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Peixoto FC, Zanette DL, Cardoso TM, Nascimento MT, Sanches RCO, Aoki M, Scott P, Oliveira SC, Carvalho EM, Carvalho LP. Leishmania braziliensis exosomes activate human macrophages to produce proinflammatory mediators. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256425. [PMID: 37841240 PMCID: PMC10569463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, organelles measuring 30-200nm, are secreted by various cell types. Leishmania exosomes consist of many proteins, including heat shock proteins, annexins, Glycoprotein 63, proteins exerting signaling activity and those containing mRNA and miRNA. Studies have demonstrated that Leishmania donovani exosomes downregulate IFN-γ and inhibit the expression of microbicidal molecules, such as TNF and nitric oxide, thus creating a microenvironment favoring parasite proliferation. Despite lacking immunological memory, data in the literature suggest that, following initial stimulation, mononuclear phagocytes may become "trained" to respond more effectively to subsequent stimuli. Here we characterized the effects of macrophage sensitization using L. braziliensis exosomes prior to infection by the same pathogen. Human macrophages were stimulated with L. braziliensis exosomes and then infected with L. braziliensis. Higher levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were detected in cultures sensitized prior to infection compared to unstimulated infected cells. Moreover, stimulation with L. braziliensis exosomes induced macrophage production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF. Inhibition of exosome secretion by L. braziliensis prior to macrophage infection reduced cytokine production and produced lower infection rates than untreated infected cells. Exosome stimulation also induced the consumption/regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome components in macrophages, while the blockade of NLRP3 resulted in lower levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. Our results suggest that L. braziliensis exosomes stimulate macrophages, leading to an exacerbated inflammatory state that may be NLRP3-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C. Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dalila L. Zanette
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Instituto Carlos Chagas – Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Paraná (ICC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio T. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. O. Sanches
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mateus Aoki
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Instituto Carlos Chagas – Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Paraná (ICC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sérgio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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Wu J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Feng P, Gao M, Zhao Z, Yang L. Toll-like receptor signaling is changed in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13541. [PMID: 33728713 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in regulation of adaptive immune responses, and lymph nodes play key roles in the initiation of immune responses. There is a tolerance to the allogenic fetus during pregnancy, but it is unclear that expression of TLR signaling is in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy. In this study, lymph nodes were sampled from day 16 of nonpregnant ewes and days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnant ewes, and the expressions of TLR family (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9), adaptor proteins, including myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), were analyzed through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TRAF6, and MyD88 were upregulated in the maternal lymph node, but TLR5, TLR9, and IRAK1 were downregulated during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. Therefore, it is suggested that early pregnancy induces changes in TLR signaling in maternal lymph node, which may be involved in regulation of maternal immune responses in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qiongao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Pengfei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Meihong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Zhenyang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM, Saleh AA. Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111671. [PMID: 33957562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through the bite of a female sandfly. The disease remains a major public health problem and is linked to tropical and subtropical regions, with an endemic picture in several regions, including East Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. The different causative species display a diversity of clinical presentations; therefore, the immunological data on leishmaniasis are both scarce and controversial for the different forms and infecting species of the parasite. The present review highlights the main immune parameters associated with leishmaniasis that might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the parasite and the clinical outcomes of the disease. Our aim was to provide a concise overview of the immunobiology of the disease and the factors that influence it, as this knowledge may be helpful in developing novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zgazig, Egypt
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Chauhan P, Nair A, Patidar A, Dandapat J, Sarkar A, Saha B. A primer on cytokines. Cytokine 2021; 145:155458. [PMID: 33581983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target receptor(s), [2] the primary structural features of the extracellular domains of their receptors, and [3] their receptor composition. Functionally, cytokines are either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors, developmental and would healing maintaining immune homeostasis. When the balance in C can form complex networks amongst themselves that may affect the homeostasis and diseases. Cytokines can affect resistance and susceptibility for many diseases and their availability in the host cytokine production and interaction is disturbed, immunopathogenesis sets in. Therefore, cytokine-targeting bispecific, and chimeric antibodies form a significant mode of immnuo-therapeutics Although the field has grown deep and wide, many areas of cytokine biology remain unknown. Here, we have reviewed these cytokines along with the organization, signaling, and functions through respective cytokine-receptor-families. Being part of the special issue on the Role of Cytokines in Leishmaniasis, this review is intended to be used as an organized primer on cytokines and not a resource for detailed discussion- for which a two-volume Handbook of cytokines is available- on each of the cytokines. Priming the readers on cytokines, we next brief the role of cytokines in Leishmaniasis. In the brief, we do not provide an account of each of the involved cytokines known to date, instead, we offer a temporal relationship between the cytokines and the progress of the infection towards the alternate outcomes- healing or non-healing- of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ashok Patidar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jagneshwar Dandapat
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; Department of Allied Health Sciences, BLDE (Deemed University), Vijayapura 562135, India.
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Regli IB, Passelli K, Martínez-Salazar B, Amore J, Hurrell BP, Müller AJ, Tacchini-Cottier F. TLR7 Sensing by Neutrophils Is Critical for the Control of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7420189. [PMID: 31396533 PMCID: PMC6668540 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7420189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer's disease.
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Pratti JES, da Fonseca Martins AM, da Silva JP, Ramos TD, Pereira JC, Firmino-Cruz L, Oliveira-Maciel D, Vieira TSDS, Lacerda LL, Vale AM, Freire-de-Lima CG, Gomes DCO, Saraiva EM, Rossi-Bergmann B, de Matos Guedes HL. The role of TLR9 on Leishmania amazonensis infection and its influence on intranasal LaAg vaccine efficacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007146. [PMID: 30802247 PMCID: PMC6405171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) amazonensis is one of the etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Brazil. Currently, there is no vaccine approved for human use against leishmaniasis, although several vaccine preparations are in experimental stages. One of them is Leishvacin, or LaAg, a first-generation vaccine composed of total L. amazonensis antigens that has consistently shown an increase of mouse resistance against CL when administered intranasally (i.n.). Since Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is highly expressed in the nasal mucosa and LaAg is composed of TLR9-binding DNA CpG motifs, in this study we proposed to investigate the role of TLR9 in both L. amazonensis infection and in LaAg vaccine efficacy in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and TLR9-/- mice. First, we evaluated, the infection of macrophages by L. amazonensis in vitro, showing no significant difference between macrophages from WT and TLR9-/- mice in terms of both infection percentage and total number of intracellular amastigotes, as well as NO production. In addition, neutrophils from WT and TLR9-/- mice had similar capacity to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to L. amazonensis. L. amazonensis did not activate dendritic cells from WT and TLR9-/- mice, analysed by MHCII and CD86 expression. However, in vivo, TLR9-/- mice were slightly more susceptible to L. amazonensis infection than WT mice, presenting a larger lesion and an increased parasite load at the peak of infection and in the chronic phase. The increased TLR9-/- mice susceptibility was accompanied by an increased IgG and IgG1 production; a decrease of IFN-γ in infected tissue, but not IL-4 and IL-10; and a decreased number of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells in the lesion-draining lymph nodes. Also, TLR9-/- mice could not control parasite growth following i.n. LaAg vaccination unlike the WT mice. This protection failure was associated with a reduction of the hypersensitivity response induced by immunization. The TLR9-/- vaccinated mice failed to respond to antigen stimulation and to produce IFN-γ by lymph node cells. Together, these results suggest that TLR9 contributes to C57BL/6 mouse resistance against L. amazonensis, and that the TLR9-binding LaAg comprising CpG motifs may be important for intranasal vaccine efficacy against CL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Marcia da Fonseca Martins
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Paiva da Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Diniz Ramos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Oliveira-Maciel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Soares de Souza Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandra Linhares Lacerda
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andre Macedo Vale
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celio G. Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel C. Oliveira Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas/ Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, ES, Brazil
| | - Elvira M. Saraiva
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ–Xerém em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade (Polo Avançado de Xerém), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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McCarthy MK, Davenport BJ, Reynoso GV, Lucas ED, May NA, Elmore SA, Tamburini BA, Hickman HD, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus impairs draining lymph node function by inhibiting HEV-mediated lymphocyte recruitment. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121100. [PMID: 29997290 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes acute and chronic rheumatologic disease. Pathogenic CHIKV strains persist in joints of immunocompetent mice, while the attenuated CHIKV strain 181/25 is cleared by adaptive immunity. We analyzed the draining lymph node (dLN) to define events in lymphoid tissue that may contribute to CHIKV persistence or clearance. Acute 181/25 infection resulted in dLN enlargement and germinal center (GC) formation, while the dLN of mice infected with pathogenic CHIKV became highly disorganized and depleted of lymphocytes. Using CHIKV strains encoding ovalbumin-specific TCR epitopes, we found that lymphocyte depletion was not due to impaired lymphocyte proliferation. Instead, the accumulation of naive lymphocytes transferred from the vasculature to the dLN was reduced, which was associated with fewer high endothelial venule cells and decreased CCL21 production. Following NP-OVA immunization, NP-specific GC B cells in the dLN were decreased during pathogenic, but not attenuated, CHIKV infection. Our data suggest that pathogenic, persistent strains of CHIKV disable the development of adaptive immune responses within the dLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas A May
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth A Tamburini
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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von Stebut E, Tenzer S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Distinct functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the interaction of the host immune system with Leishmania major. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:206-214. [PMID: 29129568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies leading to parasite inoculation into skin. In the mammalian host, the parasite primarily resides in skin macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). MΦ are silently invaded by the parasite eliciting a stress response, whereas DC become activated, release IL-12, and prime antigen-specific T cells. Here we review the basics of the immune response against this human pathogen and elucidate the role and function DC and MΦ for establishment of protective immunity against leishmaniasis. We focus on cell type-specific differences in parasite uptake, phagocyte activation and processing of parasite antigens to facilitate an understanding how their respective function may be modulated e.g. under therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Abstract
SUMMARYProtists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms that account for a significant global infection burden. Often, the immune responses mounted against these parasites cause excessive inflammation and therefore pathology in the host. Elucidating the mechanisms of both protective and harmful immune responses is complex, and often relies of the use of animal models. In any immune response, leucocyte trafficking to the site of infection, or inflammation, is paramount, and this involves the production of chemokines, small chemotactic cytokines of approximately 8–10 kDa in size, which bind to specific chemokine receptors to induce leucocyte movement. Herein, the scientific literature investigating the role of chemokines in the propagation of immune responses against key protist infections will be reviewed, focussing onPlasmodiumspecies,Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmaniaspecies andCryptosporidiumspecies. Interestingly, many studies find that chemokines can in fact, promote parasite survival in the host, by drawing in leucocytes for spread and further replication. Recent developments in drug targeting against chemokine receptors highlights the need for further understanding of the role played by these proteins and their receptors in many different diseases.
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Chen YS, Lin HH, Hsueh PT, Ni WF, Liu PJ, Chen PS, Chang HH, Sun DS, Chen YL. Involvement of L-selectin expression in Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected monocytes invading the brain during murine melioidosis. Virulence 2016; 8:751-766. [PMID: 27646437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1232239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neurologic melioidosis was linked to the elicitation of Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected L-selectinhiCD11b+ BALB/c cells in our previous study. However, whether monocytic L-selectin (CD62L, encoded by the sell gene) is a key factor remains uncertain. In the present study, after establishing multi-organ foci via hematogenous routes, we demonstrated that B. pseudomallei GFP steadily persisted in blood, splenic, hepatic and bone marrow (BM) Ly6C monocytes; however, the circulating CD16/32+CD45hiGFP+ brain-infiltrating leukocytes (BILs) derived from the blood Ly6C monocytes were expanded in BALB/c but not in C57BL/6 bacteremic melioidosis. Consistent with these results, 60% of BALB/c mice but only 10% of C57BL/6 mice exhibited neurologic melioidosis. In a time-dependent manner, B. pseudomallei invaded C57BL/6 BM-derived phagocytes and monocytic progenitors by 2 d. The number of Ly6C+CD62L+GFP+ inflamed cells that had expanded in the BM and that were ready for emigration peaked on d 21 post-infection. Hematogenous B. pseudomallei-loaded sell+/+Ly6C monocytes exacerbated the bacterial loads and the proportion of Ly6C+GFP+ BILs in the recipient brains compared to sell-/- infected Ly6C cells when adoptively transferred. Moreover, a neutralizing anti-CD62L antibody significantly depleted the bacterial colonization of the brain following adoptive transfer of B. pseudomallei-loaded C57BL/6 or BALB/c Ly6C cells. Our data thus suggest that Ly6C+CD62L+ infected monocytes served as a Trojan horse across the cerebral endothelium to induce brain infection. Therefore, CD62L should be considered as not only a temporally elicited antigen but also a disease-relevant leukocyte marker during the development of neurologic melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Shen Chen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,b Department of Internal Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsun Lin
- c Section of Infectious Disease , Department of Medicine , E-Da Hospital and University , Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tan Hsueh
- d Department of Biological Science , National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,e Department of Biotechnology , National Kaohsiung Normal University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fen Ni
- e Department of Biotechnology , National Kaohsiung Normal University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Liu
- e Department of Biotechnology , National Kaohsiung Normal University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- f Department of Public Health , College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,g Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- h Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- h Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- e Department of Biotechnology , National Kaohsiung Normal University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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13
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Rasid O, Mériaux V, Khan EM, Borde C, Ciulean IS, Fitting C, Manoury B, Cavaillon JM, Doyen N. Cathepsin B-Deficient Mice Resolve Leishmania major Inflammation Faster in a T Cell-Dependent Manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004716. [PMID: 27182703 PMCID: PMC4868322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical role for intracellular TLR9 has been described in recognition and host resistance to Leishmania parasites. As TLR9 requires endolysosomal proteolytic cleavage to achieve signaling functionality, we investigated the contribution of different proteases like asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) or cysteine protease cathepsins B (CatB), L (CatL) and S (CatS) to host resistance during Leishmania major (L. major) infection in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and whether they would impact on TLR9 signaling. Unlike TLR9-/-, which are more susceptible to infection, AEP-/-, CatL-/- and CatS-/- mice are as resistant to L. major infection as WT mice, suggesting that these proteases are not individually involved in TLR9 processing. Interestingly, we observed that CatB-/- mice resolve L. major lesions significantly faster than WT mice, however we did not find evidence for an involvement of CatB on either TLR9-dependent or independent cytokine responses of dendritic cells and macrophages or in the innate immune response to L. major infection. We also found no difference in antigen presenting capacity. We observed a more precocious development of T helper 1 responses accompanied by a faster decline of inflammation, resulting in resolution of footpad inflammation, reduced IFNγ levels and decreased parasite burden. Adoptive transfer experiments into alymphoid RAG2-/-γc-/- mice allowed us to identify CD3+ T cells as responsible for the immune advantage of CatB-/- mice towards L. major. In vitro data confirmed the T cell intrinsic differences between CatB-/- mice and WT. Our study brings forth a yet unappreciated role for CatB in regulating T cell responses during L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
| | - Véronique Mériaux
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Erin M. Khan
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Borde
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Ioana S. Ciulean
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- Cantacuzino National Research Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Noëlle Doyen
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
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14
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Moreira ML, Costa-Pereira C, Alves MLR, Marteleto BH, Ribeiro VM, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Giunchetti RC, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS. Vaccination against canine leishmaniosis increases the phagocytic activity, nitric oxide production and expression of cell activation/migration molecules in neutrophils and monocytes. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:33-45. [PMID: 26995719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is transmitted by phlebotomine sandfly vectors and domestic dogs serve as a reservoir. The elimination of seropositive dogs has been a recommended strategy for managing the disease in Brazil. A protective canine vaccine would be an important tool for controlling the disease, reducing the parasites available to sandfly vectors and, consequently, reducing the number of human VL cases. Leishmune(®) is an anti-canine Leishmaniosis (VL Canine) vaccine produced by Zoetis (Pfizer, Brazil) that was commercially available in Brazil until 2014. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the protective immunological events induced by vaccination with Leishmune(®) in the time frame of one year. Healthy, non-vaccinated dogs and dogs of 1, 6 and 10 months post-vaccination were evaluated. Results showed that Leishmune(®) induced an increase in phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes and also increased NO production. Immunological events were correlated with functional responses, as high levels of IgG and an increase of the receptor Fcγ were detected. Vaccination induced an increased expression of TLR (2, 4, 5, 9), integrin (CD29, CD49f), activation (MHCII) and co-stimulatory (CD80, CD81) molecules by neutrophils and monocytes. Vaccination led to decrease of IL-4 and an increase of IL-8 production by monocytes and higher IFN-γ and IL-17 production by T-cells. The results suggested that Leishmune(®) was able to induce a long-lasting change in immune response, mediated by supportive immunological events that may be participating in protective immunity against CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela L Moreira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Christiane Costa-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marina Luiza Rodrigues Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Bruno H Marteleto
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vitor M Ribeiro
- Clínica Veterinária Santo Agostinho, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Olindo A Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ -MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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15
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Chae WJ, Ehrlich AK, Chan PY, Teixeira AM, Henegariu O, Hao L, Shin JH, Park JH, Tang WH, Kim ST, Maher SE, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Shan P, Hwa J, Lee PJ, Krause DS, Rothlin CV, McMahon-Pratt D, Bothwell ALM. The Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1 Promotes Pathological Type 2 Cell-Mediated Inflammation. Immunity 2016; 44:246-58. [PMID: 26872695 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a plethora of environmental challenges commonly triggers pathological type 2 cell-mediated inflammation. Here we report the pathological role of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) upon allergen challenge or non-healing parasitic infection. The increased circulating amounts of Dkk-1 polarized T cells to T helper 2 (Th2) cells, stimulating a marked simultaneous induction of the transcription factors c-Maf and Gata-3, mediated by the kinases p38 MAPK and SGK-1, resulting in Th2 cell cytokine production. Circulating Dkk-1 was primarily from platelets, and the increase of Dkk-1 resulted in formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA) that facilitated leukocyte infiltration to the affected tissue. Functional inhibition of Dkk-1 impaired Th2 cell cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration, protecting mice from house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma or Leishmania major infection. These results highlight that Dkk-1 from thrombocytes is an important regulator of leukocyte infiltration and polarization of immune responses in pathological type 2 cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Allison K Ehrlich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Pamela Y Chan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra M Teixeira
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Octavian Henegariu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Liming Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jae Hun Shin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sang-Taek Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen E Maher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karen Goldsmith-Pestana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peiying Shan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John Hwa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patty J Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Diane S Krause
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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16
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Dendritic Cells and Leishmania Infection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3967436. [PMID: 26904694 PMCID: PMC4745329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3967436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from the Leishmania genus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response against Leishmania parasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species of Leishmania and (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially from Leishmania species of the New World.
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17
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Hosein S, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Blake DP, Allenspach K, Alberola J, Solano-Gallego L. Transcription of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 Cytokines in a Susceptible Experimental Model of Canine Leishmania infantum Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140325. [PMID: 26465878 PMCID: PMC4605763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Hosein
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Veterinaria, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
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18
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Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in dendritic cells regulates neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory foci following Leishmania infantum infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4604-16. [PMID: 26371124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00975-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This infection triggers dendritic cell (DC) activation through the recognition of microbial products by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Among the TLRs, TLR9 is required for DC activation by different Leishmania species. We demonstrated that TLR9 is upregulated in vitro and in vivo during infection. We show that C57BL/6 mice deficient in TLR9 expression (TLR9(-/-) mice) are more susceptible to infection and display higher parasite numbers in the spleen and liver. The increased susceptibility of TLR9(-/-) mice was due to the impaired recruitment of neutrophils to the infection foci associated with reduced levels of neutrophil chemoattractants released by DCs in the target organs. Moreover, both Th1 and Th17 cells were also committed in TLR9(-/-) mice. TLR9-dependent neutrophil recruitment is mediated via the MyD88 signaling pathway but is TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) independent. Furthermore, L. infantum failed to activate both plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs from TLR9(-/-) mice, which presented reduced surface costimulatory molecule expression and chemokine release. Interestingly, neutrophil chemotaxis was affected both in vitro and in vivo when DCs were derived from TLR9(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that TLR9 plays a critical role in neutrophil recruitment during the protective response against L. infantum infection that could be associated with DC activation.
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19
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Pandey SP, Doyen N, Mishra GC, Saha B, Chandel HS. TLR9-deficiency reduces TLR1, TLR2 and TLR3 expressions in Leishmania major-infected macrophages. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:82-6. [PMID: 25911242 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The parasite Leishmania major counteractively modulates TLR2 and TLR9 expression and their functions. Although TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 are also implicated in Leishmania infection, whether their expression was altered in TLR2 or TLR9 deficiency remained unknown. Therefore, we examined TLR1, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7 expression in L. major infection in TLR2-deficient or TLR9-deficient macrophages. We observed that TLR9-deficiency reduced TLR1, TLR2 and TLR3 but not TLR7 expression in the macrophages treated with live or killed L. major promastigotes. TLR2-deficiency had little effects by comparison. TLR9-deficient macrophages had reduced CD40 expression and less IL-12 and TNF-α expression. Thus, we report that TLR9 modulates TLR1, TLR2 and TLR3, but not TLR7, expression in L. major-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelle Doyen
- Pasteur Institute, 25-28 Rue de Docteur, Paris, France
| | - Gyan C Mishra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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20
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Khan N, Vidyarthi A, Pahari S, Agrewala JN. Distinct Strategies Employed by Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Restricting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: Different Philosophies but Same Desire. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:386-398. [PMID: 25793750 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1015718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can efficiently phagocytose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB). It is quite interesting to mention here that DCs and Mϕs use distinct strategies to combat and eliminate Mtb. Similarly, Mtb employs different mechanisms to counteract the action of DCs and Mϕs. Mϕs are evolved with specialized, innate, defensive machinery to restrict growth of Mtb at the initial phase of infection. However, DCs are more endowed toward initiating adaptive immunity by activating naïve T cells. During encounter with Mtb, DCs and Mϕs deliver discrete functions via triggering through different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by these APCs. Mtb-infected DCs and Mϕs show differential expression of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory molecules, and adhesion molecules. Interestingly, Mtb impairs the immune defensive machinery by exploiting various PRRs. Remarkably, selective signaling through PRRs by Mtb abrogates the bactericidal activity of Mϕs, but subverts differentiation of monocytes to DCs. In this article, we highlight the role of PRRs in inducing distinct immune response by DCs and Mϕs against Mtb. Concurrently, we also discuss smart strategies exploited by Mtb to impair the function of host DCs and Mϕs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- a CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | | | - Susanta Pahari
- a CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
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21
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Khan ME, Borde C, Rocha EP, Mériaux V, Maréchal V, Escoll P, Goyard S, Cavaillon JM, Manoury B, Doyen N. TLR9 activation is triggered by the excess of stimulatory versus inhibitory motifs present in Trypanosomatidae DNA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3308. [PMID: 25392997 PMCID: PMC4230925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequences purified from distinct organisms, e.g. non vertebrate versus vertebrate ones, were shown to differ in their TLR9 signalling properties especially when either mouse bone marrow-derived- or human dendritic cells (DCs) are probed as target cells. Here we found that the DC-targeting immunostimulatory property of Leishmania major DNA is shared by other Trypanosomatidae DNA, suggesting that this is a general trait of these eukaryotic single-celled parasites. We first documented, in vitro, that the low level of immunostimulatory activity by vertebrate DNA is not due to its limited access to DCs' TLR9. In addition, vertebrate DNA inhibits the activation induced by the parasite DNA. This inhibition could result from the presence of competing elements for TLR9 activation and suggests that DNA from different species can be discriminated by mouse and human DCs. Second, using computational analysis of genomic DNA sequences, it was possible to detect the presence of over-represented inhibitory and under-represented stimulatory sequences in the vertebrate genomes, whereas L. major genome displays the opposite trend. Interestingly, this contrasting features between L. major and vertebrate genomes in the frequency of these motifs are shared by other Trypanosomatidae genomes (Trypanosoma cruzi, brucei and vivax). We also addressed the possibility that proteins expressed in DCs could interact with DNA and promote TLR9 activation. We found that TLR9 is specifically activated with L. major HMGB1-bound DNA and that HMGB1 preferentially binds to L. major compared to mouse DNA. Our results highlight that both DNA sequence and vertebrate DNA-binding proteins, such as the mouse HMGB1, allow the TLR9-signaling to be initiated and achieved by Trypanosomatidae DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Erin Khan
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Borde
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P.C. Rocha
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Unité de Génomique Evolutive des Microbes, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mériaux
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Maréchal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Persistent Viral Infections (PVI) Team, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries intracellulaires, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | | | - Noëlle Doyen
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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de Almeida Leal GG, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, Carneiro CM, Giunchetti RC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Francisco AF, Cardoso JM, Mathias FAS, Correa-Oliveira R, Carneiro M, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB. Immunological profile of resistance and susceptibility in naturally infected dogs by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:472-82. [PMID: 25234767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis has a great impact on public health, and dogs are considered the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal parasite. In this study, 159 animals naturally infected by L. infantum from an endemic area of Brazil were evaluated through an analysis of cellular responses, using flow cytometry, and of the hematological parameters. The results confirmed that disease progression is associated with anemia and reductions in eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. The investigation of the immune response, based on the immunophenotypic profile of peripheral blood, showed declines in the absolute numbers of T lymphocytes CD5(+) and their subsets (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and a drop of B lymphocytes in asymptomatic seropositive (AD-II) and symptomatic seropositive (SD) dogs. Neutrophils, when stimulated with soluble antigen of L. infantum, showed higher synthesis of interferon (IFN)-γ(+) in AD-II and SD groups, with decreased production of interleukin (IL)-4(+) in asymptomatic seronegative dogs positive for L. infantum infection based on polymerase chain reaction testing (AD-I group). In the AD-II and SD groups, subpopulations of stimulated lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) also exhibited greater synthesis of IFN-γ(+) and IL-4(+) in culture. These results suggest that the animals of the AD-II and SD groups exhibited a mixed immune response (Type 1 and 2) and the AD-I group presenting an immune profile very similar to normal control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleisiane Gomes de Almeida Leal
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil.
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23
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Passos S, Carvalho LP, Costa RS, Campos TM, Novais FO, Magalhães A, Machado PRL, Beiting D, Mosser D, Carvalho EM, Scott P. Intermediate monocytes contribute to pathologic immune response in Leishmania braziliensis infections. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:274-82. [PMID: 25139016 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcer development in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We found that early after infection, before ulcer development, the frequency of CD16(+) (both intermediate [CD14(+)CD16(+)] and nonclassical [CD14(dim)CD16(+)]) monocytes was increased in the peripheral blood of patients with L. braziliensis, compared with uninfected controls. These results suggest that CD16(+) monocytes might promote disease. Also, we found that intermediate monocytes expressed CCR2 and that increased levels of CCL2 protein were present in lesions from patients, suggesting that intermediate monocytes are more likely than nonclassical monocytes to migrate to the lesion site. Finally, we found that the intermediate monocytes produced TNF. Our results show that intermediate monocytes are increased in frequency soon after infection; express CCR2, which would promote their migration into the lesions; and, owing to their production of TNF, can enhance the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rúbia S Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos
| | - Taís M Campos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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24
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Hypertrophy of infected Peyer's patches arises from global, interferon-receptor, and CD69-independent shutdown of lymphocyte egress. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:892-904. [PMID: 24345804 PMCID: PMC4060605 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid organ hypertrophy is a hallmark of localized infection. During the inflammatory response, massive changes in lymphocyte recirculation and turnover boost lymphoid organ cellularity. Intriguingly, the exact nature of these changes remains undefined to date. Here, we report that hypertrophy of Salmonella-infected Peyer's patches (PPs) ensues from a global "shutdown" of lymphocyte egress, which traps recirculating lymphocytes in PPs. Surprisingly, infection-induced lymphocyte sequestration did not require previously proposed mediators of lymphoid organ shutdown including type I interferon receptor and CD69. In contrast, following T-cell receptor-mediated priming, CD69 was essential to selectively block CD4(+) effector T-cell egress. Our findings segregate two distinct lymphocyte sequestration mechanisms, which differentially rely on intrinsic modulation of lymphocyte egress capacity and inflammation-induced changes in the lymphoid organ environment.
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25
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Hartley MA, Drexler S, Ronet C, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:412-22. [PMID: 24954794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniases have persisted for centuries as chronically disfiguring parasitic infections affecting millions of people across the subtropics. Symptoms range from the more prevalent single, self-healing cutaneous lesion to a persistent, metastatic disease, where ulcerations and granulomatous nodules can affect multiple secondary sites of the skin and delicate facial mucosa, even sometimes diffusing throughout the cutaneous system as a papular rash. The basis for such diverse pathologies is multifactorial, ranging from parasite phylogeny to host immunocompetence and various environmental factors. Although complex, these pathologies often prey on weaknesses in the innate immune system and its pattern recognition receptors. This review explores the observed and potential associations among the multifactorial perpetrators of infectious metastasis and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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26
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Ives A, Masina S, Castiglioni P, Prével F, Revaz-Breton M, Hartley MA, Launois P, Fasel N, Ronet C. MyD88 and TLR9 dependent immune responses mediate resistance to Leishmania guyanensis infections, irrespective of Leishmania RNA virus burden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96766. [PMID: 24801628 PMCID: PMC4011865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Leishmania parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus give rise to both localized cutaneous (CL), and metastatic leishmaniasis. Metastasizing disease forms including disseminated (DCL) and mutocutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis result from parasitic dissemination and lesion formation at sites distal to infection and have increased inflammatory responses. The presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in L. guyanensis parasites contributes to the exacerbation of disease and impacts inflammatory responses via activation of TLR3 by the viral dsRNA. In this study we investigated other innate immune response adaptor protein modulators and demonstrated that both MyD88 and TLR9 played a crucial role in the development of Th1-dependent healing responses against L. guyanensis parasites regardless of their LRV status. The absence of MyD88- or TLR9-dependent signaling pathways resulted in increased Th2 associated cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), which was correlated with low transcript levels of IL-12p40. The reliance of IL-12 was further confirmed in IL12AB−/− mice, which were completely susceptible to infection. Protection to L. guyanensis infection driven by MyD88- and TLR9-dependent immune responses arises independently to those induced due to high LRV burden within the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ives
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Slavica Masina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prével
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Revaz-Breton
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:129-140. [PMID: 25383072 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131203225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for recognizing a variety of pathogens, including protozoan parasites, and initiating innate immune responses against them. TLRs are localized on the cell surface as well as in the endosome, and are implicated in innate sensing of these parasites. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the identification of parasite-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns and the TLRs that bind them. The role of these TLRs in initiating the immune response against protozoan parasitic infections in vivo will be presented in the context of murine models of infection utilizing TLR-deficient mice. Additionally, we will explore evidence that TLRs and genetic variants of TLRs may impact the outcome of these parasitic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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28
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Development of an ex vivo lymph node explant model for identification of novel molecules active against Leishmania major. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:78-87. [PMID: 24126577 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00887-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic infection affecting people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Current treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis are difficult to administer, toxic, expensive, and limited in effectiveness and availability. Here we describe the development and application of a medium-throughput screening approach to identify new drug candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis using an ex vivo lymph node explant culture (ELEC) derived from the draining lymph nodes of Leishmania major-infected mice. The ELEC supported intracellular amastigote proliferation and contained lymph node cell populations (and their secreted products) that enabled the testing of compounds within a system that mimicked the immunopathological environment of the infected host, which is known to profoundly influence parasite replication, killing, and drug efficacy. The activity of known antileishmanial drugs in the ELEC system was similar to the activity measured in peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with L. major. Using the ELEC system, we screened a collection of 334 compounds, some of which we had demonstrated previously to be active against L. donovani, and identified 119 hits, 85% of which were confirmed to be active by determination of the 50% effective concentration (EC50). We found 24 compounds (7%) that had an in vitro therapeutic index (IVTI; 50% cytotoxic/effective concentration [CC50]/EC50) > 100; 19 of the compounds had an EC50 below 1 μM. According to PubChem searchs, 17 of those compounds had not previously been reported to be active against Leishmania. We expect that this novel method will help to accelerate discovery of new drug candidates for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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29
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Real F, Vidal RO, Carazzolle MF, Mondego JMC, Costa GGL, Herai RH, Würtele M, de Carvalho LM, Carmona e Ferreira R, Mortara RA, Barbiéri CL, Mieczkowski P, da Silveira JF, Briones MRDS, Pereira GAG, Bahia D. The genome sequence of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: functional annotation and extended analysis of gene models. DNA Res 2013; 20:567-81. [PMID: 23857904 PMCID: PMC3859324 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the sequencing and annotation of the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis genome, an etiological agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region of Brazil. L. (L.) amazonensis shares features with Leishmania (L.) mexicana but also exhibits unique characteristics regarding geographical distribution and clinical manifestations of cutaneous lesions (e.g. borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis). Predicted genes were scored for orthologous gene families and conserved domains in comparison with other human pathogenic Leishmania spp. Carboxypeptidase, aminotransferase, and 3′-nucleotidase genes and ATPase, thioredoxin, and chaperone-related domains were represented more abundantly in L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) mexicana species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two species share groups of amastin surface proteins unique to the genus that could be related to specific features of disease outcomes and host cell interactions. Additionally, we describe a hypothetical hybrid interactome of potentially secreted L. (L.) amazonensis proteins and host proteins under the assumption that parasite factors mimic their mammalian counterparts. The model predicts an interaction between an L. (L.) amazonensis heat-shock protein and mammalian Toll-like receptor 9, which is implicated in important immune responses such as cytokine and nitric oxide production. The analysis presented here represents valuable information for future studies of leishmaniasis pathogenicity and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- 1Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - EPM/UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu 862, 6 andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Vieira ÉLM, Keesen TSL, Machado PR, Guimarães LH, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Immunoregulatory profile of monocytes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and association with lesion size. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:65-72. [PMID: 23050581 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease composed of several clinical forms that adversely affect millions of people globally. Critical cells involved in the host-Leishmania interaction are monocytes and macrophages, which act to protect against infections due to their ability to both control intracellular infections and regulate the subsequent adaptive immune response. Both soluble factors and cell surface receptors are keys in directing the immune response following interaction with pathogens such as Leishmania. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an essential role in immune responses against infections, but little is known about their role in human infection with Leishmania braziliensis. In this work, we evaluated peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes for the expression of immunoregulatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and TLR9 from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. braziliensis and noninfected individuals. Our results showed that patients present decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 following culture with media alone or after stimulus with soluble Leishmania antigen. Interestingly, TLR9 expression was higher after culture with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), suggesting a role of this molecule in immunoregulation of active disease. Lastly, higher frequencies of TLR9+ monocytes were correlated with greater lesion size. These findings demonstrate a peripheral monocytes profile compatible with important immunoregulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- É L M Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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31
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Gonzalez-Lombana C, Gimblet C, Bacellar O, Oliveira WW, Passos S, Carvalho LP, Goldschmidt M, Carvalho EM, Scott P. IL-17 mediates immunopathology in the absence of IL-10 following Leishmania major infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003243. [PMID: 23555256 PMCID: PMC3605236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, resulting from infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania, consists of a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections. A particularly severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, termed mucosal leishmaniasis, exhibits decreased IL-10 levels and an exaggerated inflammatory response that perpetuates the disease. Using a mouse model of leishmaniasis, we investigated what cytokines contribute to increased pathology when IL-10-mediated regulation is absent. Leishmania major infected C57BL/6 mice lacking IL-10 regulation developed larger lesions than controls, but fewer parasites. Both IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were substantially elevated in mice lacking the capacity to respond to IL-10. IFN-γ promoted an increased infiltration of monocytes, while IL-17 contributed to an increase in neutrophils. Surprisingly, however, we found that IFN-γ did not contribute to increased pathology, but instead regulated the IL-17 response. Thus, blocking IFN-γ led to a significant increase in IL-17, neutrophils and disease. Similarly, the production of IL-17 by cells from leishmaniasis patients was also regulated by IL-10 and IFN-γ. Additional studies found that the IL-1 receptor was required for both the IL-17 response and increased pathology. Therefore, we propose that regulating IL-17, possibly by downregulating IL-1β, may be a useful approach for controlling immunopathology in leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease transmitted by sand flies that causes visceral and cutaneous lesions. In humans, the most severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis is the mucosal form, causing disfiguring lesions in the nasal and oral mucosa. Why these patients develop severe disease is not clear. It is known, however, that the severe disease is not due to an overwhelming number of parasites, but rather appears to be due to an uncontrolled inflammatory response that includes elevated production of IFN-γ and IL-17. Here, we used a murine model of leishmaniasis to identify the factors involved in this pathology, and found that mice infected with Leishmania major developed severe lesions in the absence of IL-10 or IL-10 signaling, and similar to patients, contained high levels of IFN-γ and IL-17. While both of these cytokines have the potential to induce pathology, we found that IL-17 was responsible for the severe pathology seen in the absence of IL-10 regulation, and furthermore that IL-17 levels were higher and pathology greater in the absence of IFN-γ. Thus, our study suggests that IL-17, but not the IFN-γ, is a strong candidate to be targeted in strategies to control the severe immunopathology observed in mucosal leishmaniasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gonzalez-Lombana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ciara Gimblet
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Olivia Bacellar
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Walker W. Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Sara Passos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Michael Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Role of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in experimental Leishmania braziliensis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1575-84. [PMID: 23439309 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01401-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions in L. braziliensis-infected individuals. L. braziliensis inoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88, renders mice susceptible to infection. The TLR involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if TLR9 triggering by the parasite contributes to the strong resistance to infection observed in L. braziliensis-inoculated mice. The parasites activated wild-type (WT) dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro but not DCs derived from TLR9(-/-) mice. TLR9(-/-) mice inoculated with L. braziliensis exhibited a transient susceptibility characterized by increased lesion size and parasite burden compared to those of WT mice. Surprisingly, elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured at the site of infection and in draining lymph node T cells of TLR9(-/-) mice at the peak of susceptibility, suggesting that unlike observations in vitro, the parasite could induce DC activation leading to the development of Th1 cells in the absence of TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data show that TLR9 signaling is important for the early control of lesion development and parasite burden but is dispensable for the differentiation of Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ, and the high levels of this cytokine are not sufficient to control early parasite replication following L. braziliensis infection.
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Schamber-Reis BLF, Petritus PM, Caetano BC, Martinez ER, Okuda K, Golenbock D, Scott P, Gazzinelli RT. UNC93B1 and nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors mediate host resistance to infection with Leishmania major. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7127-36. [PMID: 23325805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian homolog B1 of Unc-93 Caenorhabditis elegans known as UNC93B1 is a chaperone protein that mediates translocation of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endolysosomes. The triple deficient (UNC93B1 mutant) mice have a functional single point mutation in the UNC93B1 that results in non-functional TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Herein, we demonstrate that UNC93B1 mutant mice, in the C57BL/6 (resistant) genetic background, are highly susceptible to Leishmania major infection. Enhanced swelling of the footpad was associated with high levels of interleukin 10, decreased levels of interferon γ, and increased parasitism. None of the single TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 knock-out (KO) mice resemble the UNC93B1 mutant phenotype upon infection with L. major. Whereas the double TLR7/TLR9 KO showed a partial phenotype, the triple TLR3/TLR7/TLR9 KO mice were as susceptible as the UNC93B1 mutant mice, when infected with Leishmania parasites. Finally, we demonstrate that treatment with either anti-interleukin 10 receptor monoclonal antibody or recombinant interleukin 12 restored a robust anti-parasite TH1 response and reverted the susceptible phenotype of UNC93B1 mutant mice. Altogether, our results indicate the redundant and essential role of nucleic acid-sensing TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 in inducing interleukin 12, development of a TH1 response, and resistance to L. major infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice.
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Leishmania mexicana induces limited recruitment and activation of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells early during infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1858. [PMID: 23094119 PMCID: PMC3475671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While C57BL/6 mice infected in the ear with L. major mount a vigorous Th1 response and resolve their lesions, the Th1 response in C57BL/6 mice infected with L. mexicana is more limited, resulting in chronic, non-healing lesions. The aim of this study was to determine if the limited immune response following infection with L. mexicana is related to a deficiency in the ability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) to prime a sufficient Th1 response. To address this issue we compared the early immune response following L. mexicana infection with that seen in L. major infected mice. Our data show that fewer monocytes are recruited to the lesions of L. mexicana infected mice as compared to mice infected with L. major. Moreover, monocytes that differentiate into mo-DCs in L. mexicana lesions produced less iNOS and migrated less efficiently to the draining lymph node as compared to those from L. major infected mice. Treatment of L. mexicana infected mice with α-IL-10R antibody resulted in increased recruitment of monocytes to the lesion along with greater production of IFN-γ and iNOS. Additionally, injection of DCs into the ear at the time of infection with L. mexicana also led to a more robust Th1 response. Taken together, these data suggest that during L. mexicana infection reduced recruitment, activation and subsequent migration of monocytes and mo-DCs to the draining lymph nodes may result in the insufficient priming of a Th1 response.
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