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Mood R, Mohankumar K, Vijay M, Srivastava A. The serine protease inhibitor HAMpin-1 produced by the ectoparasite Hyalomma anatolicum salivary gland modulates the host complement system. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107684. [PMID: 39159811 PMCID: PMC11417211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ticks are notable vectors of diseases affecting both humans and animals, with Hyalomma anatolicum being of particular significance due to its wide distribution and capability to transmit a variety of pathogens, including Theileriaannulata and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of H. anatolicum salivary gland extract (HaSGE) and the identification of its key component on the complement system of the host's innate immune defense. We demonstrated that HaSGE exerts a dose-dependent inhibition on the complement activation in a host-specific manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that HaSGE interferes with deposition and cleavage of complement proteins C3 and C5, thus preventing the formation of the membrane attack complex. Further, we identified a serine protease inhibitor, Hyalomma anatolicum serpin-1 (HAMpin-1), from the HaSGE through proteomic analysis and characterized its structure, function, and interaction with complement proteins. HAMpin-1 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against chymotrypsin and cathepsin-G, and notably, it is the first serpin from ticks shown to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. The expression of HAMpin-1 was highest in the salivary glands, suggesting its crucial role in blood feeding and immune evasion. Our findings revealed one of the potential mechanisms used by H. anatolicum to modulate host immune responses at the interface, offering new insights into tick-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Mood
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Vector Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Krishnagaanth Mohankumar
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Vector Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Macha Vijay
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Vector Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Vector Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India.
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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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3
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Selich A, Fleischauer J, Roepke T, Weisskoeppel L, Galla M, von Kaisenberg C, Maus UA, Schambach A, Rothe M. Inflammation-inducible promoters to overexpress immune inhibitory factors by MSCs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:270. [PMID: 37742038 PMCID: PMC10518110 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are excessively investigated in the context of inflammation-driven diseases, but the clinical results are often moderate. MSCs are naturally activated by inflammatory signals, which lead to the secretion of immune inhibitory factors in inflamed tissues. Many work groups try to improve the therapeutic outcome of MSCs by genetic modification and the constitutive overexpression of immune modulatory transgenes. However, the ectopic secretion of immune inhibitory transgenes increases the chances of infections, and constitutive transgene expression is not necessary for chronic diseases undergoing different inflammatory stages. METHODS We designed and tested inflammation-induced promoters to control transgene expression from integrating lentiviral vectors in human umbilical cord MSCs. Therefore, we investigated different combinations of general transcription factor elements to achieve a minimal promoter with low basal activity. The best candidates were combined with interferon-induced GAS or ISRE DNA motifs. The constructs with the highest transgene expression upon addition of pro-inflammatory cytokines were compared to vectorized promoters from inflammation-induced genes (CD317, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and IDO1). Finally, we investigated IL10 as a potential immune inhibitory transgene by transcriptome analyses, ELISA and in an acute lung injury mouse model. RESULTS The synthetic promoters achieved a high and specific transgene expression upon IFN-γ addition. However, the CXCL11 promoter showed synergistic activity upon IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL1-β treatment and surpassed the transgene expression height of all tested promoters in the study. We observed in transcriptome analyses that IL10 has no effect on MSCs and in ELISA that IL10 is only secreted by our genetically modified and activated CXCL11-IL10-MSCs. Finally, transplanted CXCL11-IL10-MSCs increased CD19+ and CD4+ lymphoid cells, and decreased CD11b+ Ly6g myeloid cells in an ALI mouse model. CONCLUSION These results provide new insights into MSC inflammatory activation and the subsequent translation into a tool for a tailored expression of transgenes in inflammatory microenvironments. The newly developed promoter elements are potentially interesting for other inflamed tissues, and can be combined with other elements or used in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Selich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenni Fleischauer
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tina Roepke
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa Weisskoeppel
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich A Maus
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, Partner Site BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Rothe
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Building J11, HBZ, Level 01, Room, 6540, Hannover, Germany.
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García-Bengoa M, Meurer M, Goethe R, Singh M, Reljic R, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Role of phagocyte extracellular traps during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and tuberculosis disease processes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:983299. [PMID: 37492257 PMCID: PMC10365110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.983299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections remain one of the most significant causes of mortality worldwide. The current situation shows an emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains making it difficult to control the tuberculosis (TB) disease. A large part of its success as a pathogen is due to its ability to persist for years or even decades without causing evident clinical manifestations. M.tb is highly successful in evading the host-defense by manipulating host-signalling pathways. Although macrophages are generally viewed as the key cell type involved in harboring M.tb, growing evidence shows that neutrophils also play a fundamental role. Both cells are known to act in multiple ways when encountering an invading pathogen, including phagocytosis, release of cytokines and chemokines, and oxidative burst. In addition, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and macrophage extracellular traps (METs) has been described to contribute to M.tb infections. NETs/METs are extracellular DNA fibers with associated granule components, which are released upon activation of the cells by the pathogen or by pro-inflammatory mediators. On one hand, they can lead to a protective immune response by entrapment and killing of pathogens. However, on the other hand, they can also play a severe pathological role by inducing tissue damage. Extracellular traps (ETs) produced in the pulmonary alveoli can expand easily and expose tissue-damaging factors with detrimental effects. Since host-directed therapies offer a complementary strategy in TB, the knowledge of NET/MET formation is important for understanding potential protective versus detrimental pathways during innate immune signaling. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the role of NETs/METs in the pathogenesis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bengoa
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Arora A, Singh A. Exploring the role of neutrophils in infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 43:41-61. [PMID: 37353973 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2222769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
With the change in global environment, respiratory disorders are becoming more threatening to the health of people all over the world. These diseases are closely linked to performance of immune system. Within the innate arm of immune system, Neutrophils are an important moiety to serve as an immune defense barrier. They are one of the first cells recruited to the site of infection and plays a critical role in pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases. It is established that the migration and activation of neutrophils can lead to inflammation either directly or indirectly and this inflammation caused is very crucial for the clearance of pathogens and resolution of infection. However, the immunopathological mechanisms involved to carry out the same is very complex and not well understood. Despite there being studies concentrating on the role of neutrophils in multiple respiratory diseases, there is still a long way to go in order to completely understand the complexity of the participation of neutrophils and mechanisms involved in the development of these respiratory diseases. In the present article, we have reviewed the literature to comprehensively provide an insight in the current development and advancements about the role of neutrophils in infectious respiratory disorders including viral respiratory disorders such as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and bacterial pulmonary disorders with a focused review on pulmonary tuberculosis as well as in noninfectious disorders like Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Also, future directions into research and therapeutic targets have been discussed for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Canive M, Badia-Bringué G, Alonso-Hearn M. The Upregulation of Cathepsin G Is Associated with Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3038. [PMID: 36359162 PMCID: PMC9655680 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An in silico genomic-transcriptomic combined approach allowed the identification of a polymorphism (cis-eQTL-rs41976219) in the Bos taurus genome associated with the CTSG mRNA expression in bovine blood samples, which suggests that individual genetic variation might modulate the CTSG transcriptional response. In the current study, a sandwich ELISA is used to measure the CTSG protein levels in supernatants of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from cows with the AA (n = 5) and AC (n = 11) genotypes for the rs41976219 and infected ex vivo with MAP. Cows with the AC genotype have significantly higher CTSG protein levels (1.85 ng/mL) in the supernatants of enriched CD14+-MDMs after 2 h of infection when compared with infected CD14+-MDMs from cows with the AA genotype (1.68 ng/mL). Statistically significant differences in the intracellular MAP load at 7 d p.i. are observed between animals with the AA (2.16 log CFUs) and AC (1.44 log CFUs) genotypes. Finally, the association between the rs41976219 allelic variants and resistance to PTB is tested in a larger cattle population (n = 943) classified according to the presence (n = 442) or absence (n = 501) of PTB-associated lesions. The presence of the two minor alleles in the rs41976219 (CC) is more frequent among healthy cows than in cows with PTB-associated lesions in gut tissues (2.2% vs. 1.4%, OR = 0.61). In agreement with this, the CTSG levels in plasma samples of cows without lesions in gut tissues and with the CC (n = 8) genotype are significantly higher than in the plasmas of cows with the AA + AC (n = 36) genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Canive
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
| | - Gerard Badia-Bringué
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20850 Derio, Spain
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Immunometabolism of Immune Cells in Mucosal Environment Drives Effector Responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158531. [PMID: 35955665 PMCID: PMC9369211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major threat to global public health, with more than 1.5 million deaths recorded in 2020. Improved interventions against tuberculosis are urgently needed, but there are still gaps in our knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction that need to be filled, especially at the site of infection. With a long history of infection in humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to be able to exploit the microenvironment of the infection site to survive and grow. The immune cells are not only reliant on immune signalling to mount an effective response to Mtb invasion but can also be orchestrated by their metabolic state. Cellular metabolism was often overlooked in the past but growing evidence of its importance in the functions of immune cells suggests that it can no longer be ignored. This review aims to gain a better understanding of mucosal immunometabolism of resident effector cells, such as alveolar macrophages and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), in response to Mtb infection and how Mtb manipulates them for its survival and growth, which could address our knowledge gaps while opening up new questions, and potentially be applied for future vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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Involvement of Cathepsins Protein in Mycobacterial Infection and Its Future Prospect as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teh YC, Chooi MY, Liu D, Kwok I, Lai GC, Ayub Ow Yong L, Ng M, Li JLY, Tan Y, Evrard M, Tan L, Liong KH, Leong K, Goh CC, Chan AYJ, Shadan NB, Mantri CK, Hwang YY, Cheng H, Cheng T, Yu W, Tey HL, Larbi A, St John A, Angeli V, Ruedl C, Lee B, Ginhoux F, Chen SL, Ng LG, Ding JL, Chong SZ. Transitional premonocytes emerge in the periphery for host defense against bacterial infections. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj4641. [PMID: 35245124 PMCID: PMC8896792 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Circulating Ly6Chi monocytes often undergo cellular death upon exhaustion of their antibacterial effector functions, which limits their capacity for subsequent macrophage differentiation. This shrouds the understanding on how the host replaces the tissue-resident macrophage niche effectively during bacterial invasion to avert infection morbidity. Here, we show that proliferating transitional premonocytes (TpMos), an immediate precursor of mature Ly6Chi monocytes (MatMos), were mobilized into the periphery in response to acute bacterial infection and sepsis. TpMos were less susceptible to apoptosis and served as the main source of macrophage replenishment when MatMos were vulnerable toward bacteria-induced cellular death. Furthermore, TpMo and its derived macrophages contributed to host defense by balancing the proinflammatory cytokine response of MatMos. Consequently, adoptive transfer of TpMos improved the survival outcome of lethal sepsis. Our findings hence highlight a protective role for TpMos during bacterial infections and their contribution toward monocyte-derived macrophage heterogeneity in distinct disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chean Teh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Yao Chooi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Dehua Liu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ghee Chuan Lai
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Liyana Ayub Ow Yong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Melissa Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jackson L. Y. Li
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yingrou Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205, Singapore
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Ka Hang Liong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Keith Leong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Andrew Y. J. Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - You Yi Hwang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Centre for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Centre for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ashley St John
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Swaine L. Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Centre for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (L.G.N.); (J.L.D.); (S.Z.C.)
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (L.G.N.); (J.L.D.); (S.Z.C.)
| | - Shu Zhen Chong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (L.G.N.); (J.L.D.); (S.Z.C.)
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Parker HA, Forrester L, Kaldor CD, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782495. [PMID: 35003097 PMCID: PMC8732375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterium genus contains a broad range of species, including the human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. These bacteria are best known for their residence inside host cells. Neutrophils are frequently observed at sites of mycobacterial infection, but their role in clearance is not well understood. In this review, we discuss how neutrophils attempt to control mycobacterial infections, either through the ingestion of bacteria into intracellular phagosomes, or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their powerful antimicrobial activity, including the production of reactive oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, neutrophils appear ineffective in killing pathogenic mycobacteria. We explore mycobacterial resistance mechanisms, and how thwarting neutrophil action exacerbates disease pathology. A better understanding of how mycobacteria protect themselves from neutrophils will aid the development of novel strategies that facilitate bacterial clearance and limit host tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Parwani D, Bhattacharya S, Rathore A, Mallick C, Asati V, Agarwal S, Rajoriya V, Das R, Kashaw SK. Current Insights into the Chemistry and Antitubercular Potential of Benzimidazole and Imidazole Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:643-657. [PMID: 33138762 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201102094401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affecting millions of people worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance is a major problem in the successful treatment of tuberculosis. Due to the commencement of MDR-TB (multi-drug resistance) and XDR-TB (extensively drug resistance), there is a crucial need for the development of novel anti-tubercular agents with improved characteristics such as low toxicity, enhanced inhibitory activity and short duration of treatment. In this direction, various heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among them, benzimidazole and imidazole containing derivatives have been found to have potential anti-tubercular activity. The present review focuses on various imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives (from 2015-2019) with their structure-activity relationships in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Parwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Sushanta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Akash Rathore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Chaitali Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Vaibhav Rajoriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Ratnesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (MP), India
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12
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Li X, Liu X, Horvatovich P, Hu Y, Zhang J. Proteomics Landscape of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Acinetobacter baumannii Infected Mouse Lung. Front Genet 2021; 12:563516. [PMID: 34025711 PMCID: PMC8138179 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.563516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen of nosocomial infection worldwide, which can primarily cause pneumonia, bloodstream infection, and urinary tract infection. The increasing drug resistance rate of A. baumannii and the slow development of new antibacterial drugs brought great challenges for clinical treatment. Host immunity is crucial to the defense of A. baumannii infection, and understanding the mechanisms of immune response can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. To characterize the system-level changes of host proteome in immune response, we used tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitative proteomics to compare the proteome changes of lungs from A. baumannii infected mice with control mice 6 h after infection. A total of 6,218 proteins were identified in which 6,172 could be quantified. With threshold p < 0.05 and relative expression fold change > 1.2 or < 0.83, we found 120 differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins after infection were associated with receptor recognition, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation and antimicrobial peptides. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in the pathways including leukocyte transendothelial migration, phagocyte, neutrophil degranulation, and antimicrobial peptides. In conclusion, our study showed proteome changes in mouse lung tissue due to A. baumannii infection and suggested the important roles of NOX, neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptides in host response. Our results provide a potential list of protein candidates for the further study of host-bacteria interaction in A. baumannii infection. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020640.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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14
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Rosa BA, Ahmed M, Singh DK, Choreño-Parra JA, Cole J, Jiménez-Álvarez LA, Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Singh B, Gonzalez O, Carrion R, Schlesinger LS, Martin J, Zúñiga J, Mitreva M, Kaushal D, Khader SA. IFN signaling and neutrophil degranulation transcriptional signatures are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:290. [PMID: 33674719 PMCID: PMC7935909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 92 million people worldwide resulting in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have characterized the transcriptional signatures induced in the lungs of juvenile and old macaques following infection. Genes associated with Interferon (IFN) signaling, neutrophil degranulation and innate immune pathways are significantly induced in macaque infected lungs, while pathways associated with collagen formation are downregulated, as also seen in lungs of macaques with tuberculosis. In COVID-19, increasing age is a significant risk factor for poor prognosis and increased mortality. Type I IFN and Notch signaling pathways are significantly upregulated in lungs of juvenile infected macaques when compared with old infected macaques. These results are corroborated with increased peripheral neutrophil counts and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in older individuals with COVID-19 disease. Together, our transcriptomic studies have delineated disease pathways that improve our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhiraj K Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Journey Cole
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luis Armando Jiménez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Sofía Rodríguez-Reyna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Martin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Struzik J, Toka FN. Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:601072. [PMID: 33344265 PMCID: PMC7746538 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate inflammatory response. Intracellular digestion occurs through a close relationship between phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, in which proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsins, are involved. The presence of cathepsins in the endo-lysosomal compartment permits direct interaction with and killing of bacteria, and may contribute to processing of bacterial antigens for presentation, an event necessary for the induction of antibacterial adaptive immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria can control the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsins, including their inhibitors – cystatins, to favor their own intracellular survival in macrophages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in defining the role of cathepsins in bacteria-macrophage interaction and describe important strategies engaged by bacteria to manipulate cathepsin expression and activity in macrophages. Particularly, we focus on specific bacterial species due to their clinical relevance to humans and animal health, i.e., Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Helicobacter, Neisseria, and other genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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16
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Rosa BA, Ahmed M, Singh DK, Choreño-Parra JA, Cole J, Jiménez-Álvarez LA, Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Singh B, Gonzalez O, Carrion R, Schlesinger LS, Martin J, Zúñiga J, Mitreva M, Khader SA, Kaushal D. IFN signaling and neutrophil degranulation transcriptional signatures are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32793903 PMCID: PMC7418717 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.06.239798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel virus SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 14 million people worldwide resulting in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Limited information on the underlying immune mechanisms that drive disease or protection during COVID-19 severely hamper development of therapeutics and vaccines. Thus, the establishment of relevant animal models that mimic the pathobiology of the disease is urgent. Rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit disease pathobiology similar to human COVID-19, thus serving as a relevant animal model. In the current study, we have characterized the transcriptional signatures induced in the lungs of juvenile and old rhesus macaques following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that genes associated with Interferon (IFN) signaling, neutrophil degranulation and innate immune pathways are significantly induced in macaque infected lungs, while pathways associated with collagen formation are downregulated. In COVID-19, increasing age is a significant risk factor for poor prognosis and increased mortality. We demonstrate that Type I IFN and Notch signaling pathways are significantly upregulated in lungs of juvenile infected macaques when compared with old infected macaques. These results are corroborated with increased peripheral neutrophil counts and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in older individuals with COVID-19 disease. In contrast, pathways involving VEGF are downregulated in lungs of old infected macaques. Using samples from humans with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, we validate a subset of our findings. Finally, neutrophil degranulation, innate immune system and IFN gamma signaling pathways are upregulated in both tuberculosis and COVID-19, two pulmonary diseases where neutrophils are associated with increased severity. Together, our transcriptomic studies have delineated disease pathways to improve our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 to facilitate the design of new therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dhiraj K Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Journey Cole
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Luis Armando Jiménez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Sofía Rodríguez-Reyna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - John Martin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245
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17
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Hilda JN, Das S, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Role of neutrophils in tuberculosis: A bird's eye view. Innate Immun 2020; 26:240-247. [PMID: 31735099 PMCID: PMC7251797 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919881176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells implicated in the process of killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis early during infection. Once the mycobacteria enter the human system, neutrophils sense and engulf them. By secreting bactericidal enzymes and α-defensins like human neutrophil peptides loaded in their granule armory, neutrophils kill the pathogen. Peripheral blood neutrophils secrete a wide range of cytokines like IL-8, IL-1-β and IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial infection. Thus they signal and activate distant immune cells thereby informing them of prevailing infection. The activated monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells further continue the immune response. As a final call, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps in circulation which can trap mycobacteria in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Extensive neutrophilic response is associated with inflammation, pulmonary destruction, and pathology. For example, inappropriate phagocytosis of mycobacteria-infected neutrophils can damage host cells due to necrosis of neutrophils, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. This dual nature of neutrophils makes them double-edged swords during tuberculosis, and hence data available on neutrophil functions against mycobacterium are controversial and non-uniform. This article reviews the role of neutrophils in tuberculosis infection and highlights research gaps that need to be addressed. We focus on our understanding of new research ideologies targeting neutrophils (a) in the early stages of infection for boosting specific immune functions or (b) in the later stages of infection to prevent inflammatory conditions mediated by activated neutrophils. This would plausibly lead to the development of better tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nancy Hilda
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Sulochana Das
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
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18
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León DL, Matthey P, Fellay I, Blanchard M, Martinvalet D, Mantel PY, Filgueira L, Walch M. Granzyme B Attenuates Bacterial Virulence by Targeting Secreted Factors. iScience 2020; 23:100932. [PMID: 32151975 PMCID: PMC7063247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that interact with the human host to establish infections. The human immune system evolved multiple mechanisms to fight bacterial invaders, including immune proteases that were demonstrated to contribute crucially to antibacterial defense. Here we show that granzyme B degrades multiple secreted virulence mediators from Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Pathogenic bacteria, when infected in the presence of granzyme B or granzyme-secreting killer cells, fail to grow in human macrophages and epithelial cells owing to their crippled virulence. A granzyme B-uncleavable mutant form of the major Listeria virulence factor, listeriolysin O, rescued the virulence defect in response to granzyme treatment. Hence, we link the degradation of a single factor with the observed decrease in virulent bacteria growth. Overall, we reveal here an innate immune barrier function of granzyme B by disrupting bacterial virulence to facilitate bacteria clearance by bystander immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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19
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Aghdassi AA, John DS, Sendler M, Storck C, van den Brandt C, Krüger B, Weiss FU, Mayerle J, Lerch MM. Absence of the neutrophil serine protease cathepsin G decreases neutrophil granulocyte infiltration but does not change the severity of acute pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16774. [PMID: 31727956 PMCID: PMC6856518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by an early intracellular protease activation and invasion of leukocytes into the pancreas. Cathepsins constitute a large group of lysosomal enzymes, that have been shown to modulate trypsinogen activation and neutrophil infiltration. Cathepsin G (CTSG) is a neutrophil serine protease of the chymotrypsin C family known to degrade extracellular matrix components and to have regulatory functions in inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CTSG in pancreatitis. Isolated acinar cells were exposed to recombinant CTSG and supramaximal cholezystokinin stimulation. In CTSG-/- mice and corresponding controls acute experimental pancreatitis was induced by serial caerulein injections. Severity was assessed by histology, serum enzyme levels and zymogen activation. Neutrophil infiltration was quantified by chloro-acetate ersterase staining and myeloperoxidase measurement. CTSG was expessed in inflammatory cells but not in pancreatic acinar cells. CTSG had no effect on intra-acinar-cell trypsinogen activation. In CTSG-/- mice a transient decrease of neutrophil infiltration into the pancreas and lungs was found during acute pancreatitis while the disease severity remained largely unchanged. CTSG is involved in pancreatic neutrophil infiltration during pancreatitis, albeit to a lesser degree than the related neutrophil (PMN) elastase. Its absence therefore leaves pancreatitis severity essentially unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daniel S John
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Storck
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cindy van den Brandt
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krüger
- Division of Medical Biology, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwigs-Maximilians University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Yathursan S, Wiles S, Read H, Sarojini V. A review on anti-tuberculosis peptides: Impact of peptide structure on anti-tuberculosis activity. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3213. [PMID: 31515916 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem globally. Particularly concerning amongst drug-resistant human pathogens is Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes the deadly infectious tuberculosis (TB) disease. Significant issues associated with current treatment options for drug-resistant TB and the high rate of mortality from the disease makes the development of novel treatment options against this pathogen an urgent need. Antimicrobial peptides are part of innate immunity in all forms of life and could provide a potential solution against drug-resistant TB. This review is a critical analysis of antimicrobial peptides that are reported to be active against the M tuberculosis complex exclusively. However, activity on non-TB strains such as Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, whenever available, have been included at appropriate sections for these anti-TB peptides. Natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides of diverse sequences, along with their chemical structures, are presented, discussed, and correlated to their observed antimycobacterial activities. Critical analyses of the structure allied to the anti-mycobacterial activity have allowed us to draw important conclusions and ideas for research and development on these promising molecules to realise their full potential. Even though the review is focussed on peptides, we have briefly summarised the structures and potency of the various small molecule drugs that are available and under development, for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutharsana Yathursan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Read
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vijayalekshmi Sarojini
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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21
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Liu Q, Sundqvist M, Li W, Holdfeldt A, Zhang L, Björkman L, Bylund J, Dahlgren C, Wang C, Zhao X, Forsman H. Functional characteristics of circulating granulocytes in severe congenital neutropenia caused by ELANE mutations. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:189. [PMID: 31176364 PMCID: PMC6555947 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils and eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes derived from common myelocytic-committed progenitor cells. Severe congenital neutropenia 1 (SCN1) caused by ELANE mutations is a rare disease characterized by very low numbers of circulating neutrophils. Little is known about the functional characteristics of the SCN1 granulocytes, except that eosinophilia has been noticed in both bone marrow and peripheral blood. In this study, we profiled the number and function of granulocytes in patients suffering from SCN1. Methods Nine patients diagnosed with SCN1 were enrolled in this study and absolute counts of eosinophils and neutrophils from bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood samples were analysed. In addition, Ficoll-Paque enriched granulocytes from patients and healthy controls were analysed for specific eosinophil and neutrophil markers using flow cytometry and for NADPH-oxidase activity-profile by chemiluminescence. Results Our data demonstrate a skewed granulocyte population in SCN1 patients dominated by eosinophils in both bone marrow and peripheral blood. The latter was detected only by blood smear examination, but not by automated blood analysers. Furthermore, we show that the SCN1 eosinophils exerted normal production of reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH-oxidase, however the response was profoundly different from that of healthy control neutrophils. Conclusions SCN1 patients with ELANE mutations suffer from neutropenia yet display eosinophilia in the bone marrow and blood, as revealed by smear examination but not by automatic blood analysers. The SCN1 eosinophils are functionally normal regarding production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the ROS profile produced by eosinophils differs drastically from that of neutrophils isolated from the same blood donor, implying that the eosinophilia in SCN1 cannot compensate for the loss of neutrophils regarding ROS-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Children's hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wenyan Li
- Children's hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liang Zhang
- Children's hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Rheumatology Unit, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cai Wang
- Children's hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Children's hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Shi J, Li P, Zhou L, Qi S, Wang B, Li D, Duan L, Chen WX, Xia J, Zou L, Yang S. Potential biomarkers for antidiastole of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion by proteome analysis. Biomark Med 2019; 13:123-133. [PMID: 30791695 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate novel potential biomarkers for antidiastole of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) from malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MATERIALS & METHODS iTRAQTM-coupled LC-MS/MS were applied to analyze the proteome of TPE and MPE samples. The candidate proteins were verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A total of 432 differential proteins were identified. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed significantly higher levels of fibronectin (FN) and cathepsin G (CTSG) in MPE than in TPE, but lower levels of leukotriene-A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). The receiver operator characteristic values were 0.285 for FN, 0.64 for LTA4H, 0.337 for CTSG and 0.793 for a combination of these candidate markers. CONCLUSION FN, LTA4H and CTSG were identified as potential biomarkers to differentiate TPE from MPE and their combination exhibited higher diagnostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Lijin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Suwen Qi
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements & Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Liang Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Wei Xian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Jirong Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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23
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Kroon EE, Coussens AK, Kinnear C, Orlova M, Möller M, Seeger A, Wilkinson RJ, Hoal EG, Schurr E. Neutrophils: Innate Effectors of TB Resistance? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2637. [PMID: 30487797 PMCID: PMC6246713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain individuals are able to resist Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection despite persistent and intense exposure. These persons do not exhibit adaptive immune priming as measured by tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) responses, nor do they develop active tuberculosis (TB). Genetic investigation of individuals who are able to resist M. tuberculosis infection shows there are likely a combination of genetic variants that contribute to the phenotype. The contribution of the innate immune system and the exact cells involved in this phenotype remain incompletely elucidated. Neutrophils are prominent candidates for possible involvement as primers for microbial clearance. Significant variability is observed in neutrophil gene expression and DNA methylation. Furthermore, inter-individual variability is seen between the mycobactericidal capacities of donor neutrophils. Clearance of M. tuberculosis infection is favored by the mycobactericidal activity of neutrophils, apoptosis, effective clearance of cells by macrophages, and resolution of inflammation. In this review we will discuss the different mechanisms neutrophils utilize to clear M. tuberculosis infection. We discuss the duality between neutrophils' ability to clear infection and how increasing numbers of neutrophils contribute to active TB severity and mortality. Further investigation into the potential role of neutrophils in innate immune-mediated M. tuberculosis infection resistance is warranted since it may reveal clinically important activities for prevention as well as vaccine and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elouise E Kroon
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig Kinnear
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marlo Möller
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Allison Seeger
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Fu Z, Thorpe M, Akula S, Chahal G, Hellman LT. Extended Cleavage Specificity of Human Neutrophil Elastase, Human Proteinase 3, and Their Distant Ortholog Clawed Frog PR3-Three Elastases With Similar Primary but Different Extended Specificities and Stability. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2387. [PMID: 30459762 PMCID: PMC6232827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are major granule constituents of several of the human hematopoietic cell lineages. Four proteolytically active such proteases have been identified in human neutrophils: cathepsin G (hCG), N-elastase (hNE), proteinase 3 (hPR-3), and neutrophil serine protease 4 (hNSP-4). Here we present the extended cleavage specificity of two of the most potent and most abundant of these enzymes, hNE and hPR-3. Their extended specificities were determined by phage display and by the analysis of a panel of chromogenic and recombinant substrates. hNE is an elastase with a relatively broad specificity showing a preference for regions containing several aliphatic amino acids. The protease shows self-cleaving activity, which results in the loss of activity during storage even at +4°C. Here we also present the extended cleavage specificity of hPR-3. Compared with hNE, it shows considerably lower proteolytic activity. However, it is very stable, shows no self-cleaving activity and is actually more active in the presence of SDS, possibly by enhancing the accessibility of the target substrate. This enables specific analysis of hPR-3 activity even in the presence of all the other neutrophil enzymes with addition of 1% SDS. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in humans and one of the key players in our innate immune defense. The neutrophil serine proteases are very important for the function of the neutrophils and therefore also interesting from an evolutionary perspective. In order to study the origin and functional conservation of these neutrophil proteases we have identified and cloned an amphibian ortholog, Xenopus PR-3 (xPR-3). This enzyme was found to have a specificity very similar to hPR-3 but did not show the high stability in the presence of SDS. The presence of an elastase in Xenopus closely related to hPR-3 indicates a relatively early appearance of these enzymes during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gurdeep Chahal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars T Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Ong CWM, Fox K, Ettorre A, Elkington PT, Friedland JS. Hypoxia increases neutrophil-driven matrix destruction after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11475. [PMID: 30065292 PMCID: PMC6068197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of neutrophils in the pathology of tuberculosis (TB) has been recently established. We demonstrated that TB lesions in man are hypoxic, but how neutrophils in hypoxia influence lung tissue damage is unknown. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on neutrophil-derived enzymes and tissue destruction in TB. Human neutrophils were stimulated with M. tuberculosis (M.tb) or conditioned media from M.tb-infected monocytes (CoMTB). Neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-8/-9 and elastase secretion were analysed by luminex array and gelatin zymography, gene expression by qPCR and cell viability by flow cytometry. Matrix destruction was investigated by confocal microscopy and functional assays and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by fluorescence assay. In hypoxia, neutrophil MMP-8 secretion and gene expression were up-regulated by CoMTB. MMP-9 activity and neutrophil elastase (NE) secretion were also increased in hypoxia. Hypoxia inhibited NET formation and both neutrophil apoptosis and necrosis after direct stimulation by M.tb. Hypoxia increased TB-dependent neutrophil-mediated matrix destruction of Type I collagen, gelatin and elastin, the main structural proteins of the human lung. Dimethyloxalylglycin (DMOG), which stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, increased neutrophil MMP-8 and -9 secretion. Hypoxia in our cellular model of TB up-regulated pathways that increase neutrophil secretion of MMPs that are implicated in matrix destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W M Ong
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katharine Fox
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Ettorre
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul T Elkington
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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26
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Shukla SK, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Addya S, Rafiq K. Molecular network, pathway, and functional analysis of time-dependent gene changes related to cathepsin G exposure in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Gene 2018; 671:58-66. [PMID: 29859287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways activated in response to acute cathepsin G (CG) exposure, as well as the mechanisms involved in activation of signaling pathways that culminate in myocyte detachment and apoptosis remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the changes in gene expression patterns associated with time dependent CG exposure to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Microarray analysis revealed a total of 451, 572 and 1127 differentially expressed genes after CG exposure at 1, 4 and 8 h respectively. A total of 54 overlapped genes at each time point were mapped by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The top up-regulated genes included Hamp, SMAD6, NR4A1, FOSL2, ID3 and SLAMF7, and down-regulated genes included CYR61, GDF6, Olr640, Vom2r36, DUSP6 and MMP20. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with cardiomyocyte death after CG exposure, including JAK/Stat signaling, IL-9 signaling and Nur77 signaling. In addition, we also generated the molecular network of expressed gene and found most of the molecules were connected to ERK1/2, caspase, BCR (complex) and Cyclins. Our study reveals the ability to assess time-dependent changes in gene expression patterns in NRCMs associated with CG exposure. The global gene expression profiles may provide insight into the cellular mechanism that regulates CG dependent myocyte apoptosis. In future, the pathways important in CG response, as well as the genes found to be differentially expressed might represent the therapeutic targets for myocyte survival in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA.
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27
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Heightened Systemic Levels of Neutrophil and Eosinophil Granular Proteins in Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Reversal following Treatment. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00008-18. [PMID: 29632246 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00008-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes are activated during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and act as immune effector cells, and granulocyte responses are implicated in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Plasma levels of neutrophil and eosinophil granular proteins provide an indirect measure of degranulation. In this study, we wanted to examine the levels of neutrophil and eosinophil granular proteins in individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and to compare them with the levels in individuals with latent TB (LTB). Hence, we measured the plasma levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) in these individuals. Finally, we also measured the levels of all of these proteins in PTB individuals following antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Our data reveal that PTB individuals are characterized by significantly higher plasma levels of MPO, elastase, proteinase 3, as well as MBP and EDN in comparison to those in LTB individuals. Our data also reveal that ATT resulted in the reversal of all of these changes, indicating an association with TB disease. Finally, our data show that the systemic levels of MPO and proteinase 3 can significantly discriminate PTB from LTB individuals. Thus, our data suggest that neutrophil and eosinophil granular proteins could play a potential role in the innate immune response and, therefore, the pathogenesis of pulmonary TB.
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28
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Extended cleavage specificity of human neutrophil cathepsin G: A low activity protease with dual chymase and tryptase-type specificities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195077. [PMID: 29652924 PMCID: PMC5898719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils express at least four active serine proteases, cathepsin G, N-elastase, proteinase 3 and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). They have all been extensively studied due to their importance in neutrophil biology and immunity. However, their extended cleavage specificities have never been determined in detail. Here we present a detailed cleavage specificity analysis of human cathepsin G (hCG). The specificity was determined by phage display analysis and the importance of individual amino acids in and around the cleavage site was then validated using novel recombinant substrates. To provide a broader context to this serine protease, a comparison was made to the related mast cell protease, human chymase (HC). hCG showed similar characteristics to HC including both the primary and extended specificities. As expected, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Leu were preferred in the P1 position. In addition, both proteases showed a preference for negatively charged amino acids in the P2´ position of substrates and a preference for aliphatic amino acids both upstream and downstream of the cleavage site. However, overall the catalytic activity of hCG was ~10-fold lower than HC. hCG has previously been reported to have a dual specificity consisting of chymase and tryptase-type activities. In our analysis, tryptase activity against substrates with Lys in P1 cleavage position was indeed only 2-fold less efficient as compared to optimal chymase substrates supporting strong dual-type specificity. We hope the information presented here on extended cleavage specificities of hCG and HC will assist in the search for novel in vivo substrates for these proteases as well as aid in the efforts to better understand the role of hCG in immunity and bacterial defence.
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29
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Arranz-Trullén J, Lu L, Pulido D, Bhakta S, Boix E. Host Antimicrobial Peptides: The Promise of New Treatment Strategies against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1499. [PMID: 29163551 PMCID: PMC5681943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a devastating infectious disease and remerges as a global health emergency due to an alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance to its treatment. Despite of the serious effort that has been applied to develop effective antitubercular chemotherapies, the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remains underexploited. A large amount of literature is now accessible on the AMP mechanisms of action against a diversity of pathogens; nevertheless, research on their activity on mycobacteria is still scarce. In particular, there is an urgent need to integrate all available interdisciplinary strategies to eradicate extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. In this context, we should not underestimate our endogenous antimicrobial proteins and peptides as ancient players of the human host defense system. We are confident that novel antibiotics based on human AMPs displaying a rapid and multifaceted mechanism, with reduced toxicity, should significantly contribute to reverse the tide of antimycobacterial drug resistance. In this review, we have provided an up to date perspective of the current research on AMPs to be applied in the fight against TB. A better understanding on the mechanisms of action of human endogenous peptides should ensure the basis for the best guided design of novel antitubercular chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Lu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David Pulido
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Boix
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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30
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The NADPH Oxidase and Microbial Killing by Neutrophils, With a Particular Emphasis on the Proposed Antimicrobial Role of Myeloperoxidase within the Phagocytic Vacuole. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726789 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0018-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to a consideration of the way in which the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, NOX2, functions to enable the efficient killing of bacteria and fungi. It includes a critical examination of the current dogma that its primary purpose is the generation of hydrogen peroxide as substrate for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed generation of hypochlorite. Instead, it is demonstrated that NADPH oxidase functions to optimize the ionic and pH conditions within the vacuole for the solubilization and optimal activity of the proteins released into this compartment from the cytoplasmic granules, which kill and digest the microbes. The general role of other NOX systems as electrochemical generators to alter the pH and ionic composition in compartments on either side of a membrane in plants and animals will also be examined.
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31
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kotsyfakis M. Protease Inhibitors in Tick Saliva: The Role of Serpins and Cystatins in Tick-host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:216. [PMID: 28611951 PMCID: PMC5447049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of the first tick sialome (salivary gland transcriptome) heralded a new era of research of tick protease inhibitors, which represent important constituents of the proteins secreted via tick saliva into the host. Three major groups of protease inhibitors are secreted into saliva: Kunitz inhibitors, serpins, and cystatins. Kunitz inhibitors are anti-hemostatic agents and tens of proteins with one or more Kunitz domains are known to block host coagulation and/or platelet aggregation. Serpins and cystatins are also anti-hemostatic effectors, but intriguingly, from the translational perspective, also act as pluripotent modulators of the host immune system. Here we focus especially on this latter aspect of protease inhibition by ticks and describe the current knowledge and data on secreted salivary serpins and cystatins and their role in tick-host-pathogen interaction triad. We also discuss the potential therapeutic use of tick protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
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32
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Pires D, Marques J, Pombo JP, Carmo N, Bettencourt P, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Anes E. Role of Cathepsins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival in Human Macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32247. [PMID: 27572605 PMCID: PMC5004184 DOI: 10.1038/srep32247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes that function in the endocytic pathway, especially in lysosomes, where they contribute directly to pathogen killing or indirectly, by their involvement in the antigen presentation pathways. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives inside the macrophage phagosomes by inhibiting their maturation to phagolysosomes and thus avoiding a low pH and protease-rich environment. We previously showed that mycobacterial inhibition of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB results in impaired delivery of lysosomal enzymes to phagosomes and reduced pathogen killing. Here, we elucidate how MTB also controls cathepsins and their inhibitors, cystatins, at the level of gene expression and proteolytic activity. MTB induced a general down-regulation of cathepsin expression in infected cells, and inhibited IFNγ-mediated increase of cathepsin mRNA. We further show that a decrease in cathepsins B, S and L favours bacterial survival within human primary macrophages. A siRNA knockdown screen of a large set of cathepsins revealed that almost half of these enzymes have a role in pathogen killing, while only cathepsin F coincided with MTB resilience. Overall, we show that cathepsins are important for the control of MTB infection, and as a response, it manipulates their expression and activity to favour its intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Palma Pombo
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carmo
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Elsa Anes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Trentini MM, de Oliveira FM, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. The Role of Neutrophils in the Induction of Specific Th1 and Th17 during Vaccination against Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:898. [PMID: 27375607 PMCID: PMC4901074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), a disease that killed more than 1.5 million people worldwide in 2014, and the Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only currently available vaccine against TB. However, it does not protect adults. Th1 and Th17 cells are crucial for TB control, as well as the neutrophils that are directly involved in DC trafficking to the draining lymph nodes and the activation of T lymphocytes during infection. Although several studies have shown the importance of neutrophils during M. tuberculosis infection, none have shown its role in the development of a specific response to a vaccine. The vaccine mc2-CMX was shown to protect mice against M. tuberculosis challenge, mainly due to specific Th1 and Th17 cells. This study evaluated the importance of neutrophils in the generation of the Th1- and Th17-specific responses elicited by this vaccine. The vaccine injection induced a neutrophil rich lesion with a necrotic central area. The IL-17 KO mice did not generate vaccine-specific Th1 cells. The vaccinated IL-22 KO mice exhibited Th1- and Th17-specific responses. Neutrophil depletion during vaccination abrogated the induction of Th1-specific responses and prohibited the bacterial load reduction observed in the vaccinated animals. The results show, for the first time, the role of neutrophils in the generation of specific Th1 and Th17 cells in response to a tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa M Trentini
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Disease and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fábio M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Disease and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Disease and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana P Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Disease and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains modify granular enzyme secretion and apoptosis of human neutrophils. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Walter K, Steinwede K, Aly S, Reinheckel T, Bohling J, Maus UA, Ehlers S. Cathepsin G in Experimental Tuberculosis: Relevance for Antibacterial Protection and Potential for Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3325-33. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:44-55. [PMID: 25958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are rich in proteases, which are the major proteins of intracellular granules and are released with histamine and heparin by activated cells. Most of these proteases are active in the granule as well as outside of the mast cell when secreted, and can cleave targets near degranulating mast cells and in adjoining tissue compartments. Some proteases released from mast cells reach the bloodstream and may have far-reaching actions. In terms of relative amounts, the major mast cell proteases include the tryptases, chymases, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidylpeptidase I/cathepsin C, and cathepsins L and S. Some mast cells also produce granzyme B, plasminogen activators, and matrix metalloproteinases. Tryptases and chymases are almost entirely mast cell-specific, whereas other proteases, such as cathepsins G, C, and L are expressed by a variety of inflammatory cells. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression is a property shared by basophils and mast cells. Other proteases, such as mastins, are largely basophil-specific, although human basophils are protease-deficient compared with their murine counterparts. The major classes of mast cell proteases have been targeted for development of therapeutic inhibitors. Also, a human β-tryptase has been proposed as a potential drug itself, to inactivate of snake venins. Diseases linked to mast cell proteases include allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis, but also include non-allergic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and scarring diseases of lungs and other organs. In some cases, studies performed in mouse models suggest protective or homeostatic roles for specific proteases (or groups of proteases) in infections by bacteria, worms and other parasites, and even in allergic inflammation. At the same time, a clearer picture has emerged of differences in the properties and patterns of expression of proteases expressed in human mast cell subsets, and in humans versus other mammals. These considerations are influencing prioritization of specific protease targets for therapeutic inhibition, as well as options of pre-clinical models, disease indications, and choice of topical versus systemic routes of inhibitor administration.
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Processing of Neutrophil α-Defensins Does Not Rely on Serine Proteases In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125483. [PMID: 25945506 PMCID: PMC4422583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-defensins, human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) are the predominant antimicrobial peptides of neutrophil granules. They are synthesized in promyelocytes and myelocytes as proHNPs, but only processed in promyelocytes and stored as mature HNPs in azurophil granules. Despite decades of search, the mechanisms underlying the posttranslational processing of neutrophil defensins remain unidentified. Thus, neither the enzyme that processes proHNPs nor the localization of processing has been identified. It has been hypothesized that proHNPs are processed by the serine proteases highly expressed in promyelocytes: Neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin G (CG), and proteinase 3 (PR3), all of which are able to process recombinant proHNP into HNP in vitro. We investigated whether serine proteases are in fact responsible for processing of proHNP in human bone marrow cells and in human and murine myeloid cell lines. Subcellular fractionation of the human promyelocytic cell line PLB-985 demonstrated proHNP processing to commence in fractions containing endoplasmic reticulum. Processing of 35S-proHNP was insensitive to serine protease inhibitors. Simultaneous knockdown of NE, CG, and PR3 did not decrease proHNP processing in primary human bone marrow cells. Furthermore, introduction of NE, CG, and PR3 into murine promyelocytic cells did not enhance the proHNP processing capability. Finally, two patients suffering from Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, who lack active neutrophil serine proteases, demonstrated normal levels of fully processed HNP in peripheral neutrophils. Contradicting earlier assumptions, our study found serine proteases dispensable for processing of proHNPs in vivo. This calls for study of other protease classes in the search for the proHNP processing protease(s).
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Mattila JT, Maiello P, Sun T, Via LE, Flynn JL. Granzyme B-expressing neutrophils correlate with bacterial load in granulomas from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cynomolgus macaques. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1085-97. [PMID: 25653138 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of neutrophils in tuberculosis (TB), and whether neutrophils express granzyme B (grzB), a pro-apoptotic enzyme associated with cytotoxic T cells, is controversial. We examined neutrophils in peripheral blood (PB) and lung granulomas of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cynomolgus macaques and humans to determine whether mycobacterial products or pro-inflammatory factors induce neutrophil grzB expression. We found large numbers of grzB-expressing neutrophils in macaque and human granulomas and these cells contained more grzB+ granules than T cells. Higher neutrophil, but not T cell, grzB expression correlated with increased bacterial load. Although unstimulated PB neutrophils lacked grzB expression, grzB expression increased upon exposure to M.tuberculosis bacilli, M.tuberculosis culture filtrate protein or lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Perforin is required for granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity by T cells, but was not observed in PB or granuloma neutrophils. Nonetheless, stimulated PB neutrophils secreted grzB as determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Purified grzB was not bactericidal or bacteriostatic, suggesting secreted neutrophil grzB acts on extracellular targets, potentially enhancing neutrophil migration through extracellular matrix and regulating apoptosis or activation in other cell types. These data indicate mycobacterial products and the pro-inflammatory environment of granulomas up-regulates neutrophil grzB expression and suggests a previously unappreciated aspect of neutrophil biology in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin Mincle-expressing dendritic cells contribute to control of splenic Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice. Infect Immun 2014; 83:184-96. [PMID: 25332121 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02500-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage-inducible C-type lectin Mincle has recently been identified to be a pattern recognition receptor sensing mycobacterial infection via recognition of the mycobacterial cell wall component trehalose-6',6-dimycolate (TDM). However, its role in systemic mycobacterial infections has not been examined so far. Mincle-knockout (KO) mice were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis BCG to mimic the systemic spread of mycobacteria under defined experimental conditions. After intravenous infection with M. bovis BCG, Mincle-KO mice responded with significantly higher numbers of mycobacterial CFU in spleen and liver, while reduced granuloma formation was observed only in the spleen. At the same time, reduced Th1 cytokine production and decreased numbers of gamma interferon-producing T cells were observed in the spleens of Mincle-KO mice relative to the numbers in the spleens of wild-type (WT) mice. The effect of adoptive transfer of defined WT leukocyte subsets generated from bone marrow cells of zDC(+/DTR) mice (which bear the human diphtheria toxin receptor [DTR] under the control of the classical dendritic cell-specific zinc finger transcription factor zDC) to specifically deplete Mincle-expressing classical dendritic cells (cDCs) but not macrophages after diphtheria toxin application on the numbers of splenic and hepatic CFU and T cell subsets was then determined. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that Mincle-expressing splenic cDCs rather than Mincle-expressing macrophages contributed to the reconstitution of attenuated splenic antimycobacterial immune responses in Mincle-KO mice after intravenous challenge with BCG. Collectively, we show that expression of Mincle, particularly by cDCs, contributes to the control of splenic M. bovis BCG infection in mice.
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Walch M, Dotiwala F, Mulik S, Thiery J, Kirchhausen T, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Martinvalet D, Lieberman J. Cytotoxic cells kill intracellular bacteria through granulysin-mediated delivery of granzymes. Cell 2014; 157:1309-1323. [PMID: 24906149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
When killer lymphocytes recognize infected cells, perforin delivers cytotoxic proteases (granzymes) into the target cell to trigger apoptosis. What happens to intracellular bacteria during this process is unclear. Human, but not rodent, cytotoxic granules also contain granulysin, an antimicrobial peptide. Here, we show that granulysin delivers granzymes into bacteria to kill diverse bacterial strains. In Escherichia coli, granzymes cleave electron transport chain complex I and oxidative stress defense proteins, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that rapidly kill bacteria. ROS scavengers and bacterial antioxidant protein overexpression inhibit bacterial death. Bacteria overexpressing a GzmB-uncleavable mutant of the complex I subunit nuoF or strains that lack complex I still die, but more slowly, suggesting that granzymes disrupt multiple vital bacterial pathways. Mice expressing transgenic granulysin are better able to clear Listeria monocytogenes. Thus killer cells play an unexpected role in bacterial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walch
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome Thiery
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carol Clayberger
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan M Krensky
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Padhi A, Sengupta M, Sengupta S, Roehm KH, Sonawane A. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins in mycobacterial therapy: Current status and future prospects. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:363-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Brehm A, Geraghty P, Campos M, Garcia-Arcos I, Dabo AJ, Gaffney A, Eden E, Jiang XC, D'Armiento J, Foronjy R. Cathepsin G degradation of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) augments pulmonary inflammation. FASEB J 2014; 28:2318-31. [PMID: 24532668 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-246843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) regulates phospholipid transport in the circulation and is highly expressed within the lung epithelium, where it is secreted into the alveolar space. Since PLTP expression is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this study aimed to determine how PLTP affects lung signaling and inflammation. Despite its increased expression, PLTP activity decreased by 80% in COPD bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) due to serine protease cleavage, primarily by cathepsin G. Likewise, PLTP BALF activity levels decreased by 20 and 40% in smoke-exposed mice and in the media of smoke-treated small airway epithelial (SAE) cells, respectively. To assess how PLTP affected inflammatory responses in a lung injury model, PLTP siRNA or recombinant protein was administered to the lungs of mice prior to LPS challenge. Silencing PLTP at baseline caused a 68% increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, a 120 and 340% increase in ERK and NF-κB activation, and increased MMP-9, IL1β, and IFN-γ levels after LPS treatment by 39, 140, and 190%, respectively. Conversely, PLTP protein administration countered these effects in this model. Thus, these findings establish a novel anti-inflammatory function of PLTP in the lung and suggest that proteolytic cleavage of PLTP by cathepsin G may enhance the injurious inflammatory responses that occur in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Brehm
- 2Department of Medicine, St. Luke's Roosevelt, Mt. Sinai Health System, Antenucci Bldg., 432 West 58th St., Rm. 311, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Role of MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3 in host immunity against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2013; 31:3818-25. [PMID: 23628242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The MHC class I family comprises both classical (class Ia) and non-classical (class Ib) members. While the prime function of classical MHC class I molecules (MHC class Ia) is to present peptide antigens to pathogen-specific cytotoxic T cells, non-classical MHC-I (MHC class Ib) antigens perform diverse array of functions in both innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis need to induce strong cellular immune responses. Recent studies have shown that MHC class I molecules play an important role in the protective immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. Both MHC Ia-restricted and MHC class Ib-restricted M. tuberculosis -reactive CD8(+) T cells have been identified in humans and mice, but their relative contributions to immunity is still uncertain. Unlike MHC class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells are constitutively activated in naive animals and respond rapidly to infection challenge, hence filling the temporal gap between innate and adaptive immunity. The present review article summarizes the general host immunity against M. tuberculosis infection highlighting the possible role of MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3 and their ligands (N-formylated peptides) in protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Hahn S, Giaglis S, Chowdhury CS, Chowdury CS, Hösli I, Hasler P. Modulation of neutrophil NETosis: interplay between infectious agents and underlying host physiology. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:439-53. [PMID: 23649713 PMCID: PMC3685704 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neutrophils and other leucocyte members of the innate immune system to expel their DNA into the extracellular environment in a controlled manner in order to trap and kill pathogenic microorganisms lead to a paradigm shift in our understanding of host microbe interactions. Surprisingly, the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) cast by neutrophils is very wide and extends to the entrapment of viruses as well as multicellular eukaryotic parasites. Not unexpectedly, it has emerged that pathogenic microorganisms can employ a wide array of strategies to avoid ensnarement, including expression of DNAse enzymes that destroy the lattice backbone of NETs. Alternatively, they may use molecular mimicry to avoid detection or trigger events leading to the expression of immune modulatory cytokines such as IL-10, which dampen the NETotic response of neutrophils. In addition, the host microenvironment may contribute to the innate immune response by the production of lectin-like molecules that bind to bacteria and promote their entrapment on NETs. An example of this is the production of surfactant protein D by the lung epithelium. In addition, pregnancy provides a different challenge, as the mother needs to mount an effective response against pathogens, without harming her unborn child. An examination of these decoy and host response mechanisms may open the path for new therapies to treat pathologies mediated by overt NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuhe Hahn
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Jaillon S, Galdiero MR, Del Prete D, Cassatella MA, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Neutrophils in innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:377-94. [PMID: 23553214 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils have long been viewed as short-lived cells crucial for the elimination of extracellular pathogens, possessing a limited role in the orchestration of the immune response. This dogma has been challenged by recent lines of evidence demonstrating the expression of an increasing number of cytokines and effector molecules by neutrophils. Moreover, in analogy with their "big brother" macrophages, neutrophils integrate the environmental signals and can be polarized towards an antitumoural or protumoural phenotype. Neutrophils are a major source of humoral fluid phase pattern recognition molecules and thus contribute to the humoral arm of innate immunity. Neutrophils cross talk and shape the maturation and effector functions of other leukocytes in a direct or indirect manner, through cell-cell contact or cytokine production, respectively. Therefore, neutrophils are integrated in the activation and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system and play an important role in the resolution or exacerbation of diverse pathologies, including infections, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jaillon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Jena P, Mohanty S, Mohanty T, Kallert S, Morgelin M, Lindstrøm T, Borregaard N, Stenger S, Sonawane A, Sørensen OE. Azurophil granule proteins constitute the major mycobactericidal proteins in human neutrophils and enhance the killing of mycobacteria in macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50345. [PMID: 23251364 PMCID: PMC3522671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria reside in, and are in turn controlled by, macrophages. However, emerging data suggest that neutrophils also play a critical role in innate immunity to tuberculosis, presumably by their different antibacterial granule proteins. In this study, we purified neutrophil azurophil and specific granules and systematically analyzed the antimycobacterial activity of some purified azurophil and specific granule proteins against M. smegmatis, M. bovis-BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Using gel overlay and colony forming unit assays we showed that the defensin-depleted azurophil granule proteins (AZP) were more active against mycobacteria compared to other granule proteins and cytosolic proteins. The proteins showing antimycobacterial activity were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate that the AZP disintegrate bacterial cell membrane resulting in killing of mycobacteria. Exogenous addition of AZP to murine macrophage RAW 264.7, THP-1 and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages significantly reduced the intracellular survival of mycobacteria without exhibiting cytotoxic activity on macrophages. Immunofluorescence studies showed that macrophages actively endocytose neutrophil granular proteins. Treatment with AZP resulted in increase in co-localization of BCG containing phagosomes with lysosomes but not in increase of autophagy. These data demonstrate that neutrophil azurophil proteins may play an important role in controlling intracellular survival of mycobacteria in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Jena
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Soumitra Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Tirthankar Mohanty
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Morgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lindstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Ole E. Sørensen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Behler F, Steinwede K, Balboa L, Ueberberg B, Maus R, Kirchhof G, Yamasaki S, Welte T, Maus UA. Role of Mincle in alveolar macrophage-dependent innate immunity against mycobacterial infections in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3121-9. [PMID: 22869905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophage-inducible C-type lectin Mincle in lung innate immunity against mycobacterial infection is incompletely defined. In this study, we show that wild-type (WT) mice responded with a delayed Mincle induction on resident alveolar macrophages and newly immigrating exudate macrophages to infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), peaking by days 14-21 posttreatment. As compared with WT mice, Mincle knockout (KO) mice exhibited decreased proinflammatory mediator responses and leukocyte recruitment upon M. bovis BCG challenge, and they demonstrated increased mycobacterial loads in pulmonary and extrapulmonary organ systems. Secondary mycobacterial infection on day 14 after primary BCG challenge led to increased cytokine gene expression in sorted alveolar macrophages of WT mice, but not Mincle KO mice, resulting in substantially reduced alveolar neutrophil recruitment and increased mycobacterial loads in the lungs of Mincle KO mice. Collectively, these data show that WT mice respond with a relatively late Mincle expression on lung sentinel cells to M. bovis BCG infection. Moreover, M. bovis BCG-induced upregulation of C-type lectin Mincle on professional phagocytes critically shapes antimycobacterial responses in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary organ systems of mice, which may be important for elucidating the role of Mincle in the control of mycobacterial dissemination in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Behler
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
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