1
|
Wen L, Zhang B, Wu X, Liu R, Fan H, Han L, Zhang Z, Ma X, Chu CQ, Shi X. Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093208. [PMID: 36875095 PMCID: PMC9975558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune illness marked by the loss of immune tolerance and the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acids and other nuclear antigens (Ags). B lymphocytes are important in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Multiple receptors control abnormal B-cell activation in SLE patients, including intrinsic Toll-like receptors (TLRs), B-cell receptors (BCRs), and cytokine receptors. The role of TLRs, notably TLR7 and TLR9, in the pathophysiology of SLE has been extensively explored in recent years. When endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid ligands are recognized by BCRs and internalized into B cells, they bind TLR7 or TLR9 to activate related signalling pathways and thus govern the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Surprisingly, TLR7 and TLR9 appear to play opposing roles in SLE B cells, and the interaction between them is still poorly understood. In addition, other cells can enhance TLR signalling in B cells of SLE patients by releasing cytokines that accelerate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Therefore, the delineation of how TLR7 and TLR9 regulate the abnormal activation of B cells in SLE may aid the understanding of the mechanisms of SLE and provide directions for TLR-targeted therapies for SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinfeng Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Rongzeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fee L, Kumar A, Tighe RM, Foster MH. Autoreactive B cells recruited to lungs by silica exposure contribute to local autoantibody production in autoimmune-prone BXSB and B cell receptor transgenic mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933360. [PMID: 35983030 PMCID: PMC9378786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to inhaled crystalline silica dust (cSiO2) is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitis. Each disease has a characteristic autoantibody profile used in diagnosis and implicated in pathogenesis. A role for cSiO2 in modulating humoral autoimmunity in vivo is supported by findings in mice, where respirable cSiO2 induces ectopic lymphoid structures as well as inflammation in exposed lungs across genetically diverse backgrounds. In lupus-prone mice cSiO2 exposure also leads to early onset autoantibody production and accelerated disease. Elevated autoantibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung transcriptome analysis suggest that the lung is a hub of cSiO2-evoked autoimmune activity. However, mechanisms by which cSiO2 and lung microenvironments interact to promote autoantibody production remain unclear. We previously demonstrated elevated anti-DNA Ig in BALF but not in lung cell cultures from cSiO2-exposed C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that BALF autoantibodies did not arise locally in this non-autoimmune strain. Autoantibodies were also elevated in BALF of cSiO2-exposed lupus-prone BXSB mice. In this report we test the hypothesis that dysregulated autoreactive B cells recruited to cSiO2-exposed lungs in the context of autoimmune predisposition contribute to local autoantibody production. We found that anti-DNA and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) Ig were significantly elevated in cultures of TLR ligand-stimulated lung cells from cSiO2-exposed BXSB mice. To further explore the impact of strain genetic susceptibility versus B cell intrinsic dysfunction on cSiO2-recruited B cell fate, we used an anti-basement membrane autoantibody transgenic (autoAb Tg) mouse line termed M7. In M7 mice, autoAb Tg B cells are aberrantly regulated and escape from tolerance on the C57BL/6 background. Exposure to cSiO2 elicited prominent pulmonary B cell and T cell aggregates and autoAb Tg Ig were readily detected in lung cell culture supernatants. Taken together, diverse disease-relevant autoreactive B cells, including cells specific for DNA, MPO, and basement membrane, are recruited to lung ectopic lymphoid aggregates in response to cSiO2 instillation. B cells that escape tolerance can contribute to local autoantibody production. Our demonstration of significantly enhanced autoantibody induction by TLR ligands further suggests that a coordinated environmental co-exposure can magnify autoimmune vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanette Fee
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Advika Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mary H. Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Zhang H, Su Y, Zhang B. Application and prospect of targeting innate immune sensors in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:68. [PMID: 35619184 PMCID: PMC9134593 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of auto-reactive T cells and autoantibody-producing B cells and excessive inflammation are responsible for the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of autoreactive T cell activation and autoantibody production, as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production have been utilized to ameliorate autoimmune disease symptoms. However, the existing treatment strategies are not sufficient to cure autoimmune diseases since patients can quickly suffer a relapse following the end of treatments. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and various nucleic acid sensors, are expressed in both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. Here, we have summarized advances of PRRs signaling pathways, association between PRRs and autoimmune diseases, application of inhibitors targeting PRRs and the corresponding signaling molecules relevant to strategies targeting autoimmune diseases. This review emphasizes the roles of different PRRs in activating both innate and adaptive immunity, which can coordinate to trigger autoimmune responses. The review may also prompt the formulation of novel ideas for developing therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases by targeting PRRs-related signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Basic and Translational Research Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases I: Toxic Chemicals and Food. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:513-543. [PMID: 35366249 PMCID: PMC8830458 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 5–9% of the world’s population. It is now known that genetics play a relatively small part in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders in general, and that environmental factors have a greater role. In this review, we examine the role of the exposome, an individual’s lifetime exposure to external and internal factors, in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. The most common of these environmental factors are toxic chemicals, food/diet, and infections. Toxic chemicals are in our food, drink, common products, the air, and even the land we walk on. Toxic chemicals can directly damage self-tissue and cause the release of autoantigens, or can bind to human tissue antigens and form neoantigens, which can provoke autoimmune response leading to autoimmunity. Other types of autoimmune responses can also be induced by toxic chemicals through various effects at the cellular and biochemical levels. The food we eat every day commonly has colorants, preservatives, or packaging-related chemical contamination. The food itself may be antigenic for susceptible individuals. The most common mechanism for food-related autoimmunity is molecular mimicry, in which the food’s molecular structure bears a similarity with the structure of one or more self-tissues. The solution is to detect the trigger, remove it from the environment or diet, then repair the damage to the individual’s body and health.
Collapse
|
5
|
A novel humanized cutaneous lupus erythematosus mouse model mediated by IL-21-induced age-associated B cells. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102686. [PMID: 34325305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a relapsing autoimmune disease, but key elements that drive disease initiation and progression remain elusive. To date, the lack of ideal murine model which resemble human cutaneous lupus makes it extremely challenging for moving mechanistic discoveries and novel therapeutics. Here, we prompt a humanized murine model to develop an inducible rapid-onset murine that performs cutaneous rather than systemic lupus, depending on the successful human immune system reconstruction from active lupus patients and UVB irradiation as for essentially pathogenic triggers. In addition, we demonstrate a newly discovered population of B cell with a unique phenotype, that of the age-associated B cell (ABC, T-bet+ CD11b+), exhibits B cell clusters in humanized cutaneous lupus. In the response of IL-21 and TLR7/9 signals, recruitment of autoreactive B cells to the position of inflammation with subsequent localized antibody production of IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, has the potential to exacerbate ongoing inflammation and thus driving lupus-like autoimmunity in a B-cell-dominant fashion. Overall, our model provides a relevant system for exploring the pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus, a suitable model for drug development, as well as updating a potential role of IL-21 and TLR7/9 to be targeted by biologics.
Collapse
|
6
|
B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
Collapse
|
7
|
Garimella MG, He C, Chen G, Li QZ, Huang X, Karlsson MCI. The B cell response to both protein and nucleic acid antigens displayed on apoptotic cells are dependent on endosomal pattern recognition receptors. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102582. [PMID: 33296829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), B cell tolerance is lost and there is a production of autoantibodies that drive pathology. The specificities of these antibodies are towards a wide range of autoantigens including proteins such as serum factors including cytokines as well as towards nucleic acids and modified glycolipids. It is known that endosomal pattern recognition receptors are involved in specific responses but if they drive specificity towards a specific group of autoantigens is not known. Here, we used syngeneic apoptotic cells alone to break B cell tolerance and investigated the antibody response in Unc93b1 mutant mice that lack signalling from the TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 receptors. We found that specific B cell responses known from patients with SLE including antibodies towards Ro-52/60, La, cardiolipin as well as DNA were all significantly lower in the knockout mice. Thus, we found that endosomal TLR receptors were involved in break of tolerance and drive B cell responses for protein, nucleic acid and modified lipid antigens. This pinpoints these receptors as key drivers for the full range of antibody driven pathology in SLE and suggests that targeting of endosomal TLR driven responses will quench all B cell driven autoreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasa G Garimella
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Biomedicum, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Chenfei He
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Biomedicum, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Guangchun Chen
- Microarray Core, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core, Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Biomedicum, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Acharya M, Raso F, Sagadiev S, Gilbertson E, Kadavy L, Li QZ, Yan M, Stuart LM, Hamerman JA, Lacy-Hulbert A. B Cell αv Integrins Regulate TLR-Driven Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1810-1818. [PMID: 32859730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is defined by loss of B cell tolerance, resulting in production of autoantibodies against nucleic acids and other cellular Ags. Aberrant activation of TLRs by self-derived RNA and DNA is strongly associated with SLE in patients and in mouse models, but the mechanism by which TLR signaling to self-ligands is regulated remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that αv integrin plays a critical role in regulating B cell TLR signaling to self-antigens in mice. We show that deletion of αv from B cells accelerates autoantibody production and autoimmune kidney disease in the Tlr7.1 transgenic mouse model of SLE. Increased autoimmunity was associated with specific expansion of transitional B cells, extrafollicular IgG2c-producing plasma cells, and activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Our data show that αv-mediated regulation of TLR signaling in B cells is critical for preventing autoimmunity and indicate that loss of αv promotes escape from tolerance. Thus, we identify a new regulatory pathway in autoimmunity and elucidate upstream signals that adjust B cell activation to prevent development of autoimmunity in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Acharya
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Fiona Raso
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Emily Gilbertson
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Lauren Kadavy
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Quan Z Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lynda M Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101.,Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Edwards MR, Dai R, Heid B, Cowan C, Werre SR, Cecere T, Ahmed SA. Low-dose 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) exposure exacerbates lupus renal disease and modulates immune responses to TLR7/9 agonists in genetically autoimmune-prone mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5210. [PMID: 32251357 PMCID: PMC7090002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to regulate the immune system and modulate multiple autoimmune diseases. 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of 17β-estradiol, is prescribed commonly and found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory effects of exposure to EE, especially in autoimmunity. In this study, we exposed autoimmune-prone female MRL/lpr mice to a human-relevant dose of EE through the oral route of exposure. Since lupus patients are prone to infections, groups of mice were injected with viral (Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist) or bacterial (ODN 2395, a TLR9 agonist) surrogates. We then evaluated autoimmune disease parameters, kidney disease, and response to in vivo TLR7/9 pathogenic signals. EE-exposed mice had increased proteinuria as early as 7 weeks of age. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular immune complex deposition were also exacerbated when compared to controls. Production of cytokines by splenic leukocytes were altered in EE-exposed mice. Our study shows that oral exposure to EE, even at a very low dose, can exacerbate azotemia, increase clinical markers of renal disease, enhance glomerular immune complex deposition, and modulate TLR7/9 cytokine production in female MRL/lpr mice. This study may have implications for EE-exposure risk for genetically lupus-prone individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Population Health Sciences, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Du SW, Arkatkar T, Al Qureshah F, Jacobs HM, Thouvenel CD, Chiang K, Largent AD, Li QZ, Hou B, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Functional Characterization of CD11c + Age-Associated B Cells as Memory B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2817-2826. [PMID: 31636237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a unique subset of B cells defined by surface CD11b and CD11c expression. Although ABC expansion has been observed in both human and animal studies in the setting of advanced age, during humoral autoimmunity and following viral infection, the functional properties of this cellular subset remain incompletely defined. In the current study, we demonstrate that ABCs fulfill the criteria for memory B cells (MBCs), based on evidence of Ag-dependent expansion and persistence in a state poised for rapid differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells during secondary responses. First, we show that a majority of ABCs are not actively cycling but exhibit an extensive replication history consistent with prior Ag engagement. Second, despite unswitched surface IgM expression, ABCs show evidence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation. Third, BCRs cloned from sorted ABCs exhibit broad autoreactivity and polyreactivity. Although the overall level of ABC self-reactivity was not increased relative to naive B cells, ABCs lacked features of functional anergy characteristic of autoreactive B cells. Fourth, ABCs express MBC surface markers consistent with being poised for rapid plasma cell differentiation during recall responses. Finally, in a murine model of viral infection, adoptively transferred CD11c+ B cells rapidly differentiated into class-switched Ab-secreting cells upon Ag rechallenge. In summary, we phenotypically and functionally characterize ABCs as IgM-expressing MBCs, findings that together implicate ABCs in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Fahd Al Qureshah
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Kristy Chiang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du SW, Arkatkar T, Jacobs HM, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Generation of functional murine CD11c + age-associated B cells in the absence of B cell T-bet expression. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:170-178. [PMID: 30353919 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABC), a novel subset of activated B cells defined by CD11b and CD11c expression, have been linked with both protective anti-viral responses and the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity. Expression of the TH 1 lineage transcription factor T-bet has been identified as a defining feature of ABC biology, with B cell-intrinsic expression of this transcription factor proposed to be required for ABC formation. In contrast to this model, we report that Tbx21 (encoding T-bet)-deficient B cells upregulate CD11b and CD11c surface expression in vitro in response to integrated TLR and cytokine signals. Moreover, B cell-intrinsic T-bet deletion in a murine lupus model exerted no impact of ABC generation in vivo, with Tbx21-/- ABCs exhibiting an identical surface phenotype to wild-type (WT) ABCs. Importantly, WT and Tbx21-/- ABCs sorted from autoimmune mice produced equivalent amounts of IgM and IgG ex vivo following TLR stimulation, indicating that T-bet-deficient ABCs are likely functional in vivo. In summary, our data contradict the established literature by demonstrating that T-bet expression is not uniformly required for ABC generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonzalez-Quintial R, Nguyen A, Kono DH, Oldstone MBA, Theofilopoulos AN, Baccala R. Lupus acceleration by a MAVS-activating RNA virus requires endosomal TLR signaling and host genetic predisposition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203118. [PMID: 30199535 PMCID: PMC6130858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, yet their contribution remains circumstantial partly due to the lack of well-documented information on infections prior to autoimmune disease onset. Here, we used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a model to mechanistically dissect the impact of viral infection on lupus-like autoimmunity. Virus persistence strongly enhanced disease in mice with otherwise weak genetic predisposition but not in highly predisposed or non-autoimmune mice, indicating a synergistic interplay between genetic susceptibility and virus infection. Moreover, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were both strictly required for disease acceleration, even though LCMV also induces strong TLR-independent type I interferon (IFN-I) production via RNA helicases and MAVS in conventional DCs. These results suggest that LCMV enhances systemic autoimmunity primarily by providing stimulatory nucleic acids for endosomal TLR engagement, whereas overstimulation of the MAVS-dependent cytosolic pathway in the absence of endosomal TLR signaling is insufficient for disease induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Gonzalez-Quintial
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dwight H. Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mayeux JM, Escalante GM, Christy JM, Pawar RD, Kono DH, Pollard KM. Silicosis and Silica-Induced Autoimmunity in the Diversity Outbred Mouse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:874. [PMID: 29755467 PMCID: PMC5932595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have confidently linked occupational crystalline silica exposure to autoimmunity, but pathogenic mechanisms and role of genetic predisposition remain poorly defined. Although studies of single inbred strains have yielded insights, understanding the relationships between lung pathology, silica-induced autoimmunity, and genetic predisposition will require examination of a broad spectrum of responses and susceptibilities. We defined the characteristics of silicosis and autoimmunity and their relationships using the genetically heterogeneous diversity outbred (DO) mouse population and determined the suitability of this model for investigating silica-induced autoimmunity. Clinically relevant lung and autoimmune phenotypes were assessed 12 weeks after a transoral dose of 0, 5, or 10 mg crystalline silica in large cohorts of DO mice. Data were further analyzed for correlations, hierarchical clustering, and sex effects. DO mice exhibited a wide range of responses to silica, including mild to severe silicosis and importantly silica-induced systemic autoimmunity. Strikingly, about half of PBS controls were anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) positive, however, few had disease-associated specificities, whereas most ANAs in silica-exposed mice showed anti-ENA5 reactivity. Correlation and hierarchical clustering showed close association of silicosis, lung biomarkers, and anti-ENA5, while other autoimmune characteristics, such as ANA and glomerulonephritis, clustered separately. Silica-exposed males had more lung inflammation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells, IL-6, and autoantibodies. DO mice are susceptible to both silicosis and silica-induced autoimmunity and show substantial individual variations reflecting their genetic diverseness and the importance of predisposition particularly for autoimmunity. This model provides a new tool for deciphering the relationship between silica exposure, genes, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Mayeux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rahul D Pawar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth M Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pollard KM, Christy JM, Cauvi DM, Kono DH. Environmental Xenobiotic Exposure and Autoimmunity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 10:15-22. [PMID: 29503968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is dependent on multigenic inheritance, environmental factors, and stochastic events. Although there has been substantial progress in identifying predisposing genetic variants, a significant challenge facing autoimmune disease research is the identification of the specific events that trigger loss of tolerance, autoreactivity and ultimately autoimmune disease. Accordingly, studies have indicated that a wide range of extrinsic factors including drugs, chemicals, microbes, and other environmental factors can induce autoimmunity, particularly systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. This review describes a class of environmental factors, namely xenobiotics, epidemiologically linked to human autoimmunity. Mechanisms of xenobiotic autoimmune disease induction are discussed in terms of human and animal model studies with a focus on the role of inflammation and the innate immune response. We argue that localized tissue damage and chronic inflammation elicited by xenobiotic exposure leads to the release of self-antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns as well as the appearance of ectopic lymphoid structures and secondary lymphoid hypertrophy, which provide a milieu for the production of autoreactive B and T cells that contribute to the development and persistence of autoimmunity in predisposed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM125, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM125, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0739, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IMM310, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pollard KM, Escalante GM, Huang H, Haraldsson KM, Hultman P, Christy JM, Pawar RD, Mayeux JM, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Baccala R, Beutler B, Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH. Induction of Systemic Autoimmunity by a Xenobiotic Requires Endosomal TLR Trafficking and Signaling from the Late Endosome and Endolysosome but Not Type I IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3739-3747. [PMID: 29055005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN and nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are both strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus, with most patients expressing IFN-induced genes in peripheral blood cells and with TLRs promoting type I IFNs and autoreactive B cells. About a third of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, however, lack the IFN signature, suggesting the possibility of type I IFN-independent mechanisms. In this study, we examined the role of type I IFN and TLR trafficking and signaling in xenobiotic systemic mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA). Strikingly, autoantibody production in HgIA was not dependent on the type I IFN receptor even in NZB mice that require type I IFN signaling for spontaneous disease, but was dependent on the endosomal TLR transporter UNC93B1 and the endosomal proton transporter, solute carrier family 15, member 4. HgIA also required the adaptor protein-3 complex, which transports TLRs from the early endosome to the late endolysosomal compartments. Examination of TLR signaling pathways implicated the canonical NF-κB pathway and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in autoantibody production, but not IFN regulatory factor 7. These findings identify HgIA as a novel type I IFN-independent model of systemic autoimmunity and implicate TLR-mediated NF-κB proinflammatory signaling from the late endocytic pathway compartments in autoantibody generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Katarina M Haraldsson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Per Hultman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden; and
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rahul D Pawar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jessica M Mayeux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Efforts to understand autoimmunity have been pursued relentlessly for several decades. It has become apparent that the immune system evolved multiple mechanisms for controlling self-reactivity, and defects in one or more of these mechanisms can lead to a breakdown of tolerance. Among the multitude of lesions associated with disease, the most common seem to affect peripheral tolerance rather than central tolerance. The initial trigger for both systemic autoimmune disorders and organ-specific autoimmune disorders probably involves the recognition of self or foreign molecules, especially nucleic acids, by innate sensors. Such recognition, in turn, triggers inflammatory responses and the engagement of previously quiescent autoreactive T cells and B cells. Here we summarize the most prominent autoimmune pathways and identify key issues that require resolution for full understanding of pathogenic autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chaturvedi S, McCrae KR. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev 2017; 31:406-417. [PMID: 28784423 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA). Laboratory diagnosis of APLA depends upon the detection of a lupus anticoagulant, which prolongs phospholipid-dependent anticoagulation tests, and/or anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein-1 (β2GPI) antibodies. APLA are primarily directed toward phospholipid binding proteins. Pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying thrombosis and pregnancy loss in APS include APLA induced cellular activation, inhibition of natural anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems, and complement activation, among others. There is a high rate of recurrent thrombosis in APS, especially in triple positive patients (patients with lupus anticoagulant, aCL and anti-β2GPI antibodies), and indefinite anticoagulation with a vitamin K antagonist is the standard of care for thrombotic APS. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in thrombotic APS. Aspirin with low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin may reduce the incidence of pregnancy loss in obstetric APS. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of APS have led to the identification of new potential therapeutic interventions, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies. Additional research is needed to better understand the effects of APLA on activation of signaling pathways in vascular cells, to identify more predictive biomarkers that define patients at greatest risk for a first or recurrent APLA-related clinical event, and to determine the safety and efficacy of DOACs and novel anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory therapies for refractory APS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chaturvedi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Department of Hematology and Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mavragani CP, Sagalovskiy I, Guo Q, Nezos A, Kapsogeorgou EK, Lu P, Liang Zhou J, Kirou KA, Seshan SV, Moutsopoulos HM, Crow MK. Expression of Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 Retroelements and Induction of Type I Interferon in Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:2686-2696. [PMID: 27338297 DOI: 10.1002/art.39795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) and a broad signature of type I IFN-induced gene transcripts are observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other systemic autoimmune diseases. To identify disease-relevant triggers of the type I IFN pathway, this study sought to investigate whether endogenous virus-like genomic repeat elements, normally silent, are expressed in patients with systemic autoimmune disease, and whether these retroelements could activate an innate immune response and induce type I IFN. METHODS Expression of type I IFN and long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1; L1) was studied by polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in samples of kidney tissue from patients with lupus nephritis and minor salivary gland (MSG) tissue from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Induction of type I IFN by L1 was investigated by transfection of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) or monocytes with an L1-encoding plasmid or L1 RNA. Involvement of innate immune pathways and altered L1 methylation were assessed. RESULTS Levels of L1 messenger RNA transcripts were increased in lupus nephritis kidneys and in MSG tissue from patients with SS. Transcript expression correlated with the expression of type I IFN and L1 DNA demethylation. L1 open-reading frame 1/p40 protein and IFNβ were expressed in MSG ductal epithelial cells and in lupus nephritis kidneys, and IFNα was detected in infiltrating PDCs. Transfection of PDCs or monocytes with L1-encoding DNA or RNA induced type I IFN. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7)/TLR-8 reduced the induction of IFNα by L1 in PDCs, and an inhibitor of IKKε/TANK-binding kinase 1 abrogated the induction of type I IFN by L1 RNA in monocytes. CONCLUSION L1 genomic repeat elements represent endogenous nucleic acid triggers of the type I IFN pathway in SLE and SS and may contribute to initiation or amplification of autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clio P Mavragani
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Qiu Guo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Adrianos Nezos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Pin Lu
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary K Crow
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hess NJ, Jiang S, Li X, Guan Y, Tapping RI. TLR10 Is a B Cell Intrinsic Suppressor of Adaptive Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:699-707. [PMID: 27956526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play a central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses with several TLR agonists acting as known B cell mitogens. Despite thousands of publications on TLRs, the function of TLR10 remains unknown. We have found that Ab-mediated engagement of TLR10 on primary human B cells suppresses B cell proliferation, cytokine production, and signal transduction. When challenged with either a T independent or T dependent Ag, TLR10 transgenic mice exhibit diminished Ab responses. Adoptive transfer of splenic B cells into B cell-deficient mice revealed that the suppressive effects on Ag-specific humoral immune responses are entirely B cell intrinsic. Our results demonstrate that TLR10 has a functional role within the B cell lineage that is distinct from that of other TLR family members and may provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases characterized by dysregulated B cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hess
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Song Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - Richard I Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; and .,College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pone EJ. Analysis by Flow Cytometry of B-Cell Activation and Antibody Responses Induced by Toll-Like Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:229-48. [PMID: 26803633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in B lymphocytes and contribute to B-cell activation, antibody responses, and their maturation. TLR stimulation of mouse B cells induces class switch DNA recombination (CSR) to isotypes specified by cytokines, and also induces formation of IgM(+) as well as class-switched plasma cells. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, while on its own inducing limited B-cell proliferation and no CSR, can enhance CSR driven by TLRs. Particular synergistic or antagonistic interactions among TLR pathways, BCR, and cytokine signaling can have important consequences for B-cell activation, CSR, and plasma cell formation. This chapter outlines protocols for the induction and analysis of B-cell activation and antibody production by TLRs with or without other stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egest J Pone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
New insights into B cell biology in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 27:461-7. [PMID: 26164595 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding of the physiological and pathogenic functions of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) continues to expand. In this review, we discuss novel insights published in the last 18 months into the roles of B cells in systemic autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Data have continued to expand regarding the diverse mechanisms by which innate immune signals including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate the B cell compartment. Localized B cells and long-lived plasma cells have been identified as playing an important role in target tissue including the development of ectopic lymphoid structures in kidney and salivary gland. In addition to pathogenic roles for B cells, there is mounting evidence for regulatory B cell subsets that play a protective role and new insights into the signals that regulate their development. SUMMARY The past few years have provided insights into the multiple paths by which innate immune signals can lead to B cell activation in SLE and pSS and the increasingly diverse ways in which B cells contribute to disease expression. Further understanding the imbalance between protective and pathogenic functions for B cells in disease including in understudied target tissue should yield new treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
22
|
Toll-like receptors and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases: new developments. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:344-57. [PMID: 27170508 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, new developments have been reported on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases. The inhibitory function of TLR10 has been demonstrated. Receptors that enhance the function of TLRs, and several TLR inhibitors, have been identified. In addition, the role of the microbiome and TLRs in the onset of rheumatic diseases has been reported. We review novel insights on the role of TLRs in several inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, gout and Lyme arthritis, with a focus on the signalling mechanisms mediated by the Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, the exogenous and endogenous ligands of TLRs, and the current and future therapeutic strategies to target TLR signalling in rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hurst TP, Magiorkinis G. Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1207-1218. [PMID: 26068187 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome comprises 8 % endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the majority of which are defective due to deleterious mutations. Nonetheless, transcripts of ERVs are found in most tissues, and these transcripts could either be reverse transcribed to generate ssDNA or expressed to generate proteins. Thus, the expression of ERVs could produce nucleic acids or proteins with viral signatures, much like the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of exogenous viruses, which would enable them to be detected by the innate immune system. The activation of some pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in response to ERVs has been described in mice and in the context of human autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the evidence for detection of ERVs by PRRs and the resultant activation of innate immune signalling. This is an emerging area of research within the field of innate antiviral immunity, showing how ERVs could initiate immune signalling pathways and might have implications for numerous inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara P Hurst
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Roles of B Cell-Intrinsic TLR Signals in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13084-105. [PMID: 26068236 PMCID: PMC4490487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors. TLR signals are involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mouse and human B cells constitutively express most TLRs. Many B cell subpopulations are highly responsive to certain TLR ligation, including B-1 B cells, transitional B cells, marginal zone B cells, germinal center B cell and memory B cells. The B cell-intrinsic TLR signals play critical roles during lupus process. In this review, roles of B cell-intrinsic TLR2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 signals are discussed during lupus pathogenesis in both mouse model and patients. Moreover, mechanisms underlying TLR ligation-triggered B cell activation and signaling pathways are highlighted.
Collapse
|
26
|
O'Gorman WE, Hsieh EWY, Savig ES, Gherardini PF, Hernandez JD, Hansmann L, Balboni IM, Utz PJ, Bendall SC, Fantl WJ, Lewis DB, Nolan GP, Davis MM. Single-cell systems-level analysis of human Toll-like receptor activation defines a chemokine signature in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1326-36. [PMID: 26037552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces inflammatory responses involved in immunity to pathogens and autoimmune pathogenesis, such as in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although TLRs are differentially expressed across the immune system, a comprehensive analysis of how multiple immune cell subsets respond in a system-wide manner has not been described. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize TLR activation across multiple immune cell subsets and subjects, with the goal of establishing a reference framework against which to compare pathologic processes. METHODS Peripheral whole-blood samples were stimulated with TLR ligands and analyzed by means of mass cytometry simultaneously for surface marker expression, activation states of intracellular signaling proteins, and cytokine production. We developed a novel data visualization tool to provide an integrated view of TLR signaling networks with single-cell resolution. We studied 17 healthy volunteer donors and 8 patients with newly diagnosed and untreated SLE. RESULTS Our data revealed the diversity of TLR-induced responses within cell types, with TLR ligand specificity. Subsets of natural killer cells and T cells selectively induced nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells in response to TLR2 ligands. CD14(hi) monocytes exhibited the most polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns, with more than 80 distinct cytokine combinations. Monocytic TLR-induced cytokine patterns were shared among a group of healthy donors, with minimal intraindividual and interindividual variability. Furthermore, autoimmune disease altered baseline cytokine production; newly diagnosed untreated SLE patients shared a distinct monocytic chemokine signature, despite clinical heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Mass cytometry defined a systems-level reference framework for human TLR activation, which can be applied to study perturbations in patients with inflammatory diseases, such as SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E O'Gorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Erica S Savig
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Joseph D Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Imelda M Balboni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boneparth A, Huang W, Bethunaickan R, Woods M, Sahu R, Arora S, Akerman M, Lesser M, Davidson A. TLR7 influences germinal center selection in murine SLE. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119925. [PMID: 25794167 PMCID: PMC4368537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR7 enhances germinal center maturation and migration of B cells to the dark zone where proliferation and somatic hypermutation occur. Our goal was to determine how Tlr7 dose influences selection of the autoreactive B cell repertoire in NZW/BXSB. Yaa mice bearing the site-directed heavy chain transgene 3H9 that encodes for the TLR7 regulated anti-CL response. To create a physiologic setting in which autoreactive B cells compete for survival with non-autoreactive B cells, we generated bone marrow chimeras in which disease onset occurred with similar kinetics and the transferred 3H9+ female non-Yaa, male Yaa or male TLR7-/Yaa cells could be easily identified by positivity for GFP. Deletion of 3H9 B cells occurred in the bone marrow and the remaining 3H9 follicular B cells manifested a decrease in surface IgM. Although there were differences in the naïve repertoire between the chimeras it was not possible to distinguish a clear pattern of selection against lupus related autoreactivity in TLR7-/Yaa or female chimeras. By contrast, preferential expansion of 3H9+ B cells occurred in the germinal centers of male Yaa chimeras. In addition, although all chimeras preferentially selected 3H9/Vκ5 encoded B cells into the germinal center and plasma cell compartments, 3H9 male Yaa chimeras had a more diverse repertoire and positively selected the 3H9/Vκ5-48/Jκ4 pair that confers high affinity anti-cardiolipin activity. We were unable to demonstrate a consistent effect of Tlr7 dose or Yaa on somatic mutations. Our data show that TLR7 excess influences the selection, expansion and diversification of B cells in the germinal center, independent of other genes in the Yaa locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Boneparth
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Weiqing Huang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Megan Woods
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Ranjit Sahu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Shitij Arora
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Meredith Akerman
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Martin Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Römmler F, Hammel M, Waldhuber A, Müller T, Jurk M, Uhlmann E, Wagner H, Vollmer J, Miethke T. Guanine-modified inhibitory oligonucleotides efficiently impair TLR7- and TLR9-mediated immune responses of human immune cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116703. [PMID: 25695778 PMCID: PMC4335036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TLR7 and TLR9 by endogenous RNA- or DNA-containing ligands, respectively, is thought to contribute to the complicated pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These ligands induce the release of type-I interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and autoreactive antibodies by B-cells, both responses being key events in perpetuating SLE. We recently described the development of inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODN), which are characterized by a phosphorothioate backbone, a CC(T)XXX3-5GGG motif and a chemical modification of the G-quartet to avoid the formation of higher order structures via intermolecular G-tetrads. These INH-ODNs were equally or significantly more efficient to impair TLR7- and TLR9-stimulated murine B-cells, macrophages, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells than the parent INH-ODN 2088, which lacks G-modification. Here, we evaluate the inhibitory/therapeutic potential of our set of G-modified INH-ODN on human immune cells. We report the novel finding that G-modified INH-ODNs efficiently inhibited the release of IFN-α by PBMC stimulated either with the TLR7-ligand oligoribonucleotide (ORN) 22075 or the TLR9-ligand CpG-ODN 2216. G-modification of INH-ODNs significantly improved inhibition of IL-6 release by PBMCs and purified human B-cells stimulated with the TLR7-ligand imiquimod or the TLR9-ligand CpG-ODN 2006. Furthermore, inhibition of B-cell activation analyzed by expression of activation markers and intracellular ATP content was significantly improved by G-modification. As observed with murine B-cells, high concentrations of INH-ODN 2088 but not of G-modified INH-ODNs stimulated IL-6 secretion by PBMCs in the absence of TLR-ligands thus limiting its blocking efficacy. In summary, G-modification of INH-ODNs improved their ability to impair TLR7- and TLR9-mediated signaling in those human immune cells which are considered as crucial in the pathophysiology of SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Römmler
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Waldhuber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tina Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Jurk
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Wagner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Miethke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lupus nephritis: update on mechanisms of systemic autoimmunity and kidney immunopathology. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 23:211-7. [PMID: 24662982 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000444816.57378.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traditionally, lupus nephritis has been considered an autoimmune disorder of unknown origin and a complex pathophysiology, but in recent years, its pathogenesis has been unraveled. RECENT FINDINGS In individuals with unfortunate combinations of gene variants, environmental triggers such as certain drugs or viral infections allow autoimmunization against nuclear antigens, as evident by the presence of antinuclear antibodies. The expansion of autoreactive lymphocyte clones is driven by the nucleic acid component of nuclear particles from netting neutrophils and other dying cells as these activate immunity via viral nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors in dendritic cells and B cells. This process triggers interferon-α signaling-related antiviral immunity; hence, lupus symptoms are often indistinguishable from those of viral infections. Inside the kidney, lupus autoantibodies bind several autoantigens and trigger injury and inflammation, either in the mesangium (classes I/II), or along both sides of the glomerular basement membrane (classes III/IV/V). In addition, vascular and tubulointerstitial inflammation contribute to the immunopathology of lupus nephritis. SUMMARY Eventually, a better understanding of lupus nephritis pathogenesis will allow the identification of therapeutic targets that will prove effective not only in animal models but also in randomized clinical trials.
Collapse
|
30
|
Soni C, Wong EB, Domeier PP, Khan TN, Satoh T, Akira S, Rahman ZSM. B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling is essential for the development of spontaneous germinal centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4400-14. [PMID: 25252960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous germinal center (Spt-GC) B cells and follicular helper T cells generate high-affinity autoantibodies that are involved in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs play a pivotal role in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Although previous studies focused on the B cell-intrinsic role of TLR-MyD88 signaling on immune activation, autoantibody repertoire, and systemic inflammation, the mechanisms by which TLRs control the formation of Spt-GCs remain unclear. Using nonautoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in MyD88, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9, we identified B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling as a prerequisite to Spt-GC formation without the confounding effects of autoimmune susceptibility genes and the overexpression of TLRs. TLR7 deficiency also rendered autoimmune B6.Sle1b mice unable to form Spt-GCs, leading to markedly decreased autoantibodies. Conversely, B6.yaa and B6.Sle1b.yaa mice expressing an extra copy of TLR7 and B6.Sle1b mice treated with a TLR7 agonist had increased Spt-GCs and follicular helper T cells. Further, TLR7/MyD88 deficiency led to compromised B cell proliferation and survival after B cell stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, TLR9 inhibited Spt-GC development. Our findings demonstrate an absolute requirement for TLR7 and a negative regulatory function for TLR9 in Spt-GC formation under nonautoimmune and autoimmune conditions. Our data suggest that, under nonautoimmune conditions, Spt-GCs initiated by TLR7 produce protective Abs. However, in the presence of autoimmune susceptibility genes, TLR7-dependent Spt-GCs produce pathogenic autoantibodies. Thus, a single copy of TLR7 in B cells is the minimal requirement for breaking the GC-tolerance checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Eric B Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Tahsin N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Investigations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have applied insights from studies of the innate immune response to define IFN-I, with IFN-α as the dominant mediator, as central to the pathogenesis of this prototype systemic autoimmune disease. Genetic association data identify regulators of nucleic acid degradation and components of TLR-independent, endosomal TLR-dependent, and IFN-I-signaling pathways as contributors to lupus disease susceptibility. Together with a gene expression signature characterized by IFN-I-induced gene transcripts in lupus blood and tissue, those data support the conclusion that many of the immunologic and pathologic features of this disease are a consequence of a persistent self-directed immune reaction driven by IFN-I and mimicking a sustained antivirus response. This expanding knowledge of the role of IFN-I and the innate immune response suggests candidate therapeutic targets that are being tested in lupus patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Crow
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; and Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pflugfelder SC, Stern ME. Mucosal environmental sensors in the pathogenesis of dry eye. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1137-40. [PMID: 25075545 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.944163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 4th Cullen Symposium, held April 17 and 18, 2014, included expert researchers in mucosal immunity of the eye and other mucosal surfaces, particularly the gut. The theme of the meeting was environmental sensing mechanisms in mucosal tissues and their relevance for initiating ocular surface inflammation in dry eye. There are a number of shared features between the ocular surface and other mucosal surfaces, but distinct differences may exist in the type and distribution of mucins and microbiota. Mechanisms to regulate DC maturation and prevent tissue-damaging inflammation are shared among these sites. Epithelial and dendritic cells are key environmental sensors participating in initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses in response to a variety of environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin NC205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jackson SW, Scharping NE, Kolhatkar NS, Khim S, Schwartz MA, Li QZ, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Liggitt D, Rawlings DJ. Opposing impact of B cell-intrinsic TLR7 and TLR9 signals on autoantibody repertoire and systemic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4525-32. [PMID: 24711620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies targeting nucleic acid-associated Ags. The endosomal TLRs TLR7 and TLR9 are critical for generation of Abs targeting RNA- or DNA-associated Ags, respectively. In murine lupus models, deletion of TLR7 limits autoimmune inflammation, whereas deletion of TLR9 exacerbates disease. Whether B cell or myeloid TLR7/TLR9 signaling is responsible for these effects has not been fully addressed. In this study, we use a chimeric strategy to evaluate the effect of B cell-intrinsic deletion of TLR7 versus TLR9 in parallel lupus models. We demonstrate that B cell-intrinsic TLR7 deletion prevents RNA-associated Ab formation, decreases production of class-switched Abs targeting nonnuclear Ags, and limits systemic autoimmunity. In contrast, B cell-intrinsic TLR9 deletion results in decreased DNA-reactive Ab, but increased Abs targeting a broad range of systemic autoantigens. Further, we demonstrate that B cell-intrinsic TLR9 deletion results in increased systemic inflammation and immune complex glomerulonephritis, despite intact TLR signaling within the myeloid compartment. These data stress the critical importance of dysregulated B cell-intrinsic TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Expression of toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:381418. [PMID: 24692849 PMCID: PMC3955595 DOI: 10.1155/2014/381418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The results of experimental studies point to the involvement of innate immunity receptors-toll-like receptors (TLR)-in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 in the population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in B lymphocytes (CD19(+)), T lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) using flow cytometry. The study group included 35 patients with SLE and 15 healthy controls. The patient group presented a significantly higher percentage of TLR3- and TLR9-positive cells among all PBMCs and their subpopulations (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD19(+) lymphocytes) as well as TLR7 in CD19(+) B-lymphocytes, compared to the control group. There was no correlation between the expression of all studied TLRs and the disease activity according to the SLAM scale, and the degree of organ damage according to the SLICC/ACR Damage Index. However, a correlation was observed between the percentage of various TLR-positive cells and some clinical (joint lesions) and laboratory (lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, anaemia, and higher ESR) features and menopause in women. The results of the study suggest that TLR3, 7, and 9 play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE and have an impact on organ involvement in SLE.
Collapse
|
35
|
Sang A, Zheng YY, Morel L. Contributions of B cells to lupus pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2013; 62:329-38. [PMID: 24332482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. This review summarizes first the results obtained in the mouse that have revealed how B cell tolerance is breached in SLE. We then review the B cell subsets, in addition to the autoAb producing cells, which contribute to SLE pathogenesis, focusing on marginal zone B cells, B-1 cells and regulatory B cells. Finally, we review the interactions between B cells and other immune cells that have been implicated in SLE, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kono DH, Baccala R, Theofilopoulos AN. TLRs and interferons: a central paradigm in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:720-7. [PMID: 24246388 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into the pathogenesis of lupus have largely focused on abnormalities in components of the adaptive immune system. Despite important advances, however, the question about the origin of the pathogenic process, the primary disease trigger, and the dominance of autoantibodies against nuclear components, remained unanswered. Discoveries in the last decade have provided some resolution to these questions by elucidating the central role of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and the attendant inflammatory response, particularly the production of type I interferons. These priming events are responsible for initiating the adaptive responses that ultimately mediate the pathogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Saltzman JW, Battaglino R, Stott H, Morse LR. Neurotoxic or Neuroprotective? Current Controversies in SCI-Induced Autoimmunity. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2013; 1. [PMID: 24416711 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-013-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the autoimmune response that has been observed following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). It is not clear if this represents a protective response by the immune system to prevent further tissue damage, a pathological reaction of the immune system to central nervous system antigens released by the injury, or a combination of both. Experimental evidence indicates that B cells produce auto-antibodies following SCI and that the presence of self-reactive antibodies is associated with tissue damage. Conversely, other studies suggest T cell activity at the site of the injury promotes tissue regeneration. Vaccination with dendritic cells exposed to central nervous system (CNS) antigens dramatically improves recovery of motor function in spinal cord injured rats. Further research is required to determine the nature of post-SCI B cell and T cell responses and to establish efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination therapy in clinical studies. This information is critical for the development of therapies to either suppress or promote immune responses following neurotrauma to improve neurological outcomes.
Collapse
|