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Xiao ZX, Liang R, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Roles of IRF4 in various immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112077. [PMID: 38615379 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a member of IRF family of transcription factors which mainly regulates the transcription of IFN. IRF4 is restrictively expressed in immune cells such as T and B cells, macrophages, as well as DC. It is essential for the development and function of these cells. Since these cells take part in the homeostasis of the immune system and dysfunction of them contributes to the initiation and progress of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the roles of IRF4 in the SLE development becomes an important topic. Here we systemically discuss the biological characteristics of IRF4 in various immune cells and analyze the pathologic effects of IRF4 alteration in SLE and the potential targeting therapeutics of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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2
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Rodríguez-González J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Is Modulated by Leishmania mexicana through Akt Signaling Pathway. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:118. [PMID: 38787051 PMCID: PMC11126033 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) along with macrophages are the main host cells of the intracellular parasite Leishmania. DC traverse a process of maturation, passing through an immature state with phagocytic ability to a mature one where they can modulate the immune response through the secretion of cytokines. Several studies have demonstrated that Leishmania inhibits DC maturation. Nevertheless, when cells are subjected to a second stimulus such as LPS/IFN-γ, they manage to mature. In the maturation process of DC, several signaling pathways have been implicated, importantly MAPK. On the other hand, Akt is a signaling pathway deeply involved in cell survival. Some Leishmania species have shown to activate MAPK and Akt in different cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of ERK and Akt in the maturation of monocyte-derived DC (moDC) infected with L. mexicana. moDC were infected with L. mexicana metacyclic promastigotes, and the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, the expression of MHCII and CD86 and IL-12 transcript, and secretion were determined in the presence or absence of an Akt inhibitor. We showed that L. mexicana induces a sustained Akt and ERK phosphorylation, while the Akt inhibitor inhibits it. Moreover, the infection of moDC downregulates CD86 expression but not MHCII, and the Akt inhibitor reestablishes CD86 expression and 12p40 production. Thus, L. mexicana can modulate DC maturation though Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez, Oaxaca C.P. 68120, Mexico;
| | - Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14080, Mexico;
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City C.P. 14080, Mexico;
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3
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Lee A, Lim J, Lim JS. Emerging roles of MITF as a crucial regulator of immunity. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:311-318. [PMID: 38351314 PMCID: PMC10907664 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor (bHLH-Zip), has been identified as a melanocyte-specific transcription factor and plays a critical role in melanocyte survival, differentiation, function, proliferation and pigmentation. Although numerous studies have explained the roles of MITF in melanocytes and in melanoma development, the function of MITF in the hematopoietic or immune system-beyond its function in melanin-producing cells-is not yet fully understood. However, there is convincing and increasing evidence suggesting that MITF may play multiple important roles in immune-related cells. Therefore, this review is focused on recent advances in elucidating novel functions of MITF in cancer progression and immune responses to cancer. In particular, we highlight the role of MITF as a central modulator in the regulation of immune responses, as elucidated in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Lee
- Department of Biological Science and the Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lim
- Department of Biological Science and the Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Science and the Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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4
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León B. Understanding the development of Th2 cell-driven allergic airway disease in early life. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1080153. [PMID: 36704753 PMCID: PMC9872036 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy, are caused by abnormal responses to relatively harmless foreign proteins called allergens found in pollen, fungal spores, house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or certain foods. In particular, the activation of allergen-specific helper T cells towards a type 2 (Th2) phenotype during the first encounters with the allergen, also known as the sensitization phase, is the leading cause of the subsequent development of allergic disease. Infants and children are especially prone to developing Th2 cell responses after initial contact with allergens. But in addition, the rates of allergic sensitization and the development of allergic diseases among children are increasing in the industrialized world and have been associated with living in urban settings. Particularly for respiratory allergies, greater susceptibility to developing allergic Th2 cell responses has been shown in children living in urban environments containing low levels of microbial contaminants, principally bacterial endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], in the causative aeroallergens. This review highlights the current understanding of the factors that balance Th2 cell immunity to environmental allergens, with a particular focus on the determinants that program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) toward or away from a Th2 stimulatory function. In this context, it discusses transcription factor-guided functional specialization of type-2 cDCs (cDC2s) and how the integration of signals derived from the environment drives this process. In addition, it analyzes observational and mechanistic studies supporting an essential role for innate sensing of microbial-derived products contained in aeroallergens in modulating allergic Th2 cell immune responses. Finally, this review examines whether hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimulation, particularly to LPS, is a risk factor for the induction of Th2 cell responses and allergic sensitization during infancy and early childhood and the potential factors that may affect early-age response to LPS and other environmental microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Cytokines and Signaling Networks Regulating Disease Outcomes in Leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0024822. [PMID: 35862725 PMCID: PMC9387244 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00248-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in commencing and coordinating the organized recruitment and activation of immune cells during infection. These molecular regulators play an important part in deciding the fate of disease outcomes in leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease of tropical and subtropical countries. T helper 1 (Th1) cell-mediated inflammatory cytokines usually play a host-protective role, while T helper 2 (Th2) cell activation produces an anti-inflammatory milieu necessary for parasite survival. It is noteworthy that in such a multifaceted disease, the role played by any particular cytokine cannot be generalized as either beneficial or detrimental. For example, a "host-favorable" cytokine in one form of the disease has been found to be "pathogen friendly" in another form of leishmaniasis. On the other hand, the complex signaling network regulating the production of cytokines is further complicated by the nature of the host as well as the presence of other cytokines in the milieu. The present review focuses on the differential roles played by cytokines and the intricate signaling network responsible for the regulation of such cytokines during infection by different species of Leishmania. While many more studies are required in the future to better understand the role of these molecules in both animal models and patient samples, current studies indicate that these molecules are potential candidates to be targeted for therapy against this deadly disease.
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Sasaki K, Terker AS, Tang J, Cao S, Arroyo JP, Niu A, Wang S, Fan X, Zhang Y, Bennett SR, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Macrophage interferon regulatory factor 4 deletion ameliorates aristolochic acid nephropathy via reduced migration and increased apoptosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:150723. [PMID: 35025763 PMCID: PMC8876461 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is the causative nephrotoxic alkaloid in aristolochic acid nephropathy, which results in a tubulointerstitial fibrosis. AA causes direct proximal tubule damage. There is also an influx of macrophages, although their role in the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that AA directly stimulates migration, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages ex vivo. Cells lacking interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a known regulator of macrophage migration and phenotype, had a reduced migratory response, though effects on ROS production and inflammation were preserved or increased relative to wild-type cells. Macrophage-specific IRF4 knockout mice were protected from both acute and chronic kidney effects of AA administration based on functional and histological analysis. Renal macrophages from kidneys of AA-treated macrophage-specific IRF4 knockout mice demonstrated increased apoptosis and ROS production compared with wildtype controls, indicating that AA directly polarizes macrophages to a promigratory and proinflammatory phenotype. However, knockout mice had reduced renal macrophage abundance following AA administration. While macrophages lacking IRF4 can adopt a proinflammatory phenotype upon AA exposure, their inability to migrate to the kidney and increased rates of apoptosis upon infiltration provide protection from AA in vivo. These results provide evidence of direct AA effects on macrophages in AAN and add to the growing body of evidence that supports a key role of IRF4 in modulating macrophage function in kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Aolei Niu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Suwan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Yahua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States of America
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7
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Dendritic cell migration in inflammation and immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2461-2471. [PMID: 34302064 PMCID: PMC8298985 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity and play crucial roles in both the promotion of immune defense and the maintenance of immune tolerance. The trafficking of distinct DC subsets across lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is essential for DC-dependent activation and regulation of inflammation and immunity. DC chemotaxis and migration are triggered by interactions between chemokines and their receptors and regulated by multiple intracellular mechanisms, such as protein modification, epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic remodeling, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, in a tissue-specific manner. Dysregulation of DC migration may lead to abnormal positioning or activation of DCs, resulting in an imbalance of immune responses and even immune pathologies, including autoimmune responses, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and tumors. New strategies targeting the migration of distinct DC subsets are being explored for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases and the development of novel DC-based vaccines. In this review, we will discuss the migratory routes and immunological consequences of distinct DC subsets, the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of migratory signaling in DCs, and the association of DC migration with the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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8
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Sasaki K, Terker AS, Pan Y, Li Z, Cao S, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, Fan X, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Deletion of Myeloid Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (Irf4) in Mouse Model Protects against Kidney Fibrosis after Ischemic Injury by Decreased Macrophage Recruitment and Activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1037-1052. [PMID: 33619052 PMCID: PMC8259665 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKI is characterized by abrupt and reversible kidney dysfunction, and incomplete recovery leads to chronic kidney injury. Previous studies by us and others have indicated that macrophage infiltration and polarization play key roles in recovery from AKI. The role in AKI recovery played by IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a mediator of polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, is unclear. METHODS We used mice with myeloid or macrophage cell-specific deletion of Irf4 (MΦ Irf4-/- ) to evaluate Irf4's role in renal macrophage polarization and development of fibrosis after severe AKI. RESULTS Surprisingly, although macrophage Irf4 deletion had a minimal effect on early renal functional recovery from AKI, it resulted in decreased renal fibrosis 4 weeks after severe AKI, in association with less-activated macrophages. Macrophage Irf4 deletion also protected against renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) from MΦ Irf4-/- mice had diminished chemotactic responses to macrophage chemoattractants, with decreased activation of AKT and PI3 kinase and increased PTEN expression. PI3K and AKT inhibitors markedly decreased chemotaxis in wild-type BMDMs, and in a cultured macrophage cell line. There was significant inhibition of homing of labeled Irf4-/- BMDMs to postischemic kidneys. Renal macrophage infiltration in response to AKI was markedly decreased in MΦ Irf4-/- mice or in wild-type mice with inhibition of AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Irf4 from myeloid cells protected against development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis after severe ischemic renal injury in mice, due primarily to inhibition of AKT-mediated monocyte recruitment to the injured kidney and reduced activation and subsequent polarization into a profibrotic M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aolei Niu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Suwan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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9
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Jian JY, Inoue SI, Bayarsaikhan G, Miyakoda M, Kimura D, Kimura K, Nozaki E, Sakurai T, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Heath WR, Yui K. CD49d marks Th1 and Tfh-like antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium chabaudi infection. Int Immunol 2021; 33:409-422. [PMID: 33914894 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation, specific CD4+ T cells up-regulate the expression of CD11a and CD49d, surrogate markers of pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells. However, using T-cell receptor transgenic mice specific for a Plasmodium antigen, termed PbT-II, we found that activated CD4+ T cells develop not only to CD11ahiCD49dhi cells, but also to CD11ahiCD49dlo cells during acute Plasmodium infection. CD49dhi PbT-II cells, localized in the red pulp of spleens, expressed transcription factor T-bet and produced IFN-γ, indicating that they were type 1 helper T (Th1)-type cells. In contrast, CD49dlo PbT-II cells resided in the white pulp/marginal zones and were a heterogeneous population, with approximately half of them expressing CXCR5 and a third expressing Bcl-6, a master regulator of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. In adoptive transfer experiments, both CD49dhi and CD49dlo PbT-II cells differentiated into CD49dhi Th1-type cells after stimulation with antigen-pulsed dendritic cells, while CD49dhi and CD49dlo phenotypes were generally maintained in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. These results suggest that CD49d is expressed on Th1-type Plasmodium-specific CD4+ T cells, which are localized in the red pulp of the spleen, and can be used as a marker of antigen-specific Th1 CD4+ T cells, rather than that of all pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yu Jian
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mana Miyakoda
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eriko Nozaki
- Core Laboratory for Proteomics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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10
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Abstract
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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11
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Park SJ, Lee K, Kang MA, Kim TH, Jang HJ, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Lee HJ. Tilianin attenuates HDM-induced allergic asthma by suppressing Th2-immune responses via downregulation of IRF4 in dendritic cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153392. [PMID: 33113503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acacetin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (tilianin) is a major constituent of Agastache rugosa, a traditional medicine that has long been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Tilianin has a wide variety of pharmacological properties such as cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-atherogenic activities. We recently discovered that tilianin has the ability to suppress MUC5AC expression in vitro. In addition, we have established an in vivo model of allergic asthma using house dust mite (HDM) that can be applied to tilianin. PURPOSE We investigated the effects of tilianin on airway inflammation in a HDM-induced asthma mouse model and associated mechanisms. METHODS Tilianin was treated in splenocytes cultured in Th0 condition and HDM-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and their mRNA expression and cytokines production were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. To evaluate the effects of tilianin in an allergic asthma model, mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM. Tilianin was administered prior to challenge by oral gavage and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) to methacholine, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels, and airway remodeling were assessed. RESULTS Tilianin inhibited the production of Th2-related cytokines in splenocytes, which play pivotal roles in allergic airway inflammation. When treated in HDM-stimulated BMDCs, tilianin decreased Th2-skewing cytokine IL-33 and transcription factor IRF4. On the contrary, tilianin increased Th1-skewing regulators, IL-12 and IRF1. In an HDM-induced asthmatic mouse model, tilianin attenuated AHR and airway inflammation. Tilianin suppressed the expression of Th2-related cytokines, IL-13 and IL-33 in lung tissues. As seen in HDM-stimulated BMDCs, tilianin also downregulated the expression of the transcription factor IRF4 but not IRF1. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that tilianin attenuates HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2-mediated inflammation through the selective inhibition of the IRF4-IL-33 axis in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Kiram Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 341113, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Kang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea.
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12
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Krayem I, Lipoldová M. Role of host genetics and cytokines in Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155244. [PMID: 33059974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are important regulators of innate and specific responses in leishmaniasis, a disease that currently affects 12 million people. We overviewed the current information about influences of genetically engineered mouse models of cytokine and chemokine on leishmaniasis. We found that genetic background of the host, parasite species and sub-strain, as well as experimental design often modify effects of genetically engineered cytokine genes. Next we analyzed genes and QTLs (quantitative trait loci) that control response to Leishmania species in mouse in order to establish relationship between genetic control of cytokine expression and organ pathology. These studies revealed a network-like complexity of the combined effects of the multiple functionally diverse QTLs and their individual specificity. Genetic control of organ pathology and systemic immune response overlap only partially. Some QTLs control both organ pathology and systemic immune response, but the effects of genes and loci with the strongest impact on disease are cytokine-independent, whereas several loci modify cytokines levels in serum without influencing organ pathology. Understanding this genetic control might be important in development of vaccines designed to stimulate certain cytokine spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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13
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Elucidating the Role of Ezh2 in Tolerogenic Function of NOD Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Expressing Constitutively Active Stat5b. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186453. [PMID: 32899608 PMCID: PMC7554732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (toDCs) are crucial to controlling the development of autoreactive T cell responses and the prevention of autoimmunity. We have reported that NOD.CD11cStat5b-CA transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active (CA) form of Stat5b under the control of a CD11c promoter are protected from diabetes and that Stat5b-CA-expressing DCs are tolerogenic and halt ongoing diabetes in NOD mice. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Stat5b-CA modulates DC tolerogenic function are not fully understood. Here, we used bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from NOD.CD11cStat5b-CA transgenic mice (Stat5b-CA.BMDCs) and found that Stat5b-CA.BMDCs displayed high levels of MHC class II, CD80, CD86, PD-L1, and PD-L2 and produced elevated amounts of TGFβ but low amounts of TNFα and IL-23. Stat5b-CA.BMDCs upregulated Irf4 and downregulated Irf8 genes and protein expression and promoted CD11c+CD11b+ DC2 subset differentiation. Interestingly, we found that the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 and Stat5b-CA bound gamma-interferon activated site (GAS) sequences in the Irf8 enhancer IRF8 transcription, whereas Stat5b but not Ezh2 bound GAS sequences in the Irf4 promoter to enhance IRF4 transcription. Injection of Stat5b-CA.BMDCs into prediabetic NOD mice halted progression of islet inflammation and protected against diabetes. Importantly, inhibition of Ezh2 in tolerogenic Stat5b-CA.BMDCs reduced their ability to prevent diabetes development in NOD recipient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the active form of Stat5b induces tolerogenic DC function by modulating IRF4 and IRF8 expression through recruitment of Ezh2 and highlight the fundamental role of Ezh2 in Stat5b-mediated induction of tolerogenic DC function.
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14
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Zhang X, Artola-Boran M, Fallegger A, Arnold IC, Weber A, Reuter S, Taube C, Müller A. IRF4 Expression Is Required for the Immunoregulatory Activity of Conventional Type 2 Dendritic Cells in Settings of Chronic Bacterial Infection and Cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1933-1943. [PMID: 32848032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal surfaces of humans and mice host a network of mononuclear phagocytes that differ in their ontogeny, surface marker and transcription factor expression, and functional specialization. Conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in particular exist as two major subpopulations in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs that can be distinguished based on their surface marker and transcription factor expression. In this study, we show in various Th1- and/or Th17-polarized settings of acute and chronic bacterial infection and of tumor growth that the conditional ablation of Irf4 in CD11c+ DCs results in more efficient immune control of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and Citrobacter rodentium and of tumor growth in a syngeneic tumor model. We attribute the phenotype of IRF4ΔDC mice to unrestricted Th1 responses and in particular to IFN-γ- and TNF-α-expressing CD4+ T cells. This activity of IRF4-expressing DCs is linked to a DC-specific immunoregulatory transcriptional program. In contrast, in Th2-polarized settings such as house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation, the lack of IRF4 expression in the DC compartment alleviates inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia. The combined data provide evidence for immunoregulatory properties of this versatile DC population in Th1-polarized infection settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Fallegger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, 45239 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, 45239 Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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15
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Takeichi T. SDR9C7 plays an essential role in skin barrier function by dehydrogenating acylceramide for covalent attachment to proteins. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:82-87. [PMID: 32305239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among the components of the barrier structure of the stratum corneum in human skin, the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) is extremely important for the skin barrier. The importance of the CLE and esterified ω-hydroxy sphingosine (CerEOS), its main precursor, has been suggested from the fact that mutations in a number of genes involved in CerEOS synthesis and CLE formation have been identified as genetic causes of congenital ichthyoses, which are severe genetic skin disorders. However, the molecule/mechanism involved in the covalent binding of CerEOS to proteins on the outer surface of the cornified cell envelope had been a missing part. Very recently, we proposed new potential modes of protein binding by covalent reactions of CerEOS-epoxy-enone. We revealed the biochemical function of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7), encoded by SDR9C7, as catalyzing the dehydrogenation of the lipoxygenase products that are esterified in CerEOS. Epoxy-enone produced by SDR9C7 covalently binds to proteins on the outer extracellular surface of the cornified cell envelope. Importantly, our recent striking findings were derived from the detailed lipid analysis of only one ARCI patient with SDR9C7 mutation. The combination of detailed analyses of precious samples from a rare patient and the establishment of corresponding animal models is an effective and powerful tool for analyzing rare inherited diseases. This review summarizes this newly revealed mechanism in skin barrier formation, describes the characteristic features of patients with SDR9C7 mutations, and introduces the clinical value of non-invasive analyses for patients with very rare intractable skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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16
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Transcriptional regulation of DC fate specification. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:38-46. [PMID: 32151907 PMCID: PMC7187805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells function in the immune system to instruct adaptive immune cells to respond accordingly to different threats. While conventional dendritic cells can be subdivided into two main subtypes, termed cDC1s and cDC2s, it is clear that further heterogeneity exists within these subtypes, particularly for cDC2s. Understanding the signals involved in specifying each of these lineages and subtypes thereof is crucial to (i) enable us to determine their specific functions and (ii) put us in a position to be able to target these cells to promote or prevent a specific function in any given disease setting. Although we still have much to learn regarding the specification of these cells, here we review the most recent advances in our understanding of this and highlight some of the next questions for the future.
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17
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IRF4-dependent dendritic cells regulate CD8 + T-cell differentiation and memory responses in influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1025-1037. [PMID: 31089186 PMCID: PMC6527354 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses is imperfectly mitigated by annual vaccination to select strains. Development of vaccines that elicit lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) would offer more universal protection to seasonal and emerging pandemic viruses. Understanding how lung-resident dendritic cells (DCs) regulate TRM differentiation would be an important step in this process. Here, we used CD11c-cre-Irf4f/f (KO) mice, which lack lung-resident IRF4-dependent CD11b+CD24hi DCs and show IRF4 deficiency in other lung cDC subsets, to determine if IRF4-expressing DCs regulate CD8+ memory precursor cells and TRM during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. KO mice showed defective CD8+ T-cell memory, stemming from a deficit of T regulatory cells and memory precursor cells with decreased Foxo1 expression. Transfer of wild-type CD11b+CD24hi DCs into KO mice restored CD8+ memory precursor cell numbers to wild-type levels. KO mice recovered from a primary infection harbored reduced numbers of CD8+ TRM and showed deficient expansion of IFNγ+CD8+ T cells and increased lung pathology upon challenge with heterosubtypic IAV. Thus, vaccination strategies that harness the function of IRF4-dependent DCs could promote the differentiation of CD8+ TRM during IAV infection.
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18
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Bachus H, Kaur K, Papillion AM, Marquez-Lago TT, Yu Z, Ballesteros-Tato A, Matalon S, León B. Impaired Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-α-driven Dendritic Cell Activation Limits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Protection from Allergic Inflammation in Infants. Immunity 2019; 50:225-240.e4. [PMID: 30635238 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infants have a higher risk of developing allergic asthma than adults. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We show here that sensitization of mice with house-dust mites (HDMs) in the presence of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prevented T helper 2 (Th2) cell allergic responses in adult, but not infant, mice. Mechanistically, adult CD11b+ migratory dendritic cells (mDCs) upregulated the transcription factor T-bet in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which was rapidly induced after HDM + LPS sensitization. Consequently, adult CD11b+ mDCs produced interleukin-12 (IL-12), which prevented Th2 cell development by promoting T-bet upregulation in responding T cells. Conversely, infants failed to induce TNF-α after HDM + LPS sensitization. Therefore, CD11b+ mDCs failed to upregulate T-bet and did not secrete IL-12 and Th2 cell responses normally developed in infant mice. Thus, the availability of TNF-α dictates the ability of CD11b+ mDCs to suppress allergic Th2-cell responses upon dose-dependent endotoxin sensitization and is a key mediator governing susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation in infant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Bachus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amber M Papillion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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19
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Zhao Y, Dang Z, Wei R, Gui W, Zhang Y, Chong S. The effects of CCR7 and related signaling pathways on Leishmania major -infected human dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:13145-13156. [PMID: 30584667 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In our research, we aimed to investigate the roles of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and relevant signaling pathways in Leishmania major-infected human dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in L. major-infected human DCs were selected out and visualized using R program. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis was conducted for investigation of significantly enriched signaling pathways and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was carried out for the unveiling of enriched Molecular Functions and Biological Processes in L. major-infected human DCs. Besides, Hub gene was screened out using weighted gene coexpression network analysis and Cytoscape. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used for detection of relative expression of CCR7, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in L. major-infected human DCs and western blot analysis was used for detection of relative expression of CCR7 and other proteins in JAK-STAT signaling pathway in L. major-infected human DCs. RESULTS CCR7 was upregulated and both chemokine and JAK-STAT signaling pathway were activated in L. major-infected human DCs. During the L. major infection, total number of L. major-infected human DCs were increased, as well as the relative expression levels of CCR7, IL-12, and IFN-γ and proteins in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Overexpression of CCR7 not only increased expression levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ but also activated the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to affect the leishmaniasis progression. CONCLUSION L. major infection-induced activation of CCR7, as well as JAK2 and STAT1, might well upregulate the expression of BAX yet suppress the expression of both Bcl2 and c-Jun to affect leishmaniasis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhisheng Dang
- Key Laboratory on Biology of Parasite and Vector, Parasitic Disease Control Center of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Riming Wei
- Collge of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Weifeng Gui
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shigui Chong
- School of Nursing, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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20
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Muehling LM, Lawrence MG, Woodfolk JA. Pathogenic CD4 + T cells in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1523-1540. [PMID: 28442213 PMCID: PMC5651193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma encompasses a variety of clinical phenotypes that involve distinct T cell-driven inflammatory processes. Improved understanding of human T-cell biology and the influence of innate cytokines on T-cell responses at the epithelial barrier has led to new asthma paradigms. This review captures recent knowledge on pathogenic CD4+ T cells in asthmatic patients by drawing on observations in mouse models and human disease. In patients with allergic asthma, TH2 cells promote IgE-mediated sensitization, airway hyperreactivity, and eosinophilia. Here we discuss recent discoveries in the myriad molecular pathways that govern the induction of TH2 differentiation and the critical role of GATA-3 in this process. We elaborate on how cross-talk between epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells translates to T-cell outcomes, with an emphasis on the actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and IL-33 at the epithelial barrier. New concepts on how T-cell skewing and epitope specificity are shaped by multiple environmental cues integrated by dendritic cell "hubs" are discussed. We also describe advances in understanding the origins of atypical TH2 cells in asthmatic patients, the role of TH1 cells and other non-TH2 types in asthmatic patients, and the features of T-cell pathogenicity at the single-cell level. Progress in technologies that enable highly multiplexed profiling of markers within a single cell promise to overcome barriers to T-cell discovery in human asthmatic patients that could transform our understanding of disease. These developments, along with novel T cell-based therapies, position us to expand the assortment of molecular targets that could facilitate personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Monica G Lawrence
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va.
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21
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von Stebut E, Tenzer S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Distinct functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the interaction of the host immune system with Leishmania major. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:206-214. [PMID: 29129568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies leading to parasite inoculation into skin. In the mammalian host, the parasite primarily resides in skin macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). MΦ are silently invaded by the parasite eliciting a stress response, whereas DC become activated, release IL-12, and prime antigen-specific T cells. Here we review the basics of the immune response against this human pathogen and elucidate the role and function DC and MΦ for establishment of protective immunity against leishmaniasis. We focus on cell type-specific differences in parasite uptake, phagocyte activation and processing of parasite antigens to facilitate an understanding how their respective function may be modulated e.g. under therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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22
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SIRPα + dendritic cells regulate homeostasis of fibroblastic reticular cells via TNF receptor ligands in the adult spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10151-E10160. [PMID: 29109283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711345114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In secondary lymphoid organs, development and homeostasis of stromal cells such as podoplanin (Pdpn)-positive fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are regulated by hematopoietic cells, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such regulation have remained unclear. Here we show that ablation of either signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), an Ig superfamily protein, or its ligand CD47 in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) markedly reduced the number of CD4+ cDCs as well as that of Pdpn+ FRCs and T cells in the adult mouse spleen. Such ablation also impaired the survival of FRCs as well as the production by CD4+ cDCs of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ligands, including TNF-α, which was shown to promote the proliferation and survival of Pdpn+ FRCs. CD4+ cDCs thus regulate the steady-state homeostasis of FRCs in the adult spleen via the production of TNFR ligands, with the CD47-SIRPα interaction in cDCs likely being indispensable for such regulation.
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23
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Fuchigami T, Ono H, Oyadomari K, Iwatake M, Hayasaka D, Akbari M, Yui K, Nishi K, Kudo T, Yoshida S, Haratake M, Nakayama M. Development of a 68Ge/ 68Ga Generator System Using Polysaccharide Polymers and Its Application in PET Imaging of Tropical Infectious Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1400-1407. [PMID: 30023633 PMCID: PMC6044706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a positron emitter for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) applications that can be produced by a 68Ge/68Ga generator without cyclotron. However, commercially available 68Ge/68Ga generator systems require multiple steps for the preparation of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals and are sometimes plagued by metallic impurities in the 68Ga eluent. We developed a 68Ge/68Ga generator system using polysaccharide-based adsorbents and direct application of the generator-eluted 68Ga-citrate to PET imaging of tropical infectious diseases. N-Methylglucamine (MG) as a 68Ge-adsorbing unit (Sepha-MGs) was introduced to a series of Sephadex G-10, G-15, G-25, G-50, and G-75. In the batch method, over 97% of the 68Ge in the solution was adsorbed onto the Sepha-MG series within 15 min. In particular, 68Ge was effectively adsorbed on the Sepha(15)-MG packed columns and 70-80% of the 68Ga was eluted by 1 mL of 0.1 M trisodium citrate with low 68Ge contamination (<0.001%). The chemical form of the generator-eluted 68Ga solution was identified as 68Ga-citrate. In PET studies, affected regions in mice infected with Leishmania and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus were clearly visualized using the 68Ga-citrate. Sepha-MGs are useful adsorbents for 68Ge/68Ga generator systems with high 68Ga elution efficiency and minimal 68Ge breakthrough. These results indicated that eluted 68Ga-citrate can be directly used for PET imaging of infectious sites in mice. This novel generator system may be useful for straightforward PET imaging of infection in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fuchigami
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hokuto Ono
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kohta Oyadomari
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mayumi Iwatake
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department
of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Leading Graduate
School Program and Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Division
of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division
of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kodai Nishi
- Department
of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Leading Graduate
School Program and Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department
of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Leading Graduate
School Program and Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sakura Yoshida
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mamoru Haratake
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-2 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Department
of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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24
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Polak ME, Ung CY, Masapust J, Freeman TC, Ardern-Jones MR. Petri Net computational modelling of Langerhans cell Interferon Regulatory Factor Network predicts their role in T cell activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:668. [PMID: 28386100 PMCID: PMC5428800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are able to orchestrate adaptive immune responses in the skin by interpreting the microenvironmental context in which they encounter foreign substances, but the regulatory basis for this has not been established. Utilising systems immunology approaches combining in silico modelling of a reconstructed gene regulatory network (GRN) with in vitro validation of the predictions, we sought to determine the mechanisms of regulation of immune responses in human primary LCs. The key role of Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) as controllers of the human Langerhans cell response to epidermal cytokines was revealed by whole transcriptome analysis. Applying Boolean logic we assembled a Petri net-based model of the IRF-GRN which provides molecular pathway predictions for the induction of different transcriptional programmes in LCs. In silico simulations performed after model parameterisation with transcription factor expression values predicted that human LC activation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells would be differentially regulated by epidermal cytokine induction of specific IRF-controlled pathways. This was confirmed by in vitro measurement of IFN-γ production by activated T cells. As a proof of concept, this approach shows that stochastic modelling of a specific immune networks renders transcriptome data valuable for the prediction of functional outcomes of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
| | - Chuin Ying Ung
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanna Masapust
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael R Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
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Wang H, Mo L, Xiao X, An S, Liu X, Ba J, Wu W, Ran P, Yang P, Liu Z. Pplase of Dermatophagoides farinae promotes ovalbumin-induced airway allergy by modulating the functions of dendritic cells in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43322. [PMID: 28240301 PMCID: PMC5327411 DOI: 10.1038/srep43322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that many proteins in addition to the known allergens of D. farinae have not been fully characterized. We observed that Pplase did not respond to serum collected from patients sensitized to D. farinae. In a mouse model, Pplase significantly enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and Th2 responses induced by ovalbumin (OVA) compared with mice treated with OVA alone. Moreover, exposure to Pplase significantly increased the expression of IRF4, CD80, CD83, MHCII and TNF-α in DC2.4 cells, which was abolished in the presence of a TLR4 inhibitor. In vitro T cell polarization experiments revealed that Pplase alone could not induce T cell polarization but enhanced T cell polarization together with OVA. In addition, transfer of Pplase-primed bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) to naïve mice enhanced AHR and Th2 immune responses in mice sensitized to OVA. In conclusion, Pplase is not an allergen of D. farinae but can activate DC cells to facilitate OVA-induced allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen ENT Institute, Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu An
- Luohu district people’s hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinge Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen ENT Institute, Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen ENT Institute, Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Luohu district people’s hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Yin X, Yu H, Jin X, Li J, Guo H, Shi Q, Yin Z, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu R, Wang S, Zhang L. Human Blood CD1c+ Dendritic Cells Encompass CD5high and CD5low Subsets That Differ Significantly in Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1553-1564. [PMID: 28087664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
There are three major dendritic cell (DC) subsets in both humans and mice, that is, plasmacytoid DCs and two types of conventional DCs (cDCs), cDC1s and cDC2s. cDC2s are important for polarizing CD4+ naive T cells into different subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and regulatory T cells. In mice, cDC2s can be further divided into phenotypically and functionally distinct subgroups. However, subsets of human cDC2s have not been reported. In the present study, we showed that human blood CD1c+ cDCs (cDC2s) can be further separated into two subpopulations according to their CD5 expression status. Comparative transcriptome analyses showed that the CD5high DCs expressed higher levels of cDC2-specific genes, including IFN regulatory factor 4, which is essential for the cDC2 development and its migration to lymph nodes. In contrast, CD5low DCs preferentially expressed monocyte-related genes, including the lineage-specific transcription factor MAFB. Furthermore, compared with the CD5low subpopulation, the CD5high subpopulation showed stronger migration toward CCL21 and overrepresentation among migratory DCs in lymph nodes. Additionally, the CD5high DCs induced naive T cell proliferation more potently than did the CD5low DCs. Moreover, CD5high DCs induced higher levels of IL-10-, IL-22-, and IL-4-producing T cell formation, whereas CD5low DCs induced higher levels of IFN-γ-producing T cell formation. Thus, we show that human blood CD1c+ cDC2s encompass two subsets that differ significantly in phenotype, that is, gene expression and functions. We propose that these two subsets of human cDC2s could potentially play contrasting roles in immunity or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanxing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Yong Xu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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Zhu D, Yang N, Liu YY, Zheng J, Ji C, Zuo PP. M2 Macrophage Transplantation Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in Amyloid-β-Treated Rats Through Regulation of Microglial Polarization. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:483-95. [PMID: 27003214 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population. Neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation is considered to be the critical factor underlying AD pathological mechanisms. Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages/microglia have been reported to have neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we characterized the neuroprotective effects of M2 macrophage transplantation in AD model rats and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1 - 42 to rats was used to model AD and resulted in cognitive impairment, neuronal damage, and inflammatory changes in the brain microenvironment. We observed an increased interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5/IRF4 ratio, resulting in greater production of classically activated (M1) versus M2 microglia. M2 macrophage transplantation attenuated inflammation in the brain, reversed Aβ1 - 42-induced changes in the IRF4-IRF5 ratio, drove endogenous microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and ameliorated cognitive impairment. Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment reduced the IRF5/IRF4 ratio and induced primary microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype in vitro; these effects were prevented by tyrosine Kinase Receptor A (TrkA) inhibition. M2 macrophage transplantation restored the balance of IRF4-IRF5 by affecting the expression of NGF and inflammatory cytokines in the brains of AD model rats. This drove microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype, promoted termination of neuroinflammation, and resulted in improved cognitive abilities.
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Vander Lugt B, Riddell J, Khan AA, Hackney JA, Lesch J, DeVoss J, Weirauch MT, Singh H, Mellman I. Transcriptional determinants of tolerogenic and immunogenic states during dendritic cell maturation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:779-792. [PMID: 28130292 PMCID: PMC5350508 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201512012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells promote either immunosuppressive or immunogenic T cell responses, but the transcriptional and epigenetic programs regulating these functions are unclear. Vander Lugt et al. dissect the distinct programs underlying the immunogenic and tolerogenic mature states of dendritic cells in vitro. Dendritic cells (DCs) promote either tolerogenic or immunogenic T cell responses, the latter upon sensing microbes. Using an in vitro system, we analyzed transcriptional determinants that enable mature DCs to direct these opposing T cell outcomes. In the absence of microbial products, the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) generation by enhancing expression of genes required for antigen presentation along with those for T cell tolerance. IRF4-deficient DCs were impaired for Treg generation in vivo. When exposed to microbial stimuli, DCs activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which induced expression of a proinflammatory cytokine module that, along with the antigen presentation module, promoted the generation of effector T cells. NF-κB was, however, dispensable for Treg development. Chromatin profiling revealed transcriptional motifs associated with the divergent DC programs. Thus, DCs modulate their ability to prime tolerogenic or immunogenic T cells by expressing a core antigen presentation module that is overlaid by distinctive regulatory modules to promote either tolerance or immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Vander Lugt
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jeremy Riddell
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Aly A Khan
- Institute for Systems and Genomics Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Justin Lesch
- Department Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ira Mellman
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Nam S, Kang K, Cha JS, Kim JW, Lee HG, Kim Y, Yang Y, Lee MS, Lim JS. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) controls myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation and function. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1273-1284. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0215-068rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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30
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Achuthan A, Cook AD, Lee MC, Saleh R, Khiew HW, Chang MWN, Louis C, Fleetwood AJ, Lacey DC, Christensen AD, Frye AT, Lam PY, Kusano H, Nomura K, Steiner N, Förster I, Nutt SL, Olshansky M, Turner SJ, Hamilton JA. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3453-66. [PMID: 27525438 DOI: 10.1172/jci87828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can function as a key proinflammatory cytokine. However, therapies that directly target GM-CSF function could lead to undesirable side effects, creating a need to delineate downstream pathways and mediators. In this work, we provide evidence that GM-CSF drives CCL17 production by acting through an IFN regulatory factor 4-dependent (IRF4-dependent) pathway in human monocytes, murine macrophages, and mice in vivo. In murine models of arthritis and pain, IRF4 regulated the formation of CCL17, which mediated the proinflammatory and algesic actions of GM-CSF. Mechanistically, GM-CSF upregulated IRF4 expression by enhancing JMJD3 demethylase activity. We also determined that CCL17 has chemokine-independent functions in inflammatory arthritis and pain. These findings indicate that GM-CSF can mediate inflammation and pain by regulating IRF4-induced CCL17 production, providing insights into a pathway with potential therapeutic avenues for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and their associated pain.
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Dendritic Cells and Leishmania Infection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3967436. [PMID: 26904694 PMCID: PMC4745329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3967436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from the Leishmania genus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response against Leishmania parasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species of Leishmania and (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially from Leishmania species of the New World.
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33
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Bajaña S, Turner S, Paul J, Ainsua-Enrich E, Kovats S. IRF4 and IRF8 Act in CD11c+ Cells To Regulate Terminal Differentiation of Lung Tissue Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1666-77. [PMID: 26746189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses in barrier tissues including lung and skin. Conventional DC (cDC) subsets, CD11b(-) (cDC1s) or CD11b(+) (cDC2s), arise via distinct networks of transcription factors involving IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF8, and are specialized for unique functional responses. Using mice in which a conditional Irf4 or Irf8 allele is deleted in CD11c(+) cells, we determined whether IRF4 or IRF8 deficiency beginning in CD11c(+) cDC precursors (pre-cDCs) changed the homeostasis of mature DCs or pre-DCs in the lung, dermis, and spleen. CD11c-cre-Irf4(-/-) mice selectively lacked a lung-resident CD11c(hi)CD11b(+)SIRPα(+)CD24(+) DC subset, but not other lung CD11b(+) DCs or alveolar macrophages. Numbers of CD11b(+)CD4(+) splenic DCs, but not CD11b(+) dermal DCs, were reduced, indicating cDC2s in the lung and dermis develop via different pathways. Irf4 deficiency did not alter numbers of cDC1s. CD11c-cre-Irf8(-/-) mice lacked lung-resident CD103(+) DCs and splenic CD8α(+) DCs, yet harbored increased IRF4-dependent DCs. This correlated with a reduced number of Irf8(-/-) pre-cDCs, which contained elevated IRF4, suggesting that Irf8 deficiency diverts pre-cDC fate. Analyses of Irf4 and Irf8 haploinsufficient mice showed that, although one Irf4 allele was sufficient for lung cDC2 development, two functional Irf8 alleles were required for differentiation of lung cDC1s. Thus, IRF8 and IRF4 act in pre-cDCs to direct the terminal differentiation of cDC1 and cDC2 subsets in the lung and spleen. These data suggest that variation in IRF4 or IRF8 levels resulting from genetic polymorphisms or environmental cues will govern tissue DC numbers and, therefore, regulate the magnitude of DC functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bajaña
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sean Turner
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jinny Paul
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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34
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Zheng H, Ban Y, Wei F, Ma X. Regulation of Interleukin-12 Production in Antigen-Presenting Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:117-138. [PMID: 27734411 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine produced primarily by pathogen-activated antigen-presenting cells, particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, during encountering with intracellular microbes. IL-12 plays a key role in the activation of natural killer cells and CD4+ T helper cells in both innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious agents and immunosurveillance against endogenous malignancies. However, the potency of IL-12 makes it a target for stringent regulation. Indeed, the temporal, spatial, and quantitative expression of IL-12 during an immune response in a microenvironment contributes critically to the determination of the type, extent, and ultimate resolution of the reaction. Breaching of the delicate control and balance involving IL-12 frequently leads to autoimmune inflammatory disorders and pathogenesis. Thus, a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in the production and control of this cytokine is both scientifically significant and clinically beneficial. Here we provide an update on the research that has been conducted on this subject particularly in the last 10 years since the publication of a major thesis of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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35
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Poudel B, Ki HH, Lee YM, Kim DK. Collagen I-induced dendritic cells activation is regulated by TNF-alpha production through down-regulation of IRF4. J Biosci 2015; 40:71-8. [PMID: 25740143 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that collagen I enhances the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs). Inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are also known to activate DCs. Here we investigated the involvement of TNF-alpha on the collagen I-induced DCs activation. TNF-a neutralization inhibited collagen I-induced IL-12 secretions by DCs. Additionally, we observed suppression of collagen I-induced costimulatory molecules expression along with down-regulation of genes involved in DCs activation pathway. Furthermore, TNF- alpha inhibition upon collagen Istimulation up-regulated the expression of interferon regulatory transcription factor IRF4, when compared to collagen I only treated cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that collagen I induce TNF- alpha production, which is crucial for the activation and function of DCs, through down-regulation of IRF4, and implicates the importance in development of anti- TNF-alpha therapeutics for several inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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36
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Murphy TL, Grajales-Reyes GE, Wu X, Tussiwand R, Briseño CG, Iwata A, Kretzer NM, Durai V, Murphy KM. Transcriptional Control of Dendritic Cell Development. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 34:93-119. [PMID: 26735697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dendritic cells (DCs) of the immune system function in innate and adaptive responses by directing activity of various effector cells rather than serving as effectors themselves. DCs and closely related myeloid lineages share expression of many surface receptors, presenting a challenge in distinguishing their unique in vivo functions. Recent work has taken advantage of unique transcriptional programs to identify and manipulate murine DCs in vivo. This work has assigned several nonredundant in vivo functions to distinct DC lineages, consisting of plasmacytoid DCs and several subsets of classical DCs that promote different immune effector modules in response to pathogens. In parallel, a correspondence between human and murine DC subsets has emerged, underlying structural similarities for the DC lineages between these species. Recent work has begun to unravel the transcriptional circuitry that controls the development and diversification of DCs from common progenitors in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Nicole M Kretzer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Akazawa S, Kobayashi M, Kuriya G, Horie I, Yu L, Yamasaki H, Okita M, Nagayama Y, Matsuyama T, Akbari M, Yui K, Kawakami A, Abiru N. Haploinsufficiency of interferon regulatory factor 4 strongly protects against autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2606-14. [PMID: 26271342 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4 plays a critical role in lymphoid development and the regulation of immune responses. Genetic deletion of IRF4 has been shown to suppress autoimmune disease in several mouse models, but its role in autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice remains unknown. METHODS To address the role of IRF4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, we generated IRF4-knockout NOD mice and investigated the impact of the genetic deletion of IRF4 on diabetes, insulitis and insulin autoantibody; the effector function of T cells in vivo and in vitro; and the proportion of dendritic cell subsets. RESULTS Heterozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice maintained the number and phenotype of T cells at levels similar to NOD mice. However, diabetes and autoantibody production were completely suppressed in both heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice. The level of insulitis was strongly suppressed in both heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient mice, with minimal insulitis observed in heterozygous mice. An adoptive transfer study revealed that IRF4 deficiency conferred disease resistance in a gene-dose-dependent manner in recipient NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Furthermore, the proportion of migratory dendritic cells in lymph nodes was reduced in heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice in an IRF4 dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the levels of IRF4 in T cells and dendritic cells are important for the pathogenesis of diabetes in NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Haploinsufficiency of IRF4 halted disease development in NOD mice. Our findings suggest that an IRF4-targeted strategy might be useful for modulating autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akazawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Genpei Kuriya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Horie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hironori Yamasaki
- Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Norio Abiru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
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Clausen BE, Stoitzner P. Functional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26557117 PMCID: PMC4617171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous family of professional antigen-presenting cells classically recognized as most potent inducers of adaptive immune responses. In this respect, Langerhans cells have long been considered to be prototypic immunogenic DC in the skin. More recently this view has considerably changed. The generation of in vivo cell ablation and lineage tracing models revealed the complexity of the skin DC network and, in particular, established the existence of a number of phenotypically distinct Langerin+ and negative DC populations in the dermis. Moreover, by now we appreciate that DC also exert important regulatory functions and are required for the maintenance of tolerance toward harmless foreign and self-antigens. This review summarizes our current understanding of the skin-resident DC system in the mouse and discusses emerging concepts on the functional specialization of the different skin DC subsets in regulating T cell responses. Special consideration is given to antigen cross-presentation as well as immune reactions toward contact sensitizers, cutaneous pathogens, and tumors. These studies form the basis for the manipulation of the human counterparts of the murine DC subsets to promote immunity or tolerance for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Division of Experimental Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Yang C, He D, Yin C, Tan J. Inhibition of Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Suppresses Th1 and Th17 Cell Differentiation and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:345-51. [PMID: 26110284 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Yang
- Neurology Department; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang China
| | - D. He
- Neurology Department; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang China
| | - C. Yin
- Neurology Department; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang China
| | - J. Tan
- Neurology Department; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang China
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chowdhury BP, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Majumder S, Jha MK, Majumdar SB, Saha B, Majumdar S. The host-protective effect of arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan against Leishmania donovani infection is associated with restoration of IFN-γ responsiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117247. [PMID: 25658110 PMCID: PMC4319725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is endemic as a major infectious disease in the tropical and subtropical countries, is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. At present, restricted treatment options and lack of vaccines intensify the problem of controlling VL. Therefore, finding a novel immunoprophylactic or therapeutic principle is a pressing need. Here, we report that arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan (Ara-LAM), a TLR2-ligand isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis, exhibits a strong immunomodulatory property that conferred protection against L. donovani infection. Although, Ara-LAM modulates TLR2 and MAPK signaling, it is not known whether Ara-LAM involves IFN-γ signaling for effective parasite clearance. Because, it is reported that IFN-γ signaling, a principle mediator of NO generation and macrophage and Tcell activation, is hampered during leishmanial pathogenesis. Ara-LAM increases IFN-γ receptor expression and potentiates IFN-γ receptor signaling through JAK-STAT pathway. Moreover, Ara-LAM reciprocally modulates IRF4 and IRF8 expression and reinstates anti-leishmanial Th1 response that eventuates in significantly reduced parasite load in spleen and liver of L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. IFN-γRα silencing resulted in the suppression of these host-protective mechanisms affected by Ara-LAM. Thus, Ara-LAM-mediated restoration of IFN-γ responsiveness is a novel immuno-modulatory principle for protection against L. donovani susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- Laboratory-V, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- Laboratory-V, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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