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Jayaraman A, Walachowski S, Bosmann M. The complement system: A key player in the host response to infections. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350814. [PMID: 39188171 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Infections are one of the most significant healthcare and economic burdens across the world as underscored by the recent coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand host-pathogen interactions to design effective treatment strategies. The complement system is a key arsenal of the host defense response to pathogens and bridges both innate and adaptive immunity. However, in the contest between pathogens and host defense mechanisms, the host is not always victorious. Pathogens have evolved several approaches, including co-opting the host complement regulators to evade complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, deficiencies in the complement proteins, both genetic and therapeutic, can lead to an inefficient complement-mediated pathogen eradication, rendering the host more susceptible to certain infections. On the other hand, overwhelming infection can provoke fulminant complement activation with uncontrolled inflammation and potentially fatal tissue and organ damage. This review presents an overview of critical aspects of the complement-pathogen interactions during infection and discusses perspectives on designing therapies to mitigate complement dysfunction and limit tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jayaraman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Walachowski
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Li J, Qiao X, Shang J. Association analysis between CD14 gene polymorphisms and peri-implantitis susceptibility in a Chinese population. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1230. [PMID: 38629742 PMCID: PMC11022617 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to examine the genetic correlation of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) gene polymorphisms with peri-implantitis (PI) predisposition in a Chinese Han population. METHODS In the case-control study, blood samples were collected from PI patients and healthy individuals (n = 120/group), who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University from 2021 to 2023. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare differences of continuous variables among different groups. Genotype and allele distributions of CD14 gene rs2569190 and rs2915863 polymorphisms were analyzed between groups via χ2 test. RESULTS A high percentage of rs2569190 GG genotype or G allele carriers were identified in PI group compared with control group (p < .01). Rs2569190 GG genotype carriers had high risk to develop PI (odds ratio: 2.545, 95% confidence interval: 1.257-5.156, p = .009). The rs2569190 AA genotype carriers had the lowest values of gingival index, plaque index, calculus index, peri-implant pocket depth, and clinical attachment level, which were the highest in cases with GG genotype. CONCLUSION Rs2569190 polymorphism of CD14 gene was significantly associated with PI predisposition in the Chinese Han population, and the GG genotype and G allele were risk factors for the development of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of StomatologyYangzhou Hospital of TCMYangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryTaizhou Stomatological HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of StomatologyAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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3
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Fageräng B, Lau C, Mc Adam KE, Schjalm C, Christiansen D, Garred P, Nilsson PH, Mollnes TE. A novel selective leukocyte depletion human whole blood model reveals the specific roles of monocytes and granulocytes in the cytokine response to Escherichia coli. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:647-663. [PMID: 38057165 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lepirudin-based human whole blood model is a well-established ex vivo system to characterize inflammatory responses. However, the contribution of individual cell populations to cytokine release has not been investigated. Thus, we modified the model by selectively removing leukocyte subpopulations to elucidate their contribution to the inflammatory response. Lepirudin-anticoagulated whole blood was depleted from monocytes or granulocytes using StraightFrom Whole Blood MicroBeads. Reconstituted blood was incubated with Escherichia coli (108/mL) for 2 hours at 37 °C. CD11b, CD62P, and CD63 were detected by flow cytometry. Complement (C3bc, sC5b-9) and platelet activation (platelet factor 4, NAP-2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokines were quantified by multiplex assay. A significant (P < 0.05) specific depletion of the monocyte (mean = 86%; 95% confidence interval = 71%-92%) and granulocyte (mean = 97%; 95% confidence interval = 96%-98%) population was obtained. Background activation induced by the depletion protocol was negligible for complement (C3bc and sC5b-9), leukocytes (CD11b), and platelets (NAP-2). Upon Escherichia coli incubation, release of 10 of the 24 cytokines was solely dependent on monocytes (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17A, interferon-γ, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and fibroblast growth factor-basic), whereas 8 were dependent on both monocytes and granulocytes (IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, tumor necrosis factor, and eotaxin). Six cytokines were not monocyte or granulocyte dependent, of which platelet-derived growth factor and RANTES were mainly platelet dependent. We document an effective model for selective depletion of leukocyte subpopulations from whole blood, without causing background activation, allowing in-depth cellular characterization. The results are in accordance with monocytes playing a major role in cytokine release and expand our knowledge of the significant role of granulocytes in the response to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Fageräng
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Parkveien 95, 8005 Bodø, Norway
| | - Karin Ekholt Mc Adam
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Schjalm
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloesvej 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Linnæus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Parkveien 95, 8005 Bodø, Norway
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4
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Chen X, Wang Y, Cappuccio A, Cheng WS, Zamojski FR, Nair VD, Miller CM, Rubenstein AB, Nudelman G, Tadych A, Theesfeld CL, Vornholt A, George MC, Ruffin F, Dagher M, Chawla DG, Soares-Schanoski A, Spurbeck RR, Ndhlovu LC, Sebra R, Kleinstein SH, Letizia AG, Ramos I, Fowler VG, Woods CW, Zaslavsky E, Troyanskaya OG, Sealfon SC. Mapping disease regulatory circuits at cell-type resolution from single-cell multiomics data. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:644-657. [PMID: 37974651 PMCID: PMC10653299 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Resolving chromatin-remodeling-linked gene expression changes at cell-type resolution is important for understanding disease states. Here we describe MAGICAL (Multiome Accessibility Gene Integration Calling and Looping), a hierarchical Bayesian approach that leverages paired single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing from different conditions to map disease-associated transcription factors, chromatin sites, and genes as regulatory circuits. By simultaneously modeling signal variation across cells and conditions in both omics data types, MAGICAL achieved high accuracy on circuit inference. We applied MAGICAL to study Staphylococcus aureus sepsis from peripheral blood mononuclear single-cell data that we generated from subjects with bloodstream infection and uninfected controls. MAGICAL identified sepsis-associated regulatory circuits predominantly in CD14 monocytes, known to be activated by bacterial sepsis. We addressed the challenging problem of distinguishing host regulatory circuit responses to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections. Although differential expression analysis failed to show predictive value, MAGICAL identified epigenetic circuit biomarkers that distinguished methicillin-resistant from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Antonio Cappuccio
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wan-Sze Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Venugopalan D. Nair
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aliza B. Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - German Nudelman
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chandra L. Theesfeld
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alexandria Vornholt
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Felicia Ruffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Dagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel G. Chawla
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work: Elena Zaslavsky, Olga G. Troyanskaya, Stuart C. Sealfon
| | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work: Elena Zaslavsky, Olga G. Troyanskaya, Stuart C. Sealfon
| | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work: Elena Zaslavsky, Olga G. Troyanskaya, Stuart C. Sealfon
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5
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Dual inhibition of complement C5 and CD14 attenuates inflammation in a cord blood model. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02489-2. [PMID: 36725909 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli and Group B streptococci (GBS) are the main causes of neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS). Despite antibiotic therapy, EOS is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Dual inhibition of complement C5 and the Toll-like receptor co-factor CD14 has in animal studies been a promising novel therapy for sepsis. METHODS Whole blood was collected from the umbilical cord after caesarean section (n = 30). Blood was anti-coagulated with lepirudin. C5 inhibitor (eculizumab) and anti-CD14 was added 8 min prior to, or 15 and 30 min after adding E. coli or GBS. Total bacterial incubation time was 120 min (n = 16) and 240 min (n = 14). Cytokines and the terminal complement complex (TCC) were measured using multiplex technology and ELISA. RESULTS Dual inhibition significantly attenuated TCC formation by 25-79% when adding inhibitors with up to 30 min delay in both E. coli- and GBS-induced inflammation. TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 plasma concentration were significantly reduced by 28-87% in E. coli-induced inflammation when adding inhibitors with up to 30 min delay. The dual inhibition did not significantly reduce TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 plasma concentration in GBS-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION Dual inhibition of C5 and CD14 holds promise as a potential future treatment for severe neonatal EOS. IMPACT Neonatal sepsis can cause severe host inflammation with high morbidity and mortality, but there are still no effective adjunctive immunologic interventions available. Adding CD14 and complement C5 inhibitors up to 30 min after incubation of E. coli or Group B streptococci in a human umbilical cord blood model significantly reduced complement activation and cytokine release. Dual inhibition of C5 and CD14 is a potential future therapy to modulate systemic inflammation in severe cases of neonatal sepsis.
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6
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Zwack EE, Chen Z, Devlin JC, Li Z, Zheng X, Weinstock A, Lacey KA, Fisher EA, Fenyö D, Ruggles KV, Loke P, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus induces a muted host response in human blood that blunts the recruitment of neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123017119. [PMID: 35881802 PMCID: PMC9351360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123017119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and chief among bloodstream-infecting bacteria. S. aureus produces an array of human-specific virulence factors that may contribute to immune suppression. Here, we defined the response of primary human phagocytes following infection with S. aureus using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). We found that the overall transcriptional response to S. aureus was weak both in the number of genes and in the magnitude of response. Using an ex vivo bacteremia model with fresh human blood, we uncovered that infection with S. aureus resulted in the down-regulation of genes related to innate immune response and cytokine and chemokine signaling. This muted transcriptional response was conserved across diverse S. aureus clones but absent in blood exposed to heat-killed S. aureus or blood infected with the less virulent staphylococcal species Staphylococcus epidermidis. Notably, this signature was also present in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. We identified the master regulator S. aureus exoprotein expression (SaeRS) and the SaeRS-regulated pore-forming toxins as key mediators of the transcriptional suppression. The S. aureus-mediated suppression of chemokine and cytokine transcription was reflected by circulating protein levels in the plasma. Wild-type S. aureus elicited a soluble milieu that was restrictive in the recruitment of human neutrophils compared with strains lacking saeRS. Thus, S. aureus blunts the inflammatory response resulting in impaired neutrophil recruitment, which could promote the survival of the pathogen during invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ada Weinstock
- Department of Medicine Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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7
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Mabrook M, Abd El-Aziz AM, Youssif M A, Hassan R. Inhibition of CL-11 reduces pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105408. [PMID: 35063609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection caused by K. pneumoniae is associated with severe inflammation due to stimulation of the innate immune components including the complement system, which is the main player of the innate immune response. Excessive complement-mediated inflammation may cause severe lung injury. Here we clearly show that K. pneumoniae binds to different lectin pathway carbohydrate recognition molecules and activates the complement cascade via the LP. Administration of anti-CL-11 antibodies 6 h before the infection impairs LP functional activity but it shows no effect on the survival time of mice infected with K. pneumoniae. Similarly, no significant difference in bacterial load in blood and lung tissues was observed between mice that received anti-CL-11 and control group treated with an isotype antibody. Interestingly, treatment of mice with anti-CL-11 prior to infection significantly improved histopathological changes and lung injury score induced by K. pneumoniae. Moreover, administration of anti-CL-11 reduced leukocytes infiltration into lung tissues and decreased the levels of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the infected mice. These findings indicate that inhibition of the LP could secure a significant level of protection against lung injury during the infection caused by K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Mabrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Abeer M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali Youssif M
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ramadan Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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8
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Mollnes TE, Storm BS, Brekke OL, Nilsson PH, Lambris JD. Application of the C3 inhibitor compstatin in a human whole blood model designed for complement research - 20 years of experience and future perspectives. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101604. [PMID: 35570131 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The complex molecular and cellular biological systems that maintain host homeostasis undergo continuous crosstalk. Complement, a component of innate immunity, is one such system. Initially regarded as a system to protect the host from infection, complement has more recently been shown to have numerous other functions, including involvement in embryonic development, tissue modeling, and repair. Furthermore, the complement system plays a major role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Through interactions with other plasma cascades, including hemostasis, complement activation leads to the broad host-protective response known as thromboinflammation. Most complement research has been limited to reductionistic models of purified components and cells and their interactions in vitro. However, to study the pathophysiology of complement-driven diseases, including the interaction between the complement system and other inflammatory systems, holistic models demonstrating only minimal interference with complement activity are needed. Here we describe two such models; whole blood anticoagulated with either the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin or the fibrin polymerization peptide blocker GPRP, both of which retain complement activity and preserve the ability of complement to be mutually reactive with other inflammatory systems. For instance, to examine the relative roles of C3 and C5 in complement activation, it is possible to compare the effects of the C3 inhibitor compstatin effects to those of inhibitors of C5 and C5aR1. We also discuss how complement is activated by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns, inducing infectious inflammation caused by organisms such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and by sterile damage-associated molecular patterns, including cholesterol crystals and artificial materials used in clinical medicine. When C3 is inhibited, it is important to determine the mechanism by which inflammation is attenuated, i.e., whether the attenuation derives directly from C3 activation products or via downstream activation of C5, since the mechanism involved may determine the appropriate choice of inhibitor under various conditions. With some exceptions, most inflammatory responses are dependent on C5 and C5aR1; one exception is venous air embolism, in which air bubbles enter the blood circulation and trigger a mainly C3-dependent thromboembolism, with the formation of an active C3 convertase, without a corresponding C5 activation. Under such conditions, an inhibitor of C3 is needed to attenuate the inflammation. Our holistic blood models will be useful for further studies of the inhibition of any complement target, not just C3 or C5. The focus here will be on targeting the critical complement component, activation product, or receptor that is important for the pathophysiology in a variety of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Benjamin S Storm
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ole L Brekke
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Per H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Medeiros PMC, Schjalm C, Christiansen D, Sokolova M, Pischke SE, Würzner R, Mollnes TE, Barratt-Due A. Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and the Combination Thereof Significantly Inhibited Two of Nine Inflammatory Markers Induced by Escherichia Coli But Not by Staphylococcus Aureus - When Incubated in Human Whole Blood. Shock 2022; 57:72-80. [PMID: 34265830 PMCID: PMC8663529 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vitamin C combined with hydrocortisone is increasingly being used to treat septic patients, even though this treatment regimen is based on questionable evidence. When used, a marked effect on key players of innate immunity would be expected, as sepsis is featured by a dysregulated immune response.Here, we explored the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone and combined, in an ex vivo human whole-blood model of Escherichia coli- or Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation. Inflammatory markers for activation of complement (terminal C5b-9 complement complex [TCC]), granulocytes (myeloperoxidase), platelets (β-thromboglobulin), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], IL-1β, IL6, and IL-8), and leukocytes (CD11b and oxidative burst) were quantified, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, multiplex technology, and flow cytometry.In E. coli- and S. aureus-stimulated whole blood, a broad dose-titration of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone did not lead to dose-response effects for the central innate immune mediators TCC and IL-6. Hence, the clinically relevant doses were used further. Compared to the untreated control sample, two of the nine biomarkers induced by E. coli were reduced by hydrocortisone and/or vitamin C. TNF was reduced by hydrocortisone alone (19%, P = 0.01) and by the combination (31%, P = 0.01). The oxidative burst of monocytes and granulocytes was reduced for both drugs alone and their combination, (ranging 8-19%, P < 0.05). Using S. aureus, neither of the drugs, alone nor in combination, had any effects on the nine biomarkers.In conclusion, despite the limitation of the ex vivo model, the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone on bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood is limited and following the clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Schjalm
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorte Christiansen
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Center, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marina Sokolova
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soeren Erik Pischke
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Center, University of Tromsø, Norway
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Storm BS, Christiansen D, Fure H, Ludviksen JK, Lau C, Lambris JD, Woodruff TM, Brekke OL, Braaten T, Nielsen EW, Mollnes TE. Air Bubbles Activate Complement and Trigger Hemostasis and C3-Dependent Cytokine Release Ex Vivo in Human Whole Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2828-2840. [PMID: 34732467 PMCID: PMC8611197 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Air bubbles trigger a C3-driven thromboinflammation in human whole blood. Blocking C3, but not C5, attenuates the air-induced inflammation. Avoiding ambient air in test tubes attenuates thromboinflammation.
Venous air embolism, which may complicate medical and surgical procedures, activates complement and triggers thromboinflammation. In lepirudin-anticoagulated human whole blood, we examined the effect of air bubbles on complement and its role in thromboinflammation. Whole blood from 16 donors was incubated with air bubbles without or with inhibitors of C3, C5, C5aR1, or CD14. Complement activation, hemostasis, and cytokine release were measured using ELISA and quantitative PCR. Compared with no air, incubating blood with air bubbles increased, on average, C3a 6.5-fold, C3bc 6-fold, C3bBbP 3.7-fold, C5a 4.6-fold, terminal complement complex sC5b9 3.6-fold, prothrombin fragments 1+2 (PTF1+2) 25-fold, tissue factor mRNA (TF-mRNA) 26-fold, microparticle tissue factor 6.1-fold, β-thromboglobulin 26-fold (all p < 0.05), and 25 cytokines 11-fold (range, 1.5–78-fold; all p < 0.0001). C3 inhibition attenuated complement and reduced PTF1+2 2-fold, TF-mRNA 5.4-fold, microparticle tissue factor 2-fold, and the 25 cytokines 2.7-fold (range, 1.4–4.9-fold; all p < 0.05). C5 inhibition reduced PTF1+2 2-fold and TF-mRNA 12-fold (all p < 0.05). C5 or CD14 inhibition alone reduced three cytokines, including IL-1β (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03). Combined C3 and CD14 inhibition reduced all cytokines 3.9-fold (range, 1.3–9.5-fold; p < 0.003) and was most pronounced for IL-1β (3.2- versus 6.4-fold), IL-6 (2.5- versus 9.3-fold), IL-8 (4.9- versus 8.6-fold), and IFN-γ (5- versus 9.5-fold). Antifoam activated complement and was avoided. PTF1+2 was generated in whole blood but not in plasma. In summary, air bubbles activated complement and triggered a C3-driven thromboinflammation. C3 inhibition reduced all mediators, whereas C5 inhibition reduced only TF-mRNA. Combined C5 and CD14 inhibition reduced IL-1β release. These data have implications for future mechanistic studies and possible pharmacological interventions in patients with air embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Storm
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Surgical Clinic, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Hilde Fure
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway
| | - John D Lambris
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ole-Lars Brekke
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway
| | - Tonje Braaten
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik W Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Surgical Clinic, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and the University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Kwiatkowski P, Wojciuk B, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grygorcewicz B, Pruss A, Sienkiewicz M, Fijałkowski K, Kowalczyk E, Dołęgowska B. Innate Immune Response against Staphylococcus aureus Preincubated with Subinhibitory Concentration of trans-Anethole. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114178. [PMID: 32545315 PMCID: PMC7312609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze morphological and functional changes of Staphylococcus aureus cells due to trans-anethole (a terpenoid and the major constituent of fennel, anise, or star anise essential oils) exposition, and their consequences for human neutrophils phagocytic activity as well as IL-8 production (recognized as the major chemoattractant). The investigation included the evaluation of changes occurring in S. aureus cultures, i.e., staphyloxanthin production, antioxidant activities, cell size distribution, and cells composition as a result of incubation with trans-anethole. It was found that the presence of trans-anethole in the culture medium reduced the level of staphyloxanthin production, as well as decreased antioxidant activities. Furthermore, trans-anethole-treated cells were characterized by larger size and a tendency to diffuse in comparison to the non-treated cells. Several cell components, such as phospholipids and peptidoglycan, were found remarkably elevated in the cultures treated with trans-anethole. As a result of the aforementioned cellular changes, the bacteria were phagocytized by neutrophils more efficiently (ingestion and parameters associated with killing activity were at a higher level as compared to the control system). Additionally, IL-8 production was at a higher level for trans-anethole modified bacteria. Our results suggest that trans-anethole represents a promising measure in combating severe staphylococcal infections, which has an important translational potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1659
| | - Bartosz Wojciuk
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.W.); (I.W.-K.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-752 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (A.P.); (B.D.)
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12
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Ehrnström B, Kojen JF, Giambelluca M, Ryan L, Moen SH, Hu Z, Yin H, Mollnes TE, Damås JK, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 and complement C5 induce cytokine release and thrombin activation in human whole blood challenged with Gram-positive bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:673-683. [PMID: 32083344 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0120-114r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that TLR8 is critical for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria by human monocytes. Here, we hypothesized that TLR8 and complement together regulate antibacterial responses in human blood. Anticoagulated blood was treated with selective inhibitors of TLR8 and/or complement C5, and then challenged with live Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS), Staphylococcus aureus, or Escherichia coli. Cytokine production, plasma membrane permeability, bacterial survival, phagocytosis, and activation of coagulation was examined. GBS and S. aureus, but not E. coli, triggered TLR8-dependent production of IL-12p70, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 in fresh human whole blood. In purified polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), GBS and S. aureus induced IL-8 release in part via TLR8, whereas PMN plasma membrane leakage and extracellular DNA levels increased independently of TLR8. TLR8 was more important than C5 for bacteria-induced production of IL-12p70, IL-1β, and TNF in blood, whereas IL-8 release was more C5 dependent. Both TLR8 and C5 induced IL-6 release and activation of prothrombin cleavage, and here their combined effects were additive. Blocking of C5 or C5aR1 attenuated phagocytosis and increased the extracellular growth of GBS in blood, whereas TLR8 inhibition neither reduced phagocytosis nor intracellular killing of GBS and S. aureus. In conclusion, TLR8 is more important than C5 for production of IL-12p70, IL-1β, and TNF upon GBS and S. aureus infection in blood, whereas C5 is central for IL-8 release and phagocytosis. Both TLR8 and C5 mediate IL-6 release and activation of coagulation during challenge with Gram-positive bacteria in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ehrnström
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - June F Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miriam Giambelluca
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv H Moen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, and K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan K Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Early-Stage Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection Causes Changes in the Concentrations of Lipoproteins and Acute-Phase Proteins and Is Associated with Low Antibody Titers against Bacterial Virulence Factors. mSystems 2020; 5:5/1/e00632-19. [PMID: 31964768 PMCID: PMC6977072 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00632-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S. aureus sepsis has a high complication and mortality rate. Given the limited therapeutic possibilities, effective prevention strategies, e.g., a vaccine, or the early identification of high-risk patients would be important but are not available. Our study showed an acute-phase response in patients with S. aureus bloodstream infection and evidence that lipoproteins are downregulated in plasma. Using immunoproteomics, stratification of patients appears to be achievable, since at the early stages of systemic S. aureus infection patients had low preexisting anti-S. aureus antibody levels. This strengthens the notion that a robust immune memory for S. aureus protects against infections with the pathogen. Systemic and quantitative investigations of human plasma proteins (proteomics) and Staphylococcus aureus-specific antibodies (immunoproteomics) provide complementary information and hold promise for the discovery of biomarkers in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABSI). Usually, data-dependent acquisition (DDA) is used for proteome analysis of serum or plasma, but data-independent acquisition (DIA) is more comprehensive and reproducible. In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to identify biomarkers associated with the early stages of SABSI using a serum DIA proteomic and immunoproteomic approach. Sera from 49 SABSI patients and 43 noninfected controls were analyzed. In total, 608 human serum proteins were identified with DIA. A total of 386 proteins could be quantified, of which 9 proteins, mainly belonging to acute-phase proteins, were significantly increased, while 7 high-density lipoproteins were lower in SABSI. In SABSI, total anti-S. aureus serum IgG was reduced compared with controls as shown by immunoproteomic quantification of IgG binding to 143 S. aureus antigens. IgG binding to 48 of these anti-S. aureus proteins was significantly lower in SABSI, while anti-Ecb IgG was the only one increased in SABSI. Serum IgG binding to autoinducing peptide MsrB, FadB, EsxA, Pbp2, FadB, SspB, or SodA was very low in SABSI. This marker panel discriminated early SABSI from controls with 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity according to random forest prediction. This holds promise for patient stratification according to their risk of S. aureus infection, underlines the protective function of the adaptive immune system, and encourages further efforts in the development of a vaccine against S. aureus. IMPORTANCES. aureus sepsis has a high complication and mortality rate. Given the limited therapeutic possibilities, effective prevention strategies, e.g., a vaccine, or the early identification of high-risk patients would be important but are not available. Our study showed an acute-phase response in patients with S. aureus bloodstream infection and evidence that lipoproteins are downregulated in plasma. Using immunoproteomics, stratification of patients appears to be achievable, since at the early stages of systemic S. aureus infection patients had low preexisting anti-S. aureus antibody levels. This strengthens the notion that a robust immune memory for S. aureus protects against infections with the pathogen.
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14
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van den Broek B, van der Flier M, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Langereis JD. Common Genetic Variants in the Complement System and their Potential Link with Disease Susceptibility and Outcome of Invasive Bacterial Infection. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:131-141. [PMID: 31269507 DOI: 10.1159/000500545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are pathogens that frequently colonize the nasopharynx in an asymptomatic manner but are also a cause of invasive bacterial infections mainly in young children. The complement system plays a crucial role in humoral immunity, complementing the ability of antibodies to clear microbes, thereby protecting the host against bacterial infections, including S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. While it is widely accepted that complement deficiencies due to rare genetic variants increase the risk for invasive bacterial infection, not much is known about the common genetic variants in the complement system in relation to disease susceptibility. In this review, we provide an overview of the effects of common genetic variants on complement activation and on complement-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan van den Broek
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center for Immunodeficiency and Auto inflammation (REIA), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, .,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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15
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Phagocytosis of live and dead Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in human whole blood is markedly reduced by combined inhibition of C5aR1 and CD14. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:131-139. [PMID: 31102985 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of complement- and CD14 inhibition on phagocytosis of live and dead Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in human whole blood. METHODS Lepirudin-anticoagulated blood was incubated with live or dead E. coli or S. aureus at 37 °C for 120 min with or without the C5aR1 antagonist PMX53 and/or anti-CD14. Granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis were measured by flow cytometry, and five plasma cytokines by multiplex, yielding a total of 28 mediators of inflammation tested for. RESULTS 16/28 conditions were reduced by PMX53, 7/28 by anti-CD14, and 24/28 by combined PMX53 and CD14 inhibition. The effect of complement inhibition was quantitatively more pronounced, in particular for the responses to S. aureus. The effect of anti-CD14 was modest, except for a marked reduction in INF-β. The responses to live and dead S. aureus were equally inhibited, whereas the responses to live E. coli were inhibited less than those to dead E. coli. CONCLUSION C5aR1 inhibited phagocytosis-induced inflammation by live and dead E. coli and S. aureus. CD14 blockade potentiated the effect of C5aR1 blockade, thus attenuating inflammation.
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16
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has become a serious threat to human health. In addition to having increased antibiotic resistance, the bacterium is a master at adapting to its host by evading almost every facet of the immune system, the so-called immune evasion proteins. Many of these immune evasion proteins target neutrophils, the most important immune cells in clearing S. aureus infections. The neutrophil attacks pathogens via a plethora of strategies. Therefore, it is no surprise that S. aureus has evolved numerous immune evasion strategies at almost every level imaginable. In this review we discuss step by step the aspects of neutrophil-mediated killing of S. aureus, such as neutrophil activation, migration to the site of infection, bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis, and subsequent neutrophil-mediated killing. After each section we discuss how S. aureus evasion molecules are able to resist the neutrophil attack of these different steps. To date, around 40 immune evasion molecules of S. aureus are known, but its repertoire is still expanding due to the discovery of new evasion proteins and the addition of new functions to already identified evasion proteins. Interestingly, because the different parts of neutrophil attack are redundant, the evasion molecules display redundant functions as well. Knowing how and with which proteins S. aureus is evading the immune system is important in understanding the pathophysiology of this pathogen. This knowledge is crucial for the development of therapeutic approaches that aim to clear staphylococcal infections.
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17
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Lerche CJ, Christophersen LJ, Goetze JP, Nielsen PR, Thomsen K, Enevold C, Høiby N, Jensen PØ, Bundgaard H, Moser C. Adjunctive dabigatran therapy improves outcome of experimental left-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215333. [PMID: 31002679 PMCID: PMC6474597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent and fatal cause of left-sided infective endocarditis (IE). New treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome. S. aureus coagulase promotes clot and fibrin formation. We hypothesized that dabigatran, could reduce valve vegetations and inflammation in S. aureus IE. Methods We used a rat model of severe aortic valve S. aureus IE. All infected animals were randomized to receive adjunctive dabigatran (10 mg/kg b.i.d., n = 12) or saline (controls, n = 11) in combination with gentamicin. Valve vegetation size, bacterial load, cytokine, cell integrins expression and peripheral platelets and neutrophils were assessed 3 days post-infection. Results Adjunctive dabigatran treatment significantly reduced valve vegetation size compared to controls (p< 0.0001). A significant reduction of the bacterial load in aortic valves was seen in dabigatran group compared to controls (p = 0.02), as well as expression of key pro-inflammatory markers keratinocyte-derived chemokine, IL-6, ICAM-1, TIMP-1, L-selectin (p< 0.04). Moreover, the dabigatran group had a 2.5-fold increase of circulating platelets compared to controls and a higher expression of functional and activated platelets (CD62p+) unbound to neutrophils. Conclusion Adjunctive dabigatran reduced the vegetation size, bacterial load, and inflammation in experimental S. aureus IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars J. Christophersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia R. Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Ø. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Lausen M, Christiansen G, Karred N, Winther R, Poulsen TBG, Palarasah Y, Birkelund S. Complement C3 opsonization of Chlamydia trachomatis facilitates uptake in human monocytes. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:328-336. [PMID: 29729435 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes severe infections, which can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Although both innate and adaptive immune responses are elicited during chlamydial infection the bacterium succeeds to evade host defense mechanisms establishing chronic infections. Thus, studying the host-pathogen interaction during chlamydial infection is of importance to understand how C. trachomatis can cause chronic infections. Both the complement system and monocytes play essential roles in anti-bacterial defense, and, therefore, we investigated the interaction between the complement system and the human pathogens C. trachomatis D and L2. Complement competent serum facilitated rapid uptake of both chlamydial serovars into monocytes. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we showed that products of complement C3 were loosely deposited on the bacterial surface in complement competent serum and further characterization demonstrated that the deposited C3 product was the opsonin iC3b. Using C3-depleted serum we confirmed that complement C3 facilitates rapid uptake of chlamydiae into monocytes in complement competent serum. Complement facilitated uptake did not influence intracellular survival of C. trachomatis or C. trachomatis-induced cytokine secretion. Hence, C. trachomatis D and L2 activate the complement system leading to chlamydial opsonization by iC3b and subsequent phagocytosis, activation and bacterial elimination by human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Lausen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nichlas Karred
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Robert Winther
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bouet Guldbæk Poulsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
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19
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Skjeflo EW, Christiansen D, Fure H, Ludviksen JK, Woodruff TM, Espevik T, Nielsen EW, Brekke OL, Mollnes TE. Staphylococcus aureus-induced complement activation promotes tissue factor-mediated coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:905-918. [PMID: 29437288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Complement, Toll-like receptors and coagulation cross-talk in the process of thromboinflammation. This is explored in a unique human whole-blood model of S. aureus bacteremia. Coagulation is here shown as a downstream event of C5a-induced tissue factor (TF) production. Combined inhibition of C5 and CD14 efficiently attenuated TF and coagulation. SUMMARY Background There is extensive cross-talk between the complement system, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and hemostasis. Consumptive coagulopathy is a hallmark of sepsis, and is often mediated through increased tissue factor (TF) expression. Objectives To study the relative roles of complement, TLRs and TF in Staphylococcus aureus-induced coagulation. Methods Lepirudin-anticoagulated human whole blood was incubated with the three S. aureus strains Cowan, Wood, and Newman. C3 was inhibited with compstatin, C5 with eculizumab, C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and activated factor XII with peptide inhibitors, CD14, TLR2 and TF with neutralizing antibodies, and TLR4 with eritoran. Complement activation was measured by ELISA. Coagulation was measured according to prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (PTF1 + 2 ) determined with ELISA, and TF mRNA, monocyte surface expression and functional activity were measured with quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA, respectively. Results All three strains generated substantial and statistically significant amounts of C5a, terminal complement complex, PTF1 + 2 , and TF mRNA, and showed substantial TF surface expression on monocytes and TF functional activity. Inhibition of C5 cleavage most efficiently and significantly inhibited all six markers in strains Cowan and Wood, and five markers in Newman. The effect of complement inhibition was shown to be completely dependent on C5aR1. The C5 blocking effect was equally potentiated when combined with blocking of CD14 or TLR2, but not TLR4. TF blocking significantly reduced PTF1 + 2 levels to baseline levels. Conclusions S. aureus-induced coagulation in human whole blood was mainly attributable to C5a-induced mRNA upregulation, monocyte TF expression, and plasma TF activity, thus underscoring complement as a key player in S. aureus-induced coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Skjeflo
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - H Fure
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - J K Ludviksen
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - T M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E W Nielsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - O L Brekke
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - T E Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Association of CD14 rs2569190 polymorphism with mortality in shock septic patients who underwent major cardiac or abdominal surgery: A retrospective study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2698. [PMID: 29426837 PMCID: PMC5807421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the CD14 rs2569190 polymorphism and death related to septic shock in white European patients who underwent major cardiac or abdominal surgery. We carried out a retrospective study in 205 septic shock patients. The septic shock diagnosis was established by international consensus definitions. The outcome variable was the death within 28, 60 and 90 days after septic shock diagnosis. The CD14 rs2569190 polymorphism was analyzed by Agena Bioscience’s MassARRAY platform. For the genetic association analysis with survival was selected a recessive inheritance model (GG vs. AA/AG). One hundred thirteen out of 205 patients (55.1%) died with a survival median of 39 days (95%CI = 30.6; 47.4). Patients with rs2569190 GG genotype had shorter survival probability than rs2569190 AA/AG genotype at 60 days (62.3% vs 50%; p = 0.035), and 90 days (62.3% vs 52.6%; p = 0.046). The rs2569190 GG genotype was associated with increased risk of septic shock-related death in the first 60 days (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.67; p = 0.016) and 90 days (aHR = 1.64; p = 0.020) compared to rs2569190 AA/AG genotype. In conclusion, the presence of CD14 rs2569190 GG genotype was associated with death in shock septic patients who underwent major surgery. Further studies with bigger sample size are required to verify this relationship.
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21
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Tai D, Jeng W, Lin C. A global perspective on hepatitis B-related single nucleotide polymorphisms and evolution during human migration. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:1005-1013. [PMID: 29404438 PMCID: PMC5721408 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have indicated that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP and HLA-DQ play roles in persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Asia. To understand the evolution of HBV-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to correlate these SNPs with chronic HBV infection among different populations, we conducted a global perspective study on hepatitis-related SNPs. We selected 12 HBV-related SNPs on the HLA locus and two HBV and three hepatitis C virus immune-related SNPs for analysis. Five nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related SNPs served as controls. All SNP data worldwide from 26 populations were downloaded from 1,000 genomes. We found a dramatic difference in the allele frequency in most of the HBV- and HLA-related SNPs in East Asia compared to the other continents. A sharp change in allele frequency in 8 of 12 SNPs was found between Bengali populations in Bangladesh and Chinese Dai populations in Xishuangbanna, China (P < 0.001); these areas represent the junction of South and East Asia. For the immune-related SNPs, significant changes were found after leaving Africa. Most of these genes shifted from higher expression genotypes in Africa to lower expression genotypes in either Europe or South Asia (P < 0.001). During this two-stage adaptation, immunity adjusted toward a weak immune response, which could have been a survival strategy during human migration to East Asia. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in Africa is as high as in Asia; however, the HBV-related SNP genotypes are not present in Africa, and so the genetic mechanism of chronic HBV infection in Africa needs further exploration. Conclusion: Two stages of genetic changes toward a weak immune response occurred when humans migrated out of Africa. These changes could be a survival strategy for avoiding cytokine storms and surviving in new environments. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:1005-1013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar‐In Tai
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou Medical CenterTaoyuan CityTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Juei Jeng
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou Medical CenterTaoyuan CityTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Yen Lin
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou Medical CenterTaoyuan CityTaiwan
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22
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Guerra FE, Borgogna TR, Patel DM, Sward EW, Voyich JM. Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:286. [PMID: 28713774 PMCID: PMC5491559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection, neutrophils engage and expose invading microorganisms to antimicrobial peptides and proteins, as well as reactive oxygen species, as part of their bactericidal arsenal. Ideally, neutrophils ingest bacteria to prevent damage to surrounding cells and tissues, kill invading microorganisms with antimicrobial mechanisms, undergo programmed cell death to minimize inflammation, and are cleared away by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium that is a common commensal and causes a wide range of diseases from skin infections to endocarditis. Since its discovery, S. aureus has been a formidable neutrophil foe that has challenged the efficacy of this professional assassin. Indeed, proper clearance of S. aureus by neutrophils is essential to positive infection outcome, and S. aureus has developed mechanisms to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we will review mechanisms used by S. aureus to modulate and evade neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms including priming, activation, chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, and resolution of infection. We will also highlight how S. aureus uses sensory/regulatory systems to tailor production of virulence factors specifically to the triggering signal, e.g., neutrophils and defensins. To conclude, we will provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that may potentially enhance neutrophil antimicrobial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermin E Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy R Borgogna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Delisha M Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Eli W Sward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jovanka M Voyich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
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23
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Abstract
The increasing insight into pathomechanisms of dysregulated host response in several inflammatory diseases led to the implementation of the term “cytokine storm” in the literature more than 20 years ago. Direct toxic effects as well as indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms during cytokine storm have been described and were the basis for the rationale to use several substances and devices in life-threatening infections and hyperinflammatory states. Clinical trials have been performed, most of them in the form of minor, investigator-initiated protocols; major clinical trials focused mostly on sepsis and septic shock. The following review tries to summarize the background, pathophysiology, and results of clinical investigations that had implications for the development of therapeutic strategies and international guidelines for the management of hyperinflammation during syndromes of cytokine storm in adult patients, predominantly in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Gerlach
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Management, Vivantes - Klinikum Neukoelln, Klinik fuer Anaesthesie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Berlin, Germany
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24
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van der Maten E, de Bont CM, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Langereis JD, van der Flier M. Alternative pathway regulation by factor H modulates Streptococcus pneumoniae induced proinflammatory cytokine responses by decreasing C5a receptor crosstalk. Cytokine 2016; 88:281-286. [PMID: 27721145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens not only stimulate innate immune receptors, but also activate the complement system. Crosstalk between complement C5a receptor (C5aR) and other innate immune receptors is known to enhance the proinflammatory cytokine response. An important determinant of the magnitude of complement activation is the activity of the alternative pathway, which serves as an amplification mechanism for complement activation. Both alternative pathway activity as well as plasma levels of factor H, a key inhibitor of the alternative pathway, show large variation within the human population. Here, we studied the effect of factor H-mediated regulation of the alternative pathway on bacterial-induced proinflammatory cytokine responses. We used the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae as a model stimulus to induce proinflammatory cytokine responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Serum containing active complement enhanced pneumococcal induced proinflammatory cytokine production through C5a release and C5aR crosstalk. We found that inhibition of the alternative pathway by factor H, with a concentration equivalent to a high physiological level, strongly reduced C5a levels and decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This suggests that variation in alternative pathway activity due to variation in factor H plasma levels affects individual cytokine responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van der Maten
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M de Bont
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Nurjadi D, Kain M, Marcinek P, Gaile M, Heeg K, Zanger P. Ratio of T-Helper Type 1 (Th1) to Th17 Cytokines in Whole Blood Is Associated With Human β-Defensin 3 Expression in Skin and Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1744-1751. [PMID: 27651414 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal colonization has gained attention as an effect modifier in Staphylococcus aureus vaccine trials, suggesting interference of carriage with T-cell immunity. Likewise, T-cell signals may be involved in regulating effectors of epithelial innate defense. METHODS Whole blood from 43 persistent carriers and 49 noncarriers was stimulated with viable S. aureus T-helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cytokine expression was measured, compared between carrier groups, and linked with data on human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3) messenger RNA (mRNA) in skin while adjusting for transcriptionally relevant promoter haplotypes. RESULTS Compared with carriers, stimulated whole blood from noncarriers contained on average 60% more interferon γ mRNA (P = .031) and 19% less interleukin 17A (IL-17A) mRNA (P = .11), resulting in, on average, a 90% higher IFN-γ to IL-17A mRNA ratio (P = .003). In a multivariable model, per duplication of the mRNA template, the risk of being a carrier increased by 93% for IL-17A (odds ratio [OR], 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-3.41; P = .023) and decreased by 35% for IFN-γ (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.91; P = .01). Independent of carriage and DEFB promotor haplotype, a 1-unit increase in the IFN-γ to IL-17A mRNA ratio (mean ± SD, 5.93 ± 1.60) led to a 24% increase in hBD-3 transcription in experimentally wounded human skin (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS A low Th1 to Th17 mRNA ratio increases the propensity for persistent S. aureus nasal colonization, with downregulated hBD-3 transcription providing a potential link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Nurjadi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlon Kain
- Institute of Public Health, University Hospitals, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Marcinek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marika Gaile
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene
| | - Philipp Zanger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene.,Institute of Public Health, University Hospitals, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg
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26
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An LL, Gorman JV, Stephens G, Swerdlow B, Warrener P, Bonnell J, Mustelin T, Fung M, Kolbeck R. Complement C5a induces PD-L1 expression and acts in synergy with LPS through Erk1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33346. [PMID: 27624143 PMCID: PMC5022031 DOI: 10.1038/srep33346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial infection results in both uncontrolled inflammation and immune suppression in septic patients. Although there is ample evidence that complement activation provokes overwhelming pro-inflammatory responses, whether or not it plays a role in immune suppression in this case is unclear. Here, we identify that complement C5a directly participates in negative regulation of immune responses to bacteria-induced inflammation in an ex vivo model of human whole blood. Challenge of whole blood with heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces PD-L1 expression on monocytes and the production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which we show to be inhibited by C5a blockade. The induction of PD-L1 expression by C5a is via C5aR1but not C5aR2. Furthermore, C5a synergises with P. aeruginosa LPS in both PD-L1 expression and the production of IL-10 and TGF-β. Mechanistically, C5a contributes to the synergy in PD-L1 expression by specifically activating Erk1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. Our study reveals a new role for C5a in directly promoting immunosuppressive responses. Therefore, aberrant production of complement C5a during bacterial infection could have broader effect on compromising host defense including the induction of immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling An
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jacob V Gorman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Geoffrey Stephens
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bonnie Swerdlow
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Paul Warrener
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jessica Bonnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Michael Fung
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, LLC. One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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27
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Barratt-Due A, Pischke SE, Nilsson PH, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. Dual inhibition of complement and Toll-like receptors as a novel approach to treat inflammatory diseases-C3 or C5 emerge together with CD14 as promising targets. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:193-204. [PMID: 27581539 PMCID: PMC5166441 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3vmr0316-132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Review of how targeting key upstream molecules at the recognition phase of innate immunity exert anti-inflammatory effects; a potential therapeutic regimen for inflammatory diseases. The host is protected by pattern recognition systems, including complement and TLRs, which are closely cross-talking. If improperly activated, these systems might induce tissue damage and disease. Inhibition of single downstream proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6, have failed in clinical sepsis trials, which might not be unexpected, given the substantial amounts of mediators involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. Instead, we have put forward a hypothesis of inhibition at the recognition phase by “dual blockade” of bottleneck molecules of complement and TLRs. By acting upstream and broadly, the dual blockade could be beneficial in conditions with improper or uncontrolled innate immune activation threatening the host. Key bottleneck molecules in these systems that could be targets for inhibition are the central complement molecules C3 and C5 and the important CD14 molecule, which is a coreceptor for several TLRs, including TLR4 and TLR2. This review summarizes current knowledge of inhibition of complement and TLRs alone and in combination, in both sterile and nonsterile inflammatory processes, where activation of these systems is of crucial importance for tissue damage and disease. Thus, dual blockade might provide a general, broad-acting therapeutic regimen against a number of diseases where innate immunity is improperly activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Erik Pischke
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, and K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Research Laboratory Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; and.,K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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28
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Gustavsen A, Nymo S, Landsem A, Christiansen D, Ryan L, Husebye H, Lau C, Pischke SE, Lambris JD, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. Combined Inhibition of Complement and CD14 Attenuates Bacteria-Induced Inflammation in Human Whole Blood More Efficiently Than Antagonizing the Toll-like Receptor 4-MD2 Complex. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:140-50. [PMID: 26977050 PMCID: PMC4907417 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Single inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2 complex failed in treatment of sepsis. CD14 is a coreceptor for several TLRs, including TLR4 and TLR2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single TLR4-MD2 inhibition by using eritoran, compared with the effect of CD14 inhibition alone and combined with the C3 complement inhibitor compstatin (Cp40), on the bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood. Methods. Cytokines were measured by multiplex technology, and leukocyte activation markers CD11b and CD35 were measured by flow cytometry. Results. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced inflammatory markers were efficiently abolished by both anti-CD14 and eritoran. Anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than eritoran in inhibiting LPS-binding to HEK-293E cells transfected with CD14 and Escherichia coli–induced upregulation of monocyte activation markers (P < .01). Combining Cp40 with anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than combining Cp40 with eritoran in reducing E. coli–induced interleukin 6 (P < .05) and monocyte activation markers induced by both E. coli (P < .001) and Staphylococcus aureus (P < .01). Combining CP40 with anti-CD14 was more efficient than eritoran alone for 18 of 20 bacteria-induced inflammatory responses (mean P < .0001). Conclusions. Whole bacteria–induced inflammation was inhibited more efficiently by anti-CD14 than by eritoran, particularly when combined with complement inhibition. Combined CD14 and complement inhibition may prove a promising treatment strategy for bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gustavsen
- Department of Immunology K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo
| | - Stig Nymo
- Department of Immunology K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Bodø Faculty of Health Sciences K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø
| | - Anne Landsem
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Bodø Faculty of Health Sciences K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø
| | | | - Liv Ryan
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Søren E Pischke
- Department of Immunology Intervention Center and Clinic for Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Department of Immunology K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Bodø Faculty of Health Sciences K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Nymo S, Gustavsen A, Nilsson PH, Lau C, Espevik T, Mollnes TE. Human Endothelial Cell Activation by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Is Mediated by TNF and IL-1β Secondarily to Activation of C5 and CD14 in Whole Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2293-9. [PMID: 26800874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) play a central role in inflammation. E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression are essential for leukocyte recruitment and are good markers of EC activation. Most studies of EC activation are done in vitro using isolated mediators. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative importance of pattern recognition systems and downstream mediators in bacteria-induced EC activation in a physiological relevant human model, using EC incubated with whole blood. HUVEC were incubated with human whole blood. Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced EC activation was measured by E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression using flow cytometry. The mAb 18D11 was used to neutralize CD14, and the lipid A analog eritoran was used to block TLR4/MD2. C5 cleavage was inhibited using eculizumab, and C5aR1 was blocked by an antagonist. Infliximab and canakinumab were used to neutralize TNF and IL-1β. The EC were minimally activated when bacteria were incubated in serum, whereas a substantial EC activation was seen when the bacteria were incubated in whole blood. E. coli-induced activation was largely CD14-dependent, whereas S. aureus mainly caused a C5aR1-mediated response. Combined CD14 and C5 inhibition reduced E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression by 96 and 98% for E. coli and by 70 and 75% for S. aureus. Finally, the EC activation by both bacteria was completely abolished by combined inhibition of TNF and IL-1β. E. coli and S. aureus activated EC in a CD14- and C5-dependent manner with subsequent leukocyte secretion of TNF and IL-1β mediating the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Nymo
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alice Gustavsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8092 Bodø, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and
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Skjeflo EW, Sagatun C, Dybwik K, Aam S, Urving SH, Nunn MA, Fure H, Lau C, Brekke OL, Huber-Lang M, Espevik T, Barratt-Due A, Nielsen EW, Mollnes TE. Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 improved outcome in porcine polymicrobial sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:415. [PMID: 26612199 PMCID: PMC4662001 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis is an exaggerated and dysfunctional immune response to infection. Activation of innate immunity recognition systems including complement and the Toll-like receptor family initiate this disproportionate inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of combined inhibition of the complement component C5 and the Toll-like receptor co-factor CD14 on survival, hemodynamic parameters and systemic inflammation including complement activation in a clinically relevant porcine model of polymicrobial sepsis. Methods Norwegian landrace piglets (4 ± 0.5 kg) were blindly randomized to a treatment group (n = 12) receiving the C5 inhibitor coversin (OmCI) and anti-CD14 or to a positive control group (n = 12) receiving saline. Under anesthesia, sepsis was induced by a 2 cm cecal incision and the piglets were monitored in standard intensive care for 8 hours. Three sham piglets had a laparotomy without cecal incision or treatment. Complement activation was measured as sC5b-9 using enzyme immunoassay. Cytokines were measured with multiplex technology. Results Combined C5 and CD14 inhibition significantly improved survival (p = 0.03). Nine piglets survived in the treatment group and four in the control group. The treatment group had significantly lower pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.04) and ratio of pulmonary artery pressure to systemic artery pressure (p < 0.001). Plasma sC5b-9 levels were significantly lower in the treatment group (p < 0.001) and correlated significantly with mortality (p = 0.006). IL-8 and IL-10 were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the treatment group. Conclusions Combined inhibition of C5 and CD14 significantly improved survival, hemodynamic parameters and inflammation in a blinded, randomized trial of porcine polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen W Skjeflo
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Caroline Sagatun
- Department of Surgery, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Knut Dybwik
- Department of Anestesiology, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway. .,Faculty of Professional Studies, University of Nordland, Universitetsaleen 11, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Sturla Aam
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximillian University, Professor Huber Platz 2, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sven H Urving
- Department of Anestesiology, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Miles A Nunn
- Volution Immuno Pharmaceuticals Limited, 5 Argosy Court, Whitley Business Park, Coventry, CV3 4GA, UK.
| | - Hilde Fure
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Ole-Lars Brekke
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Department of Traumatology, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, PB 4960 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik W Nielsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Anestesiology, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway. .,Faculty of Professional Studies, University of Nordland, Universitetsaleen 11, 8049, Bodø, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, PB 4960 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Prinsens Gate 164, 8092, Bodø, Norway. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, PB 4960 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Activated Complement Factors as Disease Markers for Sepsis. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:382463. [PMID: 26420913 PMCID: PMC4572436 DOI: 10.1155/2015/382463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Early recognition and effective management are essential for improved outcome. However, early recognition is impeded by lack of clinically utilized biomarkers. Complement factors play important roles in the mechanisms leading to sepsis and can potentially serve as early markers of sepsis and of sepsis severity and outcome. This review provides a synopsis of recent animal and clinical studies of the role of complement factors in sepsis development, together with their potential as disease markers. In addition, new results from our laboratory are presented regarding the involvement of the complement factor, mannose-binding lectin, in septic shock patients. Future clinical studies are needed to obtain the complete profiles of complement factors/their activated products during the course of sepsis development. We anticipate that the results of these studies will lead to a multipanel set of sepsis biomarkers which, along with currently used laboratory tests, will facilitate earlier diagnosis, timely treatment, and improved outcome.
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32
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Al-Ishaq R, Armstrong J, Gregory M, O'Hara M, Phiri K, Harris LG, Rohde H, Siemssen N, Frommelt L, Mack D, Wilkinson TS. Effects of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in an ex vivo model of whole blood killing and in prosthetic joint infection (PJI): A role for C5a. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:948-56. [PMID: 26365169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major complication of using medical devices is the development of biofilm-associated infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis where polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is a major mechanism of biofilm accumulation. PIA affects innate and humoral immunity in isolated cells and animal models. Few studies have examined these effects in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). METHODS This study used ex vivo whole blood modelling in controls together with matched-serum and staphylococcal isolates from patients with PJI. RESULTS Whole blood killing of PIA positive S. epidermidis and its isogenic negative mutant was identical. Differences were unmasked in immunosuppressed whole blood pre-treated with dexamethasone where PIA positive bacteria showed a more resistant phenotype. PIA expression was identified in three unique patterns associated with bacteria and leukocytes, implicating a soluble form of PIA. Purified PIA reduced whole blood killing while increasing C5a levels. In clinically relevant staphylococcal isolates and serum samples from PJI patients; firstly complement C5a was increased 3-fold compared to controls; secondly, the C5a levels were significantly higher in serum from PJI patients whose isolates preferentially formed PIA-associated biofilms. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate for the first time that the biological effects of PIA are mediated through C5a in patients with PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Al-Ishaq
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Armstrong
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gregory
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam O'Hara
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Kudzai Phiri
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Siemssen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Frommelt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mack
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; Bioscientia Labor Ingelheim, Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Mikrobiologie Konrad-Adenauer-Straße 17, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- Institute of Life Science, Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Swansea University, First Floor, Room 137, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
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Egge KH, Barratt-Due A, Nymo S, Lindstad JK, Pharo A, Lau C, Espevik T, Thorgersen EB, Mollnes TE. The anti-inflammatory effect of combined complement and CD14 inhibition is preserved during escalating bacterial load. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:457-67. [PMID: 25907631 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 is known to attenuate bacterial-induced inflammation, but the dependency of the bacterial load on this effect is unknown. Thus, we investigated whether the effect of such combined inhibition on Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation was preserved during increasing bacterial concentrations. Human whole blood was preincubated with anti-CD14, eculizumab (C5-inhibitor) or compstatin (C3-inhibitor), or combinations thereof. Then heat-inactivated bacteria were added at final concentrations of 5 × 10(4) -1 × 10(8) /ml (E. coli) or 5 × 10(7) -4 × 10(8) /ml (S. aureus). Inflammatory markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), multiplex technology and flow cytometry. Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli-induced interleukin (IL)-6 by 40-92% at all bacterial concentrations. IL-1β, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by 53-100%, and the effect was lost only at the highest bacterial concentration. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and MIP-1β were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 80-97% at the lowest bacterial concentration. Monocyte and granulocyte CD11b were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 63-91% at all bacterial doses. Lactoferrin was significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated to the level of background activity at the lowest bacterial concentration. Similar effects were observed for S. aureus, but the attenuation was, in general, less pronounced. Compared to E. coli, much higher concentrations of S. aureus were required to induce the same cytokine responses. This study demonstrates generally preserved effects of combined complement and CD14 inhibition on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial-induced inflammation during escalating bacterial load. The implications of these findings for future therapy of sepsis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil H Egge
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Nymo
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Julie K Lindstad
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Pharo
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ebbe B Thorgersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, and K. G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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34
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Bergstrøm B, Aune MH, Awuh JA, Kojen JF, Blix KJ, Ryan L, Flo TH, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 Senses Staphylococcus aureus RNA in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages and Induces IFN-β Production via a TAK1–IKKβ–IRF5 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1100-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Mastellos DC, Yancopoulou D, Kokkinos P, Huber-Lang M, Hajishengallis G, Biglarnia AR, Lupu F, Nilsson B, Risitano AM, Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Compstatin: a C3-targeted complement inhibitor reaching its prime for bedside intervention. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:423-40. [PMID: 25678219 PMCID: PMC4380746 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that complement plays an integral role in human physiology and disease, transcending its traditional perception as an accessory system for pathogen clearance and opsonic cell killing. As the list of pathologies linked to dysregulated complement activation grows longer, it has become clear that targeted modulation of this innate immune system opens new windows of therapeutic opportunity for anti-inflammatory drug design. Indeed, the introduction of the first complement-targeting drugs has reignited a vibrant interest in the clinical translation of complement-based inhibitors. Compstatin was discovered as a cyclic peptide that inhibits complement activation by binding C3 and interfering with convertase formation and C3 cleavage. As the convergence point of all activation pathways and a molecular hub for crosstalk with multiple pathogenic pathways, C3 represents an attractive target for therapeutic modulation of the complement cascade. A multidisciplinary drug optimization effort encompassing rational 'wet' and in silico synthetic approaches and an array of biophysical, structural and analytical tools has culminated in an impressive structure-function refinement of compstatin, yielding a series of analogues that show promise for a wide spectrum of clinical applications. These new derivatives have improved inhibitory potency and pharmacokinetic profiles and show efficacy in clinically relevant primate models of disease. This review provides an up-to-date survey of the drug design effort placed on the compstatin family of C3 inhibitors, highlighting the most promising drug candidates. It also discusses translational challenges in complement drug discovery and peptide drug development and reviews concerns related to systemic C3 interception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Mastellos
- Division of Biodiagnostic Sciences and Technologies, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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Melis JPM, Strumane K, Ruuls SR, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Complement in therapy and disease: Regulating the complement system with antibody-based therapeutics. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:117-30. [PMID: 25697848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Complement is recognized as a key player in a wide range of normal as well as disease-related immune, developmental and homeostatic processes. Knowledge of complement components, structures, interactions, and cross-talk with other biological systems continues to grow and this leads to novel treatments for cancer, infectious, autoimmune- or age-related diseases as well as for preventing transplantation rejection. Antibodies are superbly suited to be developed into therapeutics with appropriate complement stimulatory or inhibitory activity. Here we review the design, development and future of antibody-based drugs that enhance or dampen the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Hünniger K, Bieber K, Martin R, Lehnert T, Figge MT, Löffler J, Guo RF, Riedemann NC, Kurzai O. A second stimulus required for enhanced antifungal activity of human neutrophils in blood is provided by anaphylatoxin C5a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1199-210. [PMID: 25539819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) as cellular components of innate immunity play a crucial role in the defense against systemic Candida albicans infection. To analyze stimuli that are required for PMN activity during C. albicans infection in a situation similar to in vivo, we used a human whole-blood infection model. In this model, PMN activation 10 min after C. albicans infection was largely dependent on the anaphylatoxin C5a. Most importantly, C5a enabled blood PMN to overcome filament-restricted recognition of C. albicans and allowed efficient elimination of nonfilamentous C. albicans cph1Δ/efg1Δ from blood. Major PMN effector mechanisms, including oxidative burst, release of secondary granule contents and initial fungal phagocytosis could be prevented by blocking C5a receptor signaling. Identical effects were achieved using a humanized Ab specifically targeting human C5a. Phagocytosis of C. albicans 10 min postinfection was mediated by C5a-dependent enhancement of CD11b surface expression on PMN, thus establishing the C5a-C5aR-CD11b axis as a major modulator of early anti-Candida immune responses in human blood. In contrast, phagocytosis of C. albicans by PMN 60 min postinfection occurred almost independently of C5a and mainly contributed to activation of phagocytically active PMN at later time points. Our results show that C5a is a critical mediator in human blood during C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hünniger
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Bieber
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Lehnert
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Niels C Riedemann
- InflaRx GmbH, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; and German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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van Kessel KPM, Bestebroer J, van Strijp JAG. Neutrophil-Mediated Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:467. [PMID: 25309547 PMCID: PMC4176147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial elimination of invading Staphylococcus aureus from the body is mediated by professional phagocytes. The neutrophil is the major phagocyte of the innate immunity and plays a key role in the host defense against staphylococcal infections. Opsonization of the bacteria with immunoglobulins and complement factors enables efficient recognition by the neutrophil that subsequently leads to intracellular compartmentalization and killing. Here, we provide a review of the key processes evolved in neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus and briefly describe killing. As S. aureus is not helpless against the professional phagocytes, we will also highlight its immune evasion arsenal related to phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok P M van Kessel
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jovanka Bestebroer
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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