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Jucht AE, Scholz CC. PHD1-3 oxygen sensors in vivo-lessons learned from gene deletions. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1307-1337. [PMID: 38509356 PMCID: PMC11310289 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensors enable cells to adapt to limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), affecting various cellular and tissue responses. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3; also called Egln1-3, HIF-P4H 1-3, HIF-PH 1-3) proteins belong to the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and utilise molecular oxygen (O2) alongside 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate to hydroxylate two proline residues of α subunits of the dimeric hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor. PHD1-3-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α leads to its degradation and inactivation. Recently, various PHD inhibitors (PHI) have entered the clinics for treatment of renal anaemia. Pre-clinical analyses indicate that PHI treatment may also be beneficial in numerous other hypoxia-associated diseases. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed protective effects of PHIs are only partly understood, currently hindering their translation into the clinics. Moreover, the PHI-mediated increase of Epo levels is not beneficial in all hypoxia-associated diseases and PHD-selective inhibition may be advantageous. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the relevance and function of each of the three PHD isoforms in vivo, based on the deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each single corresponding gene in rodents. This information is crucial for our understanding of the physiological relevance and function of the PHDs as well as for elucidating their individual impact on hypoxia-associated diseases. Furthermore, this knowledge highlights which diseases may best be targeted by PHD isoform-selective inhibitors in case such pharmacologic substances become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Jucht
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Wiggins DA, Maxwell JN, Nelson DE. Exploring the role of CITED transcriptional regulators in the control of macrophage polarization. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365718. [PMID: 38646545 PMCID: PMC11032013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are tissue resident innate phagocytic cells that take on contrasting phenotypes, or polarization states, in response to the changing combination of microbial and cytokine signals at sites of infection. During the opening stages of an infection, macrophages adopt the proinflammatory, highly antimicrobial M1 state, later shifting to an anti-inflammatory, pro-tissue repair M2 state as the infection resolves. The changes in gene expression underlying these transitions are primarily governed by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) transcription factors, the activity of which must be carefully controlled to ensure an effective yet spatially and temporally restricted inflammatory response. While much of this control is provided by pathway-specific feedback loops, recent work has shown that the transcriptional co-regulators of the CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxy-terminal domain (CITED) family serve as common controllers for these pathways. In this review, we describe how CITED proteins regulate polarization-associated gene expression changes by controlling the ability of transcription factors to form chromatin complexes with the histone acetyltransferase, CBP/p300. We will also cover how differences in the interactions between CITED1 and 2 with CBP/p300 drive their contrasting effects on pro-inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
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3
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Chou YH, Pan SY, Lin SL. Pleotropic effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors: are they clinically relevant? Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:27-38. [PMID: 36634968 PMCID: PMC9902737 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is mainly caused by insufficient production of erythropoietin from fibrotic kidney. Because anemia impairs quality of life and overall prognosis, recombinant human erythropoietin-related products (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, ESAs) have been developed to increase hemoglobin level for decades. However, many safety concerns have been announced regarding the use of ESAs, including an increased occurrence of cardiovascular events, vascular access thrombosis, cancer progression, and recurrence. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is crucial to erythropoietin production, as a result, prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzyme inhibitors have been new therapeutic agents for the treatment of anemia in CKD. They can be administered orally, which is a preferred route for patients not undergoing hemodialysis. In clinical trials, PHD inhibitor could induce noninferior effect on erythropoiesis and improve functional iron deficiency compared with ESAs. Although no serious adverse events were reported, safety is still a concern because HIF stabilization induced by PHD inhibitor has pleotropic effects, such as angiogenesis, metabolic change, and cell survival, which might lead to unwanted deleterious effects, including fibrosis, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and tumor growth. More molecular mechanisms of PHD inhibition and long-term clinical trials are needed to observe these pleotropic effects for the confirmation of safety and efficacy of PHD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chou
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Pan
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuei-Liong Lin
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence: Shuei-Liong Lin Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. E-mail:
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Kennel KB, Burmeister J, Radhakrishnan P, Giese NA, Giese T, Salfenmoser M, Gebhardt JM, Strowitzki MJ, Taylor CT, Wielockx B, Schneider M, Harnoss JM. The HIF-prolyl hydroxylases have distinct and nonredundant roles in colitis-associated cancer. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153337. [PMID: 36509284 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a severe complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) control cellular adaptation to hypoxia and are considered promising therapeutic targets in IBD. However, their relevance in the pathogenesis of CAC remains elusive. We induced CAC in Phd1-/-, Phd2+/-, Phd3-/-, and WT mice with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Phd1-/- mice were protected against chronic colitis and displayed diminished CAC growth compared with WT mice. In Phd3-/- mice, colitis activity and CAC growth remained unaltered. In Phd2+/- mice, colitis activity was unaffected, but CAC growth was aggravated. Mechanistically, Phd2 deficiency (i) increased the number of tumor-associated macrophages in AOM/DSS-induced tumors, (ii) promoted the expression of EGFR ligand epiregulin in macrophages, and (iii) augmented the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling, which at least in part contributed to aggravated tumor cell proliferation in colitis-associated tumors. Consistently, Phd2 deficiency in hematopoietic (Vav:Cre-Phd2fl/fl) but not in intestinal epithelial cells (Villin:Cre-Phd2fl/fl) increased CAC growth. In conclusion, the 3 different PHD isoenzymes have distinct and nonredundant effects, promoting (PHD1), diminishing (PHD2), or neutral (PHD3), on CAC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian B Kennel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine, Systems Biology Ireland, and the Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Chong S, Xie Q, Ma T, Xiang Q, Zhou Y, Cui Y. Risk of infection in roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:967532. [PMID: 36188528 PMCID: PMC9523222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.967532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies demonstrated that roxadustat (FG-4592) could increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels effectively in anemia patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its safety remains controversial. This study aims to explore the risk of infection for CKD patients treated with roxadustat, especially focused on sepsis. Methods: We thoroughly searched for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing treatment with roxadustat versus erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) or placebo in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, European Union Clinical Trials Register. Both on and not on dialysis anemia patients with CKD were included. Primary outcomes contained the incidence rates of sepsis. Secondary outcomes included infection-related consequences (septic shock and other infection events), general safety outcomes [all-cause mortality, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and treatment-emergent serious adverse events (TESAEs)] and iron parameters. Moreover, a trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted to assess if the results were supposed to be a robust conclusion. Results: Eighteen RCTs (n = 11,305) were included. Overall, the incidence of sepsis (RR: 2.42, 95% CI [1.50, 3.89], p = 0.0003) and cellulitis (RR: 2.07, 95% CI [1.24, 3.44], p = 0.005) were increased in the roxadustat group compared with placebo group. In non-dialysis-dependent (NDD) CKD patients, the incidence of cellulitis (RR 2.01, 95% CI [1.23, 3.28], p = 0.005) was significantly higher in roxadustat group than that in the ESAs or placebo group. Both groups showed similar results in the incidence of septic shock (RR 1.29, 95% CI [0.86, 1.94], p = 0.22). A significant increased risk of all-cause mortality [risk ratios (RR): 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.05, 1.26], p = 0.002] was found in roxadustat treatment, and TSA confirmed the result. Compared with ESAs or placebo, both the incident rates of TEAEs (RR:1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.04], p = 0.008) and TESAEs (RR: 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.11], p = 0.002) were significantly increased in roxadustat group. As for iron parameters, changes from baseline (Δ) of hepcidin (MD: -26.46, 95% CI [-39.83, -13.09], p = 0.0001), Δ ferritin and Δ TSAT were remarkably lower in the roxadustat group, while Δ Hb, Δ iron and Δ TIBC increased significantly versus those in ESAs or placebo group. Conclusion: We found evidence that incidence rates of sepsis and cellulitis are higher in roxadustat group compared with placebo. This may be the result of improved iron homeostasis. The risk of all-cause mortality, TEAEs and TESAEs in CKD patients also increased in patients treated with roxadustat. We need more clinical and mechanistic studies to confirm whether roxadustat really causes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiufen Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiufen Xie,
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Bai H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Xiao Y, Bao C. HIF signaling: A new propellant in bone regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212874. [PMID: 35913258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue destruction leads to severe pain, physical flaws, and loss of motility. Bone repair using biocompatible and osteo-inductive scaffolds is regarded as a viable and potential therapeutic approach. However, for large-scale bone regeneration, oxygen and nutrient supply have become limiting factors. Further, a considerable need exists for recruited cell activities and blood vessel growth. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathways induced by hypoxia are involved in angiogenesis and osteogenesis. As an important transcription factor, HIF-1 functions by modulating vital genes, such as VEGF, PDK1, and EPO, and is a crucial regulator that influences the final fate of bone regeneration. Collectively, to achieve better osteogenesis results, the in-depth molecular mechanisms that underpin the links between materials, cells, and HIF signaling pathways must be determined. This review aimed to provide an in-depth insight into recent progress in HIF-regulated bone regeneration. Hypoxia and cellular oxygen-sensing mechanisms and their correlations with osteogenesis were determined, and recent studies on hypoxia-inducing and hypoxia-mimicking strategies were briefly described. Finally, the potential applications of HIF signaling in bone regeneration were highlighted. This review provides theoretical support for establishing a novel and viable bone repair strategy in the clinic by harnessing HIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chongyun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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7
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Lei X, Teng W, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Yao L, Li Y, Zhu S. The protective effects of HIF-1α activation on sepsis induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury in rats model of sepsis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268445. [PMID: 35576220 PMCID: PMC9109928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is critical for protecting the host against the pathogen. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in the intestinal barrier disfunction related to sepsis remained unclear. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of HIF-1α on oxidative damage, the intestinal mucosal permeability, structural and morphological changes during sepsis. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats each: the sham group (sham), sepsis group (subjected to cecal ligation and perforation, CLP), sepsis + DMOG group (40 mg/kg of DMOG by intraperitoneal injection for 7 consecutive days before CLP), and sepsis + BAY 87–2243 group (9 mg/kg of BAY 87–2243 orally administered for 3 consecutive days before CLP). Sepsis increased plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers and HIF-1α expression; caused pathological damage; increased permeability (P < 0.05); and decreased TJ protein expression in the intestinal mucosa of rats with sepsis (P < 0.05). The addition of DMOG up-regulated HIF-1α, then decreased the plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers, alleviated pathological damage to the intestinal mucosa and decreased intestinal permeability (P < 0.05); while BAY 87–2243 treatment had the opposite effects. Our findings showed that HIF-1α protects the intestinal barrier function of septic rats by inhibiting intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage, our results provide a novel insight for developing sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbin Teng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeke Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuxu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (SZ)
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (SZ)
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8
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Hochgerner M, Sturm EM, Schnoegl D, Kwapiszewska G, Olschewski H, Marsh LM. Low oxygen levels decrease adaptive immune responses and ameliorate experimental asthma in mice. Allergy 2022; 77:870-882. [PMID: 34309864 PMCID: PMC9290649 DOI: 10.1111/all.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-altitude therapy has been used as add-on treatment for allergic asthma with considerable success. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In order to investigate the possible therapeutic effects of high-altitude therapy on allergic asthma, we utilized a new in vivo mouse model. METHODS Mice were treated with house dust mite (HDM) extract over 4 weeks and co-exposed to 10% oxygen (Hyp) or room air for the final 2 weeks. Experimental asthma was assessed by airway hyper-responsiveness, mucus hypersecretion and inflammatory cell recruitment. Isolated immune cells from mouse and allergic patients were stimulated in vitro with HDM under Hyp and normoxia in different co-culture systems to analyse the adaptive immune response. RESULTS Compared to HDM-treated mice in room air, HDM-treated Hyp-mice displayed ameliorated mucosal hypersecretion and airway hyper-responsiveness. The attenuated asthma phenotype was associated with strongly reduced activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), effector cell infiltration and cytokine secretion. In vitro, hypoxia almost completely suppressed the HDM-induced adaptive immune response in both mouse and human immune cells. While hypoxia did not affect effector T-cell responses per-se, it interfered with antigen-presenting cell (APC) differentiation and APC/effector cell crosstalk. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia-induced reduction in the Th2-response to HDM ameliorates allergic asthma in vivo. Hypoxia interferes with APC/T-cell crosstalk and confers an unresponsive phenotype to APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Diana Schnoegl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz Austria
- Division of Physiology Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz Austria
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz Austria
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Eades L, Drozd M, Cubbon RM. Hypoxia signalling in the regulation of innate immune training. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:413-422. [PMID: 35015075 PMCID: PMC9022967 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune function is shaped by prior exposures in a phenomenon often referred to as 'memory' or 'training'. Diverse stimuli, ranging from pathogen-associated molecules to atherogenic lipoproteins, induce long-lasting training, impacting on future responses, even to distinct stimuli. It is now recognised that epigenetic modifications in innate immune cells, and their progenitors, underpin these sustained behavioural changes, and that rewired cellular metabolism plays a key role in facilitating such epigenetic marks. Oxygen is central to cellular metabolism, and cells exposed to hypoxia undergo profound metabolic rewiring. A central effector of these responses are the hypoxia inducible factors (or HIFs), which drive transcriptional programmes aiming to adapt cellular homeostasis, such as by increasing glycolysis. These metabolic shifts indirectly promote post-translational modification of the DNA-binding histone proteins, and also of DNA itself, which are retained even after cellular oxygen tension and metabolism normalise, chronically altering DNA accessibility and utilisation. Notably, the activity of HIFs can be induced in some normoxic circumstances, indicating their broad importance to cell biology, irrespective of oxygen tension. Some HIFs are implicated in innate immune training and hypoxia is present in many disease states, yet many questions remain about the association between hypoxia and training, both in health and disease. Moreover, it is now appreciated that cellular responses to hypoxia are mediated by non-HIF pathways, suggesting that other mechanisms of training may be possible. This review sets out to define what is already known about the topic, address gaps in our knowledge, and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Eades
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, The University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Michael Drozd
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, The University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard M. Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, The University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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Ou G, Jiang X, Deng Y, Dong J, Xu W, Zhang X, Zhang J. Inhibition or Deletion of Hydroxylases-Prolyl-4-Hydroxyases 3 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation and Neurobehavioral Deficiency. Neuroscience 2022; 481:47-59. [PMID: 34801658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that neuroinflammation plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and its hydroxylases-Prolyl-4-hydroxyases (PHDs) have been found to modulate the inflammatory processes. Here, the effects of PHDs enzyme onlipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and neurocognitive deficits were investigated. BV2 microglia cells were stimulated by LPS (1 μg/ml) as neuroinflammation model in vitro. Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG, 100 μM) and PHD3-siRNA were used to suppress the expression of PHD3. In vivo, mice received consecutive intraperitoneal injection of LPS (500 μg/kg) for 7 days, and intraperitoneal injection of DMOG (100 mg/kg) was applied 1 h before LPS at the same days. Several neurobehavioral tests (Open field, Novel object recognition and Morris water maze) were used to measure cognitive function. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines, HIF-PHDs protein. Metabolic reprogramming was measured by seahorse method. The results revealed that LPS induced neuroinflammation and PHD3 expression in vivo and vitro. DMOG and PHD3knockout decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and improved the metabolic reprogramming caused by LPS treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment of DMOG reversed learning and memory deficits in systemic LPS-exposed mice through anti-neuroinflammation, which is independent of DMOG angiogenesis. These findings suggested that PHD3 may mediate LPS-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammation-associated neurobehavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Ou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xuliang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yixu Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Weilong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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11
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Lucero García Rojas EY, Villanueva C, Bond RA. Hypoxia Inducible Factors as Central Players in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:709509. [PMID: 34447792 PMCID: PMC8382733 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the major cause of death in industrialized countries. The main function of the CV system is to deliver nutrients and oxygen to all tissues. During most CV pathologies, oxygen and nutrient delivery is decreased or completely halted. Several mechanisms, including increased oxygen transport and delivery, as well as increased blood flow are triggered to compensate for the hypoxic state. If the compensatory mechanisms fail to sufficiently correct the hypoxia, irreversible damage can occur. Thus, hypoxia plays a central role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CV diseases. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate the gene transcription for hundreds of proteins involved in erythropoiesis, glucose transport, angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling, cell proliferation and survival, among others. The overall regulation of the expression of HIF-dependent genes depends on the severity, duration, and location of hypoxia. In the present review, common CV diseases were selected to illustrate that HIFs, and proteins derived directly or indirectly from their stabilization and activation, are related to the development and perpetuation of hypoxia in these pathologies. We further classify CV diseases into acute and chronic hypoxic states to better understand the temporal relevance of HIFs in the pathogenesis, disease progression and clinical outcomes of these diseases. We conclude that HIFs and their derived factors are fundamental in the genesis and progression of CV diseases. Understanding these mechanisms will lead to more effective treatment strategies leading to reduced morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleva Villanueva
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Nasteska D, Cuozzo F, Viloria K, Johnson EM, Thakker A, Bany Bakar R, Westbrook RL, Barlow JP, Hoang M, Joseph JW, Lavery GG, Akerman I, Cantley J, Hodson L, Tennant DA, Hodson DJ. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 3 maintains β cell glucose metabolism during fatty acid excess in mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e140288. [PMID: 34264866 PMCID: PMC8409982 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-ketoglutarate–dependent dioxygenase, prolyl-4-hydroxylase 3 (PHD3), is an HIF target that uses molecular oxygen to hydroxylate peptidyl prolyl residues. Although PHD3 has been reported to influence cancer cell metabolism and liver insulin sensitivity, relatively little is known about the effects of this highly conserved enzyme in insulin-secreting β cells in vivo. Here, we show that the deletion of PHD3 specifically in β cells (βPHD3KO) was associated with impaired glucose homeostasis in mice fed a high-fat diet. In the early stages of dietary fat excess, βPHD3KO islets energetically rewired, leading to defects in the management of pyruvate fate and a shift from glycolysis to increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO). However, under more prolonged metabolic stress, this switch to preferential FAO in βPHD3KO islets was associated with impaired glucose-stimulated ATP/ADP rises, Ca2+ fluxes, and insulin secretion. Thus, PHD3 might be a pivotal component of the β cell glucose metabolism machinery in mice by suppressing the use of fatty acids as a primary fuel source during the early phases of metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Cuozzo
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Viloria
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth M Johnson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alpesh Thakker
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rula Bany Bakar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Westbrook
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Barlow
- Mitochondrial Profiling Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ildem Akerman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Cantley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Fu M, Zhang K. MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 ( MKNK1), one target gene of miR-223-3p, correlates with neutrophils in sepsis based on bioinformatic analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2550-2562. [PMID: 34115574 PMCID: PMC8806917 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1935405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, resulting from a harmful or damaging response to infection, is a complex and severe disease that causes high mortality. Three independent expression profiles of miRNA – GSE94717, GSE149764, and GSE101639 – were collected and integrated to analyze miRNAs associated with sepsis. One miRNA, miR-223-3p, was detected significantly downregulated in patients with sepsis. The upregulated miR-223-3p target genes in patients with sepsis were enriched in central carbon metabolism associated with HIF-1 signaling and galactose metabolism. Specially, three HIF-1 signaling genes – hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1) – were found significantly upregulated in patients with sepsis. Additionally, MKNK1 expression was downregulated in septic responders to early therapeutic treatments. Neutrophils were significantly accumulated in patients with sepsis and decreased in responders after therapy; MKNK1 was significantly positively correlated with neutrophils. Our findings indicate MKNK1, one targets of miR-223-3p, might be involved in sepsis via regulating the neutrophils abundance by mediating the expression inflammation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Fu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China
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14
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Strowitzki MJ, Kimmer G, Wehrmann J, Ritter AS, Radhakrishnan P, Opitz VM, Tuffs C, Biller M, Kugler J, Keppler U, Harnoss JM, Klose J, Schmidt T, Blanco A, Taylor CT, Schneider M. Inhibition of HIF-prolyl hydroxylases improves healing of intestinal anastomoses. JCI Insight 2021; 6:139191. [PMID: 33784253 PMCID: PMC8119215 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage (AL) accounts for a major part of in-house mortality in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Local ischemia and abdominal sepsis are common risk factors contributing to AL and are characterized by upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. The HIF pathway is critically regulated by HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Here, we investigated the significance of PHDs and the effects of pharmacologic PHD inhibition (PHI) during anastomotic healing. Ischemic or septic colonic anastomoses were created in mice by ligation of mesenteric vessels or lipopolysaccharide-induced abdominal sepsis, respectively. Genetic PHD deficiency (Phd1-/-, Phd2+/-, and Phd3-/-) or PHI were applied to manipulate PHD activity. Pharmacologic PHI and genetic PHD2 haplodeficiency (Phd2+/-) significantly improved healing of ischemic or septic colonic anastomoses, as indicated by increased bursting pressure and reduced AL rates. Only Phd2+/- (but not PHI or Phd1-/-) protected from sepsis-related mortality. Mechanistically, PHI and Phd2+/- induced immunomodulatory (M2) polarization of macrophages, resulting in increased collagen content and attenuated inflammation-driven immune cell recruitment. We conclude that PHI improves healing of colonic anastomoses in ischemic or septic conditions by Phd2+/--mediated M2 polarization of macrophages, conferring a favorable microenvironment for anastomotic healing. Patients with critically perfused colorectal anastomosis or abdominal sepsis could benefit from pharmacologic PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gwendolyn Kimmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Wehrmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa M Opitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Tuffs
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Biller
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Kugler
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulrich Keppler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Klose
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technology. Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Zeng X, Feng J, Yang Y, Zhao R, Yu Q, Qin H, Wei L, Ji P, Li H, Wu Z, Zhang J. Screening of Key Genes of Sepsis and Septic Shock Using Bioinformatics Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:829-841. [PMID: 33737824 PMCID: PMC7962593 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s301663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Sepsis is a disease associated with high mortality. We performed bioinformatic analysis to identify key biomarkers associated with sepsis and septic shock. Methods The top 20% of genes showing the greatest variance between sepsis and controls in the GSE13904 dataset (children) were screened by co-expression network analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through analyzing differential gene expression between sepsis patients and control in the GSE13904 (children) and GSE154918 (adult) data sets. Intersection analysis of module genes and DEGs was performed to identify common DEGs for enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network (PPI network) analysis, and Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis. The PPI network genes were ranked by degree of connectivity, and the top 100 sepsis-associated genes were identified based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). In addition, we evaluated differences in immune cell infiltration between sepsis patients and controls in children (GSE13904, GSE25504) and adults (GSE9960, GSE154918). Finally, we analyzed differences in DNA methylation levels between sepsis patients and controls in GSE138074 (adults). Results The common genes were associated mainly with up-regulated inflammatory and metabolic responses, as well as down-regulated immune responses. Sepsis patients showed lower infiltration by most types of immune cells. Genes in the PPI network with AUC values greater than 0.9 in both GSE13904 (children) and GSE154918 (adults) were screened as key genes for diagnosis. These key genes (MAPK14, FGR, RHOG, LAT, PRKACB, UBE2Q2, ITK, IL2RB, and CD247) were also identified in STEM analysis to be progressively dysregulated across controls, sepsis patients and patients with septic shock. In addition, the expression of MAPK14, FGR, and CD247 was modified by methylation. Conclusion This study identified several potential diagnostic genes and inflammatory and metabolic responses mechanisms associated with the development of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruzhi Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Qin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Lile Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Ji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kling L, Schreiber A, Eckardt KU, Kettritz R. Hypoxia-inducible factors not only regulate but also are myeloid-cell treatment targets. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:61-75. [PMID: 33070368 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0820-535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia describes limited oxygen availability at the cellular level. Myeloid cells are exposed to hypoxia at various bodily sites and even contribute to hypoxia by consuming large amounts of oxygen during respiratory burst. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric transcription factors, composed of an oxygen-dependent α and a constitutive β subunit. The stability of HIF-1α and HIF-2α is regulated by oxygen-sensing prolyl-hydroxylases (PHD). HIF-1α and HIF-2α modify the innate immune response and are context dependent. We provide a historic perspective of HIF discovery, discuss the molecular components of the HIF pathway, and how HIF-dependent mechanisms modify myeloid cell functions. HIFs enable myeloid-cell adaptation to hypoxia by up-regulating anaerobic glycolysis. In addition to effects on metabolism, HIFs control chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, oxidative burst, and apoptosis. HIF-1α enables efficient infection defense by myeloid cells. HIF-2α delays inflammation resolution and decreases antitumor effects by promoting tumor-associated myeloid-cell hibernation. PHDs not only control HIF degradation, but also regulate the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells thereby suppressing autoimmunity. HIF-modifying pharmacologic compounds are entering clinical practice. Current indications include renal anemia and certain cancers. Beneficial and adverse effects on myeloid cells should be considered and could possibly lead to drug repurposing for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovis Kling
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Yu G, Li X, Zhou Z, Tang J, Wang J, Liu X, Fan S, Ouyang G, Xiao W. Zebrafish phd3 Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses via Suppression of Irf7 Transactivity Independent of Its Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1135-1146. [PMID: 32669312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-containing enzyme 3 belongs to the Caenorhabditis elegans gene egl-9 family of prolyl hydroxylases, which has initially been revealed to hydroxylate hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) and mediate HIF-α degradation. In addition to modulating its target function by hydroxylation, PHD3 has been also shown to influence its binding partners' function independent of its prolyl hydroxylase activity. In this study, we report that overexpression of zebrafish phd3 suppresses cellular antiviral response. Moreover, disruption of phd3 in zebrafish increases the survival rate upon spring viremia of carp virus exposure. Further assays indicate that phd3 interacts with irf7 through the C-terminal IRF association domain of irf7 and diminishes K63-linked ubiquitination of irf7. However, the enzymatic activity of phd3 is not required for phd3 to inhibit irf7 transactivity. This study provides novel insights into phd3 function and sheds new light on the regulation of irf7 in retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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18
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Locatelli F, Del Vecchio L. Are prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors potential alternative treatments for anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:926-932. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors (PHD-I) are the most appealing drugs undergoing clinical development for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. PHD inhibition mimics the exposure of the body to hypoxia and activates the hypoxia-inducible factor system. Among many other pathways, this activation promotes the production of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) and the absorption and mobilization of iron. PHD-I are given orally and, differing from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), they correct and maintain haemoglobin levels by stimulating endogenous EPO production. Their efficacy and safety are supported by several Phases I and II studies with relatively short follow-up. This class of drugs has the potential to have a better safety profile than ESAs and there may be additional advantages for cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis and metabolism. However, possible adverse outcomes are feared. These span from the worsening or occurrence of new cancer, to eye complications or pulmonary hypertension. The data from the ongoing Phase III studies are awaited to better clarify the long-term safety and possible advantages of PHD-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Locatelli
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital ASST-Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Vecchio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital ASST-Lecco, Lecco, Italy
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19
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Vanderhaeghen T, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Hypoxia-inducible factors in metabolic reprogramming during sepsis. FEBS J 2020; 287:1478-1495. [PMID: 31970890 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly heterogeneous syndrome that is caused by an imbalanced host response to infection. Despite huge investments, sepsis remains a contemporary threat with significant burden on health systems. Vascular dysfunction and elevated oxygen consumption by highly metabolically active immune cells result in tissue hypoxia during inflammation. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF1α), and its family members, plays an important role in cellular metabolism and adaptation to cellular stress caused by hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the role of HIF in sepsis. We show possible mechanisms by which the inflammatory response activated during sepsis affects the HIF pathway. The activated HIF pathway in turn changes the metabolism of both innate and adaptive immune cells. As HIF expression in leukocytes of septic patients can be directly linked with mortality, we discuss multiple ways of interfering with the HIF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
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20
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Fitzpatrick SF. Immunometabolism and Sepsis: A Role for HIF? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:85. [PMID: 31555665 PMCID: PMC6742688 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells occurs during both the hyperinflammatory and immunotolerant phases of sepsis. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway plays a vital role in regulating these metabolic changes. This review initially summarizes the HIF-driven changes in metabolic dynamics of innate immune cells in response to sepsis. The hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis is accompanied by a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to HIF-1α mediated glycolysis. Furthermore, HIF driven alterations in arginine metabolism also occur during this phase. This promotes sepsis pathophysiology and the development of clinical symptoms. These early metabolic changes are followed by a late immunotolerant phase, in which suppressed HIF signaling promotes a switch from aerobic glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation, with a subsequent anti-inflammatory response developing. Recently the molecular mechanisms controlling HIF activation during these early and late phases have begun to be elucidated. In the final part of this review the contribution of toll-like receptors, transcription factors, metabolic intermediates, kinases and reactive oxygen species, in governing the HIF-induced metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells will be discussed. Importantly, understanding these regulatory mechanisms can lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the HIF-dependent metabolic state of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Fitzpatrick
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Watts ER, Walmsley SR. Inflammation and Hypoxia: HIF and PHD Isoform Selectivity. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:33-46. [PMID: 30442494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to hypoxia through the activity of the transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) and its regulatory hydroxylases, the prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs). Multiple isoforms of HIFs and PHDs exist, and isoform-selective roles have been identified in the context of the inflammatory environment, which is itself frequently hypoxic. Recent advances in the field have highlighted the complexity of this system, particularly with regards to the cell and context-specific activity of HIFs and PHDs. Because novel therapeutic agents which regulate this pathway are nearing the clinic, understanding the role of HIFs and PHDs in inflammation outcomes is an essential step in avoiding off-target effects and, crucially, in developing new anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Watts
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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23
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Simmen S, Cosin-Roger J, Melhem H, Maliachovas N, Maane M, Baebler K, Weder B, Maeyashiki C, Spanaus K, Scharl M, de Vallière C, Zeitz J, Vavricka SR, Hausmann M, Rogler G, Ruiz PA. Iron Prevents Hypoxia-Associated Inflammation Through the Regulation of Nuclear Factor-κB in the Intestinal Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:339-355. [PMID: 30704983 PMCID: PMC6357696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia-associated pathways influence the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Adaptive responses to hypoxia are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factors, which are regulated by iron-dependent hydroxylases. Signals reflecting oxygen tension and iron levels in enterocytes regulate iron metabolism. Conversely, iron availability modulates responses to hypoxia. In the present study we sought to elucidate how iron influences the responses to hypoxia in the intestinal epithelium. METHODS Human subjects were exposed to hypoxia, and colonic biopsy specimens and serum samples were collected. HT-29, Caco-2, and T84 cells were subjected to normoxia or hypoxia in the presence of iron or the iron chelator deferoxamine. Changes in inflammatory gene expression and signaling were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed using antibodies against nuclear factor (NF)-κB and primers for the promoter of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)1β. RESULTS Human subjects presented reduced levels of ferritin in the intestinal epithelium after hypoxia. Hypoxia reduced iron deprivation-associated TNF and IL1β expression in HT-29 cells through the induction of autophagy. Contrarily, hypoxia triggered TNF and IL1β expression, and NF-κB activation in Caco-2 and T84 cells. Iron blocked autophagy in Caco-2 cells, while reducing hypoxia-associated TNF and IL1β expression through the inhibition of NF-κB binding to the promoter of TNF and IL1β. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia promotes iron mobilization from the intestinal epithelium. Hypoxia-associated autophagy reduces inflammatory processes in HT-29 cells. In Caco-2 cells, iron uptake is essential to counteract hypoxia-induced inflammation. Iron mobilization into enterocytes may be a vital protective mechanism in the hypoxic inflamed mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Simmen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Cosin-Roger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Maliachovas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Maane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Baebler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Weder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiaki Maeyashiki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spanaus
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl de Vallière
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Zeitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Center of Gastroenterology, Clinic Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R. Vavricka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro A. Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Pedro A. Ruiz-Castro, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fan Q, Mao H, Xie L, Pi X. Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-2 Protein Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Vascular Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:200-213. [PMID: 30339838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome, are life-threatening respiratory disorders. Overwhelming pulmonary inflammation and endothelium disruption are commonly observed. Endothelial cells (ECs) are well recognized as key regulators in leukocyte adhesion and migration in response to bacterial infection. Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-2 protein, a major PHD in ECs, plays a critical role in intracellular oxygen homeostasis, angiogenesis, and pulmonary hypertension. However, its role in endothelial inflammatory response is unclear. We investigated the role of PHD2 in ECs during endotoxin-induced lung inflammatory responses with EC-specific PHD2 inducible knockout mice. On lipopolysaccharide challenge, PHD2 depletion in ECs attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced increases of lung vascular permeability, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, EC-specific PHD2 inducible knockout mice exhibit improved adherens junction integrity and endothelial barrier function. Mechanistically, PHD2 knockdown induces vascular endothelial cadherin in mouse lung microvascular primary endothelial cells. Moreover, PHD2 knockdown can increase hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling and reactive oxygen species-dependent p38 activation, leading to the induction of vascular endothelial cadherin. Data indicate that PHD2 depletion prevents the formation of leaky vessels and edema by regulating endothelial barrier function. It provides direct in vivo evidence to suggest that PHD2 plays a pivotal role in vascular inflammation. The inhibition of endothelial PHD2 activity may be a new therapeutic strategy for acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Fan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Section of Athero and Lipo, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hua Mao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Section of Athero and Lipo, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Liang Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Section of Athero and Lipo, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Section of Athero and Lipo, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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25
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Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins selectively enhances venous thrombus neovascularisation. Thromb Res 2018; 169:105-112. [PMID: 30031289 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia within acute venous thrombi is thought to drive resolution through stabilisation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) isoforms are critical regulators of HIF1α stability. Non-selective inhibition of PHD isoforms with l-mimosine has been shown to increase HIF1α stabilisation and promote thrombus resolution. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PHD inhibition in venous thrombus resolution. METHODS Thrombosis was induced in the inferior vena cava of mice using a combination of flow restriction and endothelial activation. Gene and protein expression of PHD isoforms in the resolving thrombus was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Thrombus resolution was quantified in mice treated with pan PHD inhibitors AKB-4924 and JNJ-42041935 or inducible all-cell Phd2 knockouts by micro-computed tomography, 3D high frequency ultrasound or endpoint histology. RESULTS Resolving venous thrombi demonstrated significant temporal gene expression profiles for PHD2 and PHD3 (P < 0.05), but not for PHD1. PHD isoform protein expression was localised to early and late inflammatory cell infiltrates. Treatment with selective pan PHD inhibitors, AKB-4924 and JNJ-42041935, enhanced thrombus neovascularisation (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on overall thrombus resolution. Thrombus resolution or its markers, macrophage accumulation and neovascularisation, did not differ significantly in inducible all-cell homozygous Phd2 knockouts compared with littermate controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that PHD-mediated thrombus neovascularisation has a limited role in the resolution of venous thrombi. Directly targeting angiogenesis alone may not be a viable therapeutic strategy to enhance venous thrombus resolution.
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26
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CITED2 Restrains Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation and Response. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00452-17. [PMID: 29203644 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00452-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are strategically distributed in mammalian tissues and play an essential role in priming the immune response. However, macrophages need to constantly strike a balance between activation and inhibition states to avoid a futile inflammatory reaction. Here, we identify the CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxyl-terminal domain 2 (CITED2) as a potent repressor of macrophage proinflammatory activation. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that CITED2 is required for optimal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation and attendant select anti-inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. More importantly, deficiency of CITED2 resulted in significant attenuation of rosiglitazone-induced PPARγ activity, PPARγ recruitment to target gene promoters, and anti-inflammatory target gene expression in macrophages. Interestingly, deficiency of Cited2 strikingly heightened proinflammatory gene expression through stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) protein in macrophages. Further, overexpression of Egln3 or inhibition of HIF1α in Cited2-deficient macrophages completely reversed elevated proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine gene expression. Importantly, mice bearing a myeloid cell-specific deletion of Cited2 were highly susceptible to endotoxin-induced sepsis symptomatology and mortality. Collectively, our observations identify CITED2 as a novel negative regulator of macrophage proinflammatory activation that protects the host from inflammatory insults.
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Dickinson RS, Murphy F, Doherty C, Williams S, Mirchandani A, Willson J, Scotti JS, Preston G, Schofield CJ, Whyte MK, Walmsley SR. Pseudomonas expression of an oxygen sensing prolyl hydroxylase homologue regulates neutrophil host responses in vitro and in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:104. [PMID: 29387803 PMCID: PMC5701443 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12871.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas species are adapted to evade innate immune responses and can persist at sites of relative tissue hypoxia, including the mucus-plugged airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. The ability of these bacteria to directly sense and respond to changes in local oxygen availability is in part consequent upon expression of the 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase, Pseudomonas prolyl hydroxylase (PPHD), which acts on elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), and is homologous with the human hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases. We report that PPHD expression regulates the neutrophil response to acute pseudomonal infection. Methods:In vitro co-culture experiments were performed with human neutrophils and PPHD-deficient and wild-type bacteria and supernatants, with viable neutrophil counts determined by flow cytometry. In vivo consequences of infection with PPHD deficient P. aeruginosa were determined in an acute pneumonia mouse model following intra-tracheal challenge. Results: Supernatants of PPHD-deficient bacterial cultures contained higher concentrations of the phenazine exotoxin pyocyanin and induced greater acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis than wild-type PAO1 supernatants in vitro. In vivo infection with PPHD mutants compared to wild-type PAO1 controls resulted in increased levels of neutrophil apoptosis and impaired control of infection, with higher numbers of P. aeruginosa recovered from the lungs of mice infected with the PPHD-deficient strain. This resulted in an overall increase in mortality in mice infected with the PPHD-deficient strain. Conclusions: Our data show that Pseudomonas expression of its prolyl hydroxylase influences the outcome of host-pathogen interactions in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating the importance of considering how both host and pathogen adaptations to hypoxia together define outcomes of infection. Given that inhibitors for the HIF prolyl hydroxylases are in late stage trials for the treatment of anaemia and that the active sites of PPHD and human HIF prolyl hydroxylases are closely related, the results are of current clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Dickinson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Murphy
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Catherine Doherty
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sam Williams
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ananda Mirchandani
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joseph Willson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John S. Scotti
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gail Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Moira K.B. Whyte
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah R. Walmsley
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Strowitzki MJ, Ritter AS, Radhakrishnan P, Harnoss JM, Opitz VM, Biller M, Wehrmann J, Keppler U, Scheer J, Wallwiener M, Schmidt T, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Pharmacological HIF-inhibition attenuates postoperative adhesion formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13151. [PMID: 29030625 PMCID: PMC5640636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesions represent a common complication of abdominal surgery, and tissue hypoxia is a main determinant in adhesion formation. Reliable therapeutic options to reduce peritoneal adhesions are scarce. We investigated whether the formation of postsurgical adhesions can be affected by pharmacological interference with hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Mice were treated with a small molecule HIF-inhibitor, YC-1 (3-[5′-Hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl]-1-benzyl-indazole), or vehicle three days before and seven days after induction of peritoneal adhesions or, alternatively, once during induction of peritoneal adhesions. Pretreatment or single intraperitoneal lavage with YC-1 significantly reduced postoperative adhesion formation without prompting systemic adverse effects. Expression analyses of cytokines in peritoneal tissue and fluid and in vitro assays applying macrophages and peritoneal fibroblasts indicated that this effect was cooperatively mediated by various putatively HIF-1α-dependent mechanisms, comprising attenuated pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, impaired recruitment and activation of peritoneal fibroblasts, mitigated epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), as well as enhanced fibrinolysis and impaired angiogenesis. Thus, this study identifies prevention of postsurgical peritoneal adhesions as a novel and promising field for the application of HIF inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Vanessa M Opitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Biller
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Wehrmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keppler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Scheer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Van Welden S, Selfridge AC, Hindryckx P. Intestinal hypoxia and hypoxia-induced signalling as therapeutic targets for IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:596-611. [PMID: 28853446 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia occurs when local oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply. In chronic inflammatory conditions such as IBD, the increased oxygen demand by resident and gut-infiltrating immune cells coupled with vascular dysfunction brings about a marked reduction in mucosal oxygen concentrations. To counter the hypoxic challenge and ensure their survival, mucosal cells induce adaptive responses, including the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and modulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Both pathways are tightly regulated by oxygen-sensitive prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which therefore represent promising therapeutic targets for IBD. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of mucosal hypoxia and hypoxia-induced signalling in the pathogenesis of IBD and elaborate in detail on the role of HIFs, NF-κB and PHDs in different cell types during intestinal inflammation. We also provide an update on the development of PHD inhibitors and discuss their therapeutic potential in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Welden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12-E, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew C Selfridge
- Robarts Clinical Trials West, 4350 Executive Drive 210, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12-E, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Beneke A, Guentsch A, Hillemann A, Zieseniss A, Swain L, Katschinski DM. Loss of PHD3 in myeloid cells dampens the inflammatory response and fibrosis after hind-limb ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2976. [PMID: 28796258 PMCID: PMC5596563 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the inflammatory response after an ischemic insult and thereby influence tissue recovery. For the oxygen sensing prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain enzyme (PHD) 2 a clear impact on the macrophage-mediated arteriogenic response after hind-limb ischemia has been demonstrated previously, which involves fine tuning a M2-like macrophage population. To analyze the role of PHD3 in macrophages, we performed hind-limb ischemia (ligation and excision of the femoral artery) in myeloid-specific PHD3 knockout mice (PHD3−/−) and analyzed the inflammatory cell invasion, reperfusion recovery and fibrosis in the ischemic muscle post-surgery. In contrast to PHD2, reperfusion recovery and angiogenesis was unaltered in PHD3−/− compared to WT mice. Macrophages from PHD3−/− mice showed, however, a dampened inflammatory reaction in the affected skeletal muscle tissues compared to WT controls. This was associated with a decrease in fibrosis and an anti-inflammatory phenotype of the PHD3−/− macrophages, as well as decreased expression of Cyp2s1 and increased PGE2-secretion, which could be mimicked by PHD3−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages in serum starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beneke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Guentsch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Hillemann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Zieseniss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lija Swain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Nagamine Y, Tojo K, Yazawa T, Takaki S, Baba Y, Goto T, Kurahashi K. Inhibition of Prolyl Hydroxylase Attenuates Fas Ligand-Induced Apoptosis and Lung Injury in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:878-888. [PMID: 27494234 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0266oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial injury and increased alveolar permeability are hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Apoptosis of lung epithelial cells via the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway plays a critical role in alveolar epithelial injury. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 by inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) is a possible therapeutic approach to attenuate apoptosis and organ injury. Here, we investigated whether treatment with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), an inhibitor of PHDs, could attenuate Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis in lung epithelial cells and lung injury. DMOG increased HIF-1α protein expression in vitro in MLE-12 cells, a murine alveolar epithelial cell line. Treatment of MLE-12 cells with DMOG significantly suppressed cell surface expression of Fas and attenuated FasL-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death. Inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway by echinomycin or small interfering RNA transfection abolished these antiapoptotic effects of DMOG. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of DMOG in mice increased HIF-1α expression and decreased Fas expression in lung tissues. DMOG treatment significantly attenuated caspase-3 activation, apoptotic cell death in lung tissue, and the increase in alveolar permeability in mice instilled intratracheally with FasL. In addition, inflammatory responses and histopathological changes were also significantly attenuated by DMOG treatment. In conclusion, inhibition of PHDs protects lung epithelial cells from Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis through HIF-1 activation and attenuates lung injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagamine
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tojo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Shunsuke Takaki
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuko Baba
- 3 Operation Department, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Goto
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoyasu Kurahashi
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hypoxia inducible factors are dispensable for myeloid cell migration into the inflamed mouse eye. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40830. [PMID: 28112274 PMCID: PMC5256030 DOI: 10.1038/srep40830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are ubiquitously expressed transcription factors important for cell homeostasis during dynamic oxygen levels. Myeloid specific HIFs are crucial for aspects of myeloid cell function, including their ability to migrate into inflamed tissues during autoimmune disease. This contrasts with the concept that accumulation of myeloid cells at ischemic and hypoxic sites results from a lack of chemotactic responsiveness. Here we seek to address the role of HIFs in myeloid trafficking during inflammation in a mouse model of human uveitis. We show using mice with myeloid-specific Cre-deletion of HIFs that myeloid HIFs are dispensable for leukocyte migration into the inflamed eye. Myeloid-specific deletion of Hif1a, Epas1, or both together, had no impact on the number of myeloid cells migrating into the eye. Additionally, stabilization of HIF pathways via deletion of Vhl in myeloid cells had no impact on myeloid trafficking into the inflamed eye. Finally, we chemically induce hypoxemia via hemolytic anemia resulting in HIF stabilization within circulating leukocytes to demonstrate the dispensable role of HIFs in myeloid cell migration into the inflamed eye. These data suggest, contrary to previous reports, that HIF pathways in myeloid cells during inflammation and hypoxia are dispensable for myeloid cell tissue trafficking.
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Nitric oxide mediates prolyl hydroxylase 3 expression in mesangial cells and in glomerulonephritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:257-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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PHD2 Is a Regulator for Glycolytic Reprogramming in Macrophages. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 37:MCB.00236-16. [PMID: 27795296 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00236-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes are regarded as the molecular oxygen sensors. There is an interplay between oxygen availability and cellular metabolism, which in turn has significant effects on the functionality of innate immune cells, such as macrophages. However, if and how PHD enzymes affect macrophage metabolism are enigmatic. We hypothesized that macrophage metabolism and function can be controlled via manipulation of PHD2. We characterized the metabolic phenotypes of PHD2-deficient RAW cells and primary PHD2 knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Both showed typical features of anaerobic glycolysis, which were paralleled by increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) protein levels and a decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Metabolic alterations were associated with an impaired cellular functionality. Inhibition of PDK1 or knockout of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) reversed the metabolic phenotype and impaired the functionality of the PHD2-deficient RAW cells and BMDM. Taking these results together, we identified a critical role of PHD2 for a reversible glycolytic reprogramming in macrophages with a direct impact on their function. We suggest that PHD2 serves as an adjustable switch to control macrophage behavior.
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Manresa MC, Tambuwala MM, Radhakrishnan P, Harnoss JM, Brown E, Cavadas MA, Keogh CE, Cheong A, Barrett KE, Cummins EP, Schneider M, Taylor CT. Hydroxylase inhibition regulates inflammation-induced intestinal fibrosis through the suppression of ERK-mediated TGF-β1 signaling. [corrected]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1076-G1090. [PMID: 27789456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00229.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a complication of chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, a condition which has limited therapeutic options and often requires surgical intervention. Pharmacologic inhibition of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases, which confer oxygen sensitivity upon the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, has recently been shown to have therapeutic potential in colitis, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of hydroxylase inhibition on inflammation-driven fibrosis in a murine colitis model. Mice exposed to dextran sodium sulfate, followed by a period of recovery, developed intestinal fibrosis characterized by alterations in the pattern of collagen deposition and infiltration of activated fibroblasts. Treatment with the hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine ameliorated fibrosis. TGF-β1 is a key regulator of fibrosis that acts through the activation of fibroblasts. Hydroxylase inhibition reduced TGF-β1-induced expression of fibrotic markers in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting a direct role for hydroxylases in TGF-β1 signaling. This was at least in part due to inhibition of noncanonical activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In summary, pharmacologic hydroxylase inhibition ameliorates intestinal fibrosis through suppression of TGF-β1-dependent ERK activation in fibroblasts. We hypothesize that in addition to previously reported immunosupressive effects, hydroxylase inhibitors independently suppress profibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Manresa
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northerm Ireland
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Brown
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miguel A Cavadas
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex Cheong
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; .,Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
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Lodge KM, Thompson AAR, Chilvers ER, Condliffe AM. Hypoxic regulation of neutrophil function and consequences for Staphylococcus aureus infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:166-176. [PMID: 27789256 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal infection and neutrophilic inflammation can act in concert to establish a profoundly hypoxic environment. In this review we summarise how neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus are adapted to function under hypoxic conditions, with a particular focus on the impaired ability of hypoxic neutrophils to effect Staphylococcus aureus killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Lodge
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A A Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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37
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Taylor CT, Doherty G, Fallon PG, Cummins EP. Hypoxia-dependent regulation of inflammatory pathways in immune cells. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3716-3724. [PMID: 27454299 DOI: 10.1172/jci84433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation underpins a diverse range of diseases where effective therapy remains an unmet clinical need. Hypoxia is a prominent feature of the inflammatory microenvironment that regulates key transcription factors including HIF and NF-κB in both innate and adaptive immune cells. In turn, altered activity of the pathways controlled by these factors can affect the course of inflammation through the regulation of immune cell development and function. In this review, we will discuss these pathways and the oxygen sensors that confer hypoxic sensitivity in immune cells. Furthermore, we will describe how hypoxia-dependent pathways contribute to immunity and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets in inflammatory and infectious disease.
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38
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Kiers HD, Scheffer GJ, van der Hoeven JG, Eltzschig HK, Pickkers P, Kox M. Immunologic Consequences of Hypoxia during Critical Illness. Anesthesiology 2016; 125:237-49. [PMID: 27183167 PMCID: PMC5119461 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and immunity are highly intertwined at clinical, cellular, and molecular levels. The prevention of tissue hypoxia and modulation of systemic inflammation are cornerstones of daily practice in the intensive care unit. Potentially, immunologic effects of hypoxia may contribute to outcome and represent possible therapeutic targets. Hypoxia and activation of downstream signaling pathways result in enhanced innate immune responses, aimed to augment pathogen clearance. On the other hand, hypoxia also exerts antiinflammatory and tissue-protective effects in lymphocytes and other tissues. Although human data on the net immunologic effects of hypoxia and pharmacologic modulation of downstream pathways are limited, preclinical data support the concept of tailoring the immune response through modulation of the oxygen status or pharmacologic modulation of hypoxia-signaling pathways in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmke D. Kiers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Scheffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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39
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Liu H, Xia Y, Li B, Pan J, Lv M, Wang X, An F. Prolyl hydroxylase 3 overexpression accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:99-106. [PMID: 26995088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PHD3 belongs to the family of 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases and is a critical regulator of HIF-1α. Its expression is increased in cardiovascular diseases such as cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and congestive heart failure. However, the association between PHD3 and atherosclerosis has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect and mechanism of PHD3 in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Murine PHD3 lentivirus and shRNA -PHD3 lentivirus were constructed and injected intravenously into ApoE-/- mice fed on a high fat diet. The aortic atherosclerotic lesion area was larger with PHD3 over-expression. With increased PHD3 levels, macrophages and smooth muscle cells were enhanced. The apoptosis of atherosclerotic plaques revealed an increase when PHD3 was elevated. Furthermore, the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were upregulated with PHD3 over-expression. In vitro, we explored the specific signaling pathway of PHD3 in HUVECs. PHD3 over-expression is associated with activation of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathway. PHD3 inhibition decreased the apoptosis of HUVECs treated with ox-LDL (50 μg/ml). Our study suggests that PHD3 is not only a regulator of HIF-1α but also an active participant in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanfei Xia
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinyu Pan
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mei Lv
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fengshuang An
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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40
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Radhakrishnan P, Ruh N, Harnoss JM, Kiss J, Mollenhauer M, Scherr AL, Platzer LK, Schmidt T, Podar K, Opferman JT, Weitz J, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Koehler BC, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Prolyl Hydroxylase 3 Attenuates MCL-1-Mediated ATP Production to Suppress the Metastatic Potential of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2219-30. [PMID: 26921340 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors. Prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHD1-3) are molecular oxygen sensors that regulate hypoxia-inducible factor activity, but their functions in metastatic disease remain unclear. Here, we assessed the significance of PHD enzymes during the metastatic spread of colorectal cancer. PHD expression analysis in 124 colorectal cancer patients revealed that reduced tumoral expression of PHD3 correlated with increased frequency of distant metastases and poor outcome. Tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of colorectal tumor cells over and underexpressing PHD3 were investigated in orthotopic and heterotopic tumor models. PHD3 overexpression in a syngeneic tumor model resulted in fewer liver metastases, whereas PHD3 knockdown induced tumor spread. The migration of PHD3-overexpressing tumor cells was also attenuated in vitro Conversely, migratory potential and colony formation were enhanced in PHD3-deficient cells, and this phenotype was associated with enhanced mitochondrial ATP production. Furthermore, the effects of PHD3 deficiency were accompanied by increased mitochondrial expression of the BCL-2 family member, member myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL-1), and could be reversed by simultaneous inhibition of MCL-1. MCL-1 protein expression was likewise enhanced in human colorectal tumors expressing low levels of PHD3. Therefore, we demonstrate that downregulation of PHD3 augments metastatic spread in human colorectal cancer and identify MCL-1 as a novel downstream effector of oxygen sensing. Importantly, these findings offer new insight into the possible, context-specific deleterious effects of pharmacologic PHD inhibition. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2219-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Ruh
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judit Kiss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Scherr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa K Platzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Cell & Molecular Biology, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno C Koehler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Schindler K, Bondeva T, Schindler C, Claus RA, Franke S, Wolf G. Preconditioned suppression of prolyl-hydroxylases attenuates renal injury but increases mortality in septic murine models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1100-13. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Uncontrolled or non-resolving inflammation underpins a range of disease states including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis. Hypoxia is a prominent feature of chronically inflamed tissues. This is due to elevated oxygen consumption by highly metabolically active inflamed resident cells and activated infiltrating immunocytes, as well as diminished oxygen supply due to vascular dysfunction. Tissue hypoxia can have a significant impact upon inflammatory signaling pathways in immune and non-immune cells and this can impact upon disease progression. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between tissue hypoxia and inflammation and identify how hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Cummins
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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43
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The regulation of pulmonary inflammation by the hypoxia-inducible factor-hydroxylase oxygen-sensing pathway. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 5:S271-6. [PMID: 25525731 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201403-108aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-hydroxylase oxygen-sensing pathway has been extensively reviewed in the context of cellular responses to hypoxia and cancer biology, its importance in regulating innate immune biology is less well described. In this review, we focus on the role of the HIF-hydroxylase pathway in regulating myeloid cell responses and its relevance to inflammatory lung disease. The more specific roles of individual HIF/ prolyl hydroxylase pathway members in vivo are discussed in the context of lineage-specific rodent models of inflammation, with final reference made to the therapeutic challenges of targeting the HIF/hydroxylase pathway in immune cells.
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44
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Harnoss JM, Strowitzki MJ, Radhakrishnan P, Platzer LK, Harnoss JC, Hank T, Cai J, Ulrich A, Schneider M. Therapeutic inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes in surgery: putative applications and challenges. HYPOXIA 2015; 3:1-14. [PMID: 27774478 PMCID: PMC5045068 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s60872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for metazoans to generate energy. Upon oxygen deprivation adaptive and protective pathways are induced, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs). Both play a pivotal role in various conditions associated with prolonged ischemia and inflammation, and are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on aspects of therapeutic PHD modulation in surgically relevant disease conditions such as hepatic and intestinal disorders, wound healing, innate immune responses, and tumorigenesis, and discusses the therapeutic potential and challenges of PHD inhibition in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Johannes Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Platzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Camill Harnoss
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hank
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Conditional knockout of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 attenuates high fat-diet-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115974. [PMID: 25546437 PMCID: PMC4278833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen sensor prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) play important roles in the regulation of HIF-α and cell metabolisms. This study was designed to investigate the direct role of PHD2 in high fat-diet (HFD)-induced cardiac dysfunction. In HFD fed mice, PHD2 expression was increased without significant changes in PHD1 and PHD3 levels in the heart. This was accompanied by a significant upregulation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) and NF-κB. To explore the role of PHD2 in HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction, PHD2 conditional knockout mice were fed a HFD for 16 weeks. Intriguingly, knockout of PHD2 significantly reduced MYD88 and NF-κb expression in HFD mouse hearts. Moreover, knockout of PHD2 inhibited TNFα and ICAM-1 expression, and reduced cell apoptosis and macrophage infiltration in HFD mice. This was accompanied by a significant improvement of cardiac function. Most importantly, conditional knockout of PHD2 at late stage in HFD mice significantly improved glucose tolerance and reversed cardiac dysfunction. Our studies demonstrate that PHD2 activity is a critical contributor to the HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction. Inhibition of PHD2 attenuates HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction by a mechanism involving suppression of MYD88/NF-κb pathway and inflammation.
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46
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Jantsch J, Schödel J. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in myeloid cell-driven host defense and tissue homeostasis. Immunobiology 2014; 220:305-14. [PMID: 25439732 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tissue oxygenation and hypoxia on immune cells has been recognized as a major determinant of host defense and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize the available data on tissue oxygenation in inflamed and infected tissue and the effect of low tissue oxygenation on myeloid cell function. Furthermore, we will highlight effects of the master regulators of the cellular hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF), in myeloid cells in antimicrobial defense and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jantsch
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Schödel
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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47
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Luo W, Lin B, Wang Y, Zhong J, O'Meally R, Cole RN, Pandey A, Levchenko A, Semenza GL. PHD3-mediated prolyl hydroxylation of nonmuscle actin impairs polymerization and cell motility. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2788-96. [PMID: 25079693 PMCID: PMC4161513 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments play an essential role in cell movement, and many posttranslational modifications regulate actin filament assembly. Here we report that prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) interacts with nonmuscle actin in human cells and catalyzes hydroxylation of actin at proline residues 307 and 322. Blocking PHD3 expression or catalytic activity by short hairpin RNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition, respectively, decreased actin prolyl hydroxylation. PHD3 knockdown increased filamentous F-actin assembly, which was reversed by PHD3 overexpression. PHD3 knockdown increased cell velocity and migration distance. Inhibition of PHD3 prolyl hydroxylase activity by dimethyloxalylglycine also increased actin polymerization and cell migration. These data reveal a novel role for PHD3 as a negative regulator of cell motility through posttranslational modification of nonmuscle actins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Neuroregeneration Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert O'Meally
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Taylor CT, Scholz CC. Editorial: a PHD in macrophage survival. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:359-61. [PMID: 25183793 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ce0314-157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac T Taylor
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science and The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science and The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Yang M, Su H, Soga T, Kranc KR, Pollard PJ. Prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes: important regulators of cancer metabolism. HYPOXIA 2014; 2:127-142. [PMID: 27774472 PMCID: PMC5045062 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s47968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs) regulate the stability of HIF protein by post-translational hydroxylation of two conserved prolyl residues in its α subunit in an oxygen-dependent manner. Trans-4-prolyl hydroxylation of HIFα under normal oxygen (O2) availability enables its association with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor pVHL E3 ligase complex, leading to the degradation of HIFα via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Due to the obligatory requirement of molecular O2 as a co-substrate, the activity of PHDs is inhibited under hypoxic conditions, resulting in stabilized HIFα, which dimerizes with HIFβ and, together with transcriptional co-activators CBP/p300, activates the transcription of its target genes. As a key molecular regulator of adaptive response to hypoxia, HIF plays important roles in multiple cellular processes and its overexpression has been detected in various cancers. The HIF1α isoform in particular has a strong impact on cellular metabolism, most notably by promoting anaerobic, whilst inhibiting O2-dependent, metabolism of glucose. The PHD enzymes also seem to have HIF-independent functions and are subject to regulation by factors other than O2, such as by metabolic status, oxidative stress, and abnormal levels of endogenous metabolites (oncometabolites) that have been observed in some types of cancers. In this review, we aim to summarize current understandings of the function and regulation of PHDs in cancer with an emphasis on their roles in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Huizhong Su
- Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kamil R Kranc
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick J Pollard
- Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Selvaraju V, Parinandi NL, Adluri RS, Goldman JW, Hussain N, Sanchez JA, Maulik N. Molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of pharmacological inhibitors of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases for treatment of ischemic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2631-65. [PMID: 23992027 PMCID: PMC4026215 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In this review, we have discussed the efficacy and effect of small molecules that act as prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (PHDIs). The use of these compounds causes upregulation of the pro-angiogenic factors and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and -2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) to enhance angiogenic, glycolytic, erythropoietic, and anti-apoptotic pathways in the treatment of various ischemic diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in humans. RECENT ADVANCES Sprouting of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature and surgical intervention, such as coronary bypass and stent insertion, have been shown to be effective in attenuating ischemia. However, the initial reentry of oxygen leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and result in ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This apparent "oxygen paradox" must be resolved to combat IR injury. During hypoxia, decreased activity of PHDs initiates the accumulation and activation of HIF-1α, wherein the modulation of both PHD and HIF-1α appears as promising therapeutic targets for the pharmacological treatment of ischemic diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Research on PHDs and HIFs has shown that these molecules can serve as therapeutic targets for ischemic diseases by modulating glycolysis, erythropoiesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Efforts are underway to identify and synthesize safer small-molecule inhibitors of PHDs that can be administered in vivo as therapy against ischemic diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review presents a comprehensive and current account of the existing small-molecule PHDIs and their use in the treatment of ischemic diseases with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic action in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ram Sudheer Adluri
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Juan A. Sanchez
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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