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Muniraju M, Mutsvunguma LZ, Reidel IG, Escalante GM, Cua S, Musonda W, Calero-Landa J, Farelo MA, Rodriguez E, Li Z, Ogembo JG. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein (KCP) and glycoprotein K8.1 are not required for viral infection in vitro or in vivo. J Virol 2024; 98:e0057624. [PMID: 38767375 PMCID: PMC11237445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causal agent of Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer that appears as tumors on the skin or mucosal surfaces, as well as primary effusion lymphoma and KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease, which are B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against KSHV infection and its associated diseases are needed. To develop these strategies, it is crucial to identify and target viral glycoproteins involved in KSHV infection of host cells. Multiple KSHV glycoproteins expressed on the viral envelope are thought to play a pivotal role in viral infection, but the infection mechanisms involving these glycoproteins remain largely unknown. We investigated the role of two KSHV envelope glycoproteins, KSHV complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1, in viral infection in various cell types in vitro and in vivo. Using our newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP, K8.1, or both, we demonstrated the presence of KCP and K8.1 on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. We showed that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remained infectious in KSHV-susceptible cell lines, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast, when compared to wild-type recombinant KSHV. We also provide the first evidence that KSHV lacking K8.1 or both KCP and K8.1 can infect human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model. Thus, these results suggest that neither KCP nor K8.1 is required for KSHV infection of various host cell types and that these glycoproteins do not determine KSHV cell tropism. IMPORTANCE Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human gamma-herpesvirus associated with the endothelial malignancy Kaposi sarcoma and the lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. Determining how KSHV glycoproteins such as complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1 contribute to the establishment, persistence, and transmission of viral infection will be key for developing effective anti-viral vaccines and therapies to prevent and treat KSHV infection and KSHV-associated diseases. Using newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP and/or K8.1, we show that KCP and K8.1 can be found on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. Furthermore, we show that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remains infectious to diverse cell types susceptible to KSHV in vitro and to human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model, thus providing evidence that these viral glycoproteins are not required for KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Muniraju
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ivana G Reidel
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Simeon Cua
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Webster Musonda
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Calero-Landa
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mafalda A Farelo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Esther Rodriguez
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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2
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Leclercq-Cohen G, Steinhoff N, Albertí Servera L, Nassiri S, Danilin S, Piccione E, Yángüez E, Hüsser T, Herter S, Schmeing S, Gerber P, Schwalie P, Sam J, Briner S, Jenni S, Bianchi R, Biehl M, Cremasco F, Apostolopoulou K, Haegel H, Klein C, Umaña P, Bacac M. Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying the Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) Mediated by T-Cell Bispecific Antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4449-4463. [PMID: 37379429 PMCID: PMC10618647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Target-dependent TCB activity can result in the strong and systemic release of cytokines that may develop into cytokine release syndrome (CRS), highlighting the need to understand and prevent this complex clinical syndrome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We explored the cellular and molecular players involved in TCB-mediated cytokine release by single-cell RNA-sequencing of whole blood treated with CD20-TCB together with bulk RNA-sequencing of endothelial cells exposed to TCB-induced cytokine release. We used the in vitro whole blood assay and an in vivo DLBCL model in immunocompetent humanized mice to assess the effects of dexamethasone, anti-TNFα, anti-IL6R, anti-IL1R, and inflammasome inhibition, on TCB-mediated cytokine release and antitumor activity. RESULTS Activated T cells release TNFα, IFNγ, IL2, IL8, and MIP-1β, which rapidly activate monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, and NKs along with surrounding T cells to amplify the cascade further, leading to TNFα, IL8, IL6, IL1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IP-10 release. Endothelial cells contribute to IL6 and IL1β release and at the same time release several chemokines (MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β). Dexamethasone and TNFα blockade efficiently reduced CD20-TCB-mediated cytokine release whereas IL6R blockade, inflammasome inhibition, and IL1R blockade induced a less pronounced effect. Dexamethasone, IL6R blockade, IL1R blockade, and the inflammasome inhibitor did not interfere with CD20-TCB activity, in contrast to TNFα blockade, which partially inhibited antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our work sheds new light on the cellular and molecular players involved in cytokine release driven by TCBs and provides a rationale for the prevention of CRS in patients treated with TCBs. See related commentary by Luri-Rey et al., p. 4320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Leclercq-Cohen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Steinhoff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Llucia Albertí Servera
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Danilin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily Piccione
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, San Francisco, California
| | - Emilio Yángüez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Hüsser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Herter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schmeing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Petra Gerber
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwalie
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Briner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Jenni
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Biehl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Floriana Cremasco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Katerina Apostolopoulou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Haegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
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4
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Dakir EH, Gajate C, Mollinedo F. Antitumor activity of alkylphospholipid edelfosine in prostate cancer models and endoplasmic reticulum targeting. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115436. [PMID: 37683591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. While the five-year survival in local and regional prostate cancer is higher than 99%, it falls to about 28% in advanced metastatic prostate cancer. The ether lipid edelfosine is considered the prototype of a family of promising antitumor drugs collectively named as alkylphospholipid analogs. Here, we found that edelfosine was the most potent alkylphospholipid analog in inducing apoptosis in three different human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, and DU145) with distinct androgen dependency, and differing in tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p53 status. Edelfosine accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of prostate cancer cells, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in the three prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy potentiated the pro-apoptotic activity of edelfosine in LNCaP and PC3 cells, where autophagy was induced as a survival response. Edelfosine induced a slight and transient inhibition of AKT in PTEN-negative LNCaP and PC3 cells, but not in PTEN-positive DU145 cells. Daily oral administration of edelfosine in murine prostate restricted AKT kinase transgenic mice, expressing active AKT in a prostate-specific manner, and in a DU145 xenograft mouse model resulted in significant tumor regression and apoptosis in tumor cells. Taken together, these results show a significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of edelfosine against prostate cancer, and highlight the endoplasmic reticulum as a novel and promising therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Habib Dakir
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Michielon E, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. From simplicity to complexity in current melanoma models. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1818-1836. [PMID: 36103206 PMCID: PMC10092692 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent impressive clinical success of immunotherapy against melanoma, development of primary and adaptive resistance against immune checkpoint inhibitors remains a major issue in a large number of treated patients. This highlights the need for melanoma models that replicate the tumor's intricate dynamics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and associated immune suppression to study possible resistance mechanisms in order to improve current and test novel therapeutics. While two-dimensional melanoma cell cultures have been widely used to perform functional genomics screens in a high-throughput fashion, they are not suitable to answer more complex scientific questions. Melanoma models have also been established in a variety of experimental (humanized) animals. However, due to differences in physiology, such models do not fully represent human melanoma development. Therefore, fully human three-dimensional in vitro models mimicking melanoma cell interactions with the TME are being developed to address this need for more physiologically relevant models. Such models include melanoma organoids, spheroids, and reconstructed human melanoma-in-skin cultures. Still, while major advances have been made to complement and replace animals, these in vitro systems have yet to fully recapitulate human tumor complexity. Lastly, technical advancements have been made in the organ-on-chip field to replicate functions and microstructures of in vivo human tissues and organs. This review summarizes advancements made in understanding and treating melanoma and specifically aims to discuss the progress made towards developing melanoma models, their applications, limitations, and the advances still needed to further facilitate the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Michielon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Chen J, Liao S, Xiao Z, Pan Q, Wang X, Shen K, Wang S, Yang L, Guo F, Liu HF, Pan Q. The development and improvement of immunodeficient mice and humanized immune system mouse models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007579. [PMID: 36341323 PMCID: PMC9626807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an indispensable role in the study of human diseases. However, animal models of different diseases do not fully mimic the complex internal environment of humans. Immunodeficient mice are deficient in certain genes and do not express these or show reduced expression in some of their cells, facilitating the establishment of humanized mice and simulation of the human environment in vivo. Here, we summarize the developments in immunodeficient mice, from the initial nude mice lacking T lymphocytes to NOD/SCID rgnull mice lacking T, B, and NK cell populations. We describe existing humanized immune system mouse models based on immunodeficient mice in which human cells or tissues have been transplanted to establish a human immune system, including humanized-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Hu-PBMCs), humanized hematopoietic stem cells (Hu-HSCs), and humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (Hu-BLT) mouse models. The different methods for their development involve varying levels of complexity and humanization. Humanized mice are widely used in the study of various diseases to provide a transitional stage for clinical research. However, several challenges persist, including improving the efficiency of reconstructing the human B cell immune response, extending lifespan, improving the survival rate of mice to extend the observation period, and improving the development of standardized commercialized models and as well as their use. Overall, there are many opportunities and challenges in the development of humanized immune system mouse models which can provide novel strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treatments of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingjun Pan
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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7
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Nauman G, Danzl NM, Lee J, Borsotti C, Madley R, Fu J, Hölzl MA, Dahmani A, Dorronsoro Gonzalez A, Chavez É, Campbell SR, Yang S, Satwani P, Liu K, Sykes M. Defects in Long-Term APC Repopulation Ability of Adult Human Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) Compared with Fetal Liver HSCs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1652-1663. [PMID: 35315788 PMCID: PMC8976823 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with immune systems from patients, or personalized immune (PI) mice, are powerful tools for understanding human disease. Compared with immunodeficient mice transplanted with human fetal thymus tissue and fetal liver-derived CD34+ cells administered i.v. (Hu/Hu mice), PI mice, which are transplanted with human fetal thymus and adult bone marrow (aBM) CD34+ cells, demonstrate reduced levels of human reconstitution. We characterized APC and APC progenitor repopulation in human immune system mice and detected significant reductions in blood, bone marrow (BM), and splenic APC populations in PI compared with Hu/Hu mice. APC progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were less abundant in aBM CD34+ cells compared with fetal liver-derived CD34+ cell preparations, and this reduction in APC progenitors was reflected in the BM of PI compared with Hu/Hu mice 14-20 wk posttransplant. The number of HSCs increased in PI mice compared with the originally infused BM cells and maintained functional repopulation potential, because BM from some PI mice 28 wk posttransplant generated human myeloid and lymphoid cells in secondary recipients. Moreover, long-term PI mouse BM contained functional T cell progenitors, evidenced by thymopoiesis in thymic organ cultures. Injection of aBM cells directly into the BM cavity, transgenic expression of hematopoietic cytokines, and coinfusion of human BM-derived mesenchymal stem cells synergized to enhance long-term B cell and monocyte levels in PI mice. These improvements allow a sustained time frame of 18-22 wk where APCs and T cells are present and greater flexibility for modeling immune disease pathogenesis and immunotherapies in PI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Nauman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jaeyop Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jianing Fu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Markus A Hölzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Dahmani
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Akaitz Dorronsoro Gonzalez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Éstefania Chavez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sean R Campbell
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Prakash Satwani
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT; and
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
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8
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Tsogbadrakh B, Jung JA, Lee M, Lee JA, Seo JH. Identifying serum miRNA biomarkers for radiation exposure in hematopoietic humanized NSG-SGM3 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Sangwan V, Al-Marzouki L, Pal S, Stavrakos V, Alzahrani M, Antonatos D, Nevo Y, Camilleri-Broët S, Rayes R, Bourdeau F, Giannias B, Bertos N, Bailey S, Rousseau S, Cools-Lartigue J, Spicer JD, Ferri L. Inhibition of LPS-mediated TLR4 activation abrogates gastric adenocarcinoma-associated peritoneal metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:323-333. [PMID: 34767138 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection, the cornerstone of curative intent treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma, is associated with a high rate of infection-related post-operative complications, leading to an increased incidence of metastasis to the peritoneum. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an antigen from Gram-negative bacteria, represents a potential mechanism via induction of local and systemic inflammation through activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR). Here, we use both a novel ex vivo model of peritoneal metastasis and in vivo animal models to assess gastric cancer cell adhesion to peritoneum both before and after inhibition of the TLR4 pathway. We demonstrate that activation of TLR4 by either LPS or Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) significantly increases the adherence of gastric cancer cells to human peritoneal mesothelial cells, and that this increased adherence is abrogated by inhibition of the TLR4 signal cascade and downstream TAK1 and MEK1/2 pathways. We also demonstrate that the influence of LPS on adherence extends to peritoneal tissue and metastatic spread. Furthermore, we show that loss of TLR4 at the site of metastasis reduces tumor cell adhesion, implicating the TLR4 signaling cascade in potentiating metastatic adhesion and peritoneal spread. These results identify potential therapeutic targets for the clinical management of patients undergoing resection for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luai Al-Marzouki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sanjima Pal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vivian Stavrakos
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Malak Alzahrani
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pathology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorothy Antonatos
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yehonatan Nevo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Camilleri-Broët
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roni Rayes
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - France Bourdeau
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Betty Giannias
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Swneke Bailey
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Cools-Lartigue
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Research Institute - McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada. .,Departments of Surgery and Oncology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room L8-505, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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10
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Chen J, Liao S, Zhou H, Yang L, Guo F, Chen S, Li A, Pan Q, Yang C, Liu HF, Pan Q. Humanized Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816956. [PMID: 35116040 PMCID: PMC8804209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have played a crucial role in the understanding of the mechanisms and treatments of human diseases; however, owing to the large differences in genetic background and disease-specific characteristics, animal models cannot fully simulate the occurrence and progression of human diseases. Recently, humanized immune system mice, based on immunodeficient mice, have been developed that allow for the partial reconstruction of the human immune system and mimic the human in vivo microenvironment. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterized by the loss of tolerance to autoantigens, overproduction of autoantibodies, and inflammation in multiple organ systems. The detailed immunological events that trigger the onset of clinical manifestations in patients with SLE are still not well known. Two methods have been adopted for the development of humanized SLE mice. They include transferring peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with SLE to immunodeficient mice or transferring human hematopoietic stem cells to immunodeficient mice followed by intraperitoneal injection with pristane to induce lupus. However, there are still several challenges to be overcome, such as how to improve the efficiency of reconstruction of the human B cell immune response, how to extend the lifespan and improve the survival rate of mice to extend the observation period, and how to improve the development of standardized commercialized models and use them. In summary, there are opportunities and challenges for the development of humanized mouse models of SLE, which will provide novel strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treatments of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lawei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fengbiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Aifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Quanren Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua-feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
| | - Qingjun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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11
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Stutz MD, Allison CC, Ojaimi S, Preston SP, Doerflinger M, Arandjelovic P, Whitehead L, Bader SM, Batey D, Asselin-Labat ML, Herold MJ, Strasser A, West NP, Pellegrini M. Macrophage and neutrophil death programs differentially confer resistance to tuberculosis. Immunity 2021; 54:1758-1771.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Terahara K, Iwabuchi R, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. Perspectives on Non-BLT Humanized Mouse Models for Studying HIV Pathogenesis and Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050776. [PMID: 33924786 PMCID: PMC8145733 DOI: 10.3390/v13050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of humanized mice, which are reconstituted only with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or with fetal thymus and HSCs, have been developed and widely utilized as in vivo animal models of HIV-1 infection. The models represent some aspects of HIV-mediated pathogenesis in humans and are useful for the evaluation of therapeutic regimens. However, there are several limitations in these models, including their incomplete immune responses and poor distribution of human cells to the secondary lymphoid tissues. These limitations are common in many humanized mouse models and are critical issues that need to be addressed. As distinct defects exist in each model, we need to be cautious about the experimental design and interpretation of the outcomes obtained using humanized mice. Considering this point, we mainly characterize the current conventional humanized mouse reconstituted only with HSCs and describe past achievements in this area, as well as the potential contributions of the humanized mouse models for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. We also discuss the use of various technologies to solve the current problems. Humanized mice will contribute not only to the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-HIV regimens, but also to a deeper understanding of basic aspects of HIV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Terahara
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-3-6424-2223
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13
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Genetic in vivo engineering of human T lymphocytes in mouse models. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3210-3240. [PMID: 33846629 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor targeting of vector particles is a key technology to enable cell type-specific in vivo gene delivery. For example, T cells in humanized mouse models can be modified by lentiviral vectors (LVs) targeted to human T-cell markers to enable them to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, we provide detailed protocols for the generation of CD4- and CD8-targeted LVs (which takes ~9 d in total). We also describe how to humanize immunodeficient mice with hematopoietic stem cells (which takes 12-16 weeks) and precondition (over 5 d) and administer the vector stocks. Conversion of the targeted cell type is monitored by PCR and flow cytometry of blood samples. A few weeks after administration, ~10% of the targeted T-cell subtype can be expected to have converted to CAR T cells. By closely following the protocol, sufficient vector stock for the genetic manipulation of 10-15 humanized mice is obtained. We also discuss how the protocol can be easily adapted to use LVs targeted to other types of receptors and/or for delivery of other genes of interest.
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14
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Iwabuchi R, Ide K, Terahara K, Wagatsuma R, Iwaki R, Matsunaga H, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Takeyama H, Takahashi Y. Development of an Inflammatory CD14 + Dendritic Cell Subset in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643040. [PMID: 33790912 PMCID: PMC8005643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models are attractive experimental models for analyzing the development and functions of human dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. Although various types of DC subsets, including DC type 3 (DC3s), have been identified in humans, it remains unclear whether humanized mice can reproduce heterogeneous DC subsets. CD14, classically known as a monocyte/macrophage marker, is reported as an indicator of DC3s. We previously observed that some CD14+ myeloid cells expressed CD1c, a pan marker for bona fide conventional DC2 (cDC2s), in humanized mouse models in which human FLT3L and GM-CSF genes were transiently expressed using in vivo transfection (IVT). Here, we aimed to elucidate the identity of CD14+CD1c+ DC-like cells in humanized mouse models. We found that CD14+CD1c+ cells were phenotypically different from cDC2s; CD14+CD1c+ cells expressed CD163 but not CD5, whereas cDC2s expressed CD5 but not CD163. Furthermore, CD14+CD1c+ cells primed and polarized naïve CD4+ T cells toward IFN-γ+ Th1 cells more profoundly than cDC2s. Transcriptional analysis revealed that CD14+CD1c+ cells expressed several DC3-specific transcripts, such as CD163, S100A8, and S100A9, and were clearly segregated from cDC2s and monocytes. When lipopolysaccharide was administered to the humanized mice, the frequency of CD14+CD1c+ cells producing IL-6 and TNF-α was elevated, indicating a pro-inflammatory signature. Thus, humanized mice are able to sustain development of functional CD14+CD1c+ DCs, which are equivalent to DC3 subset observed in humans, and they could be useful for analyzing the development and function of DC3s in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Ide
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Wagatsuma
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Iwaki
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Guil-Luna S, Sedlik C, Piaggio E. Humanized Mouse Models to Evaluate Cancer Immunotherapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050520-100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment. The advent of numerous novel approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint antibodies, adoptive transfer of CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells and TCR (T cell receptor) T cells, NK (natural killer) cells, T cell engagers, oncolytic viruses, and vaccines, is revolutionizing the treatment for different tumor types. Some are already in the clinic, and many others are underway. However, not all patients respond, resistance develops, and as available therapies multiply there is a need to further understand how they work, how to prioritize their clinical evaluation, and how to combine them. For this, animal models have been highly instrumental, and humanized mice models (i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune and cancer cells) represent a step forward, although they have several limitations. Here, we review the different humanized models available today, the approaches to overcome their flaws, their use for the evaluation of cancer immunotherapies, and their anticipated evolution as tools to help personalized clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guil-Luna
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
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16
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Martinov T, McKenna KM, Tan WH, Collins EJ, Kehret AR, Linton JD, Olsen TM, Shobaki N, Rongvaux A. Building the Next Generation of Humanized Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643852. [PMID: 33692812 PMCID: PMC7938325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of human diseases in vivo. Multiple mouse recipient strains have been developed and protocols optimized to efficiently generate these “humanized” mice. Here, we review three guiding principles that have been applied to the development of the currently available models: (1) establishing tolerance of the mouse host for the human graft; (2) opening hematopoietic niches so that they can be occupied by human cells; and (3) providing necessary support for human hematopoiesis. We then discuss four remaining challenges: (1) human hematopoietic lineages that poorly develop in mice; (2) limited antigen-specific adaptive immunity; (3) absent tolerance of the human immune system for its mouse host; and (4) sub-functional interactions between human immune effectors and target mouse tissues. While major advances are still needed, the current models can already be used to answer specific, clinically-relevant questions and hopefully inform the development of new, life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly M McKenna
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wei Hong Tan
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily J Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allie R Kehret
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nour Shobaki
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Shenoy GN, Greene CJ, Bhatta M, Baroja ML, Loyall JL, Balu‐Iyer SV, Kelleher RJ, Carreno BM, Linette GP, Shultz LD, Bankert RB. Preclinical evaluation of cancer immune therapy using patient-derived tumor antigen-specific T cells in a novel xenograft platform. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1246. [PMID: 33552509 PMCID: PMC7853904 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With a rapidly growing list of candidate immune-based cancer therapeutics, there is a critical need to generate highly reliable animal models to preclinically evaluate the efficacy of emerging immune-based therapies, facilitating successful clinical translation. Our aim was to design and validate a novel in vivo model (called Xenomimetic or 'X' mouse) that allows monitoring of the ability of human tumor-specific T cells to suppress tumor growth following their entry into the tumor. METHODS Tumor xenografts are established rapidly in the greater omentum of globally immunodeficient NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice following an intraperitoneal injection of melanoma target cells expressing tumor neoantigen peptides, as well as green fluorescent protein and/or luciferase. Changes in tumor burden, as well as in the number and phenotype of adoptively transferred patient-derived tumor neoantigen-specific T cells in response to immunotherapy, are measured by imaging to detect fluorescence/luminescence and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS The tumors progress rapidly and disseminate in the mice unless patient-derived tumor-specific T cells are introduced. An initial T cell-mediated tumor arrest is later followed by a tumor escape, which correlates with the upregulation of the checkpoint molecules programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) on T cells. Treatment with immune-based therapies that target these checkpoints, such as anti-PD-1 antibody (nivolumab) or interleukin-12 (IL-12), prevented or delayed the tumor escape. Furthermore, IL-12 treatment suppressed PD-1 and LAG3 upregulation on T cells. CONCLUSION Together, these results validate the X-mouse model and establish its potential to preclinically evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam N Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Christopher J Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA,Present address:
Hodgson Russ LLP.BuffaloNYUSA
| | - Maulasri Bhatta
- Immune Modulatory Therapies, LLCEdenNYUSA,Present address:
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Miren L Baroja
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jenni L Loyall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Sathy V Balu‐Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Raymond J Kelleher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Gerald P Linette
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Richard B Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
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18
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Klein E, Hau AC, Oudin A, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Glioblastoma Organoids: Pre-Clinical Applications and Challenges in the Context of Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604121. [PMID: 33364198 PMCID: PMC7753120 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors remain uniformly fatal, even with the best-to-date treatment. For Glioblastoma (GBM), the most severe form of brain cancer in adults, the median overall survival is roughly over a year. New therapeutic options are urgently needed, yet recent clinical trials in the field have been largely disappointing. This is partially due to inappropriate preclinical model systems, which do not reflect the complexity of patient tumors. Furthermore, clinically relevant patient-derived models recapitulating the immune compartment are lacking, which represents a bottleneck for adequate immunotherapy testing. Emerging 3D organoid cultures offer innovative possibilities for cancer modeling. Here, we review available GBM organoid models amenable to a large variety of pre-clinical applications including functional bioassays such as proliferation and invasion, drug screening, and the generation of patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) for validation of biological responses in vivo. We emphasize advantages and technical challenges in establishing immunocompetent ex vivo models based on co-cultures of GBM organoids and human immune cells. The latter can be isolated either from the tumor or from patient or donor blood as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also discuss the challenges to generate GBM PDOXs based on humanized mouse models to validate efficacy of immunotherapies in vivo. A detailed characterization of such models at the cellular and molecular level is needed to understand the potential and limitations for various immune activating strategies. Increasing the availability of immunocompetent GBM models will improve research on emerging immune therapeutic approaches against aggressive brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Klein
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Maser IP, Hoves S, Bayer C, Heidkamp G, Nimmerjahn F, Eckmann J, Ries CH. The Tumor Milieu Promotes Functional Human Tumor-Resident Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Humanized Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2082. [PMID: 33013879 PMCID: PMC7507800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Particular interest to harness the innate immune system for cancer immunotherapy is fueled by limitations of immune checkpoint blockade. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are detected in a variety of solid tumors and correlate with poor clinical outcome. Release of type I interferons in response to toll-like-receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 activation is the pDC hallmark. Mouse and human pDC differ substantially in their biology concerning surface marker expression and cytokine production. Here, we employed humanized mouse models (HIS) to study pDC function. We performed a comprehensive characterization of transgenic, myeloid-enhanced mouse strains (NOG-EXL and NSG-SGM3) expressing human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) using identical humanization protocols. Only in HIS-NOG-EXL mice sufficient pDC infiltration was detectable. Therefore, we selected this strain for subsequent tumor studies. We analyzed pDC frequency in peripheral blood and tumors by comparing HIS-NOG-EXL with HIS-NOG mice bearing three different ovarian and breast tumors. Despite the substantially increased pDC numbers in peripheral blood of HIS-NOG-EXL mice, we detected TLR7/8 agonist responsive and thus functional pDCs only in certain tumor models independent of the mouse strain employed. However, HIS-NOG-EXL mice showed in general a superior humanization phenotype characterized by reconstitution of different myeloid subsets, NK cells and B cells producing physiologic IgG levels. Hence, we provide first evidence that the tumor milieu but not genetically introduced cytokines defines intratumoral (i.t.) frequencies of the rare pDC subset. This study provides model systems to investigate in vivo pro- and anti-tumoral human pDC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona-Petra Maser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoves
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christa Bayer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gordon Heidkamp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- FAU Erlangen, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carola H Ries
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.,Dr. Carola Ries Consulting, Penzberg, Germany
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20
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Blümich S, Zdimerova H, Münz C, Kipar A, Pellegrini G. Human CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Engrafted NSG Mice: Morphological and Immunophenotypic Features. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:161-180. [PMID: 32901581 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells represent an innovative tool to improve translatability of animal models for the study of human diseases. Immunophenotyping in these mice focuses on engraftment rates and cellular differentiation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and is predominantly carried out by FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) analysis; information on the morphological aspects of engraftment and the prevalence of histologic lesions is limited. We histologically examined 3- to 6-month-old NSG mice, naïve or engrafted with CD34+ human hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), and employed a quantitative immunohistochemical approach to identify human and murine cell compartments, comparing the results with the FACS data. NSG mice mainly exhibited incidental findings in lungs, kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands. A 6-month-old NSG mouse had a mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. The lymphoid organs of NSG mice lacked typical lymphoid tissue architecture but frequently exhibited small periarteriolar leukocyte clusters in the spleen. Mice engrafted with human HSC frequently showed nephropathy, ovarian atrophy, cataract, and abnormal retinal development, lesions considered secondary to irradiation. In addition, 20% exhibited multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by human macrophages and T cells, leading to the observed 7% mortality and morbidity. Immunophenotypic data revealed variable repopulation of lymphoid organs with hCD45+ human cells, which did not always parallel the engraftment levels measured via FACS. The study describes the most common pathological features in young NSG mice after human HSC engraftment. As some of these lesions contribute to morbidity, morphological assessment of the engraftment at tissue level might help improve immunophenotypic evaluations of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blümich
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Moslehi
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Oncology, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.M.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Q.Z.)
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY (K.L.M.)
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22
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Anselmi G, Helft J, Guermonprez P. Development and function of human dendritic cells in humanized mice models. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:151-161. [PMID: 32688117 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinel cells of the immune system arising from hematopoietic stem cells. DCs play a key role in the regulation of both adaptive and innate lymphocyte responses. As such, experimental models enabling a thorough analysis of human DCs development and function are needed. Humanized mice models (termed collectively as HIS mice, or human immune system mice models) provide unique opportunities to model human hematopoiesis and tackle the function of human immune cell types in vivo. Here, we review experimental approaches enabling to recapitulate the ontogeny of DC subsets in HIS mice and discuss studies addressing the biology of human DC subsets implementing HIS mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Anselmi
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Helft
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Immunity and Cancer department, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- King's College London, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, United Kingdom; Université de Paris, Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM 1149, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, France.
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23
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Saito Y, Shultz LD, Ishikawa F. Understanding Normal and Malignant Human Hematopoiesis Using Next-Generation Humanized Mice. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:706-720. [PMID: 32631635 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models for human diseases contribute significantly to understanding human physiology and pathophysiology. However, given the accelerating pace of drug development, there is a crucial need for in vivo preclinical models of human biology and pathology. The humanized mouse is one tool to bridge the gap between traditional animal models and the clinic. The development of immunodeficient mouse strains with high-level engraftment of normal and diseased human immune/hematopoietic cells has made in vivo functional characterization possible. As a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, humanized mice functionally correlate putative mechanisms with in vivo behavior and help to reveal pathogenic mechanisms. Combined with single-cell genomics, humanized mice can facilitate functional precision medicine such as risk stratification and individually optimized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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24
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Andreou T, Rippaus N, Wronski K, Williams J, Taggart D, Cherqui S, Sunderland A, Kartika YD, Egnuni T, Brownlie RJ, Mathew RK, Holmen SL, Fife C, Droop A, Lorger M. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy for Brain Metastases Using Myeloid Cell-Specific Gene Promoters. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:617-627. [PMID: 31501884 PMCID: PMC7301153 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BrM) develop in 20-40% of cancer patients and represent an unmet clinical need. Limited access of drugs into the brain because of the blood-brain barrier is at least partially responsible for therapeutic failure, necessitating improved drug delivery systems. METHODS Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transduced murine and nontransduced human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were administered into mice (n = 10 and 3). The HSC progeny in mouse BrM and in patient-derived BrM tissue (n = 6) was characterized by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Promoters driving gene expression, specifically within the BrM-infiltrating HSC progeny, were identified through differential gene-expression analysis and subsequent validation of a series of promoter-green fluorescent protein-reporter constructs in mice (n = 5). One of the promoters was used to deliver tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to BrM in mice (n = 17/21 for TRAIL vs control group). RESULTS HSC progeny (consisting mostly of macrophages) efficiently homed to macrometastases (mean [SD] = 37.6% [7.2%] of all infiltrating cells for murine HSC progeny; 27.9% mean [SD] = 27.9% [4.9%] of infiltrating CD45+ hematopoietic cells for human HSC progeny) and micrometastases in mice (19.3-53.3% of all macrophages for murine HSCs). Macrophages were also abundant in patient-derived BrM tissue (mean [SD] = 8.8% [7.8%]). Collectively, this provided a rationale to optimize the delivery of gene therapy to BrM within myeloid cells. MMP14 promoter emerged as the strongest promoter construct capable of limiting gene expression to BrM-infiltrating myeloid cells in mice. TRAIL delivered under MMP14 promoter statistically significantly prolonged survival in mice (mean [SD] = 19.0 [3.4] vs mean [SD] = 15.0 [2.0] days for TRAIL vs control group; two-sided P = .006), demonstrating therapeutic and translational potential of our approach. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes HSC gene therapy using a myeloid cell-specific promoter as a new strategy to target BrM. This approach, with strong translational value, has potential to overcome the blood-brain barrier, target micrometastases, and control multifocal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Rippaus
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teklu Egnuni
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ryan K Mathew
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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25
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Carpenter RS, Jiang RR, Brennan FH, Hall JCE, Gottipati MK, Niewiesk S, Popovich PG. Human immune cells infiltrate the spinal cord and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19105. [PMID: 31836828 PMCID: PMC6911055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice can be used to better understand how the human immune system responds to central nervous system (CNS) injury and inflammation. The optimal parameters for using humanized mice in preclinical CNS injury models need to be established for appropriate use and interpretation. Here, we show that the developmental age of the human immune system significantly affects anatomical and functional outcome measures in a preclinical model of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Specifically, it takes approximately 3-4 months for a stable and functionally competent human immune system to develop in neonatal immune compromised mice after they are engrafted with human umbilical cord blood stem cells. Humanized mice receiving a SCI before or after stable engraftment exhibit significantly different neuroinflammatory profiles. Importantly, the development of a mature human immune system was associated with worse lesion pathology and neurological recovery after SCI. In these mice, human T cells infiltrate the spinal cord lesion and directly contact human macrophages. Together, data in this report establish an optimal experimental framework for using humanized mice to help translate promising preclinical therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Carpenter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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26
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Radtke S, Humbert O, Kiem HP. Mouse models in hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy and genome editing. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113692. [PMID: 31705854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an important treatment option for a variety of hematological diseases. The biggest advances have been made with CAR T cells and many of those studies are now FDA approved as a routine treatment for some hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is not far behind with treatment approvals granted for beta-hemoglobinopathies and adenosine deaminase severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID), and additional approbations currently being sought. With the current pace of research, the significant investment of biotech companies, and the continuously growing toolbox of viral as well as non-viral gene delivery methods, the development of new ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy approaches is at an all-time high. Research in the field of gene therapy has been ongoing for more than 4 decades with big success stories as well as devastating drawbacks along the way. In particular, the damaging effect of uncontrolled viral vector integration observed in the initial gene therapy applications in the 90s led to a more comprehensive upfront safety assessment of treatment strategies. Since the late 90s, an important read-out to comprehensively assess the quality and safety of cell products has come forward with the mouse xenograft model. Here, we review the use of mouse models across the different stages of basic, pre-clinical and translational research towards the clinical application of HSC-mediated gene therapy and editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Human multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion is neither supported in endothelial and endothelial/mesenchymal co-cultures nor in NSG mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12914. [PMID: 31501490 PMCID: PMC6733927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells (ECs/MSCs) are crucial components of hematopoietic bone marrow stem cell niches. Both cell types appear to be required to support the maintenance and expansion of multipotent hematopoietic cells, i.e. hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs). With the aim to exploit niche cell properties for experimental and potential clinical applications, we analyzed the potential of primary ECs alone and in combination with MSCs to support the ex vivo expansion/maintenance of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Even though a massive expansion of total CD34+ HSPCs was observed, none of the tested culture conditions supported the expansion or maintenance of multipotent HSPCs. Instead, mainly lympho-myeloid primed progenitors (LMPPs) were expanded. Similarly, following transplantation into immunocompromised mice the percentage of multipotent HSPCs within the engrafted HSPC population was significantly decreased compared to the original graft. Consistent with the in vitro findings, a bias towards lympho-myeloid lineage potentials was observed. In our conditions, neither classical co-cultures of HSPCs with primary ECs or MSCs, even in combination, nor the xenograft environment in immunocompromised mice efficiently support the expansion of multipotent HSPCs. Instead, enhanced expansion and a consistent bias towards lympho-myeloid committed LMPPs were observed.
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28
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Barrat FJ, Su L. A pathogenic role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in autoimmunity and chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1974-1985. [PMID: 31420375 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and of their extraordinary ability to produce type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation, it is assumed that their main function is to participate in the antiviral response. There is increasing evidence suggesting that pDCs and/or IFN-I can also have a detrimental role in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, in the context of chronic viral infections and in cancers. Whether these cells should be targeted in patients and how much of their biology is connected to IFN-I production remains unclear and is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Barrat
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Lishan Su
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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29
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Andersen AHF, Olesen R, Jønsson KL, Højen JF, Krapp C, Mack K, Thomsen MK, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Jakobsen MR, Denton PW. cAIMP administration in humanized mice induces a chimerization-level-dependent STING response. Immunology 2019; 157:163-172. [PMID: 30919991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that the STING signalling pathway is critical for generating a robust innate immune response to pathogens. Human and mouse STING signalling pathways are not identical, however. For example, mice lack IFI16, which has been proven important for the human STING pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether humanized mice are an appropriate experimental platform for exploring the human STING signalling cascade in vivo. We found that NOG mice reconstituted with human cord blood haematopoietic stem cells (humanized NOG mice) exhibit human STING signalling responses to an analogue of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP. There was an increase in the proportions of monocytes in the lungs of mice receiving cGAMP analogue. The most robust levels of STING expression and STING-induced responses were observed in mice exhibiting the highest levels of human chimerization. Notably, differential levels of STING in lung versus spleen following cGAMP analogue treatment suggest that there are tissue-specific kinetics of STING activation and/or degradation in effector versus inductive sites. We also examined the mouse innate immune response to cGAMP analogue treatment. We detected that mouse cells in the immunodeficient NOG mice responded to the cGAMP analogue and they do so with distinct kinetics from the human response. In conclusion, humanized NOG mice represent a valuable experimental model for examining in vivo human STING responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper F Højen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katharina Mack
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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30
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Xin X, Jiang X, Wang L, Mikael P, McCarthy MB, Chen L, Mazzocca AD, Nukavarapu S, Lichtler AC, Rowe DW. Histological Criteria that Distinguish Human and Mouse Bone Formed Within a Mouse Skeletal Repair Defect. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:401-417. [PMID: 30848692 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419836436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of autologous cell-based skeletal repair continues to be controversial in part because in vitro predictors of in vivo human bone formation by cultured human progenitor cells are not reliable. To assist in the development of in vivo assays of human osteoprogenitor potential, a fluorescence-based histology of nondecalcified mineralized tissue is presented that provides multiple criteria to distinguish human and host osteoblasts, osteocytes, and accumulated bone matrix in a mouse calvarial defect model. These include detection of an ubiquitously expressed red fluorescent protein reporter by the implanted human cells, antibodies specific to human bone sialoprotein and a human nuclear antigen, and expression of a bone/fibroblast restricted green fluorescent protein reporter in the host tissue. Using low passage bone marrow-derived stromal cells, robust human bone matrix formation was obtained. However, a striking feature is the lack of mouse bone marrow investment and osteoclasts within the human bone matrix. This deficiency may account for the accumulation of a disorganized human bone matrix that has not undergone extensive remodeling. These features, which would not be appreciated by traditional decalcified paraffin histology, indicate the human bone matrix is not undergoing active remodeling and thus the full differentiation potential of the implanted human cells within currently used mouse models is not being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xin
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Paiyz Mikael
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mary Beth McCarthy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Augustus D Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Syam Nukavarapu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Alexander C Lichtler
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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31
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Yao LC, Aryee KE, Cheng M, Kaur P, Keck JG, Brehm MA. Creation of PDX-Bearing Humanized Mice to Study Immuno-oncology. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1953:241-252. [PMID: 30912026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9145-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant obstacle to the study of human cancer biology and the testing of human specific immunotherapeutics is the paucity of translational models that recapitulate both the growth of human tumors and the functionality of human immune systems. Humanized mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) enable preclinical investigation of the interactions between the human immune system and human cancer. We use immunodeficient non-obese diabetic (NOD, scid, gamma) NSG™ or NSG™-SGM3 mice as hosts for establishment of human immunity following HSC injection and for engraftment of human tumors. Here we describe a refined protocol for the subcutaneous implant of solid PDX tumors into humanized mice. Protocols to recover infiltrating immune cells from growing tumors and to evaluate the immune cell subsets by flow cytometry are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chin Yao
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mingshan Cheng
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Pali Kaur
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - James G Keck
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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32
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Geraghty NJ, Watson D, Sluyter R. Long-term treatment with the P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue G reduces liver inflammation in a humanized mouse model of graft-versus-host disease. Cell Immunol 2018; 336:12-19. [PMID: 30545568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a frequent curative therapy for numerous haematological malignancies. However, HSCT is limited by the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), with current therapies restricted to general immunosuppression. Activation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) causes inflammation and tissue damage in GVHD. Short-term pharmacological blockade of P2X7 has been shown to reduce clinical disease and/or reduce inflammatory markers in allogeneic and humanized mouse models of GVHD. The current study demonstrates that long-term P2X7 blockade by intra-peritoneal injection of Brilliant Blue G (BBG) thrice weekly for up to 10 weeks did not impact human (h) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) engraftment, predominantly T cells, in blood at 3 weeks post-hPBMC injection or in spleens at end-point in humanized mice. Histological analysis demonstrated long-term BBG treatment reduced leukocyte infiltration in the livers of humanized mice. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that BBG treatment reduced liver apoptosis. Long-term BBG treatment did not alter clinical disease, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers in tissues or serum human interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations. Therefore, this study demonstrates that P2X7 activation plays a role in GVHD pathogenesis in the livers of humanized mice, supporting a role for this receptor in GVHD development in HSCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Geraghty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia
| | - D Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia.
| | - R Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2252, Australia.
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33
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Pfeiffer A, Thalheimer FB, Hartmann S, Frank AM, Bender RR, Danisch S, Costa C, Wels WS, Modlich U, Stripecke R, Verhoeyen E, Buchholz CJ. In vivo generation of human CD19-CAR T cells results in B-cell depletion and signs of cytokine release syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9158. [PMID: 30224381 PMCID: PMC6220327 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells brought substantial benefit to patients with B-cell malignancies. Notwithstanding, CAR T-cell manufacturing requires complex procedures impeding the broad supply chain. Here, we provide evidence that human CD19-CAR T cells can be generated directly in vivo using the lentiviral vector CD8-LV specifically targeting human CD8+ cells. Administration into mice xenografted with Raji lymphoma cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells led to CAR expression solely in CD8+ T cells and efficacious elimination of CD19+ B cells. Further, upon injection of CD8-LV into mice transplanted with human CD34+ cells, induction of CAR T cells and CD19+ B-cell depletion was observed in 7 out of 10 treated animals. Notably, three mice showed elevated levels of human cytokines in plasma. Tissue-invading CAR T cells and complete elimination of the B-lymphocyte-rich zones in spleen were indicative of a cytokine release syndrome. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo reprogramming of human CD8+ CAR T cells active against CD19+ cells, yet with similar adverse effects currently notorious in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Pfeiffer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annika M Frank
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ruben R Bender
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Costa
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Iwabuchi R, Ikeno S, Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Takeyama H, Ato M, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Terahara K. Introduction of Human Flt3-L and GM-CSF into Humanized Mice Enhances the Reconstitution and Maturation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and the Development of Foxp3 +CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1042. [PMID: 29892279 PMCID: PMC5985304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two cytokines, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are considered to be the essential regulators of dendritic cell (DC) development in vivo. However, the combined effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs has not been evaluated in vivo. In this study, we, therefore, aimed at evaluating this using a humanized mouse model. Humanized non-obese diabetic/SCID/Jak3null (hNOJ) mice were constructed by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood into newborn NOJ mice, and in vivo transfection (IVT) was performed by hydrodynamic injection-mediated gene delivery using plasmids encoding human Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Following IVT, Flt3-L and GM-CSF were successfully induced in hNOJ mice. At 10 days post-IVT, we found, in the spleen, that treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF enhanced the reconstitution of two myeloid DC subsets, CD14−CD1c+ conventional DCs (cDCs) and CD14−CD141+ cDCs, in addition to CD14+ monocyte-like cells expressing CD1c and/or CD141. GM-CSF alone had less effect on the reconstitution of these myeloid cell populations. By contrast, none of the cytokine treatments enhanced CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC) reconstitution. Regardless of the reconstitution levels, three cell populations (CD1c+ myeloid cells, CD141+ myeloid cells, and pDCs) could be matured by treatment with cytokines, in terms of upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, and CD184/CXCR4 and downregulation of CD195/CCR5. In particular, GM-CSF contributed to upregulation of CD80 in all these cell populations. Interestingly, we further observed that Foxp3+ cells within splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in the presence of GM-CSF. Foxp3+ T cells could be subdivided into two subpopulations, CD45RA−Foxp3hi and CD45RA−Foxp3lo T cells. Whereas CD45RA−Foxp3hi T cells were increased only after treatment with GM-CSF alone, CD45RA−Foxp3lo T cells were increased only after treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Treatment with Flt3-L alone had no effect on the number of Foxp3+ T cells. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the development of these Foxp3+ subpopulations was associated with the maturation status of DC(-like) cells. Taken together, this study provides a platform for studying the in vivo effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeno
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Skelton JK, Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. A Hitchhiker's guide to humanized mice: new pathways to studying viral infections. Immunology 2018; 154:50-61. [PMID: 29446074 PMCID: PMC5904706 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are increasingly appreciated as an incredibly powerful platform for infectious disease research. The often very narrow species tropism of many viral infections, coupled with the sometimes misleading results from preclinical studies in animal models further emphasize the need for more predictive model systems based on human cells rather than surrogates. Humanized mice represent such a model and have been greatly enhanced with regards to their immune system reconstitution as well as immune functionality in the past years, resulting in their recommendation as a preclinical model by the US Food and Drug Administration. This review aims to give a detailed summary of the generation of human peripheral blood lymphocyte-, CD34+ haematopoietic stem cell- and bone marrow/liver/thymus-reconstituted mice and available improved models (e.g. myeloid- or T-cell-only mice, MISTRG, NSG-SGM3). Additionally, we summarize human-tropic viral infections, for which humanized mice offer a novel approach for the study of disease pathogenesis as well as future perspectives for their use in biomedical, drug and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Katy Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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36
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Wang M, Yao LC, Cheng M, Cai D, Martinek J, Pan CX, Shi W, Ma AH, De Vere White RW, Airhart S, Liu ET, Banchereau J, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Palucka K, Keck JG. Humanized mice in studying efficacy and mechanisms of PD-1-targeted cancer immunotherapy. FASEB J 2018; 32:1537-1549. [PMID: 29146734 PMCID: PMC5892726 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700740r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of an in vivo small animal model of human tumor and human immune system interaction would enable preclinical investigations into the mechanisms underlying cancer immunotherapy. To this end, nonobese diabetic (NOD).Cg-PrkdcscidIL2rgtm1Wjl/Sz (null; NSG) mice were transplanted with human (h)CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells, which leads to the development of human hematopoietic and immune systems [humanized NSG (HuNSG)]. HuNSG mice received human leukocyte antigen partially matched tumor implants from patient-derived xenografts [PDX; non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), sarcoma, bladder cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)] or from a TNBC cell line-derived xenograft (CDX). Tumor growth curves were similar in HuNSG compared with nonhuman immune-engrafted NSG mice. Treatment with pembrolizumab, which targets programmed cell death protein 1, produced significant growth inhibition in both CDX and PDX tumors in HuNSG but not in NSG mice. Finally, inhibition of tumor growth was dependent on hCD8+ T cells, as demonstrated by antibody-mediated depletion. Thus, tumor-bearing HuNSG mice may represent an important, new model for preclinical immunotherapy research.—Wang, M., Yao, L.-C., Cheng, M., Cai, D., Martinek, J., Pan, C.-X., Shi, W., Ma, A.-H., De Vere White, R. W., Airhart, S., Liu, E. T., Banchereau, J., Brehm, M. A., Greiner, D. L., Shultz, L. D., Palucka, K., Keck, J. G. Humanized mice in studying efficacy and mechanisms of PD-1-targeted cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minan Wang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Li-Chin Yao
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mingshan Cheng
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Danying Cai
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Urology, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Urology, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ralph W De Vere White
- Department of Urology, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Susan Airhart
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edison T Liu
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - James G Keck
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
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37
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Cheng L, Zhang Z, Li G, Li F, Wang L, Zhang L, Zurawski SM, Zurawski G, Levy Y, Su L. Human innate responses and adjuvant activity of TLR ligands in vivo in mice reconstituted with a human immune system. Vaccine 2017; 35:6143-6153. [PMID: 28958808 PMCID: PMC5641266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TLR ligands (TLR-Ls) represent a class of novel vaccine adjuvants. However, their immunologic effects in humans remain poorly defined in vivo. Using a humanized mouse model with a functional human immune system, we investigated how different TLR-Ls stimulated human innate immune response in vivo and their applications as vaccine adjuvants for enhancing human cellular immune response. We found that splenocytes from humanized mice showed identical responses to various TLR-Ls as human PBMCs in vitro. To our surprise, various TLR-Ls stimulated human cytokines and chemokines differently in vivo compared to that in vitro. For example, CpG-A was most efficient to induce IFN-α production in vitro. In contrast, CpG-B, R848 and Poly I:C stimulated much more IFN-α than CpG-A in vivo. Importantly, the human innate immune response to specific TLR-Ls in humanized mice was different from that reported in C57BL/6 mice, but similar to that reported in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, we found that different TLR-Ls distinctively activated and mobilized human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), myeloid DCs (mDCs) and monocytes in different organs. Finally, we showed that, as adjuvants, CpG-B, R848 and Poly I:C can all enhance antigen specific CD4+ T cell response, while only R848 and Poly I:C induced CD8+ cytotoxic T cells response to a CD40-targeting HIV vaccine in humanized mice, correlated with their ability to activate human mDCs but not pDCs. We conclude that humanized mice serve as a highly relevant model to evaluate and rank the human immunologic effects of novel adjuvants in vivo prior to testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sandra M Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, United States; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, United States; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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38
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Exploring the Immunopathogenesis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Mice with a Humanized Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1202. [PMID: 29018450 PMCID: PMC5622932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) as a disease entity was first codified in the 1930s by soviet scientists investigating patients suffering from hantavirus infection. The group of hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) has since expanded to include members from at least four different virus families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae, all enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. After infection, the natural hosts of HFVs do not develop symptoms, whereas humans can be severely affected. This observation and other evidence from experimental data suggest that the human immune system plays a crucial role in VHF pathogenesis. For this reason mice with a human immune system, referred to here as humanized mice (humice), are valuable tools that provide insight into disease mechanisms and allow for preclinical testing of novel vaccinations approaches as well as antiviral agents. In this article, we review the impact of humice in VHF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Horn LA, Ciavattone NG, Atkinson R, Woldergerima N, Wolf J, Clements VK, Sinha P, Poudel M, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. CD3xPDL1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) simultaneously activates T cells and NKT cells, kills PDL1 + tumor cells, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing humanized mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57964-57980. [PMID: 28938530 PMCID: PMC5601626 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs) activate T cells through CD3 and target activated T cells to tumor-expressed antigens. BiTEs have shown therapeutic efficacy in patients with liquid tumors; however, they do not benefit all patients. Anti-tumor immunity is limited by Programmed Death 1 (PD1) pathway-mediated immune suppression, and patients who do not benefit from existing BiTES may be non-responders because their T cells are anergized via the PD1 pathway. We have designed a BiTE that activates and targets both T cells and NKT cells to PDL1+ cells. In vitro studies demonstrate that the CD3xPDL1 BiTE simultaneously binds to both CD3 and PDL1, and activates healthy donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NKT cells that are specifically cytotoxic for PDL1+ tumor cells. Cancer patients’ PBMC are also activated and cytotoxic, despite the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The CD3xPDL1 BiTE significantly extends the survival time and maintains activated immune cell levels in humanized NSG mice reconstituted with human PBMC and carrying established human melanoma tumors. These studies suggest that the CD3xPDL1 BiTE may be efficacious for patients with PDL1+ solid tumors, in combination with other immunotherapies that do not specifically neutralize PD1 pathway-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas G Ciavattone
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Atkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Netsanet Woldergerima
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Wolf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Virginia K Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Munanchu Poudel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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40
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Mathias MD, Sockolosky JT, Chang AY, Tan KS, Liu C, Garcia KC, Scheinberg DA. CD47 blockade enhances therapeutic activity of TCR mimic antibodies to ultra-low density cancer epitopes. Leukemia 2017; 31:2254-2257. [PMID: 28745331 PMCID: PMC5628131 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Mathias
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Sockolosky
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Y Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - K S Tan
- Department of Statistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - K C Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Vitamin D receptor activation reduces VCaP xenograft tumor growth and counteracts ERG activity despite induction of TMPRSS2:ERG. Oncotarget 2017; 8:44447-44464. [PMID: 28591703 PMCID: PMC5546493 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether vitamin D is chemopreventive and/or has potential therapeutically in prostate cancer is unresolved. One confounding factor is that many prostate cancers express a TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene whose expression is increased both by androgens and by vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation. Two challenges that limit VDR agonist use clinically are hypercalcemia and the cooperation of VDR with ERG to hyper-induce the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolizing enzyme, CYP24A1, thus reducing VDR activity. Using the VCaP TMPRSS2:ERG positive cell line as a model, we found that a nonsecosteroidal CYP24A1 resistant VDR agonist, VDRM2, substantially reduces growth of xenograft tumors without inducing hypercalcemia. Utilizing next generation RNA sequencing, we found a very high overlap of 1,25D(OH)2D3 and VDRM2 regulated genes and by drawing upon previously published datasets to create an ERG signature, we found activation of VDR does not induce ERG activity above the already high basal levels present in VCaP cells. Moreover, we found VDR activation opposes 8 of the 10 most significant ERG regulated Hallmark gene set collection pathways from Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Thus, a CYP24A1 resistant VDR agonist may be beneficial for treatment of TMPRSS2:ERG positive prostate cancer; one negative consequence of TMPRSS2:ERG expression is inactivation of VDR signaling.
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LEA29Y expression in transgenic neonatal porcine islet-like cluster promotes long-lasting xenograft survival in humanized mice without immunosuppressive therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3572. [PMID: 28620237 PMCID: PMC5472587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered pigs are a promising source for islet cell transplantation in type 1 diabetes, but the strong human anti-pig immune response prevents its successful clinical application. Here we studied the efficacy of neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters (NPICCs) overexpressing LEA29Y, a high-affinity variant of the T cell co-stimulation inhibitor CTLA-4Ig, to engraft and restore normoglycemia after transplantation into streptozotocin-diabetic NOD-SCID IL2rγ−/− (NSG) mice stably reconstituted with a human immune system. Transplantation of INSLEA29Y expressing NPICCs resulted in development of normal glucose tolerance (70.4%) and long-term maintenance of normoglycemia without administration of immunosuppressive drugs. All animals transplanted with wild-type NPICCs remained diabetic. Immunohistological examinations revealed a strong peri- and intragraft infiltration of wild-type NPICCs with human CD45+ immune cells consisting of predominantly CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and some CD68+ macrophages and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Significantly less infiltrating lymphocytes and only few macrophages were observed in animals transplanted with INSLEA29Y transgenic NPICCs. This is the first study providing evidence that beta cell-specific LEA29Y expression is effective for NPICC engraftment in the presence of a humanized immune system and it has a long-lasting protective effect on inhibition of human anti-pig xenoimmunity. Our findings may have important implications for the development of a low-toxic protocol for porcine islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Tormo A, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, Al-Chami E, Kanjarawi R, Noé B, Wang H, Rafei M. Interleukin-21 promotes thymopoiesis recovery following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:120. [PMID: 28615039 PMCID: PMC5471903 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired T cell reconstitution remains a major deterrent in the field of bone marrow (BM) transplantation (BMT) due to pre-conditioning-induced damages inflicted to the thymi of recipient hosts. Given the previously reported thymo-stimulatory property of interleukin (IL)-21, we reasoned that its use post-BMT could have a profound effect on de novo T cell development. METHODS To evaluate the effect of IL-21 on de novo T cell development in vivo, BM derived from RAG2p-GFP mice was transplanted into LP/J mice. Lymphocyte reconstitution was first assessed using a hematological analyzer and a flow cytometer on collected blood samples. Detailed flow cytometry analysis was then performed on the BM, thymus, and spleen of transplanted animals. Finally, the effect of human IL-21 on thymopoiesis was validated in humanized mice. RESULTS Using a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched allogeneic BMT model, we found that IL-21 administration improves immune reconstitution by triggering the proliferation of BM Lin-Sca1+c-kit+ (LSK) subsets. The pharmacological effect of IL-21 also culminates in the recovery of both hematopoietic (thymocytes) and non-hematopoietic (stromal) cells within the thymi of IL-21-treated recipient animals. Although T cells derived from all transplanted groups proliferate, secrete various cytokines, and express granzyme B similarly in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, full regeneration of peripheral naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and normal TCRvβ distribution could only be detected in IL-21-treated recipient mice. Astonishingly, none of the recipient mice who underwent IL-21 treatment developed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the MHC-matched allogeneic setting while the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect was strongly retained. Inhibition of GVHD onset could also be attributed to the enhanced generation of regulatory B cells (B10) observed in the IL-21, but not PBS, recipient mice. We also tested the thymopoiesis-stimulating property of human IL-21 in NSG mice transplanted with cord blood (CB) and found significant improvement in de novo human CD3+ T cell development. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our study indicates that IL-21 represents a new class of unforeseen thymopoietin capable of restoring thymic function following BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tormo
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Khodayarian
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yun Cui
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Edouard Al-Chami
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Reem Kanjarawi
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Noé
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Huijie Wang
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,The Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit BLVD, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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44
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Parker D. Humanized Mouse Models of Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:512. [PMID: 28523002 PMCID: PMC5415562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human pathogen that has adapted itself in response to selection pressure by the human immune system. A commensal of the human skin and nose, it is a leading cause of several conditions: skin and soft tissue infection, pneumonia, septicemia, peritonitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Mice have been used extensively in all these conditions to identify virulence factors and host components important for pathogenesis. Although significant effort has gone toward development of an anti-staphylococcal vaccine, antibodies have proven ineffective in preventing infection in humans after successful studies in mice. These results have raised questions as to the utility of mice to predict patient outcome and suggest that humanized mice might prove useful in modeling infection. The development of humanized mouse models of S. aureus infection will allow us to assess the contribution of several human-specific virulence factors, in addition to exploring components of the human immune system in protection against S. aureus infection. Their use is discussed in light of several recently reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Verma MK, Clemens J, Burzenski L, Sampson SB, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD. A novel hemolytic complement-sufficient NSG mouse model supports studies of complement-mediated antitumor activity in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2017; 446:47-53. [PMID: 28390927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a mainstream therapeutic option against cancer. mAbs mediate tumor cell-killing through several mechanisms including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, studies of mAb-mediated CDC against tumor cells remain largely dependent on in vitro systems. Previously developed and widely used NOD-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice support enhanced engraftment of many primary human tumors. However, NSG mice have a 2-bp deletion in the coding region of the hemolytic complement (Hc) gene, and it is not possible to evaluate CDC activity in NSG mice. To address this limitation, we generated a novel strain of NSG mice-NSG-Hc1-that have an intact complement system able to generate the membrane attack complex. Utilizing the Daudi Burkitt's human lymphoma cell line, and the anti-human CD20 mAb rituximab, we further demonstrated that the complement system in NSG-Hc1 mice is fully functional. NSG-Hc1 mice expressed CDC activity against Daudi cells in vivo following rituximab treatment and showed longer overall survival compared with rituximab-treated NSG mice that lack hemolytic complement. Our results validate the NSG-Hc1 mouse model as a platform for testing mechanisms underlying CDC in vivo and suggest its potential use to compare complement-dependent and complement-independent cytotoxic activity mediated by therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Verma
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Julia Clemens
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Diabetes Center of Excellence™, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence™, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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46
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Tsoneva D, Minev B, Frentzen A, Zhang Q, Wege AK, Szalay AA. Humanized Mice with Subcutaneous Human Solid Tumors for Immune Response Analysis of Vaccinia Virus-Mediated Oncolysis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 5:41-61. [PMID: 28480327 PMCID: PMC5415323 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy is an alternative cancer treatment modality that mediates targeted tumor destruction through a tumor-selective replication and an induction of anti-tumor immunity. We developed a humanized tumor mouse model with subcutaneous human tumors to analyze the interactions of VACV with the developing tumors and human immune system. A successful systemic reconstitution with human immune cells including functional T cells as well as development of tumors infiltrated with human T and natural killer (NK) cells was observed. We also demonstrated successful in vivo colonization of such tumors with systemically administered VACVs. Further, a new recombinant GLV-1h376 VACV encoding for a secreted human CTLA4-blocking single-chain antibody (CTLA4 scAb) was tested. Surprisingly, although proving CTLA4 scAb's in vitro binding ability and functionality in cell culture, beside the significant increase of CD56bright NK cell subset, GLV-1h376 was not able to increase cytotoxic T or overall NK cell levels at the tumor site. Importantly, the virus-encoded β-glucuronidase as a measure of viral titer and CTLA4 scAb amount was demonstrated. Therefore, studies in our "patient-like" humanized tumor mouse model allow the exploration of newly designed therapy strategies considering the complex relationships between the developing tumor, the oncolytic virus, and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Tsoneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Minev
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.,Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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47
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Rodewohl A, Scholbach J, Leichsenring A, Köberle M, Lange F. Age-dependent cellular reactions of the human immune system of humanized NOD scid gamma mice on LPS stimulus. Innate Immun 2017; 23:258-275. [PMID: 28162006 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917690814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sepsis being a life-threatening disease, targeted drugs that improve the therapy of affected patients are still lacking. Infants and adults differ in the maturity level of their immune system and this results in distinct reactions to Gram-negative bacteria. To study reactions of human immune cells in vivo, we used NOD scid gamma mice transplanted with human CD34+ stem cells to engraft a functional human immune system. Human cells undergo differentiation and maturation in these mice after transplantation and, accordingly, animals were divided into two groups: 8-13 wk and 15-22 wk after transplantation. Endotoxemia was induced by injecting LPS. Six h later, mice were euthanized. In both groups, LPS stimulation induced a decrease of CD14+ monocytes in peripheral blood, an up-regulation of activation markers on different cell subsets such as myeloid dendritic cells, and a release of the human cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. However, significant differences were detected with regard to the amounts of released cytokines, and 8-13-wk-old mice produced more IL-6, while PTX3 was mainly released by 15-22-wk-old animals. Thus, here we provide a potential model for preclinical research of sepsis in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rodewohl
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,2 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Scholbach
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,3 Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Leichsenring
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margarethe Köberle
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,2 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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48
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Coughlan AM, Harmon C, Whelan S, O'Brien EC, O'Reilly VP, Crotty P, Kelly P, Ryan M, Hickey FB, O'Farrelly C, Little MA. Myeloid Engraftment in Humanized Mice: Impact of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment and Transgenic Mouse Strain. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:530-41. [PMID: 26879149 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor myeloid engraftment remains a barrier to experimental use of humanized mice. Focusing primarily on peripheral blood cells, we compared the engraftment profile of NOD-scid-IL2Rγc(-/-) (NSG) mice with that of NSG mice transgenic for human membrane stem cell factor (hu-mSCF mice), NSG mice transgenic for human interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and stem cell factor (SGM3 mice). hu-mSCF and SGM3 mice showed enhanced engraftment of human leukocytes compared to NSG mice, and this was reflected in the number of human neutrophils and monocytes present in these strains. Importantly, discrete classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocyte populations were identifiable in the blood of NSG and hu-mSCF mice, while the nonclassical population was absent in the blood of SGM3 mice. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) treatment increased the number of blood monocytes in NSG and hu-mSCF mice, and neutrophils in NSG and SGM3 mice; however, this effect appeared to be at least partially dependent on the stem cell donor used to engraft the mice. Furthermore, GCSF treatment resulted in a preferential expansion of nonclassical monocytes in both NSG and hu-mSCF mice. Human tubulointerstitial CD11c(+) cells were present in the kidneys of hu-mSCF mice, while monocytes and neutrophils were identified in the liver of all strains. Bone marrow-derived macrophages prepared from NSG mice were most effective at phagocytosing polystyrene beads. In conclusion, hu-mSCF mice provide the best environment for the generation of human myeloid cells, with GCSF treatment further enhancing peripheral blood human monocyte cell numbers in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Coughlan
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal Harmon
- 2 Comparative Immunology, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Whelan
- 2 Comparative Immunology, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eóin C O'Brien
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent P O'Reilly
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Crotty
- 3 Department of Pathology, the Adelaide and Meath Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pamela Kelly
- 4 School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Ryan
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala B Hickey
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- 2 Comparative Immunology, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Little
- 1 Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
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49
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Tomić A, Varanasi PR, Golemac M, Malić S, Riese P, Borst EM, Mischak-Weissinger E, Guzmán CA, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Messerle M. Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by a Recombinant Human Cytomegalovirus Strain Expressing an NKG2D Ligand. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006015. [PMID: 27907183 PMCID: PMC5131914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a need of utmost medical importance. Generally, it is believed that a live attenuated vaccine would best provide protective immunity against this tenacious pathogen. Here, we propose a strategy for an HCMV vaccine that aims at the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. An HCMV strain expressing the host ligand ULBP2 for the NKG2D receptor was found to be susceptible to control by natural killer (NK) cells, and preserved the ability to stimulate HCMV-specific T cells. Infection with the ULBP2-expressing HCMV strain caused diminished cell surface levels of MHC class I molecules. While expression of the NKG2D ligand increased the cytolytic activity of NK cells, NKG2D engagement in CD8+ T cells provided co-stimulation and compensated for lower MHC class I expression. Altogether, our data indicate that triggering of both arms of the immune system is a promising approach applicable to the generation of a live attenuated HCMV vaccine. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompromised individuals, indicating an utmost need for a vaccine to protect these vulnerable groups. Recent experimental studies in animal models, including non-human primates, have shown that attenuated CMVs trigger a potent immune response and are attractive vaccine candidates. However, an effective CMV vaccine is still not available. Here, we demonstrate that rational engineering of a live attenuated human CMV vaccine candidate is feasible. We equipped a CMV strain with an immunostimulatory molecule that is a ligand for an activating receptor present on both Natural Killer cells and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we deleted several immunoevasins involved in downregulation of MHC class I molecules and of a ligand for Natural Killer cells in order to elicit stronger immune responses. In vitro assays using human immune cells and a first assessment in a humanized mouse model in vivo suggest that the generated CMV strain is attenuated and has the ability to induce a virus-specific immune response. Our study proposes this novel approach for the development of a rationally engineered CMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomić
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavankumar R. Varanasi
- Clinics of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva M. Borst
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Mischak-Weissinger
- Clinics of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail: (MM); (SJ)
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (SJ)
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50
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Allaoui R, Bergenfelz C, Mohlin S, Hagerling C, Salari K, Werb Z, Anderson RL, Ethier SP, Jirström K, Påhlman S, Bexell D, Tahin B, Johansson ME, Larsson C, Leandersson K. Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted CXCL16 attracts monocytes to promote stroma activation in triple-negative breast cancers. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13050. [PMID: 27725631 PMCID: PMC5062608 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative (TN) breast cancers (ER−PR−HER2−) are highly metastatic and associated with poor prognosis. Within this subtype, invasive, stroma-rich tumours with infiltration of inflammatory cells are even more aggressive. The effect of myeloid cells on reactive stroma formation in TN breast cancer is largely unknown. Here, we show that primary human monocytes have a survival advantage, proliferate in vivo and develop into immunosuppressive myeloid cells expressing the myeloid-derived suppressor cell marker S100A9 only in a TN breast cancer environment. This results in activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and expression of CXCL16, which we show to be a monocyte chemoattractant. We propose that this migratory feedback loop amplifies the formation of a reactive stroma, contributing to the aggressive phenotype of TN breast tumours. These insights could help select more suitable therapies targeting the stromal component of these tumours, and could aid prediction of drug resistance. A reactive tumour stroma is associated with poor prognosis. Here, the authors show that in patients with triple negative breast cancer resident monocytes activate cancer-associated fibroblasts and induce production of CXCL16, which acts as a monocyte chemoattractant, resulting in an amplificatory feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Allaoui
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cancer Immunology, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bergenfelz
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cancer Immunology, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 223 63, Sweden
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cancer Immunology, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Kiarash Salari
- Department of Anatomy and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 8006, Australia
| | - Stephen P Ethier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund 221 85, Sweden
| | - Sven Påhlman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 223 63, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bexell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 223 63, Sweden
| | - Balázs Tahin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Martin E Johansson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cancer Immunology, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 223 63, Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cancer Immunology, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
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