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Ortega L, Carrera C, Muñoz-Flores C, Salazar S, Villegas MF, Starck MF, Valenzuela A, Agurto N, Montesino R, Astuya A, Parra N, Pérez ET, Santibáñez N, Romero A, Ruíz P, Lamazares E, Reyes F, Sánchez O, Toledo JR, Acosta J. New insight into the biological activity of Salmo salar NK-lysin antimicrobial peptides. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1191966. [PMID: 38655253 PMCID: PMC11035819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1191966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
NK-lysin is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. NK-lysin is a type of granulysin, a member of the saposin-like proteins family first isolated from a pig's small intestine. In previous work, for the first time, we identified four variants of nk-lysin from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using EST sequences. In the present study, we reported and characterized two additional transcripts of NK-lysin from S. salar. Besides, we evaluated the tissue distribution of three NK-lysins from S. salar and assessed the antimicrobial, hemolytic, and immunomodulatory activities and signaling pathways of three NK-lysin-derived peptides. The synthetic peptides displayed antimicrobial activity against Piscirickettsia salmonis (LF-89) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These peptides induced the expression of immune genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses in vitro and in vivo. The immunomodulatory activity of the peptides involves the mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated signaling pathway, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and/or c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Besides, the peptides modulated the immune response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Our findings show that NK-lysin could be a highly effective immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant for use in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Santiago Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Milton F. Villegas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María F. Starck
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Niza Agurto
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Laboratorio de Genómica Marina y Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Oceanografía y Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur Oriental (COPAS) Sur-Austral, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalie Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ercilia T. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruíz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Emilio Lamazares
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fátima Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Kato H, Ohta K, Akagi M, Fukada S, Sakuma M, Naruse T, Nishi H, Shigeishi H, Takechi M, Aikawa T. LL-37-dsRNA Complexes Modulate Immune Response via RIG-I in Oral Keratinocytes. Inflammation 2023; 46:808-823. [PMID: 36763254 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes an inflammatory response. On the other hand, LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide, is a multifunctional modulator of immune response, though whether it modulates inflammatory responses induced by nucleic acids in oral keratinocytes is unknown. In this study, we firstly investigated the effect of LL-37 on CXCL10 induced by DAMPs and PAMPs in immortalized oral keratinocytes, RT7. Furthermore, the effects of LL-37 on translocation of exogenous nucleic acids into cytoplasm as well as cytosolic receptor, RIG-I on immune responses mediated by LL-37-nucleic acid complexes were examined. From these results, LL-37 enhanced necrotic cell supernatant (NCS)-induced CXCL10 expression in RT7, while the response was decreased by RNase. Complexes of LL-37 and double-stranded (ds) RNA, Poly(I:C) enhanced CXCL10 expression in comparison with each alone, which were associated with NF-κB activation. Furthermore, LL-37 was shown to bind with ds nucleotides and translocate into cytoplasm. Knockdown of RIG-I decreased expression of CXCL10 induced by LL-37-Poly(I:C) complexes, and RIG-I were co-localized with Poly(I:C) entered by LL-37 in cytoplasm. LL-37 modulates dsRNA-mediated inflammatory response via RIG-I in oral keratinocytes, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centerand, Chugoku Cancer Center , 3-1 Aoyama-Cho, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Misaki Akagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centerand, Chugoku Cancer Center , 3-1 Aoyama-Cho, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Tomonao Aikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Tominari T, Akita M, Matsumoto C, Hirata M, Yoshinouchi S, Tanaka Y, Karouji K, Itoh Y, Maruyama T, Miyaura C, Numabe Y, Inada M. Endosomal TLR3 signaling in stromal osteoblasts induces prostaglandin E 2-mediated inflammatory periodontal bone resorption. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101603. [PMID: 35101442 PMCID: PMC8892075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in innate immune diseases. TLR3, which is localized in the endosomal compartments of hematopoietic immune cells, is able to recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) derived from viruses and bacteria and thereby induce innate immune responses. Inflammatory periodontal bone resorption is caused by bacterial infections, which initially is regulated by innate immunity; however, the roles of TLR3 signaling in bone resorption are still not known. We examined the roles of TLR3 signaling in bone resorption using poly(I:C), a synthetic dsRNA analog. In cocultures of mouse bone marrow cells and stromal osteoblasts, poly(I:C) clearly induced osteoclast differentiation. In osteoblasts, poly(I:C) increased PGE2 production and upregulated the mRNA expression of PGE2-related genes, Ptgs2 and Ptges, as well as that of a gene related to osteoclast differentiation, Tnfsf11. In addition, we found that indomethacin (a COX-2 inhibitor) or an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor EP4 attenuated the poly(I:C)-induced PGE2 production and subsequent Tnfsf11 expression. Poly(I:C) also prolonged the survival of the mature osteoclasts associated with the increased mRNA expression of osteoclast marker genes, Nfatc1 and Ctsk. In ex vivo organ cultures of periodontal alveolar bone, poly(I:C) induced bone-resorbing activity in a dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by the simultaneous administration of either indomethacin or an EP4 antagonist. These data suggest that TLR3 signaling in osteoblasts controls PGE2 production and induces the subsequent differentiation and survival of mature osteoclasts. Endogenous TLR3 in stromal osteoblasts and osteoclasts synergistically induces inflammatory alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Tominari
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Akita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Hirata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshinouchi
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Karouji
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chisato Miyaura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan; Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan; Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.
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Deng J, Ma Y, He Y, Yang H, Chen Y, Wang L, Huang D, Qiu S, Tao X, Chen W. A Network Pharmacology-Based Investigation to the Pharmacodynamic Material Basis and Mechanisms of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Viral Effect of Isatis indigotica. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:3193-3206. [PMID: 34321868 PMCID: PMC8312626 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s316701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Isatis indigotica (Ii) is a cruciferous herb that is widely distributed in China, and its roots and leaves have been used in two renowned antipyretic detoxicate crude drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Radix (R) and Folium (F) Isatidis. However, the pharmacodynamic material basis and underlying mechanisms of the herbal efficacy remained to be elucidated. Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was adopted for the chemical profiling of R and F Isatidis. The active ingredients were screened out through the prediction of gastrointestinal absorption and druglikeness analysis using SwissADME. A herb-ingredient-target network was constructed through target prediction of the herbal active ingredients and anti-inflammation or anti-viral properties, followed by protein-protein interaction analysis. Then, the potential relevant signaling pathways were predicted by pathway enrichment. Finally, for verification, RAW 264.7 cell line was adopted to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities of 6 representative ingredients in Ii. Results Seventy-three compounds have been identified from Ii through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 17 potential active ingredients were screened through pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness evaluation using SwissADME. It was shown that key targets might include TNF, AKT1, SRC, IL2, CASP9, and CASP3 in our herb-ingredient-target network, and isovitexin, a flavonoid, tended to participate in the inflammatory response, indoles were more likely to affect the cell proliferation processes, and lignans might have a broader affinity to key targets than the other active ingredients, such as regulating immune system (targeting IL-2) and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In vitro, indigo and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside markedly reduced TNF-α expression in Poly (I: C)-incubated cells. Isovitexin significantly inhibited TNF-α expression, and isatin treatment markedly reduced IL-1β expression in LPS-incubated cells. Conclusion As the pharmacodynamics material basis of Ii, indoles, lignans, and flavonoids are believed to confer beneficial properties through various cellular aspects with multiple signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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Chessa C, Bodet C, Jousselin C, Wehbe M, Lévêque N, Garcia M. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Human Keratinocytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32582097 PMCID: PMC7283518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are the first site of replication as well as the first line of defense against many viruses such as arboviruses, enteroviruses, herpes viruses, human papillomaviruses, or vaccinia virus. During viral replication, these cells can sense virus associated molecular patterns leading to the initiation of an innate immune response composed of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Human keratinocytes produce and secrete at least nine antimicrobial peptides: human cathelicidin LL-37, types 1–4 human β-defensins, S100 peptides such as psoriasin (S100A7), calprotectin (S100A8/9) and koebnerisin (S100A15), and RNase 7. These peptides can exert direct antiviral effects on the viral particle or its replication cycle, and indirect antiviral activity, by modulating the host immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chessa
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Wehbe
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Comparative Molecular Immunological Activity of Physiological Metal Oxide Nanoparticle and its Anticancer Peptide and RNA Complexes. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121670. [PMID: 31771091 PMCID: PMC6955775 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a great interest in nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery. Recent studies suggest that nanoparticles when introduced into the biological milieu are not simply passive carriers but may also contribute immunological activity themselves or of their own accord. For example there is considerable interest in the biomedical applications of one of the physiologically-based inorganic metal oxide nanoparticle, zinc oxide (ZnO). Indeed zinc oxide (ZnO) NP are now recognized as a nanoscale chemotherapeutic or anticancer nanoparticle (ANP) and several recent reports suggest ZnO NP and/or its complexes with drug and RNA induce a potent antitumor response in immuno-competent mouse models. A variety of cell culture studies have shown that ZnO NP can induce cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-12 which are known to regulate the tumor microenvironment. Much less work has been done on magnesium oxide (MgO), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), or nickel oxide (NiO); however, despite the fact that these physiologically-based metal oxide NP are reported to functionally load and assemble RNA and protein onto their surface and may thus also be of potential interest as nanovaccine platform. Here we initially compared in vitro immunogenicity of ZnO and Co3O4 NP and their effects on cancer-associated or tolerogenic cytokines. Based on these data we moved ZnO NP forward to testing in the ex vivo splenocyte assay relative to MgO and NiO NP and these data showed significant difference for flow cytometry sorted population for ZnO-NP, relative to NiO and MgO. These data suggesting both molecular and cellular immunogenic activity, a double-stranded anticancer RNA (ACR), polyinosinic:poly cytidylic acid (poly I:C) known to bind ZnO NP; when ZnO-poly I:C was injected into B16F10-BALB/C tumor significantly induced, IL-2 and IL-12 as shown by Cohen’s d test. LL37 is an anticancer peptide (ACP) currently in clinical trials as an intratumoral immuno-therapeutic agent against metastatic melanoma. LL37 is known to bind poly I:C where it is thought to compete for receptor binding on the surface of some immune cells, metastatic melanoma and lung cells. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed association of LL37 onto ZnO NP confirmed by gel shift assay. Thus using the well-characterized model human lung cancer model cell line (BEAS-2B), poly I:C RNA, LL37 peptide, or LL37-poly I:C complexes were loaded onto ZnO NP and delivered to BEAS-2B lung cells, and the effect on the main cancer regulating cytokine, IL-6 determined by ELISA. Surprisingly ZnO-LL37, but not ZnO-poly I:C or the more novel tricomplex (ZnO-LL37-poly I:C) significantly suppressed IL-6 by >98–99%. These data support the further evaluation of physiological metal oxide compositions, so-called physiometacomposite (PMC) materials and their formulation with anticancer peptide (ACP) and/or anticancer RNA (ACR) as a potential new class of immuno-therapeutic against melanoma and potentially lung carcinoma or other cancers.
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Karimian Pour N, McColl ER, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of Viral Inflammation on the Expression of Renal Drug Transporters in Pregnant Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E624. [PMID: 31766631 PMCID: PMC6956294 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation impacts the expression and function of drug transporters at term-gestation; however, the impact of inflammation on the expression of drug transporters at mid-gestation is largely unknown. Since renal drug transporters play a key role in the clearance of many drugs prescribed during pregnancy, our objective was to study the impact of the viral mimetic poly I:C on the expression of renal transporters in pregnant rats at mid-gestation. Poly I:C (10 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestational day 14. Expression of renal transporters was measured at 6, 24, and 48 h by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The mRNA levels of Mdr1a, Mrp4, Oct2, Octn1, Octn2, Mate1, Oat1-3, Urat1, Oatp4c1, Ent1, and Pept2 were significantly lower in the poly I:C group at 6 h. At 24 h, only the mRNA levels of Oct2, Oatp4c1, and Ent1 were decreased compared to saline. Poly I:C significantly decreased protein expression of Urat1 at 24 h, and P-gp, Oct2, Mate1, Oat1, Oat3 at 48 h,. Poly I:C imposed significant reductions in the expression of several key renal transporters at mid-gestation in pregnant rats. Thus, viral infection may impact renal excretion of drug transporter substrates, potentially leading to drug-disease interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micheline Piquette-Miller
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3M2, Canada; (N.K.P.); (E.R.M.)
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Huang C, Yang X, Huang J, Liu X, Yang X, Jin H, Huang Q, Li L, Zhou R. Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Provides Protection Against Bacterial Infection by a Direct Bactericidal Activity and Alleviates Inflammation via Interference With the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1673. [PMID: 31379864 PMCID: PMC6657668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine beta-defensin 2 (PBD-2) which is a member of the family of antimicrobial peptides, is widely expressed in pig organs with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activities confirmed in vitro. We previously demonstrated that transgenic (TG) pigs overexpressing PBD-2 could resist the infection by the porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In this study, the roles of PBD-2 in protecting against bacterial infection were further investigated. The biochemical indexes of the blood sample, body weights, histological morphologies, and weights of the organs of TG mice expressing PBD-2 were measured. Results confirmed that these mice showed normal physiological features. An assay of Salmonella Typhimurium infection was conducted on wild-type (WT) and TG mice. The TG mice possessed higher survival rate, less body weight loss, and pathological changes and smaller recovery rates of bacteria after infection with S. Typhimurium. The in vitro synthetic PBD-2 and the serum and tissue homogenates from the TG mice displayed a direct bactericidal activity. Moreover, PBD-2 could inhibit the release of the proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12, in the TG mice infected with S. Typhimurium or treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The WT mice treated with PBD-2 and S. Typhimurium or LPS showed reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 which expressed PBD-2 was constructed to detect the signal pathways affected by PBD-2. The suppressing effect of PBD-2 on the release of the proinflammatory cytokines was confirmed using RAW 264.7 either expressing PBD-2 or supplemented with PBD-2. The promoter activity and mRNA level of NF-κB were detected, and PBD-2 was shown to significantly inhibit the activation of the NF-κB pathway induced by LPS. The direct interaction of PBD-2 with TLR4 was revealed by isothermal titration calorimetry and far-Western blot in vitro and the coimmunoprecipitation of PBD-2 with TLR4 on RAW 264.7 cells. This interaction indicates one reason for the interference of NF-κB activation. Overall, this study showed that PBD-2 protected against bacterial infection through a direct bactericidal activity and alleviated inflammation by interfering with the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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9
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Levast B, Hogan D, van Kessel J, Strom S, Walker S, Zhu J, Meurens F, Gerdts V. Synthetic Cationic Peptide IDR-1002 and Human Cathelicidin LL37 Modulate the Cell Innate Response but Differentially Impact PRRSV Replication in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:233. [PMID: 31355218 PMCID: PMC6640542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) show both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties making them important mediators of the host immune system. In humans but also in pigs many HDPs have been identified and important families such as cathelicidins and defensins have been established. In our study, we assessed: (i) the potential interactions that could occur between three peptides (LL37, PR39, and synthetic innate defense regulator (IDR)-1002) and a common TLR ligand called poly(I:C); (ii) the impact of selected peptides on the response of alveolar macrophage (AM) to poly(I:C) stimulation; (iii) the anti-porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) properties of the peptides; and (iv) their adjuvant potential in a PRRSV challenge experiment after immunization with different vaccine formulations. The results are as following: LL37, PR39, and IDR-1002 were able to interact with poly(I:C) using an agarose gel migration assay. Then, an alteration of AM's response to poly(I:C) stimulation was observed when the cells were co-stimulated with LL37 and IDR-1002. Regarding the anti-PRRSV potential of the peptides only LL37 showed a PRRSV inhibition in infected AM as well as precision cut lung slices (PCLS). However, in our conditions and despite their immunomodulatory properties, neither LL37 nor IDR-1002 showed any convincing potential as an adjuvant when associated to killed PRRSV in a challenge experiment. In conclusion, both antiviral and immunomodulatory properties could be identified for LL37, only immunomodulatory properties for IDR-1002, and both peptides failed to improve the immune response consecutive to an immunization with a killed vaccine in a PPRSV challenge experiment. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher and explain differences between peptide properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stacy Strom
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stew Walker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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10
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Kanmani P, Kim H. Immunobiotic Strains Modulate Toll-Like Receptor 3 Agonist Induced Innate Antiviral Immune Response in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Modulating IFN Regulatory Factor 3 and NF-κB Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1536. [PMID: 31333667 PMCID: PMC6618302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that immunobiotics with immunoregulatory functions improve the outcomes of several bacterial and viral infections by modulating the mucosal immune system. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory and antiviral activities of immunobiotics have not yet been elucidated in detail. The present study was conducted to determine whether selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) modulate toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) induced viral response in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). PolyI:C increased the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in HCT116 cells, and these up-regulations were significantly altered when cells were pre-stimulated with LAB isolated from Korean fermented foods. LAB strains were capable to up-regulate IFN-β but down-regulated IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-1β mRNA levels as compared with PolyI: C. HCT-116 cell treatment with LABs beneficially modulated the mRNA levels of C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL-10), 2-5A oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OSA1), myxovirus resistance protein (MxA), TLR3, and retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I), and TLR negative regulators. In addition, LABs increased IFN-β, IFN-α, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β protein/mRNA levels in THP-1 cells. LABs also protected the cells by maintaining tight-junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and occludin). The beneficial effects of these LABs were mediated via modulation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Overall, the results of this study indicate that immunobiotics have potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities that may use as antiviral substitutes for human and animal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulraj Kanmani
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeongj-si, South Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeongj-si, South Korea
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11
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Effect of full-length and truncated variants of LL-37 on dengue virus infection and immunomodulatory effects of LL-37 in dengue virus infected U937-DC-SIGN cells. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Siddiqui MA, Badruddeen, Akhtar J, Uddin M.S. S, Irfan Khan M, Khalid M. Molecular mechanism of interactions between chrysin and I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKe)/tank binding kinase-1(TBK1): Cell-based assay and in silico molecular docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:589-596. [PMID: 30767626 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1581086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Amir Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahab Uddin M.S.
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, National Centre for Biological Sciences Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Poli C, Augusto JF, Dauvé J, Adam C, Preisser L, Larochette V, Pignon P, Savina A, Blanchard S, Subra JF, Chevailler A, Procaccio V, Croué A, Créminon C, Morel A, Delneste Y, Fickenscher H, Jeannin P. IL-26 Confers Proinflammatory Properties to Extracellular DNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3650-3661. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Sinha SS, Cameron J, Brooks JC, Leifer CA. Complex Negative Regulation of TLR9 by Multiple Proteolytic Cleavage Events. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1343-52. [PMID: 27421483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TLR9 is an innate immune receptor important for recognizing DNA of host and foreign origin. A mechanism proposed to prevent excessive response to host DNA is the requirement for proteolytic cleavage of TLR9 in endosomes to generate a mature form of the receptor (TLR9(471-1032)). We previously described another cleavage event in the juxtamembrane region of the ectodomain that generated a dominant-negative form of TLR9. Thus, there are at least two independent cleavage events that regulate TLR9. In this study, we investigated whether an N-terminal fragment of TLR9 could be responsible for regulation of the mature or negative-regulatory form. We show that TLR9(471-1032), corresponding to the proteolytically cleaved form, does not function on its own. Furthermore, activity is not rescued by coexpression of the N-terminal fragment (TLR9(1-440)), inclusion of the hinge region (TLR9(441-1032)), or overexpression of UNC93B1, the last of which is critical for trafficking and cleavage of TLR9. TLR9(1-440) coimmunoprecipitates with full-length TLR9 and TLR9(471-1032) but does not rescue the native glycosylation pattern; thus, inappropriate trafficking likely explains why TLR9(471-1032) is nonfunctional. Lastly, we show that TLR9(471-1032) is also a dominant-negative regulator of TLR9 signaling. Together, these data provide a new perspective on the complexity of TLR9 regulation by proteolytic cleavage and offer potential ways to inhibit activity through this receptor, which may dampen autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Jody Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - James C Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and Glycobia Inc., Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
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15
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Adase CA, Borkowski AW, Zhang LJ, Williams MR, Sato E, Sanford JA, Gallo RL. Non-coding Double-stranded RNA and Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Induce Growth Factor Expression from Keratinocytes and Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11635-46. [PMID: 27048655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical function for skin is that when damaged it must simultaneously identify the nature of the injury, repair barrier function, and limit the intrusion of pathogenic organisms. These needs are carried out through the detection of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a response that includes secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study, we analyzed how non-coding double-stranded RNA (dsRNAs) act as a DAMP in the skin and how the human cathelicidin AMP LL-37 might influence growth factor production in response to this DAMP. dsRNA alone significantly increased the expression of multiple growth factors in keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Furthermore, RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis found that multiple growth factors increase when cells are exposed to both LL-37 and dsRNA, a condition that mimics normal wounding. Quantitative PCR and/or ELISA validated that growth factors expressed by keratinocytes in these conditions included, but were not limited to, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC), betacellulin (BTC), EGF, epiregulin (EREG), and other members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. These results identify a novel role for DAMPs and AMPs in the stimulation of repair and highlight the complex interactions involved in the wound environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Adase
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Andrew W Borkowski
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Michael R Williams
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Emi Sato
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - James A Sanford
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Richard L Gallo
- From the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
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16
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Quercetin on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages Induced with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid. Molecules 2016; 21:450. [PMID: 27049378 PMCID: PMC6273652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone) is a well-known antioxidant and a flavonol found in many fruits, leaves, and vegetables. Quercetin also has known anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. However, the effects of quercetin on virus-induced macrophages have not been fully reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages was examined. Quercetin at concentrations up to 50 μM significantly inhibited the production of NO, IL-6, MCP-1, IP-10, RANTES, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TNF-α, LIF, LIX, and VEGF as well as calcium release in dsRNA (50 µg/mL of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages (p < 0.05). Quercetin at concentrations up to 50 μM also significantly inhibited mRNA expression of signal transducer and activated transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 in dsRNA-induced RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, quercetin had alleviating effects on viral inflammation based on inhibition of NO, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the calcium-STAT pathway.
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17
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Hasan M, Gruber E, Cameron J, Leifer CA. TLR9 stability and signaling are regulated by phosphorylation and cell stress. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:525-33. [PMID: 26957214 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0815-337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensing of pathogens elicits protective immune responses through pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors. Although signaling by Toll-like receptors is regulated at multiple steps, including localization, trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation, the significance of post-translational modifications and cellular stress response on Toll-like receptor stability and signaling is still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of cytoplasmic tyrosine motifs in Toll-like receptor-9 stability, proteolytic cleavage, and signaling. We demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for mouse Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability and signaling. Upon inhibition of tyrosine kinases with piceatannol, Toll-like receptor-9 tyrosine phosphorylation induced by CpG deoxyribonucleic acid was inhibited, which correlated with decreased signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of Src kinases with 1-tert-Butyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine also inhibited response to CpG deoxyribonucleic acid. Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability was also sensitive to autophagy, the cellular stress response pathway, and infection by a deoxyribonucleic acid virus. Whereas autophagy induced by rapamycin or low serum levels caused a preferential loss of the mature p80 proteolytic cleavage product, infection with herpes simplex virus-1 and induction of cell stress with tunicamycin caused preferential loss of full-length Toll-like receptor-9, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data reveal new information about the stability and signaling of Toll-like receptor-9 and suggest that immune evasion mechanisms may involve targeted loss of innate sensing receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Hasan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erika Gruber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jody Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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18
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Anti-inflammatory effect of chrysin on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-015-0416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Coorens M, van Dijk A, Bikker F, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Importance of Endosomal Cathelicidin Degradation To Enhance DNA-Induced Chicken Macrophage Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3970-7. [PMID: 26378074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are essential in the protection against invading pathogens through both their direct antimicrobial activity and their immunomodulatory functions. Although cathelicidins are known to modulate activation by several TLR ligands, little is known about their influence on DNA-induced macrophage activation. In this study, we explored the effects of cathelicidins on DNA-induced activation of chicken macrophages and elucidated the intracellular processes underlying these effects. Our results show that chicken cathelicidin (CATH)-2 strongly enhances DNA-induced activation of both chicken and mammalian macrophages because of enhanced endocytosis of DNA-CATH-2 complexes. After endocytosis, DNA is liberated from the complex because of proteolytic breakdown of CATH-2, after which TLR21 is activated. This leads to increased cytokine expression and NO production. Through the interaction with DNA, CATH-2 can play an important role in modulating the immune response at sites of infection. These observations underline the importance of cathelicidins in sensing bacterial products and regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Coorens
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Floris Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
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20
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Merkle M, Pircher J, Mannell H, Krötz F, Blüm P, Czermak T, Gaitzsch E, Schneider C, Köppel S, Ribeiro A, Wörnle M. LL37 inhibits the inflammatory endothelial response induced by viral or endogenous DNA. J Autoimmun 2015; 65:19-29. [PMID: 26297208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In viral infection, morbidity and mortality often result from extrahepatic disease manifestations such as vasculitis. We hereby show that human microvascular endothelial cells express viral receptors of the innate immune system which are induced upon ligand engagement. Furthermore, stimulation of endothelial cells with the synthetic analog of viral DNA, poly (dA:dT), human DNA and hepatitis B virus-containing immunoprecipitates from a patient with polyarteritis nodosa induces an inflammatory response including the upregulation of adhesion molecules, which is mediated exclusively by TLR9 and involves an IRF3-dependent pathway. Thus, endothelial cells are able to actively participate in immune mediated vascular inflammation caused by viral infections. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the ability of LL37 to bind and internalize viral or endogenous DNA into non-immune cells. DNA nucleotides internalized by LL37 suppress the production of proinflammatory mediators suggesting a protective effect against direct responses to viral infection or circulating DNA-fragments of endogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Merkle
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Munich Heart Alliance, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Hanna Mannell
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Munich Heart Alliance, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Germany
| | - Florian Krötz
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Munich Heart Alliance, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Germany
| | - Philipp Blüm
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Thomas Czermak
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Erik Gaitzsch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Christine Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Simone Köppel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Andrea Ribeiro
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Markus Wörnle
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany.
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Nakagawa Y, Gallo RL. Endogenous intracellular cathelicidin enhances TLR9 activation in dendritic cells and macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1274-84. [PMID: 25548223 PMCID: PMC4297737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a gene family best known for their antimicrobial action, but the diverse mature peptides they encode also have other host defense functions. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 enhances recognition of nucleic acids, an action whose significance is seen in human diseases such as psoriasis where it is associated with increased type 1 IFN production. This function has been attributed to the extracellular action of the peptide to facilitate uptake of nucleic acids. In this study, we demonstrate that the murine mature cathelicidin peptide (CRAMP), encoded by the mouse gene (Camp), is functionally distinct from the human mature peptide (LL-37), as it does not facilitate CpG entry. However, mouse cathelicidin does influence recognition of CpG as bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Camp(-/-) mice have impaired CpG responses and Camp(-/-) mice had impaired response to CpG given i.v. or s.c. We show that cathelicidin concentrates in Lamp1 positive compartments, is colocalized with CpG in the endolysosome, can be immunoprecipitated with TLR9, and binds to CpG intracellulary. Collectively, these results indicate that the functions of cathelicidin in control of TLR9 activation may include both intracellular and extracellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Nakagawa
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161
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22
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Zhang Y, Lin A, Sui Q, Zhang C, Tian Z, Zhang J. Phosphorothioate modification of the TLR9 ligand CpG ODN inhibits poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by entry blockade. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:76-84. [PMID: 25224571 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response and subsequent induction of adaptive immune responses. Recently, it has been noted that TLRs on tumor cells are involved in tumor development, and several TLR agonists, such as the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN, are being developed as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapeutics. In this study, we investigated whether combining poly(I:C) with a TLR9 agonist CpG ODN would result in a stronger anti-tumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs). Surprisingly, we found that simultaneous transfection of poly(I:C) and ODN M362 exhibited a lower pro-apoptotic effect on HCCs than transfection with poly(I:C) alone. Simultaneous co-transfection was accompanied by down-regulation of poly(I:C)-related innate receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes induced by poly(I:C), indicating that ODN M362 blocked the activation of poly(I:C)-triggered intrinsic immune responses and cellular apoptosis. Further studies indicated that these effects were partly due to the phosphorothioate-modification of CpG ODN, which blocked the entry of poly(I:C) into tumor cells. This entry blockade was avoided by administering poly(I:C) after CpG ODN. Moreover, poly(I:C)-mediated pro-apoptotic effects were enhanced in vitro and in vivo by pre-treating HCC cells with CpG ODN. Our findings thus suggest that when combining poly(I:C) and CpG ODN for cancer therapy, these agents should be used in an alternating rather than simultaneous manner to avoid the blocking effect of phosphorothioate-modified TLR9 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Qiangjun Sui
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China.
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23
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Takiguchi T, Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Kajita A, Ikeda K, Iwatsuki K. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 augments interferon-β expression and antiviral activity induced by double-stranded RNA in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:492-8. [PMID: 24601852 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has the capacity to kill a wide range of microbes and to modify host immunity. Recently, our group observed that the activation of keratinocytes by LL-37 and DNA greatly increases interferon (IFN)-β through Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. However, the effect of LL-37 on the induction of IFN-β through TLR3, a sensor of double-stranded (ds) RNA, in keratinocytes is not well known. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether LL-37 could affect TLR3 signalling and antiviral activity in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). METHODS We investigated the production of IFN-β in NHEKs stimulated with a TLR3 ligand, poly (I:C), in the presence of LL-37. To examine the effect of LL-37 and poly (I:C) on antiviral activity, a virus plaque assay using herpes simplex (HS) virus type-1 was carried out. The uptake of poly (I:C) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) into the keratinocytes was observed in the presence of LL-37. Immunostaining for TLR3 and LL-37 was performed using skin samples from HS. RESULTS LL-37 and poly (I:C) synergistically induced the expression of IFN-β in NHEKs. Furthermore, co-stimulation with LL-37 and poly (I:C) significantly decreased the viral plaque numbers compared with poly (I:C) or LL-37 alone. LL-37 enhanced the uptake of FITC-conjugated poly (I:C) into cells. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression of TLR3 and LL-37 is upregulated in HS lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LL-37 augments the antiviral activity induced by dsRNA in keratinocytes, which may contribute to the innate immune response to cutaneous viral infections such as HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takiguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop new antiviral treatments; of the 60 drugs currently available, half are aimed at HIV-1 and the remainder target only a further six viruses. This demand has led to the emergence of possible peptide therapies, with 15 currently in clinical trials. Advancements in understanding the antiviral potential of naturally occurring host defence peptides highlights the potential of a whole new class of molecules to be considered as antiviral therapeutics. Cationic host defence peptides, such as defensins and cathelicidins, are important components of innate immunity with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory capabilities. In recent years they have also been shown to be natural, broad-spectrum antivirals against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus. Here we review the antiviral properties of several families of these host peptides and their potential to inform the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gwyer Findlay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Silke M. Currie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Donald J. Davidson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
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25
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Baumann A, Démoulins T, Python S, Summerfield A. Porcine Cathelicidins Efficiently Complex and Deliver Nucleic Acids to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Can Thereby Mediate Bacteria-Induced IFN-α Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:364-71. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Korsholm KS, Hansen J, Karlsen K, Filskov J, Mikkelsen M, Lindenstrøm T, Schmidt ST, Andersen P, Christensen D. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against subunit antigens by the novel cationic liposomal CAF09 adjuvant. Vaccine 2014; 32:3927-35. [PMID: 24877765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines inducing cytotoxic T-cell responses are required to achieve protection against cancers and intracellular infections such as HIV and Hepatitis C virus. Induction of CD8+ T cell responses in animal models can be achieved by the use of viral vectors or DNA vaccines but so far without much clinical success. Here we describe the novel CD8+ T-cell inducing adjuvant, cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF) 09, consisting of dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA)-liposomes stabilized with monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG)-1 and combined with the TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C). Different antigens from tuberculosis (TB10.3, H56), HIV (Gag p24), HPV (E7) and the model antigen ovalbumin were formulated with CAF09 and administering these vaccines to mice resulted in a high frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CAF09 was superior in its ability to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as compared to other previously described CTL-inducing adjuvants, CAF05 (DDA/trehalose dibehenate (TDB)/Poly(I:C)), Aluminium/monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPL) and Montanide/CpG/IL-2. The optimal effect was obtained when the CAF09-adjuvanted vaccine was administered by the i.p. route, whereas s.c. administration primed limited CD8+ T-cell responses. The CD4+ T cells induced by CAF09 were mainly of an effector-memory-like phenotype and the CD8+ T cells were highly cytotoxic. Finally, in a mouse therapeutic skin tumor model, the HPV-16 E7 antigen formulated in CAF09 significantly reduced the growth of already established subcutaneous E7-expressing TC-1 tumors in 38% of the mice and in a corresponding prophylactic model 100% of the mice were protected. Thus, CAF09 is a potent new adjuvant which is able to induce CD8+ T-cell responses against several antigens and to enhance the protective efficacy of an E7 vaccine both in a therapeutic and in a prophylactic tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smith Korsholm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jon Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Karlsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jonathan Filskov
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Mikkelsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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27
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Siebeneicher S, Reuter S, Krause M, Wangorsch A, Maxeiner J, Wolfheimer S, Schülke S, Naito S, Heinz A, Taube C, Vieths S, Scheurer S, Toda M. Epicutaneous immune modulation with Bet v 1 plus R848 suppresses allergic asthma in a murine model. Allergy 2014; 69:328-37. [PMID: 24329861 DOI: 10.1111/all.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining allergen(s) with an adjuvant is a strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Here, we aimed at investigating the adjuvant effects of polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U)), a TLR3 agonist, and R848 (resiquimod), a TLR7 agonist, in epicutaneous immunotherapy with Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, to intervene in birch pollen allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice received epicutaneous immunization (EPI) with recombinant Bet v 1 (rBet v 1) alone, or plus poly(A:U), or R848 on their depilated back using patches. Among the groups, EPI with rBet v 1 and R848 induced detectable levels of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes and Bet v 1-specific IgG2a antibodies in the sera of mice. Before or after EPI, mice were sensitized with rBet v 1 plus aluminium hydroxide adjuvant and intranasally challenged with birch pollen extract. Prophylactic EPI with rBet v 1 plus R848 inhibited the production of biologically active Bet v 1-specific IgE antibodies in sensitization. Prophylactic and therapeutic EPI with rBet v 1 plus R848 suppressed lung inflammation upon challenges. Remarkably, only rBet v 1 plus R848 reduced the development of enhanced pause (PenH), a substituted parameter for airway hyper-reactivity, in challenged mice. In contrast to R848, poly(A:U) did not present adjuvant effect on the suppression of asthmatic features. CONCLUSION Epicutaneous immunization with rBet v 1 plus R848 induced predominant Bet v 1-specific Th1 responses and efficiently suppressed asthmatic features elicited by birch pollen. R848 could be a promising adjuvant in epicutaneous immunotherapy for birch pollen-induced allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Siebeneicher
- Junior Research Group 1 ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - S. Reuter
- The III Medical Department; University Hospital Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - M. Krause
- Junior Research Group 1 ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - A. Wangorsch
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - J. Maxeiner
- The III Medical Department; University Hospital Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Asthma Core Facility; The Research Centre Immunology (FZI); University Hospital Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - S. Wolfheimer
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - S. Schülke
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - S. Naito
- Division of Quality Assurance; The National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Tokyo Japan
| | - A. Heinz
- The III Medical Department; University Hospital Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Taube
- Department of Pulmonology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - S. Vieths
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - S. Scheurer
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - M. Toda
- Junior Research Group 1 ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
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28
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Barlow PG, Findlay EG, Currie SM, Davidson DJ. Antiviral potential of cathelicidins. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:55-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The global burden of morbidity and mortality arising from viral infections is high; however, the development of effective therapeutics has been slow. As our understanding of innate immunity has expanded over recent years, knowledge of natural host defenses against viral infections has started to offer potential for novel therapeutic strategies. An area of current research interest is in understanding the roles played by naturally occurring cationic host defense peptides, such as the cathelicidins, in these innate antiviral host defenses across different species. This research also has the potential to inform the design of novel synthetic antiviral peptide analogs and/or provide rationale for therapies aimed at boosting the natural production of these peptides. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of the antiviral activities of cathelicidins, an important family of cationic host defense peptides, and consider the implications for novel antiviral therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Health, Life & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Silke M Currie
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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29
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Cuperus T, Coorens M, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Avian host defense peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:352-369. [PMID: 23644014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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30
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Chen X, Takai T, Xie Y, Niyonsaba F, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates proinflammatory responses induced by cytokine milieus and double-stranded RNA in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:532-7. [PMID: 23524263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes produce proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines upon stimulation with cytokine milieus and Toll-like receptor ligands, which are considered to reflect epidermal environments in inflamed skin. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, besides having microbicidal functions, plays multiple roles as a "host defense peptide" in the immune system. Here, we examined the effect of LL-37 on proinflammatory responses induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytokines in primary human keratinocytes. LL-37 inhibited dsRNA-induced production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), CCL5/RANTES, CXCL10/IP-10, and CXCL8/IL-8, which was attributable to interaction between LL-37 and dsRNA, although LL-37 upregulated CXCL8 expression at an earlier time point (8 h). LL-37 inhibited the increase of CXCL10 and CCL5 induced by TNF-α- and/or IFN-γ but enhanced that of CXCL8. LL-37 and Th17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-22) synergistically upregulated the expression of CXCL8 and IL-6. LL-37 showed the effects above at a high concentration (25 μg/ml, 5.6 μM). We also examined effects of a peptide with a scrambled LL-37 sequence, which has been frequently used as a negative control, and those of another peptide with the reversed LL-37 sequence, activities of which have not been well investigated. Interestingly, the reversed LL-37 had effects similar to LL-37 but the scrambled LL-37 did not. The modulation by LL-37 of the keratinocyte proinflammatory responses induced by cytokine milieus and dsRNA suggests novel roles for LL-37 in skin inflammation such as the promotion of IL17/IL-22/IL-6-associated psoriasis and suppression of TSLP-associated atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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31
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Singh D, Qi R, Jordan JL, San Mateo L, Kao CC. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, but not the mouse ortholog, mCRAMP, can stimulate signaling by poly(I:C) through a FPRL1-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8258-8268. [PMID: 23386607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by human cells that can down-regulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses and up-regulate double-stranded (ds) RNA-induced innate responses through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). The murine LL-37 ortholog, mCRAMP, also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced responses, but unlike LL-37, it inhibited viral-induced responses in mouse cells. A fluorescence polarization assay showed that LL-37 was able to bind dsRNA better than mCRAMP. In the human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, LL-37, but not mCRAMP, colocalized with TLR3, and the colocalization was increased in the presence of dsRNA. The presence of poly(I:C) increased the accumulation of LL-37 in Rab5 endosomes. Signaling by cells induced with both LL-37 and poly(I:C) was sensitive to inhibitors that affect clathrin-independent trafficking, whereas signaling by poly(I:C) alone was not, suggesting that the LL-37-poly(I:C) complex trafficked to signaling endosomes by a different mechanism than poly(I:C) alone. siRNA knockdown of known LL-37 receptors identified that FPRL1 was responsible for TLR3 signaling induced by LL-37-poly(I:C). These results show that LL-37 and mCRAMP have different activities in TLR3 signaling and that LL-37 can redirect trafficking of poly(I:C) to effect signaling by TLR3 in early endosomes in a mechanism that involves FPRL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyendu Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005
| | - Rongsu Qi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005
| | - Jarrat L Jordan
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087
| | - Lani San Mateo
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087
| | - C Cheng Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005.
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32
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Weldon WC, Zarnitsyn VG, Esser ES, Taherbhai MT, Koutsonanos DG, Vassilieva EV, Skountzou I, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW. Effect of adjuvants on responses to skin immunization by microneedles coated with influenza subunit vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41501. [PMID: 22848514 PMCID: PMC3405087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine delivery to the skin by vaccine-coated microneedles; however there is little information on the effects of adjuvants using this approach for vaccination. Here we investigate the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants with skin-based delivery of influenza subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice received 1 µg of monovalent H1N1 subunit vaccine alone or with 1 µg of imiquimod or poly(I:C) individually or in combination via coated microneedle patches inserted into the skin. Poly(I:C) adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine induced similar antigen-specific immune responses compared to vaccine alone when delivered to the skin by microneedles. However, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine elicited higher levels of serum IgG2a antibodies and increased hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to vaccine alone, suggesting enhanced induction of functional antibodies. In addition, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine induced a robust IFN-γ cellular response. These responses correlated with improved protection compared to influenza subunit vaccine alone, as well as reduced viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. The finding that microneedle delivery of imiquimod with influenza subunit vaccine induces improved immune responses compared to vaccine alone supports the use of TLR7 ligands as adjuvants for skin-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Weldon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vladimir G. Zarnitsyn
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - E. Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Misha T. Taherbhai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios G. Koutsonanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Vassilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Drannik AG, Nag K, Yao XD, Henrick BM, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Trappin-2/elafin modulate innate immune responses of human endometrial epithelial cells to PolyI:C. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35866. [PMID: 22545145 PMCID: PMC3335805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon viral recognition, innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are initiated by genital epithelial cells (ECs) to eradicate or contain viral infection. Such responses, however, are often accompanied by inflammation that contributes to acquisition and progression of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Hence, interventions/factors enhancing antiviral protection while reducing inflammation may prove beneficial in controlling the spread of STIs. Serine antiprotease trappin-2 (Tr) and its cleaved form, elafin (E), are alarm antimicrobials secreted by multiple cells, including genital epithelia. Methodology and Principal Findings We investigated whether and how each Tr and E (Tr/E) contribute to antiviral defenses against a synthetic mimic of viral dsRNA, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (polyI∶C) and vesicular stomatitis virus. We show that delivery of a replication-deficient adenovector expressing Tr gene (Ad/Tr) to human endometrial epithelial cells, HEC-1A, resulted in secretion of functional Tr, whereas both Tr/E were detected in response to polyI∶C. Moreover, Tr/E were found to significantly reduce viral replication by either acting directly on virus or through enhancing polyI∶C-driven antiviral protection. The latter was associated with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, lowered expression of RIG-I, MDA5 and attenuated NF-κB activation. Interestingly, enhanced polyI∶C-driven antiviral protection of HEC-Ad/Tr cells was partially mediated through IRF3 activation, but not associated with higher induction of IFNβ, suggesting multiple antiviral mechanisms of Tr/E and the involvement of alternative factors or pathways. Conclusions and Significance This is the first evidence of both Tr/E altering viral binding/entry, innate recognition and mounting of antiviral and inflammatory responses in genital ECs that could have significant implications for homeostasis of the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Drannik
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kakon Nag
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité U874 INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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