glial research rapidly accelerating, we comprehensively interrogate the roles of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells and satellite glia in nervous system physiology and ALS-associated pathology. Moreover, we highlight the inter-glial, glial-neuronal and inter-system polylogue which constitutes the healthy nervous system and destabilises in disease. We also propose classification based on function for complex glial reactive phenotypes and discuss the pre-requisite for integrative modelling to advance translation. Given the paucity of life-enhancing therapies currently available for ALS patients, we discuss the promising potential of harnessing glia in driving ALS therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virenkumar A Pandya
- University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Xiao Y, Chen Y, Huang S, He H, Hu N, Lin S, You Z. The reduction of microglial efferocytosis is concomitant with depressive-like behavior in CUMS-treated mice. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:76-86. [PMID: 38360363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial efferocytosis plays a crucial role in facilitating and sustaining homeostasis in the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. How microglial efferocytosis is affected under the condition of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesized that microglial efferocytosis in the hippocampus is impaired in the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) model of MDD, which is involved in the development of MDD. METHOD Depressive-like behavior in adult male mice was induced by CUMS and confirmed by behavioral tests. Microglial efferocytosis was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining of hippocampal slices and primary microglia co-cultured with apoptotic cells. The protein and mRNA levels of phagocytosis-related molecules and inflammation-related cytokines were detected using western blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. Annexin V was injected to mimic impairment of microglial efferocytosis. TREM2-siRNA was further used on primary microglia to examine efferocytosis-related signaling pathways. RESULTS Microglia were activated and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was increased in CUMS mice, while microglial efferocytosis and efferocytosis-related molecules were decreased. Inhibition of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway impaired microglial efferocytosis. Annexin V injection inhibited microglial efferocytosis, increased inflammation in the hippocampus and depressive-like behavior. LIMITATIONS The potential antidepressant effect of the upregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of microglial efferocytosis is involved in the development of depressive-like behavior, with downregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway and increased inflammation. These results may increase our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with MDD and provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shanyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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6
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Brown GC, Heneka MT. The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38561809 PMCID: PMC10983749 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes much of the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, and if LPS enters the human body or brain can induce inflammation and act as an endotoxin. We outline the hypothesis here that LPS may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via peripheral infections or gut dysfunction elevating LPS levels in blood and brain, which promotes: amyloid pathology, tau pathology and microglial activation, contributing to the neurodegeneration of AD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: i) blood and brain levels of LPS are elevated in AD patients, ii) AD risk factors increase LPS levels or response, iii) LPS induces Aβ expression, aggregation, inflammation and neurotoxicity, iv) LPS induces TAU phosphorylation, aggregation and spreading, v) LPS induces microglial priming, activation and neurotoxicity, and vi) blood LPS induces loss of synapses, neurons and memory in AD mouse models, and cognitive dysfunction in humans. However, to test the hypothesis, it is necessary to test whether reducing blood LPS reduces AD risk or progression. If the LPS endotoxin hypothesis is correct, then treatments might include: reducing infections, changing gut microbiome, reducing leaky gut, decreasing blood LPS, or blocking LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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7
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Tian M, Zhan Y, Cao J, Gao J, Sun J, Zhang L. Targeting blood-brain barrier for sepsis-associated encephalopathy: Regulation of immune cells and ncRNAs. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110922. [PMID: 38458135 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, most surviving patients show acute or chronic mental disorders, which are known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). SAE involves many pathological processes, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. The BBB is located at the interface between the central nervous system and the surrounding environment, which protects the central nervous system (CNS) from the invasion of exogenous molecules, harmful substances or microorganisms in the blood. Recently, a growing number of studies have indicated that the BBB destruction was involved in SAE and played an important role in SAE-induced brain injury. In the present review, we firstly reveal the pathological processes of SAE such as the neurotransmitter disorders, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction and BBB destruction. Moreover, we introduce the structure of BBB, and describe the immune cells including microglia and astrocytes that participate in the BBB destruction after SAE. Furthermore, in view of the current research on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), we explain the regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) on BBB in the processes of SAE. Finally, we propose some challenges and perspectives of regulating BBB functions in SAE. Hence, on the basis of these effects, both immune cells and ncRNAs may be developed as therapeutic targets to protect BBB for SAE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunliang Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinqi Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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8
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You Y, Chen Z, Hu WW. The role of microglia heterogeneity in synaptic plasticity and brain disorders: Will sequencing shed light on the discovery of new therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Ther 2024; 255:108606. [PMID: 38346477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in interacting with neuronal synapses and modulating synaptic plasticity. This function is particularly significant during postnatal development, as microglia are responsible for removing excessive synapses to prevent neurodevelopmental deficits. Dysregulation of microglial synaptic function has been well-documented in various pathological conditions, notably Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The recent application of RNA sequencing has provided a powerful and unbiased means to decipher spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. By identifying microglia with varying gene expression profiles, researchers have defined multiple subgroups of microglia associated with specific pathological states, including disease-associated microglia, interferon-responsive microglia, proliferating microglia, and inflamed microglia in multiple sclerosis, among others. However, the functional roles of these distinct subgroups remain inadequately characterized. This review aims to refine our current understanding of the potential roles of heterogeneous microglia in regulating synaptic plasticity and their implications for various brain disorders, drawing from recent sequencing research and functional studies. This knowledge may aid in the identification of pathogenetic biomarkers and potential factors contributing to pathogenesis, shedding new light on the discovery of novel drug targets. The field of sequencing-based data mining is evolving toward a multi-omics approach. With advances in viral tools for precise microglial regulation and the development of brain organoid models, we are poised to elucidate the functional roles of microglial subgroups detected through sequencing analysis, ultimately identifying valuable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi You
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Brown GC. Cell death by phagocytosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:91-102. [PMID: 37604896 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells can die as a consequence of being phagocytosed by other cells - a form of cell death that has been called phagotrophy, cell cannibalism, programmed cell removal and primary phagocytosis. However, these are all different manifestations of cell death by phagocytosis (termed 'phagoptosis' for short). The engulfed cells die as a result of cytotoxic oxidants, peptides and degradative enzymes within acidic phagolysosomes. Cell death by phagocytosis was discovered by Metchnikov in the 1880s, but was neglected until recently. It is now known to contribute to developmental cell death in nematodes, Drosophila and mammals, and is central to innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens. Cell death by phagocytosis mediates physiological turnover of erythrocytes and other leucocytes, making it the most abundant form of cell death in the mammalian body. Immunity against cancer is also partly mediated by macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells, but cancer cells can also phagocytose host cells and other cancer cells in order to survive. Recent evidence indicates neurodegeneration and other neuropathologies can be mediated by microglial phagocytosis of stressed neurons. Thus, despite cell death by phagocytosis being poorly recognized, it is one of the oldest, commonest and most important forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Ni J, Xie Z, Quan Z, Meng J, Qing H. How brain 'cleaners' fail: Mechanisms and therapeutic value of microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2024; 72:227-244. [PMID: 37650384 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain, where they primarily function in the clearance of dead cells and the removal of un- or misfolded proteins. The impaired activity of receptors or proteins involved in phagocytosis can result in enhanced inflammation and neurodegeneration. RNA-seq and genome-wide association studies have linked multiple phagocytosis-related genes to neurodegenerative diseases, while the knockout of such genes has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against neurodegeneration in animal models. The failure of microglial phagocytosis influences AD-linked pathologies, including amyloid β accumulation, tau propagation, neuroinflammation, and infection. However, a precise understanding of microglia-mediated phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in microglial phagocytosis in AD across a wide range of pre-clinical, post-mortem, ex vivo, and clinical studies and review the current limitations regarding the detection of microglia phagocytosis in AD. Finally, we discuss the rationale of targeting microglial phagocytosis as a therapeutic strategy for preventing AD or slowing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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11
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Yi W, Lv D, Sun Y, Mu J, Lu X. Role of APOE in glaucoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 694:149414. [PMID: 38145596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic blinding eye disease caused by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Currently, no clinically approved treatment can directly improve the survival rate of RGCs. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is closely related to the genetic risk of numerous neurodegenerative diseases and has become a hot topic in the field of neurodegenerative disease research in recent years. The optic nerve and retina are extensions of the brain's nervous system. The pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases is closely related to the degenerative diseases of the nerves in the brain. APOE consists of three alleles, ε4, ε3, and ε2, in a single locus. They have varying degrees of risk for glaucoma. APOE4 and the APOE gene deletion (APOE-/-) can reduce RGC loss. By contrast, APOE3 and the overall presence of APOE genes (APOE+/+) result in significant loss of RGC bodies and axons, increasing the risk of glaucoma RGCs death. Currently, there is no clear literature indicating that APOE2 is beneficial or harmful to glaucoma. This study summarises the mechanism of different APOE genes in glaucoma and speculates that APOE targeted intervention may be a promising method for protecting against RGCs loss in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Yi
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China.
| | - De Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China.
| | - Jingyu Mu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China.
| | - Xuejing Lu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China; Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention&Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu City, Sichuan province, China.
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12
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Soraci L, Corsonello A, Paparazzo E, Montesanto A, Piacenza F, Olivieri F, Gambuzza ME, Savedra EV, Marino S, Lattanzio F, Biscetti L. Neuroinflammaging: A Tight Line Between Normal Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2023.1001. [PMID: 38300639 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging in the healthy brain is characterized by a low-grade, chronic, and sterile inflammatory process known as neuroinflammaging. This condition, mainly consisting in an up-regulation of the inflammatory response at the brain level, contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Development of this proinflammatory state involves the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, able to induce age-related epigenetic modifications. Indeed, the exposure to environmental compounds, drugs, and infections, can contribute to epigenetic modifications of DNA methylome, histone fold proteins, and nucleosome positioning, leading to epigenetic modulation of neuroinflammatory responses. Furthermore, some epigenetic modifiers, which combine and interact during the life course, can contribute to modeling of epigenome dynamics to sustain, or dampen the neuroinflammatory phenotype. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about neuroinflammaging with a particular focus on epigenetic mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of neuroinflammatory cascades in the central nervous system; furthermore, we describe some diagnostic biomarkers that may contribute to increase diagnostic accuracy and help tailor therapeutic strategies in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Soraci
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center of Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Corsonello
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center of Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Cosenza, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Italian National Research Center of Aging (IRCCS INRCA), IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, Italian National Research Center of Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Biscetti
- Section of Neurology, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
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13
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Kitchener EJA, Dundee JM, Brown GC. Activated microglia release β-galactosidase that promotes inflammatory neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1327756. [PMID: 38283068 PMCID: PMC10811154 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1327756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Beta (β)-galactosidase is a lysosomal enzyme that removes terminal galactose residues from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is upregulated in, and used as a marker for, senescent cells. Microglia are brain macrophages implicated in neurodegeneration, and can upregulate β-galactosidase when senescent. We find that inflammatory activation of microglia induced by lipopolysaccharide results in translocation of β-galactosidase to the cell surface and release into the medium. Similarly, microglia in aged mouse brains appear to have more β-galactosidase on their surface. Addition of β-galactosidase to neuronal-glial cultures causes microglial activation and neuronal loss mediated by microglia. Inhibition of β-galactosidase in neuronal-glial cultures reduces inflammation and neuronal loss induced by lipopolysaccharide. Thus, activated microglia release β-galactosidase that promotes microglial-mediated neurodegeneration which is prevented by inhibition of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Serrano-Martínez I, Pedreño M, Castillo-González J, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Vargas-Rodríguez P, Forte-Lago I, Caro M, Campos-Salinas J, Villadiego J, Peñalver P, Morales JC, Delgado M, González-Rey E. Cortistatin as a Novel Multimodal Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:694. [PMID: 38255772 PMCID: PMC10815070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disorder characterized by the impairment of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. PD has duplicated its global burden in the last few years, becoming the leading neurological disability worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative approaches that target multifactorial underlying causes to potentially prevent or limit disease progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory responses may play a pivotal role in the neurodegenerative processes that occur during the development of PD. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide that has shown potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects in preclinical models of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders. The goal of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of cortistatin in a well-established preclinical mouse model of PD induced by acute exposure to the neurotoxin 1-methil-4-phenyl1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We observed that treatment with cortistatin mitigated the MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and their connections to the striatum. Consequently, cortistatin administration improved the locomotor activity of animals intoxicated with MPTP. In addition, cortistatin diminished the presence and activation of glial cells in the affected brain regions of MPTP-treated mice, reduced the production of immune mediators, and promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors in the striatum. In an in vitro model of PD, treatment with cortistatin also demonstrated a reduction in the cell death of dopaminergic neurons that were exposed to the neurotoxin. Taken together, these findings suggest that cortistatin could emerge as a promising new therapeutic agent that combines anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties to regulate the progression of PD at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Pedreño
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Julia Castillo-González
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Viviane Ferraz-de-Paula
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Pablo Vargas-Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Caro
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Javier Villadiego
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Peñalver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.P.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.P.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Mario Delgado
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
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15
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Ma J, Wang B, Wei X, Tian M, Bao X, Zhang Y, Qi H, Zhang Y, Hu M. Accumulation of extracellular elastin-derived peptides disturbed neuronal morphology and neuron-microglia crosstalk in aged brain. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38168728 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) accumulate in the aging brain and have been associated with vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The activation of inflammatory processes in glial cells with EDP treatment has received attention, but not in neurons. To properly understand EDPs' pathogenic significance, the impact on neuronal function and neuron-microglia crosstalk was explored further. Among the EDP molecules, Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) is a typical repeating hexapeptide. Here, we observed that EDPs-VGVAPG influenced neuronal survival and morphology in a dose-dependent manner. High concentrations of VGVAPG induced synapse loss and microglia hyperactivation in vivo and in vitro. Following EDP incubation, galectin 3 (Gal-3) released by neurons served as a chemokine, attracting microglial engulfment. Blocking Gal-3 and EDP binding remedied synapse loss in neurons and phagocytosis in microglia. In response to the accumulation of EDPs, proteomics in matrix remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics, such as a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, were engaged. These findings in extracellular EDPs provided more evidence for the relationship between aging and neuron dysfunction, increasing the insight of neuroinflammatory responses and the development of new specialized extracellular matrix remolding-targeted therapy options for dementia or other neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingfu Bao
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huichuan Qi
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Mitsui S, Yamaguchi J, Suzuki C, Uchiyama Y, Tanida I. TUNEL-positive structures in activated microglia and SQSTM1/p62-positive structures in activated astrocytes in the neurodegenerative brain of a CLN10 mouse model. Glia 2023; 71:2753-2769. [PMID: 37571859 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases. One of their causative genes, CLN10/CtsD, encodes cathepsin D, a major lysosomal protease. Central nervous system (CNS)-specific CtsD-deficient mice exhibit a neurodegenerative disease phenotype with accumulation of ceroid lipofuscins, granular osmiophilic deposits, and SQSTM1/p62. We focused on activated astrocytes and microglia in this neurodegenerative mouse brain, since there are few studies on the relationship between these accumulators and lysosomes in these glial cells. Activated microglia and astrocytes in this mouse thalamus at p24 were increased by approximately 2.5- and 4.6-fold compared with the control, while neurons were decreased by approximately half. Granular osmiophilic deposits were detected in microglial cell bodies and extended their processes in the thalamus. LAMP1-positive lysosomes, but not SQSTM1/p62 aggregates, accumulated in microglia of this mouse thalamus, whereas both lysosomes and SQSTM1/p62 aggregates accumulated in its astrocytes. TUNEL-positive signals were observed mainly in microglia, but few were observed in neurons and astrocytes. These signals were fragmented DNA from degenerated neurons engulfed by microglia or in the lysosomes of microglia. Abnormal autophagic vacuoles also accumulated in the lysosomes of microglia. Granular osmiophilic deposit-like structures localized to LAMP1-positive lysosomes in CtsD-deficient astrocytes. SQSTM1/p62-positive but LAMP1-negative membranous structures also accumulated in the astrocytes and were less condensed than typical granular osmiophilic deposits. These results suggest that CtsD deficiency leads to intracellular abnormalities in activated microglia and astrocytes in addition to neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mitsui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Morrison V, Houpert M, Trapani J, Brockman A, Kingsley P, Katdare K, Layden H, Nguena-Jones G, Trevisan A, Maguire-Zeiss K, Marnett L, Bix G, Ihrie R, Carter B. Jedi-1/MEGF12-mediated phagocytosis controls the pro-neurogenic properties of microglia in the ventricular-subventricular zone. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113423. [PMID: 37952151 PMCID: PMC10842823 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the central nervous system and clear dead cells generated during development or disease. The phagocytic process shapes the microglia phenotype, which affects the local environment. A unique population of microglia resides in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of neonatal mice, but how they influence the neurogenic niche is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis contributes to a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype in the V-SVZ and that these microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells via the engulfment receptor Jedi-1. Deletion of Jedi-1 decreases apoptotic cell clearance, triggering a neuroinflammatory microglia phenotype that resembles dysfunctional microglia in neurodegeneration and aging and that reduces neural precursor proliferation via elevated interleukin-1β signaling; interleukin-1 receptor inhibition rescues precursor proliferation in vivo. Together, these results reveal a critical role for Jedi-1 in connecting microglial phagocytic activity to the maintenance of a pro-neurogenic phenotype in the developing V-SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Matthew Houpert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jonathan Trapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Asa Brockman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Philip Kingsley
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ketaki Katdare
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Hillary Layden
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gabriela Nguena-Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alexandra Trevisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Rebecca Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Bruce Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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18
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Alvarado CX, Weller CA, Johnson N, Leonard HL, Singleton AB, Reed X, Blauewendraat C, Nalls MA. Human brain single nucleus cell type enrichments in neurodegenerative diseases. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3390225. [PMID: 38014237 PMCID: PMC10680930 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3390225/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Single-cell RNA sequencing has opened a window into clarifying the complex underpinnings of disease, particularly in quantifying the relevance of tissue- and cell-type-specific gene expression. Methods To identify the cell types and genes important to therapeutic target development across the neurodegenerative disease spectrum, we leveraged genome-wide association studies, recent single-cell sequencing data, and bulk expression studies in a diverse series of brain region tissues. Results We were able to identify significant immune-related cell types in the brain across three major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Subsequently, putative roles of 30 fine-mapped loci implicating seven genes in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and their pathogenesis were identified. Conclusions We have helped refine the genetic regions and cell types effected across multiple neurodegenerative diseases, helping focus future translational research efforts.
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González Ibáñez F, Halvorson T, Sharma K, McKee CG, Carrier M, Picard K, Vernoux N, Bisht K, Deslauriers J, Lalowski M, Tremblay MÈ. Ketogenic diet changes microglial morphology and the hippocampal lipidomic profile differently in stress susceptible versus resistant male mice upon repeated social defeat. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:383-406. [PMID: 37689276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress confers an increased risk for several diseases including psychiatric conditions. The susceptibility to psychological stress is modulated by various factors, many of them being modifiable lifestyle choices. The ketogenic diet (KD) has emerged as a dietary regime that offers positive outcomes on mood and health status. Psychological stress and elevated inflammation are common features of neuropsychiatric disorders such as certain types of major depressive disorder. KD has been attributed anti-inflammatory properties that could underlie its beneficial consequences on the brain and behavior. Microglia are the main drivers of inflammation in the central nervous system. They are known to respond to both dietary changes and psychological stress, notably by modifying their production of cytokines and relationships among the brain parenchyma. To assess the interactions between KD and the stress response, including effects on microglia, we examined adult male mice on control diet (CD) versus KD that underwent 10 days of repeated social defeat (RSD) or remained non-stressed (controls; CTRLs). Through a social interaction test, stressed mice were classified as susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES) to RSD. The mouse population fed a KD tended to have a higher proportion of individuals classified as RES following RSD. Microglial morphology and ultrastructure were then analyzed in the ventral hippocampus CA1, a brain region known to present structural alterations as a response to psychological stress. Distinct changes in microglial soma and arborization linked to the KD, SUS and RES phenotypes were revealed. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed a clear reduction of cellular stress markers in microglia from KD fed animals. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis showed that microglial contacts with synaptic elements were reduced in the SUS compared to the RES and CTRL groups. Hippocampal lipidomic analyses lastly identified a distinct lipid profile in SUS animals compared to CTRLs. These key differences, combined with the distinct microglial responses to diet and stress, indicate that unique metabolic changes may underlie the stress susceptibility phenotypes. Altogether, our results reveal novel mechanisms by which a KD might improve the resistance to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Chloe Grace McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Maciej Lalowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Liu Y, Xia P, Yan F, Yuan M, Yuan H, Du Y, Yan J, Song Q, Zhang T, Hu D, Shen Y. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Delivery of an IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Promote Targeted Repair of Retinal Degeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302962. [PMID: 37518765 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is an irreversible blinding disease that seriously affects patients' daily activities and mental health. Targeting hyperactivated microglia and regulating polarization are promising strategies for treating the disease. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is proven to be an effective treatment due to its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, the low efficiency of cell migration and integration of MSCs remains a major obstacle to clinical use. The goal of this study is to develop a nanodelivery system that targets hyperactivated microglia and inhibits their release of proinflammatory factors, to achieve durable neuroprotection. This approach is to engineer extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from MSC, modify them with a cyclic RGD (cRGD) peptide on their surface, and load them with an antagonist of the IL-1 receptor, anakinra. Comparing with non-engineered EVs, it is observed that engineered cRGD-EVs exhibit an increased targeting efficiency against hyperactivated microglia and strongly protected photoreceptors in experimental RD cells and animal models. This study provides a strategy to improve drug delivery to degenerated retinas and offers a promising approach to improve the treatment of RD through targeted modulation of the immune microenvironment via engineered cRGD-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizong Liu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Feiyue Yan
- Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Man Yuan
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Du
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbo Yan
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Song
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Tianlu Zhang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Danping Hu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
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Lepiarz-Raba I, Gbadamosi I, Florea R, Paolicelli RC, Jawaid A. Metabolic regulation of microglial phagocytosis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 37908010 PMCID: PMC10617244 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. Importantly, a majority of their functions are closely related to changes in their metabolism. This natural inter-dependency between core microglial properties and metabolism offers a unique opportunity to modulate microglial activities via nutritional or metabolic interventions. In this review, we examine the existing scientific literature to synthesize the hypothesis that microglial phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be selectively enhanced via metabolic interventions. We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. Next, we examine the evidence for dysregulation of microglial metabolism in AD. This is followed by a review of in vivo studies on metabolic manipulation of microglial functions to ascertain their therapeutic potential in AD. Finally, we discuss the effects of metabolic factors on microglial phagocytosis of healthy synapses, a pathological process that also contributes to the progression of AD. We conclude by enlisting the current challenges that need to be addressed before strategies to harness microglial phagocytosis to clear pathological protein deposits in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders can be widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roberta Florea
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ali Jawaid
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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EL-Seedy A, Pellerin L, Page G, Ladeveze V. Identification of Intron Retention in the Slc16a3 Gene Transcript Encoding the Transporter MCT4 in the Brain of Aged and Alzheimer-Disease Model (APPswePS1dE9) Mice. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1949. [PMID: 37895298 PMCID: PMC10606527 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4; Slc16a3) is expressed in the central nervous system, notably by astrocytes. It is implicated in lactate release and the regulation of glycolytic flux. Whether its expression varies during normal and/or pathological aging is unclear. As the presence of its mature transcript in the brain of young and old mice was determined, an unexpectedly longer RT-PCR fragment was detected in the mouse frontal cortex and hippocampus at 12 vs. 3 months of age. Cultured astrocytes expressed the expected 516 base pair (bp) fragment but treatment with IL-1β to mimic inflammation as can occur during aging led to the additional expression of a 928 bp fragment like that seen in aged mice. In contrast, cultured pericytes (a component of the blood-brain barrier) only exhibited the 516 bp fragment. Intriguingly, cultured endothelial cells constitutively expressed both fragments. When RT-PCR was performed on brain subregions of an Alzheimer mouse model (APPswePS1dE9), no fragment was detected at 3 months, while only the 928 bp fragment was present at 12 months. Sequencing of MCT4 RT-PCR products revealed the presence of a remaining intron between exon 2 and 3, giving rise to the longer fragment detected by RT-PCR. These results unravel the existence of intron retention for the MCT4 gene in the central nervous system. Such alternative splicing appears to increase with age in the brain and might be prominent in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Hence, further studies in vitro and in vivo of intron 2 retention in the Slc16a3 gene transcript are required for adequate characterization concerning the biological roles of Slc16a3 isoforms in the context of aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman EL-Seedy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Alexandria University, Aflaton Street, El-Shatby, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (NEUVACOD), Faculty of Pharmacy (GP), Faculty of Fundamental and Applied Science (VL), University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86073 Poitiers, France;
| | - Luc Pellerin
- IRMETIST, INSERM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers (U1313), CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France;
| | - Guylène Page
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (NEUVACOD), Faculty of Pharmacy (GP), Faculty of Fundamental and Applied Science (VL), University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86073 Poitiers, France;
| | - Veronique Ladeveze
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders (NEUVACOD), Faculty of Pharmacy (GP), Faculty of Fundamental and Applied Science (VL), University of Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86073 Poitiers, France;
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23
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Lana D, Magni G, Landucci E, Wenk GL, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. Phenomic Microglia Diversity as a Druggable Target in the Hippocampus in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13668. [PMID: 37761971 PMCID: PMC10531074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, the complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in disease animal models to find druggable targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Activation of microglia was long considered detrimental for neuron survival, but more recently it has become apparent that the real scenario of microglia morphofunctional diversity is far more complex. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the alterations in microglia phenomics in the hippocampus of animal models of normal brain aging, acute neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Microglia undergo phenomic changes consisting of transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions. The classical subdivision of microglia into M1 and M2, two different, all-or-nothing states is too simplistic, and does not correspond to the variety of phenotypes recently discovered in the brain. We will discuss the phenomic modifications of microglia focusing not only on the differences in microglia reactivity in the diverse models of neurodegenerative disorders, but also among different areas of the brain. For instance, in contiguous and highly interconnected regions of the rat hippocampus, microglia show a differential, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that microglia responses are not uniform, but vary significantly from area to area in response to insults. It is of great interest to verify whether the differences in microglia reactivity may explain the differential susceptibility of different brain areas to insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of microglia phenomics in health and disease is of paramount importance to find new druggable targets for the development of novel microglia-targeted therapies in different CNS disorders. This will allow interventions in three different ways: (i) by suppressing the pro-inflammatory properties of microglia to limit the deleterious effect of their activation; (ii) by modulating microglia phenotypic change to favor anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) by influencing microglia priming early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Domenico Edoardo Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
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24
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González Ibáñez F, Halvorson T, Sharma K, McKee C, Carrier M, Picard K, Vernoux N, Bisht K, Deslauriers J, Lalowski M, Tremblay MÈ. Ketogenic diet alters microglial morphology and changes the hippocampal lipidomic profile distinctively in stress susceptible versus resistant male mice upon repeated social defeat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555135. [PMID: 37693370 PMCID: PMC10491121 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress confers an increased risk for several diseases including psychiatric conditions. The susceptibility to psychological stress is modulated by various factors, many of them being modifiable lifestyle choices. The ketogenic diet (KD) has emerged as a dietary regime that offers positive outcomes on mood and health status. Psychological stress and elevated inflammation are common features of neuropsychiatric disorders such as certain types of major depressive disorder. KD has been attributed anti-inflammatory properties that could underlie its beneficial consequences on the brain and behavior. Microglia are the main drivers of inflammation in the central nervous system. They are known to respond to both dietary changes and psychological stress, notably by modifying their production of cytokines and relationships among the brain parenchyma. To assess the interactions between KD and the stress response, including effects on microglia, we examined adult male mice on control diet (CD) versus KD that underwent 10 days of repeated social defeat (RSD) or remained non-stressed (controls; CTRLs). Through a social interaction test, stressed mice were classified as susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES) to RSD. The mouse population fed a KD tended to have a higher proportion of individuals classified as RES following RSD. Microglial morphology and ultrastructure were then analyzed in the ventral hippocampus CA1, a brain region known to present structural alterations as a response to psychological stress. Distinct changes in microglial soma and arborization linked to the KD, SUS and RES phenotypes were revealed. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed a clear reduction of cellular stress markers in microglia from KD fed animals. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis showed that microglial contacts with synaptic elements were reduced in the SUS compared to the RES and CTRL groups. Hippocampal lipidomic analyses lastly identified a distinct lipid profile in SUS animals compared to CTRLs. These key differences, combined with the distinct microglial responses to diet and stress, indicate that unique metabolic changes may underlie the stress susceptibility phenotypes. Altogether, our results reveal novel mechanisms by which a KD might improve the resistance to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Chloe McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Maciej Lalowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Biochemistry/Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, BC, Canada
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25
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yang SS, Simtchouk S, Gibon J, Klegeris A. Regulation of the phagocytic activity of astrocytes by neuroimmune mediators endogenous to the central nervous system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289169. [PMID: 37498903 PMCID: PMC10374099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for maintaining normal brain activity, and its dysfunction may contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Phagocytic activity is one of the well-established neuroimmune functions of microglia. Although emerging evidence indicates that astrocytes can also function as CNS phagocytes in humans and rodents, limited information is available about the molecular mechanism regulating this function. To address this knowledge gap, we studied modulation of the phagocytic activity of human U118 MG astrocytic cells and murine primary astrocytes by four CNS inflammatory mediators and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS and cytochrome c (CytC) upregulated, while interferon (IFN)-γ downregulated, phagocytosis of latex beads by human astrocytic cells and phagocytosis of synaptosomes by murine primary astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had no effect on the phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells but upregulated this function in murine astrocytes. Varying effects of combinations of the above inflammatory mediators were observed in these two cell types. LPS- and CytC-induced phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells was partially mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). By monitoring other functions of astrocytes, we concluded there were no correlations between the effects of the mediators studied on astrocyte phagocytic activity and their secretion of cytokines, cytotoxins, or glutamate. Our study identified four candidate CNS regulators of astrocyte phagocytic activity. Future investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this regulation could identify novel therapeutic targets allowing modulation of this astrocyte-mediated clearance mechanism in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Shirley Yang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Millán Solano MV, Salinas Lara C, Sánchez-Garibay C, Soto-Rojas LO, Escobedo-Ávila I, Tena-Suck ML, Ortíz-Butrón R, Choreño-Parra JA, Romero-López JP, Meléndez Camargo ME. Effect of Systemic Inflammation in the CNS: A Silent History of Neuronal Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11902. [PMID: 37569277 PMCID: PMC10419139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis and encephalitis, resulting from the blood-borne spread of specific microorganisms, provoke nervous tissue damage due to the inflammatory process. Moreover, different pathologies such as sepsis can generate systemic inflammation. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of inflammatory mediators and damage molecules, which are then released into the bloodstream and can interact with structures such as the CNS, thus modifying the blood-brain barrier's (BBB´s) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier´s (BCSFB´s) function and inducing aseptic neuroinflammation. During neuroinflammation, the participation of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) plays an important role. They release cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, nitrogen species, peptides, and even excitatory amino acids that lead to neuronal damage. The neurons undergo morphological and functional changes that could initiate functional alterations to neurodegenerative processes. The present work aims to explain these processes and the pathophysiological interactions involved in CNS damage in the absence of microbes or inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Verónica Millán Solano
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos’ıo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas Lara
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Itzel Escobedo-Ávila
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Rocío Ortíz-Butrón
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología de ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos’ıo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Estela Meléndez Camargo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Manuel Luis Stampa S/N, U.P. Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
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28
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Paul M, Paul JW, Hinwood M, Hood RJ, Martin K, Abdolhoseini M, Johnson SJ, Pollack M, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Clopidogrel Administration Impairs Post-Stroke Learning and Memory Recovery in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11706. [PMID: 37511466 PMCID: PMC10380815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel, which is one of the most prescribed antiplatelet medications in the world, is given to stroke survivors for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular events. Clopidogrel exerts its antiplatelet activity via antagonism of the P2Y12 receptor (P2RY12). Although not widely known or considered during the initial clinical trials for clopidogrel, P2RY12 is also expressed on microglia, which are the brain's immune cells, where the receptor facilitates chemotactic migration toward sites of cellular damage. If microglial P2RY12 is blocked, microglia lose the ability to migrate to damaged sites and carry out essential repair processes. We aimed to investigate whether administering clopidogrel to mice post-stroke was associated with (i) impaired motor skills and cognitive recovery; (ii) physiological changes, such as survival rate and body weight; (iii) changes in the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels, microglia, and neurons; and (iv) changes in immune cells. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in adult male mice. From 24 h post-stroke, mice were treated daily for 14 days with either clopidogrel or a control. Cognitive performance (memory and learning) was assessed using a mouse touchscreen platform (paired associated learning task), while motor impairment was assessed using the cylinder task for paw asymmetry. On day 15, the mice were euthanized and their brains were collected for immunohistochemistry analysis. Clopidogrel administration significantly impaired learning and memory recovery, reduced mouse survival rates, and reduced body weight post-stroke. Furthermore, clopidogrel significantly increased vascular leakage, significantly increased the number and appearance of microglia, and significantly reduced the number of T cells within the peri-infarct region post-stroke. These data suggest that clopidogrel hampers cognitive performance post-stroke. This effect is potentially mediated by an increase in vascular permeability post-stroke, providing a pathway for clopidogrel to access the central nervous system, and thus, interfere in repair and recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paul
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Madeleine Hinwood
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hood
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Pampuscenko K, Morkuniene R, Krasauskas L, Smirnovas V, Brown GC, Borutaite V. Extracellular tau stimulates phagocytosis of living neurons by activated microglia via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 signalling axis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10813. [PMID: 37402829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In tauopathies, abnormal deposition of intracellular tau protein followed by gradual elevation of tau in cerebrospinal fluids and neuronal loss has been documented, however, the mechanism how actually neurons die under tau pathology is largely unknown. We have previously shown that extracellular tau protein (2N4R isoform) can stimulate microglia to phagocytose live neurons, i.e. cause neuronal death by primary phagocytosis, also known as phagoptosis. Here we show that tau protein induced caspase-1 activation in microglial cells via 'Toll-like' 4 (TLR4) receptors and neutral sphingomyelinase. Tau-induced neuronal loss was blocked by caspase-1 inhibitors (Ac-YVAD-CHO and VX-765) as well as by TLR4 antibodies. Inhibition of caspase-1 by Ac-YVAD-CHO prevented tau-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes and reduced microglial phagocytic activity. We also show that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome, which is down-stream of TLR4 receptors and mediates caspase-1 activation, by a specific inhibitor (MCC550) also prevented tau-induced neuronal loss. Moreover, NADPH oxidase is also involved in tau-induced neurotoxicity since neuronal loss was abolished by its pharmacological inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that extracellular tau protein stimulates microglia to phagocytose live neurons via Toll-like 4 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 axis and NADPH oxidase, each of which may serve as a potential molecular target for pharmacological treatment of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryna Pampuscenko
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ramune Morkuniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Krasauskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
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30
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Alvarado CX, Weller CA, Johnson N, Leonard HL, Singleton AB, Reed X, Blauewendraat C, Nalls M. Human brain single nucleus cell type enrichments in neurodegenerative diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.30.23292084. [PMID: 37577689 PMCID: PMC10418576 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.23292084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Single cell RNA sequencing has opened a window into clarifying the complex underpinnings of disease, particularly in quantifying the relevance of tissue- and cell-type-specific gene expression. To identify the cell types and genes important to therapeutic target development across the neurodegenerative disease spectrum, we leveraged genome-wide association studies, recent single cell sequencing data, and bulk expression studies in a diverse series of brain region tissues. We were able to identify significant immune-related cell types in the brain across three major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Parkinson's Diseases. Subsequently, we identified the major role of 30 fine-mapped loci implicating seven genes in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea X. Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cory A. Weller
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xylena Reed
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauewendraat
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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32
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Miao J, Ma H, Yang Y, Liao Y, Lin C, Zheng J, Yu M, Lan J. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201982. [PMID: 37396657 PMCID: PMC10309009 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of microglial involvement in AD, focusing on genetic determinants, phenotypic state, phagocytic capacity, neuroinflammatory response, and impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal regulation. Furthermore, recent developments in drug discovery targeting microglia in AD are reviewed, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the essential role of microglia in AD and provides insights into potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanpin Liao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanxia Zheng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muli Yu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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33
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Guo H, Jin W, Liu K, Liu S, Mao S, Zhou Z, Xie L, Wang G, Chen Y, Liang Y. Oral GSH Exerts a Therapeutic Effect on Experimental Salmonella Meningitis by Protecting BBB Integrity and Inhibiting Salmonella-induced Apoptosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:112-126. [PMID: 36418663 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is the main cause of the central nervous system (CNS) infection and continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Glutathione (GSH), an endogenous tripeptide antioxidant, has been proved to exert crucial role in reducing superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites. The purpose of this study is to expand the application scope of GSH via exploring its therapeutic effect on BM caused by Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 and then provide a novel approach for the treatment of BM. The results suggested that intragastric administration of GSH could significantly increase median survival and improve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis score of BM model mice. However, exogenous GSH did not affect the adhesion, invasion and cytotoxicity of SL1344 to C6, BV2 and primary microglia. Due to the contradiction between the therapeutic and bactericidal effects of GSH, the effect of GSH on blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated to explore its action target for the treatment of meningitis. GSH was found to repair the damage of BBB and then prevent the leakage of SL1344 from the brain to the blood circulation. The repaired BBB could also effectively reduce the entry of macrophages and neutrophils into the brain, and significantly reverse the microglia activation induced by SL1344. More importantly, exogenous GSH was proved to reduce mouse brain cell apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-8 followed by caspase-3, and reversing the up-regulation of ICAD and PARP-1 caused by SL1344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Keanqi Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Mao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yugen Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Qinhuai District, 210000, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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34
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Akhmetzyanova ER, Zhuravleva MN, Timofeeva AV, Tazetdinova LG, Garanina EE, Rizvanov AA, Mukhamedshina YO. Severity- and Time-Dependent Activation of Microglia in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098294. [PMID: 37176001 PMCID: PMC10179339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a number of cascades of biochemical reactions and intercellular interactions, the outcome of which determines the regenerative potential of the nervous tissue and opens up capacities for preserving its functions. The key elements of the above-mentioned processes are microglia. Many assumptions have been put forward, and the first evidence has been obtained, suggesting that, depending on the severity of SCI and the post-traumatic period, microglia behave differently. In this regard, we conducted a study to assess the microglia behavior in the model of mild, moderate and severe SCI in vitro for various post-traumatic periods. We reported for the first time that microglia make a significant contribution to both anti- and pro-inflammatory patterns for a prolonged period after severe SCI (60 dpi), while reduced severities of SCI do not lead to prolonged activation of microglia. The study also revealed the following trend: the greater the severity of the SCI, the lower the proliferative and phagocytic activity of microglia, which is true for all post-traumatic periods of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Ruslanovna Akhmetzyanova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Margarita Nikolaevna Zhuravleva
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Viktorovna Timofeeva
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Leisan Gazinurovna Tazetdinova
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Evgenevna Garanina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Anatolevich Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Olegovna Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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35
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Popescu AS, Butler CA, Allendorf DH, Piers TM, Mallach A, Roewe J, Reinhardt P, Cinti A, Redaelli L, Boudesco C, Pradier L, Pocock JM, Thornton P, Brown GC. Alzheimer's disease-associated R47H TREM2 increases, but wild-type TREM2 decreases, microglial phagocytosis of synaptosomes and neuronal loss. Glia 2023; 71:974-990. [PMID: 36480007 PMCID: PMC10952257 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor, upregulated on the surface of microglia associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals heterozygous for the R47H variant of TREM2 have greatly increased risk of developing AD. We examined the effects of wild-type (WT), R47H and knock-out (KO) of human TREM2 expression in three microglial cell systems. Addition of mouse BV-2 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to primary mouse neuronal cultures caused neuronal loss, not observed with WT TREM2. Neuronal loss was prevented by using annexin V to block exposed phosphatidylserine, an eat-me signal and ligand of TREM2, suggesting loss was mediated by microglial phagocytosis of neurons exposing phosphatidylserine. Addition of human CHME-3 microglia expressing R47H TREM2 to LUHMES neuronal-like cells also caused loss compared to WT TREM2. Expression of R47H TREM2 in BV-2 and CHME-3 microglia increased their uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads and synaptosomes versus WT TREM2. Human iPSC-derived microglia with heterozygous R47H TREM2 had increased phagocytosis of synaptosomes vs common-variant TREM2. Additionally, phosphatidylserine liposomes increased activation of human iPSC-derived microglia expressing homozygous R47H TREM2 versus common-variant TREM2. Finally, overexpression of TREM2 in CHME-3 microglia caused increased expression of cystatin F, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and knock-down of cystatin F increased CHME-3 uptake of phosphatidylserine-beads. Together, these data suggest that R47H TREM2 may increase AD risk by increasing phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via greater activation by phosphatidylserine and that WT TREM2 may decrease microglial phagocytosis of synapses and neurons via cystatin F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma S. Popescu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Claire A. Butler
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas M. Piers
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Anna Mallach
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Julian Roewe
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience DiscoveryAbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KGLudwigshafenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. Pocock
- Department of NeuroinflammationUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
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Birkle TJY, Brown GC. Syk inhibitors protect against microglia-mediated neuronal loss in culture. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1120952. [PMID: 37009452 PMCID: PMC10050448 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1120952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain macrophages and play beneficial and/or detrimental roles in many brain pathologies because of their inflammatory and phagocytic activity. Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis are thought to be regulated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), which is activated by multiple microglial receptors, including TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2), implicated in neurodegeneration. Here, we have tested whether Syk inhibitors can prevent microglia-dependent neurodegeneration induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary neuron-glia cultures. We found that the Syk inhibitors BAY61-3606 and P505-15 (at 1 and 10 μM, respectively) completely prevented the neuronal loss induced by LPS, which was microglia-dependent. Syk inhibition also prevented the spontaneous loss of neurons from older neuron-glia cultures. In the absence of LPS, Syk inhibition depleted microglia from the cultures and induced some microglial death. However, in the presence of LPS, Syk inhibition had relatively little effect on microglial density (reduced by 0-30%) and opposing effects on the release of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 decreased by about 45%, TNFα increased by 80%). Syk inhibition also had no effect on the morphological transition of microglia exposed to LPS. On the other hand, inhibition of Syk reduced microglial phagocytosis of beads, synapses and neurons. Thus, Syk inhibition in this model is most likely neuroprotective by reducing microglial phagocytosis, however, the reduced microglial density and IL-6 release may also contribute. This work adds to increasing evidence that Syk is a key regulator of the microglial contribution to neurodegenerative disease and suggests that Syk inhibitors may be used to prevent excessive microglial phagocytosis of synapses and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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38
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Sierra-Martín A, Navascués J, Neubrand VE, Sepúlveda MR, Martín-Oliva D, Cuadros MA, Marín-Teva JL. LPS-stimulated microglial cells promote ganglion cell death in organotypic cultures of quail embryo retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1120400. [PMID: 37006469 PMCID: PMC10050569 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1120400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During development microglia colonize the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in programmed cell death, not only because of their ability to remove dead cells by phagocytosis, but also because they can promote the death of neuronal and glial cells. To study this process, we used as experimental systems the developing in situ quail embryo retina and organotypic cultures of quail embryo retina explants (QEREs). In both systems, immature microglia show an upregulation of certain inflammatory markers, e.g., inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) under basal conditions, which can be further enhanced with LPS-treatment. Hence, we investigated in the present study the role of microglia in promoting ganglion cell death during retinal development in QEREs. Results showed that LPS-stimulation of microglia in QEREs increases (i) the percentage of retinal cells with externalized phosphatidylserine, (ii) the frequency of phagocytic contacts between microglial and caspase-3-positive ganglion cells, (iii) cell death in the ganglion cell layer, and (iv) microglial production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, such as NO. Furthermore, iNOS inhibition by L-NMMA decreases cell death of ganglion cells and increases the number of ganglion cells in LPS-treated QEREs. These data demonstrate that LPS-stimulated microglia induce ganglion cell death in cultured QEREs by a NO-dependent mechanism. The fact that phagocytic contacts between microglial and caspase-3-positive ganglion cells increase suggests that this cell death might be mediated by microglial engulfment, although a phagocytosis-independent mechanism cannot be excluded.
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The Pathological Activation of Microglia Is Modulated by Sexually Dimorphic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054739. [PMID: 36902168 PMCID: PMC10003784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Their ability to survey, assess and respond to perturbations in their local environment is critical in their role of maintaining CNS homeostasis in health and disease. Microglia also have the capability of functioning in a heterogeneous manner depending on the nature of their local cues, as they can become activated on a spectrum from pro-inflammatory neurotoxic responses to anti-inflammatory protective responses. This review seeks to define the developmental and environmental cues that support microglial polarization towards these phenotypes, as well as discuss sexually dimorphic factors that can influence this process. Further, we describe a variety of CNS disorders including autoimmune disease, infection, and cancer that demonstrate disparities in disease severity or diagnosis rates between males and females, and posit that microglial sexual dimorphism underlies these differences. Understanding the mechanism behind differential CNS disease outcomes between men and women is crucial in the development of more effective targeted therapies.
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40
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Valenzuela-Arzeta IE, Soto-Rojas LO, Flores-Martinez YM, Delgado-Minjares KM, Gatica-Garcia B, Mascotte-Cruz JU, Nava P, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Reyes-Corona D, Martínez-Dávila IA, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, Espadas-Alvarez AJ, Orozco-Barrios CE, Martinez-Fong D. LPS Triggers Acute Neuroinflammation and Parkinsonism Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway and Mitochondrial CI Dysfunction in the Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054628. [PMID: 36902058 PMCID: PMC10003606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether neuroinflammation leads to dopaminergic nigrostriatal system neurodegeneration is controversial. We addressed this issue by inducing acute neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra (SN) with a single local administration (5 µg/2 µL saline solution) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neuroinflammatory variables were assessed from 48 h to 30 days after the injury by immunostaining for activated microglia (Iba-1 +), neurotoxic A1 astrocytes (C3 + and GFAP +), and active caspase-1. We also evaluated NLRP3 activation and Il-1β levels by western blot and mitochondrial complex I (CI) activity. Fever and sickness behavior was assessed for 24 h, and motor behavior deficits were followed up until day 30. On this day, we evaluated the cellular senescence marker β-galactosidase (β-Gal) in the SN and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the SN and striatum. After LPS injection, Iba-1 (+), C3 (+), and S100A10 (+) cells were maximally present at 48 h and reached basal levels on day 30. NLRP3 activation occurred at 24 h and was followed by a rise of active caspase-1 (+), Il-1β, and decreased mitochondrial CI activity until 48 h. A significant loss of nigral TH (+) cells and striatal terminals was associated with motor deficits on day 30. The remaining TH (+) cells were β-Gal (+), suggesting senescent dopaminergic neurons. All the histopathological changes also appeared on the contralateral side. Our results show that unilaterally LPS-induced neuroinflammation can cause bilateral neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and are relevant for understanding Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irais E. Valenzuela-Arzeta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Karen M. Delgado-Minjares
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Bismark Gatica-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
| | - Juan U. Mascotte-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - David Reyes-Corona
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
| | - Irma A. Martínez-Dávila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - M. E. Gutierrez-Castillo
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Armando J. Espadas-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- Conacyt-Unidad de Investigaciones Médicas en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes 20120, Mexico
- Programa de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, CINVESTAV, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5557473959
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Maysinger D, Zhang I, Wu PY, Kagelmacher M, Luo HD, Kizhakkedathu JN, Dernedde J, Ballauff M, Haag R, Shobo A, Multhaup G, McKinney RA. Sulfated Hyperbranched and Linear Polyglycerols Modulate HMGB1 and Morphological Plasticity in Neural Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:677-688. [PMID: 36717083 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish if polyglycerols with sulfate or sialic acid functional groups interact with high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and if so, which polyglycerol could prevent loss of morphological plasticity in excitatory neurons in the hippocampus. Considering that HMGB1 binds to heparan sulfate and that heparan sulfate has structural similarities with dendritic polyglycerol sulfates (dPGS), we performed the experiments to show if polyglycerols can mimic heparin functions by addressing the following questions: (1) do dendritic and linear polyglycerols interact with the alarmin molecule HMGB1? (2) Does dPGS interaction with HMGB1 influence the redox status of HMGB1? (3) Can dPGS prevent the loss of dendritic spines in organotypic cultures challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? LPS plays a critical role in infections with Gram-negative bacteria and is commonly used to test candidate therapeutic agents for inflammation and endotoxemia. Pathologically high LPS concentrations and other stressful stimuli cause HMGB1 release and post-translational modifications. We hypothesized that (i) electrostatic interactions of hyperbranched and linear polysulfated polyglycerols with HMGB1 will likely involve sites similar to those of heparan sulfate. (ii) dPGS can normalize HMGB1 compartmentalization in microglia exposed to LPS and prevent dendritic spine loss in the excitatory hippocampal neurons. We performed immunocytochemistry and biochemical analyses combined with confocal microscopy to determine cellular and extracellular locations of HMGB1 and morphological plasticity. Our results suggest that dPGS interacts with HMGB1 similarly to heparan sulfate. Hyperbranched dPGS and linear sulfated polymers prevent dendritic spine loss in hippocampal excitatory neurons. MS/MS analyses reveal that dPGS-HMGB1 interactions result in fully oxidized HMGB1 at critical cysteine residues (Cys23, Cys45, and Cys106). Triply oxidized HMGB1 leads to the loss of its pro-inflammatory action and could participate in dPGS-mediated spine loss prevention. LPG-Sia exposure to HMGB1 results in the oxidation of Cys23 and Cys106 but does not normalize spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pei You Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marten Kagelmacher
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Haiming Daniel Luo
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin13353, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, MontrealH3G 1Y6, Canada
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Shimizu T, Schutt CR, Izumi Y, Tomiyasu N, Omahdi Z, Kano K, Takamatsu H, Aoki J, Bamba T, Kumanogoh A, Takao M, Yamasaki S. Direct activation of microglia by β-glucosylceramide causes phagocytosis of neurons that exacerbates Gaucher disease. Immunity 2023; 56:307-319.e8. [PMID: 36736320 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease caused by recessive mutations in the degrading enzyme of β-glucosylceramide (β-GlcCer). However, it remains unclear how β-GlcCer causes severe neuronopathic symptoms, which are not fully treated by current therapies. We herein found that β-GlcCer accumulating in GD activated microglia through macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) to induce phagocytosis of living neurons, which exacerbated Gaucher symptoms. This process was augmented by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secreted from activated microglia that sensitized neurons for phagocytosis. This characteristic pathology was also observed in human neuronopathic GD. Blockade of these pathways in mice with a combination of FDA-approved drugs, minocycline (microglia activation inhibitor) and etanercept (TNF blocker), effectively protected neurons and ameliorated neuronopathic symptoms. In this study, we propose that limiting unrestrained microglia activation using drug repurposing provides a quickly applicable therapeutic option for fatal neuronopathic GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Charles R Schutt
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tomiyasu
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Zakaria Omahdi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Diseases for Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Pinosanu LR, Capitanescu B, Glavan D, Godeanu S, Cadenas IF, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroglia Cells Transcriptomic in Brain Development, Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:63-83. [PMID: 36818562 PMCID: PMC9937697 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are essential for brain functioning during development, aging and disease. However, the role of astroglia plays during brain development is quite different from the role played in the adult lesioned brain. Therefore, a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying astroglia activity in the aging brain and cerebrovascular diseases is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. To this end, this review provides a comparison between the transcriptomic activity of astroglia cells during development, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, astrocytes and microglia often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning. In the adult brain astrocytes are a critical player in the synapse remodeling by mediating synapse elimination while microglia activity has been associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and remove cell debris by constantly sensing the environment. However, in the lesioned brain astrocytes proliferate and play essential functions with regard to energy supply to the neurons, neurotransmission and buildup of a protective scar isolating the lesion site from the surroundings. Inflammation, neurodegeneration, or loss of brain homeostasis induce changes in microglia gene expression, morphology, and function, generally referred to as "primed" microglia. These changes in gene expression are characterized by an enrichment of phagosome, lysosome, and antigen presentation signaling pathways and is associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding cell surface receptors. In addition, primed microglia are characterized by upregulation of a network of genes in response to interferon gamma. Conclusion. A comparison of astroglia cells transcriptomic activity during brain development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders might provide us with new therapeutic strategies with which to protect the aging brain and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Radu Pinosanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatric clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Israel Ferna´ndez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.
| | - Adrian-Tudor Balseanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Tan S, Gao H, Sun J, Li N, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang M, Wang Q, Zhai Q. CD33/TREM2 Signaling Mediates Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating Microglial Phagocytosis. Neuromolecular Med 2023:10.1007/s12017-023-08733-6. [PMID: 36639554 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation causes significant memory impairment in healthy adults. Extensive research has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying memory impairment. Microglia-mediated synaptic elimination plays an indispensable role in sleep deprivation. Here, the potential role of the CD33/TREM2 signaling pathway in modulating memory decline during chronic sleep restriction (CSR) was evaluated. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were sleep-restricted using an automated sleep deprivation apparatus for 20 h per day for 7 days. The Y-maze test revealed that spontaneous alternation was significantly reduced in CSR mice compared with control mice. The percentage of exploratory preference for the novel object in CSR mice was significantly decreased compared with that in control mice. These memory deficits correlated with aberrant microglial activation and increased phagocytic ability. Moreover, in CSR mice, the CD33 protein level in hippocampal tissue was significantly downregulated, but the TREM2 protein level was increased. In BV2 microglial cells, downregulation of CD33 increased TREM2 expression and improved microglial phagocytosis. Then, the sialic ligand monosialo-ganglioside 1 (GM1, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to mice once a day during CSR. Our results further showed that GM1 activated CD33 and consequently disturbed TREM2-mediated microglial phagocytosis. Finally, GM1 reversed CSR-induced synaptic loss and memory impairment via the CD33/TREM2 signaling pathway in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. This study provides novel evidence that activating CD33 and/or inhibiting TREM2 activity represent potential therapies for sleep loss-induced memory deficits through the modulation of microglial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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CNS Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier and Towards Specific Cellular Targeting. Pharm Res 2023; 40:77-105. [PMID: 36380168 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutic molecules including small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA(miRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA-based gene therapy have tremendous potential for treating diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). However, achieving clinically meaningful delivery to the brain and particularly to target cells and sub-cellular compartments is typically very challenging. Mediating cell-specific delivery in the CNS would be a crucial advance that mitigates off-target effects and toxicities. In this review, we describe these challenges and provide contemporary evidence of advances in cellular and sub-cellular delivery using a variety of delivery mechanisms and alternative routes of administration, including the nose-to-brain approach. Strategies to achieve subcellular localization, endosomal escape, cytosolic bioavailability, and nuclear transfer are also discussed. Ultimately, there are still many challenges to translating these experimental strategies into effective and clinically viable approaches for treating patients.
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Rocamonde B, Hasan U, Mathieu C, Dutartre H. Viral-induced neuroinflammation: Different mechanisms converging to similar exacerbated glial responses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1108212. [PMID: 36937670 PMCID: PMC10017484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that viral infections are the source/origin of various types of encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and other neurological and cognitive disorders. While the involvement of certain viruses, such as the Nipah virus and measles virus, is known, the mechanisms of neural invasion and the factors that trigger intense immune reactions are not fully understood. Based on recent publications, this review discusses the role of the immune response, interactions between viruses and glial cells, and cytokine mediators in the development of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. It also highlights the significant gaps in knowledge regarding these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Brenda Rocamonde,
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Immunotherapy INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- The Lyon Immunotherapy for Cancer Laboratory (LICL), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286) Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Équipe Neuro-Invasion, Tropism and Viral Encephalitis, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cyrille Mathieu,
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Hélène Dutartre,
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Wang LW, Lin HJ, Chao CM, Lin MT, Wang LY, Chein LH, Chang CP, Chio CC. The interrelationships between neuronal viability, synaptic integrity, microglial responses, and amyloid-beta formation in an in vitro neurotrauma model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22028. [PMID: 36539544 PMCID: PMC9768168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelationships between neuronal viability, synaptic integrity, and microglial responses remain in infancy. In dealing with the question, we induced a stretch injury to evaluate the mechanical effects of trauma on rat primary cortical neurons and BV2 microglial cells in a transwell culture system. The viability of primary neurons and BV2 cells was determined by MTT. Synaptic integrity was evaluated by determining the expression of beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), amyloid-beta (Aβ), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin (vehicle protein). Both CD16/32-positive (CD16/32+) and CD206-positive (CD206+) microglia cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The phagocytic ability of the BV2 cells was determined using pHrodo E. coli BioParticles conjugates and flow cytometry. We found that stretch injury BV2 cells caused reduced viability and synaptic abnormalities characterized by Aβ accumulation and reductions of BACE1, MAP2, and synaptophysin in primary neurons. Intact BV2 cells exhibited normal phagocytic ability and were predominantly CD206+ microglia cells, whereas the injured BV2 cells exhibited reduced phagocytic ability and were predominantly CD16/32+ microglial cells. Like a stretch injury, the injured BV2 cells can cause both reduced viability and synaptic abnormalities in primary neurons; intact BV2 cells, when cocultured with primary neurons, can protect against the stretch-injured-induced reduced viability and synaptic abnormalities in primary neurons. We conclude that CD206+ and CD16/32+ BV-2 cells can produce neuroprotective and cytotoxic effects on primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Wan Wang
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan ,grid.412717.60000 0004 0532 2914Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan ,grid.412896.00000 0000 9337 0481School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Chao
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, No.201, Taikang Taikang Vil., Liouying Dist., Tainan, 73657 Taiwan ,grid.452538.d0000 0004 0639 3335Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, 73657 Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yu Wang
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan ,grid.412717.60000 0004 0532 2914Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 71005 Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hsiang Chein
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- grid.413876.f0000 0004 0572 9255Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang District, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
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Riche K, Lenard NR. Quercetin's Effects on Glutamate Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:7620. [PMID: 36364448 PMCID: PMC9657878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The potentially therapeutic effects of the naturally abundant plant flavonoid quercetin have been extensively studied. An extensive body of literature suggests that quercetin's powerful antioxidant effects may relate to its ability to treat disease. Glutamate excitotoxicity occurs when a neuron is overstimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate and causes dysregulation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Quercetin has been shown to be preventative against many forms of neuronal cell death resulting from glutamate excitotoxicity, such as oncosis, intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition, ferroptosis, phagoptosis, lysosomal cell death, parthanatos, and death by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation. The clinical importance for the attenuation of glutamate excitotoxicity arises from the need to deter the continuous formation of tissue infarction caused by various neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative diseases, and trauma. This review aims to summarize what is known concerning glutamate physiology and glutamate excitotoxic pathophysiology and provide further insight into quercetin's potential to hinder neuronal death caused by cell death pathways activated by glutamate excitotoxicity. Quercetin's bioavailability may limit its use clinically, however. Thus, future research into ways to increase its bioavailability are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie R. Lenard
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University, 5414 Brittany Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Microglial debris is cleared by astrocytes via C4b-facilitated phagocytosis and degraded via RUBICON-dependent noncanonical autophagy in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6233. [PMID: 36280666 PMCID: PMC9592609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that undergo turnover throughout the lifespan. If microglial debris is not removed in a timely manner, accumulated debris may influence CNS function. Clearance of microglial debris is crucial for CNS homeostasis. However, underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We here investigate how dead microglia are removed. We find that although microglia can phagocytose microglial debris in vitro, the territory-dependent competition hinders the microglia-to-microglial debris engulfment in vivo. In contrast, microglial debris is mainly phagocytosed by astrocytes in the brain, facilitated by C4b opsonization. The engulfed microglial fragments are then degraded in astrocytes via RUBICON-dependent LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a form of noncanonical autophagy. Interference with C4b-mediated engulfment and subsequent LAP disrupt the removal and degradation of microglial debris, respectively. Together, we elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglial debris removal in mice, extending the knowledge on the maintenance of CNS homeostasis.
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Role of Vitronectin and Its Receptors in Neuronal Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012387. [PMID: 36293243 PMCID: PMC9604229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin (VTN), a multifunctional glycoprotein with various physiological functions, exists in plasma and the extracellular matrix. It is known to be involved in the cell attachment, spreading and migration through binding to the integrin receptor, mainly via the RGD sequence. VTN is also widely used in the maintenance and expansion of pluripotent stem cells, but its effects go beyond that. Recent evidence shows more functions of VTN in the nervous system as it participates in neural differentiation, neuronutrition and neurogenesis, as well as in regulating axon size, supporting and guiding neurite extension. Furthermore, VTN was proved to play a key role in protecting the brain as it can reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by interacting with integrin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, evidence suggests that VTN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, but its function has not been fully understood. This review summarizes the functions of VTN and its receptors in neurons and describes the role of VTN in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases.
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