1
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Chang H, Hou P, Wang X, Xiang A, Wu H, Qi W, Yang R, Wang X, Li X, He W, Zhao G, Sun W, Wang T, He DC, Wang H, Gao Y, He H. CD97 negatively regulates the innate immune response against RNA viruses by promoting RNF125-mediated RIG-I degradation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1457-1471. [PMID: 37978243 PMCID: PMC10687259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor ADGRE5 (CD97) binds to various metabolites that play crucial regulatory roles in metabolism. However, its function in the antiviral innate immune response remains to be determined. In this study, we report that CD97 inhibits virus-induced type-I interferon (IFN-I) release and enhances RNA virus replication in cells and mice. CD97 was identified as a new negative regulator of the innate immune receptor RIG-I, and RIG-1 degradation led to the suppression of the IFN-I signaling pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of CD97 promoted the ubiquitination of RIG-I, resulting in its degradation, but did not impact its mRNA expression. Mechanistically, CD97 upregulates RNF125 expression to induce RNF125-mediated RIG-I degradation via K48-linked ubiquitination at Lys181 after RNA virus infection. Most importantly, CD97-deficient mice are more resistant than wild-type mice to RNA virus infection. We also found that sanguinarine-mediated inhibition of CD97 effectively blocks VSV and SARS-CoV-2 replication. These findings elucidate a previously unknown mechanism through which CD97 negatively regulates RIG-I in the antiviral innate immune response and provide a molecular basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and the design of targeted antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Chang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Aibiao Xiang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Rukun Yang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Daniel Chang He
- The College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China.
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2
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Ravn-Boess N, Roy N, Hattori T, Bready D, Donaldson H, Lawson C, Lapierre C, Korman A, Rodrick T, Liu E, Frenster JD, Stephan G, Wilcox J, Corrado AD, Cai J, Ronnen R, Wang S, Haddock S, Sabio Ortiz J, Mishkit O, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Fenyö D, Zagzag D, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Perna F, Jones DR, Possemato R, Koide A, Koide S, Park CY, Placantonakis DG. The expression profile and tumorigenic mechanisms of CD97 (ADGRE5) in glioblastoma render it a targetable vulnerability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113374. [PMID: 37938973 PMCID: PMC10841603 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have attracted interest for their potential as treatment targets. Here, we show that CD97 (ADGRE5) is the most promising aGPCR target in GBM, by virtue of its de novo expression compared to healthy brain tissue. CD97 knockdown or knockout significantly reduces the tumor initiation capacity of patient-derived GBM cultures (PDGCs) in vitro and in vivo. We find that CD97 promotes glycolytic metabolism via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which depends on phosphorylation of its C terminus and recruitment of β-arrestin. We also demonstrate that THY1/CD90 is a likely CD97 ligand in GBM. Lastly, we show that an anti-CD97 antibody-drug conjugate selectively kills tumor cells in vitro. Our studies identify CD97 as a regulator of tumor metabolism, elucidate mechanisms of receptor activation and signaling, and provide strong scientific rationale for developing biologics to target it therapeutically in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ravn-Boess
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nainita Roy
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Devin Bready
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hayley Donaldson
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Lawson
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cathryn Lapierre
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aryeh Korman
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tori Rodrick
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Enze Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua D Frenster
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Wilcox
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexis D Corrado
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca Ronnen
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sara Haddock
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan Sabio Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Orin Mishkit
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Aris Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Drube
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Drew R Jones
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Brain and Spine Tumor Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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3
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Lin HH. Functional partnerships between GPI-anchored proteins and adhesion GPCRs. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300115. [PMID: 37526334 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Specific extracellular interaction between glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) plays an important role in unique biological functions. GPI-anchored proteins are derived from a novel post-translational modification of single-span membrane molecules, while aGPCRs are bona fide seven-span transmembrane proteins with a long extracellular domain. Although various members of the two structurally-distinct protein families are known to be involved in a wide range of biological processes, many remain as orphans. Interestingly, accumulating evidence has pointed to a complex interaction and functional synergy between these two protein families. I discuss herein current understanding of specific functional partnerships between GPI-anchored proteins and aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
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4
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Slepak TI, Guyot M, Walters W, Eichberg DG, Ivan ME. Dual role of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor ADRGE5/CD97 in glioblastoma invasion and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105105. [PMID: 37517698 PMCID: PMC10481366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD97, an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM), consists of two noncovalently bound domains: the N-terminal fragment (NTF) and C-terminal fragment. The C-terminal fragment contains a GPCR domain that couples to Gα12/13, while the NTF interacts with extracellular matrix components and other receptors. We investigated the effects of changing CD97 levels and its function on primary patient-derived GBM stem cells (pdGSCs) in vitro and in vivo. We created two functional mutants: a constitutively active ΔNTF and the noncleavable dominant-negative H436A mutant. The CD97 knockdown in pdGSCs decreased, while overexpression of CD97 increased tumor size. Unlike other constructs, the ΔNTF mutant promoted tumor cell proliferation, but the tumors were comparable in size to those with CD97 overexpression. As expected, the GBM tumors overexpressing CD97 were very invasive, but surprisingly, the knockdown did not inhibit invasiveness and even induced it in noninvasive U87 tumors. Importantly, our results indicate that NTF was present in the tumor core cells but absent in the pdGSCs invading the brain. Furthermore, the expression of noncleavable H436A mutant led to large tumors that invade by sending massive protrusions, but the invasion of individual tumor cells was substantially reduced. These data suggest that NTF association with CD97 GPCR domain inhibits individual cell dissemination but not overall tumor invasion. However, NTF dissociation facilitates pdGSCs brain infiltration and may promote tumor proliferation. Thus, the interplay between two functional domains regulates CD97 activity resulting in either enhanced cell adhesion or stimulation of tumor cell invasion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I Slepak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
| | - Manuela Guyot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
| | - Winston Walters
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
| | - Daniel G Eichberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA.
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5
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Frenster JD, Erdjument-Bromage H, Stephan G, Ravn-Boess N, Wang S, Liu W, Bready D, Wilcox J, Kieslich B, Jankovic M, Wilde C, Horn S, Sträter N, Liebscher I, Schöneberg T, Fenyo D, Neubert TA, Placantonakis DG. PTK7 is a positive allosteric modulator of GPR133 signaling in glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112679. [PMID: 37354459 PMCID: PMC10445595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor GPR133 (ADGRD1) supports growth of the brain malignancy glioblastoma. How the extracellular interactome of GPR133 in glioblastoma modulates signaling remains unknown. Here, we use affinity proteomics to identify the transmembrane protein PTK7 as an extracellular binding partner of GPR133 in glioblastoma. PTK7 binds the autoproteolytically generated N-terminal fragment of GPR133 and its expression in trans increases GPR133 signaling. This effect requires the intramolecular cleavage of GPR133 and PTK7's anchoring in the plasma membrane. PTK7's allosteric action on GPR133 signaling is additive with but topographically distinct from orthosteric activation by soluble peptide mimicking the endogenous tethered Stachel agonist. GPR133 and PTK7 are expressed in adjacent cells in glioblastoma, where their knockdown phenocopies each other. We propose that this ligand-receptor interaction is relevant to the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and possibly other physiological processes in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Frenster
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niklas Ravn-Boess
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Devin Bready
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Wilcox
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Björn Kieslich
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuel Jankovic
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Caroline Wilde
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Brain and Spine Tumor Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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6
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Peng Z, Wu Y, Wang J, Gu S, Wang Y, Xue B, Fu P, Xiang W. Development and validation of a glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cell-related gene prognostic index for predicting prognosis and guiding individualized therapy in glioma. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:56. [PMID: 37005685 PMCID: PMC10068170 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (GA-MSCs) are implicated in the regulation of glioma malignant progression. However, the prognostic value of GA-MSCs has not been comprehensively explored in glioma. METHODS We extracted GA-MSCs from glioma tissues, established intracranial xenograft models in nude mice, and obtained GA-MSC-related genes (GA-MSCRGs) by using microarrays. The transcriptome data and clinical information of glioma patients were obtained from the CGGA and TCGA databases. We screened 8 prognostic GA-MSCRGs to construct a prognostic index by using the multivariate Cox regression method. The validity of the GA-MSCRGPI was verified in the training (CGGA693) and validation (TCGA and CGGA325) cohorts. The expression patterns of these 8 GA-MSCRGs were validated in 78 glioma tissue specimens by using a qRT‒PCR assay. RESULTS GA-MSCs were successfully isolated from glioma tissues. Based on intracranial xenograft models and transcriptome microarray screening, 8 genes (MCM7, CDK6, ORC1, CCL20, TNFRSF12A, POLA1, TRAF1 and TIAM1) were selected for the construction of a GA-MSC-related gene prognostic index (GA-MSCRGPI). In both the training and validation cohorts, high GA-MSCRGPI patients showed an inferior survival outcome compared with low GA-MSCRGPI patients. A nomogram was established based on independent prognostic indicators (age, WHO grade and GA-MSCRGPI) and exhibited a strong forecasting ability for overall survival (OS). Moreover, we found that the GA-MSCRGPI could evaluate the prognosis of glioma patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The high GA-MSCRGPI group exhibited higher immune, stromal and ESTIMATE scores; lower tumor purity; higher infiltration of Tregs and M2-type macrophages; fewer activated NK cells; and higher expression of immune checkpoints. Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) showed that the high GA-MSCRGPI group had more responders to ICI therapy. The results of the genetic mutation profile and tumor mutation burden (TMB) in different GA-MSCRGPI subgroups further supplement GA-MSCRGPI-related mechanisms. Finally, the expression patterns of 8 selected GA-MSCRGs in GA-MSCRGPI were correlated with glioma WHO grades to a certain extent. CONCLUSION The constructed GA-MSCRGPI could predict prognosis and guide individualized therapy in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sujie Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingzhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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7
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Tseng WY, Stacey M, Lin HH. Role of Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Immune Dysfunction and Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065499. [PMID: 36982575 PMCID: PMC10055975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the immune system, including immunodeficiency, immuno-malignancy, and (auto)inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases, have a great impact on a host’s health. Cellular communication mediated through cell surface receptors, among different cell types and between cell and microenvironment, plays a critical role in immune responses. Selective members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family are expressed differentially in diverse immune cell types and have been implicated recently in unique immune dysfunctions and disorders in part due to their dual cell adhesion and signaling roles. Here, we discuss the molecular and functional characteristics of distinctive immune aGPCRs and their physiopathological roles in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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8
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Schroeder JH, Beattie G, Lo JW, Zabinski T, Powell N, Neves JF, Jenner RG, Lord GM. CD90 is not constitutively expressed in functional innate lymphoid cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113735. [PMID: 37114052 PMCID: PMC10126679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Huge progress has been made in understanding the biology of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) by adopting several well-known concepts in T cell biology. As such, flow cytometry gating strategies and markers, such as CD90, have been applied to indentify ILC. Here, we report that most non-NK intestinal ILC have a high expression of CD90 as expected, but surprisingly a sub-population of cells exhibit low or even no expression of this marker. CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC were present amongst all ILC subsets in the gut. The frequency of CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC was dependent on stimulatory cues in vitro and enhanced by dysbiosis in vivo. CD90-negative and CD90-low CD127+ ILC were a potential source of IL-13, IFNγ and IL-17A at steady state and upon dysbiosis- and dextran sulphate sodium-elicited colitis. Hence, this study reveals that, contrary to expectations, CD90 is not constitutively expressed by functional ILC in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Schroeder
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Beattie
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) City of London Centre Single Cell Genomics Facility, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Genomics Translational Technology Platform, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W. Lo
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana F. Neves
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Jenner
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Graham M. Lord,
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9
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Liebscher I, Cevheroğlu O, Hsiao CC, Maia AF, Schihada H, Scholz N, Soave M, Spiess K, Trajković K, Kosloff M, Prömel S. A guide to adhesion GPCR research. FEBS J 2022; 289:7610-7630. [PMID: 34729908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a class of structurally and functionally highly intriguing cell surface receptors with essential functions in health and disease. Thus, they display a vastly unexploited pharmacological potential. Our current understanding of the physiological functions and signaling mechanisms of aGPCRs form the basis for elucidating further molecular aspects. Combining these with novel tools and methodologies from different fields tailored for studying these unusual receptors yields a powerful potential for pushing aGPCR research from singular approaches toward building up an in-depth knowledge that will facilitate its translation to applied science. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on aGPCRs in respect to structure-function relations, physiology, and clinical aspects, as well as the latest advances in the field. We highlight the upcoming most pressing topics in aGPCR research and identify strategies to tackle them. Furthermore, we discuss approaches how to promote, stimulate, and translate research on aGPCRs 'from bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | | | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannes Schihada
- C3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Rix B, Maduro AH, Bridge KS, Grey W. Markers for human haematopoietic stem cells: The disconnect between an identification marker and its function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1009160. [PMID: 36246104 PMCID: PMC9564379 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1009160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The haematopoietic system is a classical stem cell hierarchy that maintains all the blood cells in the body. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, highly potent cells that reside at the apex of this hierarchy and are historically some of the most well studied stem cells in humans and laboratory models, with haematopoiesis being the original system to define functional cell types by cell surface markers. Whilst it is possible to isolate HSCs to near purity, we know very little about the functional activity of markers to purify HSCs. This review will focus on the historical efforts to purify HSCs in humans based on cell surface markers, their putative functions and recent advances in finding functional markers on HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William Grey
- *Correspondence: Katherine S. Bridge, ; William Grey,
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12
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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13
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Einspahr J, Tilley DG. Pathophysiological Impact of the Adhesion G-Protein Coupled Receptor Family. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C640-C647. [PMID: 35848619 PMCID: PMC9359651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00445.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most targeted drug classes in the human genome, accounting for greater than 40% of all FDA-approved drugs. However, the second-largest family of GPCRs, known as Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCR), have yet to serve as a clinical target despite increasing evidence of their physiological and pathological functions, which suggest an opportunity toward the development of novel therapeutics. To date, the pathophysiological function of aGPCRs is associated with a plethora of diseases including cancer, CNS disorders, immunity and inflammation, and others. To highlight their potential as pharmacologic targets, we will review three distinct aGPCR members (ADGRG1, ADGRE5 and ADGRF5), highlighting their molecular mechanisms of action and contributions to the development of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Einspahr
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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14
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Aust G, Zheng L, Quaas M. To Detach, Migrate, Adhere, and Metastasize: CD97/ADGRE5 in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091538. [PMID: 35563846 PMCID: PMC9101421 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multistep process, during which cells acquire a series of mutations that lead to unrestrained cell growth and proliferation, inhibition of cell differentiation, and evasion of cell death. Growing tumors stimulate angiogenesis, providing them with nutrients and oxygen. Ultimately, tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue and metastasize; a process responsible for about 90% of cancer-related deaths. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) modulate the cellular processes closely related to tumor cell biology, such as adhesion and detachment, migration, polarity, and guidance. Soon after first being described, individual human aGPCRs were found to be involved in tumorigenesis. Twenty-five years ago, CD97/ADGRE5 was discovered to be induced in one of the most severe tumors, dedifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. After decades of research, the time has come to review our knowledge of the presence and function of CD97 in cancer. In summary, CD97 is obviously induced or altered in many tumor entities; this has been shown consistently in nearly one hundred published studies. However, its high expression at circulating and tumor-infiltrating immune cells renders the systemic targeting of CD97 in tumors difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories of the Clinic of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Research Laboratories of the Clinic of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Medical School, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Leyu Zheng
- Research Laboratories of the Clinic of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, Medical School, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Marianne Quaas
- Research Laboratories of the Clinic of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu D, Duan L, Cyster JG. Chemo- and mechanosensing by dendritic cells facilitate antigen surveillance in the spleen. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:25-42. [PMID: 35147233 PMCID: PMC8852366 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spleen dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses against blood-borne invaders. Key to DC function is their positioning at sites of pathogen entry, and their abilities to selectively capture foreign antigens and promptly engage T cells. Focusing on conventional DC2 (cDC2), we discuss the contribution of chemoattractant receptors (EBI2 or GPR183, S1PR1, and CCR7) and integrins to cDC2 positioning and function. We give particular attention to a newly identified role in cDC2 for adhesion G-protein coupled receptor E5 (Adgre5 or CD97) and its ligand CD55, detailing how this mechanosensing system contributes to splenic cDC2 positioning and homeostasis. Additional roles of CD97 in the immune system are reviewed. The ability of cDC2 to be activated by circulating missing self-CD47 cells and to integrate multiple red blood cell (RBC)-derived inputs is discussed. Finally, we describe the process of activated cDC2 migration to engage and prime helper T cells. Throughout the review, we consider the insights into cDC function in the spleen that have emerged from imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lihui Duan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Lin HH, Ng KF, Chen TC, Tseng WY. Ligands and Beyond: Mechanosensitive Adhesion GPCRs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020219. [PMID: 35215331 PMCID: PMC8878244 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to diverse types of mechanical stimuli using a wide range of plasma membrane-associated mechanosensitive receptors to convert extracellular mechanical cues into intracellular signaling. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest cell surface protein superfamily that function as versatile sensors for a broad spectrum of bio/chemical messages. In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that GPCRs can also engage in mechano-transduction. According to the GRAFS classification system of GPCRs, adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) constitute the second largest GPCR subfamily with a unique modular protein architecture and post-translational modification that are well adapted for mechanosensory functions. Here, we present a critical review of current evidence on mechanosensitive aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (W.-Y.T.)
| | - Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Yi Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (W.-Y.T.)
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17
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Rosa M, Noel T, Harris M, Ladds G. Emerging roles of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1695-1709. [PMID: 34282836 PMCID: PMC8421042 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a sub-group within the GPCR superfamily. Their distinctive structure contains an abnormally large N-terminal, extracellular region with a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. In most aGPCRs, the GAIN domain constitutively cleaves the receptor into two fragments. This process is often required for aGPCR signalling. Over the last two decades, much research has focussed on aGPCR-ligand interactions, in an attempt to deorphanize the family. Most ligands have been found to bind to regions N-terminal to the GAIN domain. These receptors may bind a variety of ligands, ranging across membrane-bound proteins and extracellular matrix components. Recent advancements have revealed a conserved method of aGPCR activation involving a tethered ligand within the GAIN domain. Evidence for this comes from increased activity in receptor mutants exposing the tethered ligand. As a result, G protein-coupling partners of aGPCRs have been more extensively characterised, making use of their tethered ligand to create constitutively active mutants. This has led to demonstrations of aGPCR function in, for example, neurodevelopment and tumour growth. However, questions remain around the ligands that may bind many aGPCRs, how this binding is translated into changes in the GAIN domain, and the exact mechanism of aGPCR activation following GAIN domain conformational changes. This review aims to examine the current knowledge around aGPCR activation, including ligand binding sites, the mechanism of GAIN domain-mediated receptor activation and how aGPCR transmembrane domains may relate to activation. Other aspects of aGPCR signalling will be touched upon, such as downstream effectors and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Timothy Noel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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18
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Kaczmarek I, Suchý T, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I, Thor D. The relevance of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in metabolic functions. Biol Chem 2021; 403:195-209. [PMID: 34218541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate a variety of physiological functions and have been proven to be outstanding drug targets. However, approximately one-third of all non-olfactory GPCRs are still orphans in respect to their signal transduction and physiological functions. Receptors of the class of Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are among these orphan receptors. They are characterized by unique features in their structure and tissue-specific expression, which yields them interesting candidates for deorphanization and testing as potential therapeutic targets. Capable of G-protein coupling and non-G protein-mediated function, aGPCRs may extend our repertoire of influencing physiological function. Besides their described significance in the immune and central nervous systems, growing evidence indicates a high importance of these receptors in metabolic tissue. RNAseq analyses revealed high expression of several aGPCRs in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver, and intestine but also in neurons governing food intake. In this review, we focus on aGPCRs and their function in regulating metabolic pathways. Based on current knowledge, this receptor class represents high potential for future pharmacological approaches addressing obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Niu M, Xu S, Yang J, Yao D, Li N, Yan J, Zhong G, Song G. Structural basis for CD97 recognition of the decay-accelerating factor CD55 suggests mechanosensitive activation of adhesion GPCRs. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100776. [PMID: 33992645 PMCID: PMC8191316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein–coupled receptor CD97 and its ligand complement decay-accelerating factor CD55 are important binding partners in the human immune system. Dysfunction in this binding has been linked to immune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as various cancers. Previous literatures have indicated that the CD97 includes 3 to 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains at its N terminus and these EGF domains can bind to the N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CD55. However, the details of this interaction remain elusive, especially why the CD55 binds with the highest affinity to the shortest isoform of CD97 (EGF1,2,5). Herein, we designed a chimeric expression construct with the EGF1,2,5 domains of CD97 and the SCR1–4 domains of CD55 connected by a flexible linker and determined the complex structure by crystallography. Our data reveal that the two proteins adopt an overall antiparallel binding mode involving the SCR1–3 domains of CD55 and all three EGF domains of CD97. Mutagenesis data confirmed the importance of EGF5 in the interaction and explained the binding specificity between CD55 and CD97. The architecture of CD55–CD97 binding mode together with kinetics suggests a force-resisting shearing stretch geometry when forces applied to the C termini of both proteins in the circulating environment. The potential of the CD55–CD97 complex to withstand tensile force may provide a basis for the mechanosensing mechanism for activation of adhesion G protein–coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengzhao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Fuentelsaz-Romero S, Cuervo A, Estrada-Capetillo L, Celis R, García-Campos R, Ramírez J, Sastre S, Samaniego R, Puig-Kröger A, Cañete JD. GM-CSF Expression and Macrophage Polarization in Joints of Undifferentiated Arthritis Patients Evolving to Rheumatoid Arthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613975. [PMID: 33679701 PMCID: PMC7925849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims GM-CSF-dependent macrophage polarization has been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to seek diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for undifferentiated arthritis (UA) by analyzing GM-CSF expression and source, macrophage polarization and density in joints of patients with UA evolving to RA or PsA compared with established RA or PsA, respectively. Methods Synovial tissue (ST) from patients with UA evolving to RA (UA>RA, n=8), PsA (UA>PsA, n=9), persistent UA (UA, n=16), established RA (n=12) and PsA (n=10), and healthy controls (n=6), were analyzed. Cell source and quantitative expression of GM-CSF and proteins associated with pro-inflammatory (GM-CSF-driven) and anti-inflammatory (M-CSF-driven) macrophage polarization (activin A, TNFα, MMP12, and CD209, respectively) were assessed in ST CD163+ macrophages by multicolor immunofluorescence. GM-CSF and activin A levels were also quantified in paired synovial fluid samples. CD163+ macrophage density was determined in all groups by immunofluorescence. Results Synovial stromal cells (FAP+ CD90+ fibroblast, CD90+ endothelial cells) and CD163+ sublining macrophages were the sources of GM-CSF. ST CD163+ macrophages from all groups expressed pro-inflammatory polarization markers (activin A, TNFα, and MMP12). Expression of the M-CSF-dependent anti-inflammatory marker CD209 identified two macrophage subsets (CD163+ CD209high and CD163+ CD209low/-). CD209+ macrophages were more abundant in ST from healthy controls and PsA patients, although both macrophage subtypes showed similar levels of pro-inflammatory markers in all groups. In paired synovial fluid samples, activin A was detected in all patients, with higher levels in UA>RA and RA, while GM-CSF was infrequently detected. ST CD163+ macrophage density was comparable between UA>RA and UA>PsA patients, but significantly higher than in persistent UA. Conclusions GM-CSF is highly expressed by sublining CD90+ FAP+ synovial fibroblasts, CD90+ activated endothelium and CD163+ macrophages in different types of arthritis. The polarization state of ST macrophages was similar in all UA and established arthritis groups, with a predominance of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF-associated markers. CD163+ macrophage density was significantly higher in the UA phases of RA and PsA compared with persistent UA. Taken together, our findings support the idea that GM-CSF is a strong driver of macrophage polarization and a potential therapeutic target not only in RA but also in PsA and all types of UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fuentelsaz-Romero
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Cuervo
- Unidad de Artritis, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Estrada-Capetillo
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Celis
- Unidad de Artritis, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Campos
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ramírez
- Unidad de Artritis, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sastre
- Sección de Artroscopia, Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Samaniego
- Unidad de Microscopía Confocal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Unidad de Artritis, Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Vizurraga A, Adhikari R, Yeung J, Yu M, Tall GG. Mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14065-14083. [PMID: 32763969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.007423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a thirty-three-member subfamily of Class B GPCRs that control a wide array of physiological processes and are implicated in disease. AGPCRs uniquely contain large, self-proteolyzing extracellular regions that range from hundreds to thousands of residues in length. AGPCR autoproteolysis occurs within the extracellular GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain that is proximal to the N terminus of the G protein-coupling seven-transmembrane-spanning bundle. GAIN domain-mediated self-cleavage is constitutive and produces two-fragment holoreceptors that remain bound at the cell surface. It has been of recent interest to understand how AGPCRs are activated in relation to their two-fragment topologies. Dissociation of the AGPCR fragments stimulates G protein signaling through the action of the tethered-peptide agonist stalk that is occluded within the GAIN domain in the holoreceptor form. AGPCRs can also signal independently of fragment dissociation, and a few receptors possess GAIN domains incapable of self-proteolysis. This has resulted in complex theories as to how these receptors are activated in vivo, complicating pharmacological advances. Currently, there is no existing structure of an activated AGPCR to support any of the theories. Further confounding AGPCR research is that many of the receptors remain orphans and lack identified activating ligands. In this review, we provide a detailed layout of the current theorized modes of AGPCR activation with discussion of potential parallels to mechanisms used by other GPCR classes. We provide a classification means for the ligands that have been identified and discuss how these ligands may activate AGPCRs in physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vizurraga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rashmi Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maiya Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) functions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1291-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1791075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Bondarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Alhabbab RY. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Genetically Engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:312. [PMID: 32391048 PMCID: PMC7188929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cancer stem cell (CSC) starts 25 years ago with the evidence that CSC is a subpopulation of tumor cells that have renewal ability and can differentiate into several distinct linages. Therefore, CSCs play crucial role in the initiation and the maintenance of cancer. Moreover, it has been proposed throughout several studies that CSCs are behind the failure of the conventional chemo-/radiotherapy as well as cancer recurrence due to their ability to resist the therapy and their ability to re-regenerate. Thus, the need for targeted therapy to eliminate CSCs is crucial; for that reason, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has currently been in use with high rate of success in leukemia and, to some degree, in patients with solid tumors. This review outlines the most common CSC populations and their common markers, in particular CD133, CD90, EpCAM, CD44, ALDH, and EGFRVIII, the interaction between CSCs and the immune system, CAR T cell genetic engineering and signaling, CAR T cells in targeting CSCs, and the barriers in using CAR T cells as immunotherapy to treat solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Division of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Maser RL, Calvet JP. Adhesion GPCRs as a paradigm for understanding polycystin-1 G protein regulation. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109637. [PMID: 32305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1, whose mutation is the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, is an extremely large and multi-faceted membrane protein whose primary or proximal cyst-preventing function remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that modulation of cellular signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins is a critical function of polycystin-1. The presence of a cis-autocatalyzed, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic cleavage site, or GPS, in its extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain is one of the notable conserved features of the polycystin-1-like protein family, and also of the family of cell adhesion GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are one of five families within the GPCR superfamily and are distinguished by a large N-terminal extracellular region consisting of multiple adhesion modules with a GPS-containing GAIN domain and bimodal functions in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent advances from studies of adhesion GPCRs provide a new paradigm for unraveling the mechanisms by which polycystin-1-associated G protein signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. This review highlights the structural and functional features shared by polycystin-1 and the adhesion GPCRs and discusses the implications of such similarities for our further understanding of the functions of this complicated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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25
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G Protein-Coupling of Adhesion GPCRs ADGRE2/EMR2 and ADGRE5/CD97, and Activation of G Protein Signalling by an Anti-EMR2 Antibody. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1004. [PMID: 31969668 PMCID: PMC6976652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental evidence that Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors (aGPCRs) functionally couple to heterotrimeric G proteins has been emerging in incremental steps, but attributing biological significance to their G protein signalling function still presents a major challenge. Here, utilising activated truncated forms of the receptors, we show that ADGRE2/EMR2 and ADGRE5/CD97 are G protein-coupled in a variety of recombinant systems. In a yeast-based assay, where heterologous GPCRs are coupled to chimeric G proteins, EMR2 showed broad G protein-coupling, whereas CD97 coupled more specifically to Gα12, Gα13, Gα14 and Gαz chimeras. Both receptors induced pertussis-toxin (PTX) insensitive inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in mammalian cells, suggesting coupling to Gαz. EMR2 was shown to signal via Gα16, and via a Gα16/Gαz chimera, to stimulate IP1 accumulation. Finally, using an NFAT reporter assay, we identified a polyclonal antibody that activates EMR2 G protein signalling in vitro. Our results highlight the potential for the development of soluble agonists to understand further the biological effects and therapeutic opportunities for ADGRE receptor-mediated G protein signalling.
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26
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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27
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Dunn HA, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA. Beyond the Ligand: Extracellular and Transcellular G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Physiology and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:503-519. [PMID: 31515243 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. GPCR research has predominantly focused on the characterization of the intracellular interactome's contribution to GPCR function and pharmacology. However, emerging evidence uncovers a new dimension in the biology of GPCRs involving their extracellular and transcellular interactions that critically impact GPCR function and pharmacology. The seminal examples include a variety of adhesion GPCRs, such as ADGRLs/latrophilins, ADGRBs/brain angiogenesis inhibitors, ADGRG1/GPR56, ADGRG6/GPR126, ADGRE5/CD97, and ADGRC3/CELSR3. However, recent advances have indicated that class C GPCRs that contain large extracellular domains, including group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and orphans GPR158 and GPR179, can also participate in this form of transcellular regulation. In this review, we will focus on a variety of identified extracellular and transcellular GPCR-interacting partners, including teneurins, neurexins, integrins, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembranes, contactin-6, neuroligin, laminins, collagens, major prion protein, amyloid precursor protein, complement C1q-likes, stabilin-2, pikachurin, dystroglycan, complement decay-accelerating factor CD55, cluster of differentiation CD36 and CD90, extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1, and leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domains. We provide an account on the diversity of extracellular and transcellular GPCR complexes and their contribution to key cellular and physiologic processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, cellular and synaptic adhesion, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss models and mechanisms by which extracellular GPCR assemblies may regulate communication at cellular junctions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to be the prominent focus of pharmacological intervention for a variety of human pathologies. Although the majority of GPCR research has focused on the intracellular interactome, recent advancements have identified an extracellular dimension of GPCR modulation that alters accepted pharmacological principles of GPCRs. Herein, we describe known endogenous allosteric modulators acting on GPCRs both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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28
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Xu X, Wang Y, Mojumdar K, Zhou Z, Jeong KJ, Mangala LS, Yu S, Tsang YH, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Lu Y, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Mills GB, Liang H. A-to-I-edited miRNA-379-5p inhibits cancer cell proliferation through CD97-induced apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5343-5356. [PMID: 31682236 PMCID: PMC6877318 DOI: 10.1172/jci123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both miRNAs and A-to-I RNA editing, a widespread nucleotide modification mechanism, have recently emerged as key players in cancer pathophysiology. However, the functional impact of RNA editing of miRNAs in cancer remains largely unexplored. Here, we focused on an ADAR2-catalyzed RNA editing site within the miR-379-5p seed region. This site was under-edited in tumors relative to normal tissues, with a high editing level being correlated with better patient survival times across cancer types. We demonstrated that in contrast to wild-type miRNA, edited miR-379-5p inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in diverse tumor contexts in vitro, which was due to the ability of edited but not wild-type miR-379-5p to target CD97. Importantly, through nanoliposomal delivery, edited miR-379-5p mimics significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival of mice. Our study indicates a role of RNA editing in diversifying miRNA function during cancer progression and highlights the translational potential of edited miRNAs as a new class of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamalika Mojumdar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Systems Biology
| | | | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non–Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yiu Huen Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Center for RNA Interference and Non–Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, and
- Center for RNA Interference and Non–Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Systems Biology
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29
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Ward Y, Lake R, Faraji F, Sperger J, Martin P, Gilliard C, Ku KP, Rodems T, Niles D, Tillman H, Yin J, Hunter K, Sowalsky AG, Lang J, Kelly K. Platelets Promote Metastasis via Binding Tumor CD97 Leading to Bidirectional Signaling that Coordinates Transendothelial Migration. Cell Rep 2019; 23:808-822. [PMID: 29669286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells initiate platelet activation leading to the secretion of bioactive molecules, which promote metastasis. Platelet receptors on tumors have not been well-characterized, resulting in a critical gap in knowledge concerning platelet-promoted metastasis. We identify a direct interaction between platelets and tumor CD97 that stimulates rapid bidirectional signaling. CD97, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is an overexpressed tumor antigen in several cancer types. Purified CD97 extracellular domain or tumor cell-associated CD97 stimulated platelet activation. CD97-initiated platelet activation led to granule secretion, including the release of ATP, a mediator of endothelial junction disruption. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) derived from platelets induced tumor invasiveness via proximal CD97-LPAR heterodimer signaling, coupling coincident tumor cell migration and vascular permeability to promote transendothelial migration. Consistent with this, CD97 was necessary for tumor cell-induced vascular permeability in vivo and metastasis formation in preclinical models. These findings support targeted blockade of tumor CD97 as an approach to ameliorate metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvona Ward
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ross Lake
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Sperger
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Philip Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cameron Gilliard
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Section, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly P Ku
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tamara Rodems
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David Niles
- Depatment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Heather Tillman
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - JuanJuan Yin
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kent Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adam G Sowalsky
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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31
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Martin GH, Roy N, Chakraborty S, Desrichard A, Chung SS, Woolthuis CM, Hu W, Berezniuk I, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Hamann J, Devlin SM, Chan TA, Park CY. CD97 is a critical regulator of acute myeloid leukemia stem cell function. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2362-2377. [PMID: 31371381 PMCID: PMC6781010 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to improve therapies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), clinical outcomes remain poor. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) is important to reveal new therapeutic opportunities. We have identified CD97, a member of the adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as a frequently up-regulated antigen on AML blasts that is a critical regulator of blast function. High levels of CD97 correlate with poor prognosis, and silencing of CD97 reduces disease aggressiveness in vivo. These phenotypes are due to CD97's ability to promote proliferation, survival, and the maintenance of the undifferentiated state in leukemic blasts. Collectively, our data credential CD97 as a promising therapeutic target on LSCs in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle H Martin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nainita Roy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sohini Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexis Desrichard
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen S Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carolien M Woolthuis
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Iryna Berezniuk
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Francine E Garrett-Bakelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sean M Devlin
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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32
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Leyton L, Díaz J, Martínez S, Palacios E, Pérez LA, Pérez RD. Thy-1/CD90 a Bidirectional and Lateral Signaling Scaffold. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:132. [PMID: 31428610 PMCID: PMC6689999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thy-1/CD90 is a glycoprotein attached to the outer face of the plasma membrane with various functions, which depend on the context of specific physiological or pathological conditions. Many of these reported functions for Thy-1/CD90 arose from studies by our group, which identified the first ligand/receptor for Thy-1/CD90 as an integrin. This finding initiated studies directed toward unveiling the molecular mechanisms that operate downstream of Thy-1/CD90 activation, and its possible interaction with proteins in the membrane plane to regulate their function. The association of Thy-1/CD90 with a number of cell surface molecules allows the formation of extra/intracellular multiprotein complexes composed of various ligands and receptors, extracellular matrix proteins, intracellular signaling proteins, and the cytoskeleton. The complexes sense changes that occur inside and outside the cells, with Thy-1/CD90 at the core of this extracellular molecular platform. Molecular platforms are scaffold-containing microdomains where key proteins associate to prominently influence cellular processes and behavior. Each component, by itself, is less effective, but when together with various scaffold proteins to form a platform, the components become more specific and efficient to convey the messages. This review article discusses the experimental evidence that supports the role of Thy-1/CD90 as a membrane-associated platform (ThyMAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Díaz
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Martínez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Palacios
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón D Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Favara DM, Banham AH, Harris AL. ADGRL4/ELTD1 is a highly conserved angiogenesis-associated orphan adhesion GPCR that emerged with the first vertebrates and comprises 3 evolutionary variants. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:143. [PMID: 31299890 PMCID: PMC6626334 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory identified ADGRL4/ELTD1, an orphan GPCR belonging to the adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) family, as a novel regulator of angiogenesis and a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. Little is known about how ADGRL4/ELTD1 (and aGPCRs in general) function, a problem compounded by a lack of known ligands or means of activation. With this in mind, we turned to computational evolutionary biology with the aim of better understanding ADGRL4/ELTD1. RESULTS We identified ADGRL4/ELTD1 as a highly conserved early angiogenic gene which emerged in the first true vertebrates (bony fish) approximately 435 million years ago (mya), evolving alongside key angiogenic genes VEGFR2 and DLL4. We identified 3 evolutionary ADGRL4/ELTD1 variants based on EGF domain deletions with variant 2 first emerging 101 mya (95% CI 96-105) in Afrotheria and 82 mya (95% CI 76-89) in Primates. Additionally, conservation mapping across all orthologues reveals highest level conservation in EGF Ca binding domain 1, suggesting that this motif plays an essential role, as well as specific regions of the GAIN domain, GPS motif and 7TM domain, suggesting possible activation mechanisms and ligand binding positions. Additionally, we found that ADGRL4/ELTD1 (a member aGPCR family 1) is possibly ancestral to members of aGPCR family 2. CONCLUSION This work establishes ADGRL4/ELTD1's evolution, sheds light on its possible activation and ligand binding zones, and establishes the first temporal references for the emergence of ADGRL4/ELTD1 variants during vertebrate evolution. Our approach is applicable to the greater aGPCR family and opens up new avenues for future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Favara
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison H. Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Vaikari VP, Yang J, Wu S, Alachkar H. CD97 expression is associated with poor overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2019; 75:64-73.e4. [PMID: 31260716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.06.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CD97, a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor family, is normally expressed on leukocytes and smooth muscles. CD97 is also expressed in a variety of solid cancers, particularly those with aggressive metastatic phenotypes. Here we characterize the clinical significance of CD97 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We analyzed 173 patients from the TCGA AML data set and found that CD97 was higher in cytogenetically normal patients compared with cytogenetically abnormal patients (p = 0.023). High CD97 was also associated with NPM1 mutations (p = 0.0033). Patients with high CD97 expression had shorter overall (median: 7.35 months vs. 24.1 months, p = 0.0015) and disease-free (median DFS: 8.2 months vs. 18.2 months, p = 0.017) survival. Importantly, we identified pathways involved in the leukemia stem cell interaction with the bone marrow niche, such as integrin, CXCR4, and interleukin-8, among the most upregulated signaling pathways in patients with high CD97 expression. Our results suggest that high CD97 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome and indicate a need for future functional and mechanistic studies to investigate the role of CD97 in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiawen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sharon Wu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Houda Alachkar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Kleo K, Dimitrova L, Oker E, Tomaszewski N, Berg E, Taruttis F, Engelmann JC, Schwarzfischer P, Reinders J, Spang R, Gronwald W, Oefner PJ, Hummel M. Identification of ADGRE5 as discriminating MYC target between Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:322. [PMID: 30953469 PMCID: PMC6451309 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYC is a heterogeneously expressed transcription factor that plays a multifunctional role in many biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. It is also associated with many types of cancer including the malignant lymphomas. There are two types of aggressive B-cell lymphoma, namely Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and a subgroup of diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which both carry MYC translocations and overexpress MYC but both differ significantly in their clinical outcome. In DLBCL, MYC translocations are associated with an aggressive behavior and poor outcome, whereas MYC-positive BL show a superior outcome. Methods To shed light on this phenomenon, we investigated the different modes of actions of MYC in aggressive B-cell lymphoma cell lines subdivided into three groups: (i) MYC-positive BL, (ii) DLBCL with MYC translocation (DLBCLpos) and (iii) DLBCL without MYC translocation (DLBCLneg) for control. In order to identify genome-wide MYC-DNA binding sites a chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) was performed. In addition, ChIP-Seq for H3K4me3 was used for determination of genomic regions accessible for transcriptional activity. These data were supplemented with gene expression data derived from RNA-Seq. Results Bioinformatics integration of all data sets revealed different MYC-binding patterns and transcriptional profiles in MYC-positive BL and DLBCL cell lines indicating different functional roles of MYC for gene regulation in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Based on this multi-omics analysis we identified ADGRE5 (alias CD97) - a member of the EGF-TM7 subfamily of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors - as a MYC target gene, which is specifically expressed in BL but not in DLBCL regardless of MYC translocation. Conclusion Our study describes a diverse genome-wide MYC-DNA binding pattern in BL and DLBCL cell lines with and without MYC translocations. Furthermore, we identified ADREG5 as a MYC target gene able to discriminate between BL and DLBCL irrespectively of the presence of MYC breaks in DLBCL. Since ADGRE5 plays an important role in tumor cell formation, metastasis and invasion, it might also be instrumental to better understand the different pathobiology of BL and DLBCL and help to explain discrepant clinical characteristics of BL and DLBCL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5537-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Kleo
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lora Dimitrova
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Oker
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Tomaszewski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Berg
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Taruttis
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia C Engelmann
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Schwarzfischer
- Functional Genomics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Functional Genomics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Gronwald
- Functional Genomics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Functional Genomics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
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Langenhan T. Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors—Candidate metabotropic mechanosensors and novel drug targets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:5-16. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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The RGD motif is involved in CD97/ADGRE5-promoted cell adhesion and viability of HT1080 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1517. [PMID: 30728423 PMCID: PMC6365523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD97/ADGRE5 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) involved in tumor cell adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. CD97 has been shown previously to stimulate angiogenesis by interacting with integrins on endothelial cells via an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) motif. In this report, the role of the RGD motif in tumor cell adhesion and apoptosis was investigated using a previously-established HT1080 cell-based system. We found that the RGD motif is critical in CD97-promoted cell adhesion, in part due to the up-regulation of αvβ5 and α2β1 integrins, and that CD97 mediates its anti-apoptotic effect in extrinsic apoptosis via RGD-dependent cell adhesion. In contrast, CD97-modulated anti-apoptotic effect in intrinsic apoptosis is mediated by RGD-independent, N-cadherin-induced homotypic cell aggregation. Hence, CD97 promotes tumorigenesis via RGD-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Morris RJ. Thy-1, a Pathfinder Protein for the Post-genomic Era. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:173. [PMID: 30619853 PMCID: PMC6305390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is possibly the smallest of cell surface proteins – 110 amino acids folded into an Immunoglobulin variable domain, tethered to the outer leaflet of the cell surface membrane via just the two saturated fatty acids of its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Yet Thy-1 is emerging as a key regulator of differentiation in cells of endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal origin, acting as both a ligand (for certain integrins and other receptors), and as a receptor, able to modulate signaling and hence differentiation in the Thy-1-expressing cell. This is an extraordinary diversity of molecular pathways to be controlled by a molecule that does not even cross the cell membrane. Here I review aspects of the cell biology of Thy-1, and studies of its role as deduced from gene knock-out studies, that suggest how this protein can participate in so many different signaling-related functions. While mechanisms differ in molecular detail, it appears overall that Thy-1 dampens down signaling to control function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Stanisce L, Sims E, Hou C, Koshkareva Y, Gaughan JP, Kuzin I, Bottaro A. Differential cellular composition of human palatine and pharyngeal tonsils. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:80-86. [PMID: 30195143 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the potential functional specialization of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils, by comparing their cellular composition in paired specimens from a large cohort of adenotonsillectomy patients. DESIGN Resident B cell, T cell, dendritic cell, and stromal cell subsets were characterized using multicolor flow cytometry in palatine and pharyngeal tonsil specimens from 27 patients, age 2-34 years. RESULTS Paired comparisons showed highly significant intra-individual differences in resident cell subsets of palatine and pharyngeal tonsils. Palatine tonsils harbored higher fractions of germinal center B cells/plasmablasts and IgD- CD27- double-negative B cells, and conversely lower fractions of IgD + CD38- resting naïve B cells compared to pharyngeal tonsils. Palatine tonsils also showed lower fractions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and higher percentages of two subsets of stromal cells - fibroblastic reticular cells and lymphatic endothelial cells - compared to pharyngeal tonsils from the same individual. CONCLUSIONS Despite their physical proximity and histological similarities, palatine and pharyngeal tonsils display marked intra-individual differences in their cellular composition with regard to functionally important immune and stromal subsets. These differences are likely to have immunologic, pathologic, and physiologic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Stanisce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Etty Sims
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cheryl Hou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | | | - John P Gaughan
- Biostatistics Service, Cooper Research Institute, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Igor Kuzin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States; Department of Surgery, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Andrea Bottaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States.
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Hilbig D, Dietrich N, Wandel E, Gonsior S, Sittig D, Hamann J, Aust G. The Interaction of CD97/ADGRE5 With β-Catenin in Adherens Junctions Is Lost During Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:182. [PMID: 29888202 PMCID: PMC5980956 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor CD97/ADGRE5 is present in adherens junctions of human normal intestinal cells and upregulated in colorectal carcinomas. Here, we examined whether CD97 directly interacts with junctional proteins in normal and malignant colorectal tissue. We identified an association of CD97 with β-catenin using a proximity ligation assay and confirmed the interaction between both endogenous proteins at the biochemical level by co-immunoprecipitation in human and mouse tissues and cell lines. Glutathione S-transferase-pulldown revealed that CD97 binds β-catenin through its seven-span transmembrane/intracellular domain(s). To study tumor-associated changes in the interaction of CD97 and β-catenin in situ, we quantified and correlated both proteins at the membrane, and in the cytoplasm and nuclei of colorectal carcinomas and their corresponding normal tissues (n = 111). In normal colon, membranous levels of CD97 and β-catenin correlated strongly (p < 0.0001). To some degree both molecules disappeared in carcinomas simultaneously from the membrane of tumor cells (p = 0.017). CD97 accumulated in the cytoplasm, whereas β-catenin emerged in the cytoplasm and nuclei. CD97 and β-catenin levels in the cytoplasm correlated well (p < 0.0001). Irrespective of their subcellular localization, interaction of CD97 with β-catenin in tumor cells was also restricted to the cell contacts. Accordingly, CD97 did not regulate β-catenin-dependent TCF-mediated transcriptional activity. In summary, while CD97 and β-catenin interact in adherens junctions, their interaction is lost and both molecules follow different functional paths inside tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hilbig
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norman Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elke Wandel
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Gonsior
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Sittig
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCRs in Kidney Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468160 PMCID: PMC5808184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the fastest growing pathology worldwide with a prevalence of >10% in many countries. In addition, kidney cancer represents 5% of all new diagnosed cancers. As currently no effective therapies exist to restore kidney function after CKD- as well as cancer-induced renal damage, it is important to elucidate new regulators of kidney development and disease as new therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets. In recent years adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), the second largest GPCR family, gained significant attention as they are present on almost all mammalian cells, are associated to a plethora of diseases and regulate important cellular processes. aGPCRs regulate for example cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell migration, and cell aggregation; all processes that play important roles in kidney development and/or disease. Moreover, polycystin-1, a major regulator of kidney development and disease, contains a GAIN domain, which is otherwise only found in aGPCRs. In this review, we assess the potential of aGPCRs as therapeutic targets for kidney disease. For this purpose we have summarized the available literature and analyzed data from the databases The Human Protein Atlas, EURExpress, Nephroseq, FireBrowse, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons data portal (NCIGDC). Our data indicate that most aGPCRs are expressed in different spatio-temporal patterns during kidney development and that altered aGPCR expression is associated with a variety of kidney diseases including CKD, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis as well as renal cell carcinoma. We conclude that aGPCRs present a promising new class of therapeutic targets and/or might be useful as diagnostic markers in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of receptors that play key roles in many different physiological processes. These receptors are notable for their exceptionally long ectodomains, which span several hundred to several thousand amino acids and contain various adhesion-related domains, as well as a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. The GAIN domain is conserved throughout almost the entire family and undergoes autoproteolysis to cleave the receptors into two noncovalently-associated protomers. Recent studies have revealed that the signaling activity of aGPCRs is largely determined by changes in the interactions among these protomers. We review recent advances in understanding aGPCR activation mechanisms and discuss the physiological roles and pharmacological properties of aGPCRs, with an eye toward the potential utility of these receptors as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
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Yeon Won H, Hwan Mun S, Shin B, Lee SK. Contradictory Role of CD97 in Basal and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Osteoclastogenesis In Vivo. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1301-13. [PMID: 26663852 DOI: 10.1002/art.39538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD97, a member of the 7-transmembrane epidermal growth factor family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, is expressed on various cell types. This study was undertaken to elucidate the functions of CD97 in bone and inflammation in an experimental mouse model, by examining the effect of CD97 on osteoclastogenesis in vitro, characterizing the skeletal phenotype of CD97-deficient (CD97-knockout [KO]) mice, and assessing the responses to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment. METHODS Femoral tissue and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells from CD97-KO and wild-type (WT) mice were assessed using histomorphometric analyses, in vitro cultures, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Serum cytokine and chemokine levels in the presence or absence of TNF challenge were analyzed by multiplex assay. RESULTS In cultures of mouse BM-derived macrophages in vitro, RANKL induced the expression of CD97. In vivo, the trabecular bone volume of the femurs of female CD97-KO mice was increased, and this was associated with a decrease in the number of osteoclasts. Compared to WT mice, CD97-KO mice had a reduced potential to form osteoclast-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, TNF treatment augmented the formation of osteoclasts in the calvaria of CD97-KO mice in vivo, by increasing the production of RANKL and other cytokines and chemokines and by reducing the production of osteoprotegerin by calvarial cells. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that CD97 is a positive regulator of osteoclast-like cell differentiation, a mechanism that influences bone homeostasis. However, the presence of CD97 may be essential to suppress the initial osteoclastogenesis that occurs in response to acute and local inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bongjin Shin
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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Abstract
As the largest receptor gene family in the human genome, with >800 members, the signal-transducing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in nearly all conceivable physiological processes, ranging from the sensing of photons and odorants to metabolic homeostasis and migration of leukocytes. Unfortunately, an exhaustive review of the several hundred GPCRs expressed by myeloid cells/macrophages (P.J. Groot-Kormelink, L .Fawcett, P.D. Wright, M. Gosling, and T.C. Kent, BMC Immunol 12:57, 2012, doi:10.1186/1471-2172-13-57) is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, we will endeavor to cover the GPCRs that contribute to the major facets of macrophage biology, i.e., those whose expression is restricted to macrophages and the GPCRs involved in macrophage differentiation/polarization, microbial elimination, inflammation and resolution, and macrophage-mediated pathology. The chemokine receptors, a major group of myeloid GPCRs, will not be extensively covered as they are comprehensively reviewed elsewhere.
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Biochemical features of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor CD97 related to its auto-proteolysis and HeLa cell attachment activities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:56-68. [PMID: 27641734 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD97 belongs to the adhesion GPCR family characterized by a long ECD linked to the 7TM via a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) and plays important roles in modulating cell migration and invasion. CD97 (EGF1-5) is a splicing variant of CD97 that recognizes a specific ligand chondroitin sulfate on cell membranes and the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to elucidate the extracellular molecular basis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in protein expression, auto-proteolysis and cell adhesion, including epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, as well as GPS mutagenesis and N-glycosylation. Both wild-type (WT) CD97-ECD and its truncated, GPS mutated, PNGase F-deglycosylated, and N-glycosylation site mutated forms were expressed and purified. The auto-proteolysis of the proteins was analyzed with Western blotting and SDS-PAGE. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular modeling were used to determine a structural profile of the properly expressed receptor. Potential N-glycosylation sites were identified using MS and were modulated with PNGase F digestion and glyco-site mutations. A flow cytometry-based HeLa cell attachment assay was used for all aforementioned CD97 variants to elucidate the molecular basis of CD97-HeLa interactions. A unique concentration-dependent GPS auto-proteolysis was observed in CD97 EGF1-5 isoform with the highest concentration (4 mg/mL) per sample was self-cleaved much faster than the lower concentration (0.1 mg/mL), supporting an intermolecular mechanism of auto-proteolysis that is distinct to the reported intramolecular mechanism for other CD97 isoforms. N-glycosylation affected the auto-proteolysis of CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in a similar way as the other previously reported CD97 isoforms. SAXS data for WT and deglycosylated CD97ECD revealed a spatula-like shape with GAIN and EGF domains constituting the body and handle, respectively. Structural modeling indicated a potential interaction between the GAIN and EGF5 domains accounting for the absence of expression of the GAIN domain itself, although EGF5-GAIN was expressed similarly in the wild-type protein. For HeLa cell adhesion, the GAIN-truncated forms showed dramatically reduced binding affinity. The PNGase F-deglycosylated and GPS mutated forms also exhibited reduced HeLa attachment compared with WT CD97. However, neither N-glycosylation mutagenesis nor auto-proteolysis inhibition caused by N-glycosylation mutagenesis affected CD97-HeLa cell interactions. A comparison of the HeLa binding affinities of PNGase F-digested, GPS-mutated and N-glycosylation-mutated CD97 samples revealed diverse findings, suggesting that the functions of CD97 ECD were complex, and various technologies for function validation should be utilized to avoid single-approach bias when investigating N-glycosylation and auto-proteolysis of CD97. A unique mechanism of concentration-dependent auto-proteolysis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform was characterized, suggesting an intermolecular mechanism that is distinct from that of other previously reported CD97 isoforms. The EGF5 and GAIN domains are likely associated with each other as CD97 expression and SAXS data revealed a potential interaction between the two domains. Finally, the GAIN and EGF domains are also important for CD97-HeLa adhesion, whereas N-glycosylation of the CD97 GAIN domain and GPS auto-proteolysis are not required for HeLa cell attachment.
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Wobus M, Bornhäuser M, Jacobi A, Kräter M, Otto O, Ortlepp C, Guck J, Ehninger G, Thiede C, Oelschlägel U. Association of the EGF-TM7 receptor CD97 expression with FLT3-ITD in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38804-15. [PMID: 26462154 PMCID: PMC4770738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplications within the juxtamembrane region of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptor FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) represents one of the most common mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which results in constitutive aberrant activation, increased proliferation of leukemic progenitors and is associated with an aggressive clinical phenotype. The expression of CD97, an EGF-TM7 receptor, has been linked to invasive behavior in thyroid and colorectal cancer. Here, we have investigated the association of CD97 with FLT3-ITD and its functional consequences in AML.Higher CD97 expression levels have been detected in 208 out of 385 primary AML samples. This was accompanied by a significantly increased bone marrow blast count as well as by mutations in the FLT3 gene. FLT3-ITD expressing cell lines as MV4-11 and MOLM-13 revealed significantly higher CD97 levels than FLT3 wildtype EOL-1, OCI-AML3 and HL-60 cells which were clearly decreased by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors PKC412 and SU5614. CD97 knock down by short hairpin RNA in MV4-11 cells resulted in inhibited trans-well migration towards fetal calf serum (FCS) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) being at least in part Rho-A dependent. Moreover, knock down of CD97 led to an altered mechanical phenotype, reduced adhesion to a stromal layer and lower wildtype FLT3 expression.Our results, thus, constitute the first evidence for the functional relevance of CD97 expression in FLT3-ITD AML cells rendering it a potential new theragnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Wobus
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Ortlepp
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ehninger
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Thiede
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uta Oelschlägel
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
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Li Y, Chen CH, Yin Y, Mao WW, Hua XM, Cheng J. Neuroprotection by intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells from 5-fluorouracil pre-treated rats in a model of ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2016; 38:921-8. [PMID: 27486676 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1215031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) pre-treated rats (named BMRMNCs) had a better therapeutic efficacy in ischemia/reperfusion rats as compared to BMMNCs from untreated rats. This study was undertaken to further explore the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of BMRMNCs in the same model. Rats were intravenously pre-treated with 5-FU, and BMRMNCs were collected 7 days later and subjected to flow cytometry for detection of CD34, CD45 and CD90. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats, and BMMNCs and BMRMNCs were independently transplanted via the tail vein at 24 h after MCAO. NISSL staining was performed 14 days after cell transplantation and the viable cells in the hippocampus were counted. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) mRNA expression was detected in the penumbra at 7 and 14 days after treatment. The contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors as well as microvessel density (MVD) were determined at 14 days. Results showed more BMRMNCs were positive for CD34, CD45 and CD90. After transplantation, more viable cells were observed in the hippocampus of BMRMNCs treated rats. In addition, BMRMNCs transplantation significantly increased MVD, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and raised growth factors in the penumbra. However, the SDF-1 mRNA expression was comparable between BMRMNCs group and BMMNCs group. Our results indicate that BMRMNCs are likely to more effectively improve the local microenvironment to increase viable cells and elevate angiogenesis, exerting neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- b Department of Anatomy and Embryology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China
| | - Yu Yin
- c Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wen-Wei Mao
- c Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xu-Ming Hua
- a Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Juan Cheng
- d Department of Ultrasound, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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Adhesion GPCRs in immunology. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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CD97/ADGRE5 Inhibits LPS Induced NF-κB Activation through PPAR-γ Upregulation in Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1605948. [PMID: 26997758 PMCID: PMC4779537 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1605948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD97/ADGRE5 protein is predominantly expressed on leukocytes and belongs to the EGF-TM7 receptors family. It mediates granulocytes accumulation in the inflammatory tissues and is involved in firm adhesion of PMNC on activated endothelial cells. There have not been any studies exploring the role of CD97 in LPS induced NF-κB activation in macrophages. Therefore, we first measured the CD97 expression in LPS treated human primary macrophages and subsequently analyzed the levels of inflammatory factor TNF-α and transcription factor NF-κB in these macrophages that have been manipulated with either CD97 knockdown or overexpression. We found that a reported anti-inflammatory transcription factor, PPAR-γ, was involved in the CD97 mediated NF-κB suppression. Furthermore, by immunofluorescence staining, we established that CD97 overexpression not only inhibited LPS induced p65 expression in the nucleus but also promoted the PPAR-γ expression. Moreover, using CD97 knockout THP-1 cells, we further demonstrated that CD97 promoted PPAR-γ expression and decreased LPS induced NF-κB activation. In conclusion, CD97 plays a negative role in LPS induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α secretion, partly through PPAR-γ upregulation.
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