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Hou Y, Li X, Yang Y, Shi H, Wang S, Gao M. Serum cytokines and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictive biomarkers of benefit from PD-1 inhibitors in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274431. [PMID: 38022654 PMCID: PMC10643875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy is significantly revolutionizing cancer treatment and demonstrating promising efficacy in gastric cancer (GC) patients. However, only a subset of patients could derive benefits from targeted monoclonal antibody therapy against programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1). This study aims to identify suitable serum cytokines and blood cell ratios as predictive biomarkers to aid in the selection of GC patients likely to benefit from PD-1 inhibitors. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 41 GC patients who received PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy, 36 GC patients treated solely with chemotherapy, and 33 healthy controls. The study assessed the levels of seven cytokines: interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and various inflammatory markers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), total lymphocyte count (TLC), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR). Measurements were obtained using the inpatient system. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive significance of these hematologic parameters for clinical outcomes. Results Levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NLR, and PLR were significantly elevated in GC patients compared to healthy controls, while TLC and LMR were higher in the control group. Among the 41 patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy, baseline IL-2 was associated with OS and PFS. Additionally, IL-6 and IL-17A correlated with OS, while NLR was linked to PFS (all P<0.05). These factors were identified as independent prognostic indicators in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Furthermore, almost all cytokine levels increased following the initiation of PD-1 inhibitor treatment. Conclusions The introduction of PD-1 inhibitors alongside chemotherapy in GC impacts serum cytokine levels. IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and NLR exhibit potential as reliable circulating predictive biomarkers for identifying patients who may benefit from PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ming Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Tanaka Y, Yokoyama Y, Kambayashi T. Skin-derived TSLP stimulates skin migratory dendritic cells to promote the expansion of regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350390. [PMID: 37525585 PMCID: PMC10592182 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that enhance regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation or suppressive function hold promise for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that the topical application of the vitamin D3 analog MC903 systemically expands Treg cells by stimulating the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from the skin. Using mice lacking TSLP receptor expression by dendritic cells (DCs), we hereby show that TSLP receptor signaling in DCs is required for this Treg expansion in vivo. Topical MC903 treatment of ear skin selectively increased the number of migratory DCs in skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) and upregulated their expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Accordingly, DCs isolated from skin-draining LNs but not mesenteric LNs or spleen of MC903-treated mice showed an enhanced ability to promote Treg proliferation, which was driven by co-stimulatory signals through CD80/CD86 and OX40 ligand. Among the DC subsets in the skin-draining LNs of MC903-treated mice, migratory XCR1- CD11b+ type 2 and XCR1- CD11b- double negative conventional DCs promoted Treg expansion. Together, these data demonstrate that vitamin D3 stimulation of skin induces TSLP expression, which stimulates skin migratory DCs to expand Treg cells. Thus, topical MC903 treatment could represent a convenient strategy to treat inflammatory disorders by engaging this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Division of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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3
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Pontecorvi P, Ceccarelli S, Cece F, Camero S, Lotti LV, Niccolai E, Nannini G, Gerini G, Anastasiadou E, Scialis ES, Romano E, Venneri MA, Amedei A, Angeloni A, Megiorni F, Marchese C. Assessing the Impact of Polyethylene Nano/Microplastic Exposure on Human Vaginal Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11379. [PMID: 37511139 PMCID: PMC10380279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rise of single-use throw-away plastic products has elicited a massive increase in the nano/microplastics (N/MPLs) exposure burden in humans. Recently, it has been demonstrated that disposable period products may release N/MPLs with usage, which represents a potential threat to women's health which has not been scientifically addressed yet. By using polyethyl ene (PE) particles (200 nm to 9 μm), we showed that acute exposure to a high concentration of N/MPLs induced cell toxicity in vaginal keratinocytes after effective cellular uptake, as viability and apoptosis data suggest, along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The internalised N/MPLs altered the expression of junctional and adherence proteins and the organisation of the actin cortex, influencing the level of genes involved in oxidative stress signalling pathways and that of miRNAs related to epithelial barrier function. When the exposure to PE N/MPLs was discontinued or became chronic, cells were able to recover from the negative effects on viability and differentiation/proliferation gene expression in a few days. However, in all cases, PE N/MPL exposure prompted a sustained alteration of DNA methyltransferase and DNA demethylase expression, which might impact epigenetic regulation processes, leading to accelerated cell ageing and inflammation, or the occurrence of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pontecorvi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cece
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Camero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Vittoria Lotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Gerini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Sofia Scialis
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrico Romano
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Duchesne M, Okoye I, Lacy P. Epithelial cell alarmin cytokines: Frontline mediators of the asthma inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975914. [PMID: 36311787 PMCID: PMC9616080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of the airway epithelium to external stimuli such as allergens, microbes, and air pollution triggers the release of the alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP interact with their ligands, IL-17RA, IL1RL1 and TSLPR respectively, expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including dendritic cells, ILC2 cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Alarmins play key roles in driving type 2-high, and to a lesser extent type 2-low responses, in asthma. In addition, studies in which each of these three alarmins were targeted in allergen-challenged mice showed decreased chronicity of type-2 driven disease. Consequently, ascertaining the mechanism of activity of these upstream mediators has implications for understanding the outcome of targeted therapies designed to counteract their activity and alleviate downstream type 2-high and low effector responses. Furthermore, identifying the factors which shift the balance between the elicitation of type 2-high, eosinophilic asthma and type-2 low, neutrophilic-positive/negative asthma by alarmins is essential. In support of these efforts, observations from the NAVIGATOR trial imply that targeting TSLP in patients with tezepelumab results in reduced asthma exacerbations, improved lung function and control of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms surrounding the secretion of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP from the airway epithelium and how this influences the allergic airway cascade. We also review in detail how alarmin-receptor/co-receptor interactions modulate downstream allergic inflammation. Current strategies which target alarmins, their efficacy and inflammatory phenotype will be discussed.
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5
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Hasegawa T, Oka T, Demehri S. Alarmin Cytokines as Central Regulators of Cutaneous Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876515. [PMID: 35432341 PMCID: PMC9005840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin acts as the primary interface between the body and the environment. The skin immune system is composed of a complex network of immune cells and factors that provide the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and environmental insults. Alarmin cytokines mediate an intricate intercellular communication between keratinocytes and immune cells to regulate cutaneous immune responses. Proper functions of the type 2 alarmin cytokines, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, are paramount to the maintenance of skin homeostasis, and their dysregulation is commonly associated with allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the complex regulatory network of type 2 alarmin cytokines that control skin immunity and highlight the mechanisms by which these cytokines regulate skin immune responses in host defense, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Huang JY, Lyons-Cohen MR, Gerner MY. Information flow in the spatiotemporal organization of immune responses. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:93-107. [PMID: 34845729 PMCID: PMC8837692 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses must be rapid, tightly orchestrated, and tailored to the encountered stimulus. Lymphatic vessels facilitate this process by continuously collecting immunological information (ie, antigens, immune cells, and soluble mediators) about the current state of peripheral tissues, and transporting these via the lymph across the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes (LNs), which are critical meeting points for innate and adaptive immune cells, are strategically located along the lymphatic network to intercept this information. Within LNs, immune cells are spatially organized, allowing them to efficiently respond to information delivered by the lymph, and to either promote immune homeostasis or mount protective immune responses. These responses involve the activation and functional cooperation of multiple distinct cell types and are tailored to the specific inflammatory conditions. The natural patterns of lymph flow can also generate spatial gradients of antigens and agonists within draining LNs, which can in turn further regulate innate cell function and localization, as well as the downstream generation of adaptive immunity. In this review, we explore how information transmitted by the lymph shapes the spatiotemporal organization of innate and adaptive immune responses in LNs, with particular focus on steady state and Type-I vs. Type-II inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Y Gerner
- Corresponding author: Michael Gerner, , Address: 750 Republican Street Seattle, WA 98109, Phone: 206-685-3610
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7
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Virtanen T. Inhalant Mammal-Derived Lipocalin Allergens and the Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:824736. [PMID: 35387007 PMCID: PMC8974866 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.824736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A major part of important mammalian respiratory allergens belongs to the lipocalin family of proteins. By this time, 19 respiratory mammalian lipocalin allergens have been registered in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database. Originally, lipocalins, small extracellular proteins (molecular mass ca. 20 kDa), were characterized as transport proteins but they are currently known to exert a variety of biological functions. The three-dimensional structure of lipocalins is well-preserved, and lipocalin allergens can exhibit high amino acid identities, in several cases more than 50%. Lipocalins contain an internal ligand-binding site where they can harbor small principally hydrophobic molecules. Another characteristic feature is their capacity to bind to specific cell-surface receptors. In all, the physicochemical properties of lipocalin allergens do not offer any straightforward explanations for their allergenicity. Allergic sensitization begins at epithelial barriers where diverse insults through pattern recognition receptors awaken innate immunity. This front-line response is manifested by epithelial barrier-associated cytokines which together with other components of immunity can initiate the sensitization process. In the following, the crucial factor in allergic sensitization is interleukin (IL)-4 which is needed for stabilizing and promoting the type 2 immune response. The source for IL-4 has been searched widely. Candidates for it may be non-professional antigen-presenting cells, such as basophils or mast cells, as well as CD4+ T cells. The synthesis of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells requires T cell receptor engagement, i.e., the recognition of allergen peptides, which also provides the specificity for sensitization. Lipocalin and innate immunity-associated cell-surface receptors are implicated in facilitating the access of lipocalin allergens into the immune system. However, the significance of this for allergic sensitization is unclear, as the recognition by these receptors has been found to produce conflicting results. As to potential adjuvants associated with mammalian lipocalin allergens, the hydrophobic ligands transported by lipocalins have not been reported to enhance sensitization while it is justified to suppose that lipopolysaccharide plays a role in it. Taken together, type 2 immunity to lipocalin allergens appears to be a harmful immune response resulting from a combination of signals involving both the innate and adaptive immunities.
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8
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Almeida MS, Shibagaki S, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Shibayama S, Shibuya A. An inhibitory immunoreceptor, Allergin-1, suppresses FITC-induced type 2 contact hypersensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:146-152. [PMID: 34601199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is the most common T cell-mediated inflammatory responses against an allergen in the skin, the pathogenesis of ACD remains incompletely understood. In the sensitization phase in ACD, hapten-bearing dermal dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the transport of an antigen to the lymph nodes (LNs), where they present the antigen to naïve T cells. Here we report that Allergin-1, an inhibitory immunoreceptor containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic region, is highly expressed on dermal DCs. Mice deficient in Allergin-1 exhibited exacerbated fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced type 2 contact hypersensitivity (CHS) such as ear swelling and skin eosinophilia. Allergin-1-deficient mice also showed larger numbers of CD4+ T cells and FITC-bearing DCs and greater expressions of type 2 cytokines, including IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, in the draining LNs than did wild type mice. In sharp contrast, Allergin-1-deficient mice showed comparable level of type 1 CHS induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). These results suggest that Allergin-1 on dermal DC inhibits type 2, but not type 1, immune responses in the sensitization phase of CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva Almeida
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shohei Shibagaki
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoko Tahara-Hanaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, ONO Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 17-2 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-4247, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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9
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Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, skin barrier dysfunction, and the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:306-311. [PMID: 34153443 PMCID: PMC8419079 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atopic dermatitis often precedes the development of other atopic diseases, and the atopic march describes this temporal relationship in the natural history of these diseases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this relationship are poorly understood, epidemiologic and genetic data have suggested that the skin might be an important route of sensitization to allergens. DATA SOURCES Review of recent studies on the role of skin barrier defects in systemic allergen sensitization. STUDY SELECTIONS Recent publications on the relationship between skin barrier defects and expression of epithelial cell-derived cytokines. RESULTS Animal models have begun to elucidate on how skin barrier defects can lead to systemic allergen sensitization. Emerging data now suggest that epithelial cell-derived cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, drive the progression from atopic dermatitis to asthma and food allergy. Skin barrier defects can lead to induction of epithelial cell-derived cytokines, which in turn leads to the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation and the atopic march. CONCLUSION Development of new biologic drug targeting type 2 cytokines provides novel therapeutic interventions for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
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10
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Hatscher L, Amon L, Heger L, Dudziak D. Inflammasomes in dendritic cells: Friend or foe? Immunol Lett 2021; 234:16-32. [PMID: 33848562 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that crucially contribute to host defense against pathogens but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasome formation leads to activation of effector caspases (caspase-1, 4, 5, or 11), the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D. Dendritic cells are major regulators of immune responses as they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We here summarize the current knowledge on inflammasome expression and formation in murine bone marrow-, human monocyte-derived as well as murine and human primary dendritic cells. Further, we discuss both, the beneficial and detrimental, involvement of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells in cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. As inflammasome activation is typically accompanied by Gasdermin d-mediated pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, inflammasome formation in dendritic cells seems ill-advised. Therefore, we propose that hyperactivation, which is inflammasome activation without the induction of pyroptosis, may be a general model of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells to enhance Th1, Th17 as well as cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Germany.
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11
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Feng M, Zhou S, Yu Y, Su Q, Li X, Lin W. Regulation of the Migration of Distinct Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635221. [PMID: 33681216 PMCID: PMC7933215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), a class of antigen-presenting cells, are widely present in tissues and apparatuses of the body, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of immune activation and tolerogenic immune responses. The importance of DCs migration for their differentiation, phenotypic states, and immunologic functions has attracted widespread attention. In this review, we discussed and compared the chemokines, membrane molecules, and migration patterns of conventional DCs, plasmocytoid DCs, and recently proposed DC subgroups. We also review the promoters and inhibitors that affect DCs migration, including the hypoxia microenvironment, tumor microenvironment, inflammatory factors, and pathogenic microorganisms. Further understanding of the migration mechanisms and regulatory factors of DC subgroups provides new insights for the treatment of diseases, such as infection, tumors, and vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghong Su
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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12
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Immunogenicity Challenges Associated with Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. BioDrugs 2021; 35:125-146. [PMID: 33523413 PMCID: PMC7848667 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route of administration has provided convenient and non-inferior delivery of therapeutic proteins compared to intravenous infusion, but there is potential for enhanced immunogenicity toward subcutaneously administered proteins in a subset of patients. Unwanted anti-drug antibody response toward proteins or monoclonal antibodies upon repeated administration is shown to impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of multiple biologics. Unique immunogenicity challenges of the subcutaneous route have been realized through various preclinical and clinical examples, although subcutaneous delivery has often demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intravenous administration. Beyond route of administration as a treatment-related factor of immunogenicity, certain product-related risk factors are particularly relevant to subcutaneously administered proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the mechanism of immune response toward proteins administered subcutaneously (subcutaneous proteins) and comments on product-related risk factors related to protein structure and stability, dosage form, and aggregation. A two-wave mechanism of antigen presentation in the immune response toward subcutaneous proteins is described, and interaction with dynamic antigen-presenting cells possessing high antigen processing efficiency and migratory activity may drive immunogenicity. Mitigation strategies for immunogenicity are discussed, including those in general use clinically and those currently in development. Mechanistic insights along with consideration of risk factors involved inspire theoretical strategies to provide antigen-specific, long-lasting effects for maintaining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins.
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Brans R, Jakasa I, Goc S, John SM, Kezic S. Stratum corneum levels of inflammatory mediators and natural moisturizing factor in patch test reactions to thiurams and fragrances and their possible role in discrimination between irritant and allergic reactions to hapten mixtures. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:299-307. [PMID: 33222241 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the irritant properties of the mixes. OBJECTIVE Comparing inflammatory profiles of PT reactions to TM, FM I, FM II, and their constituents and assessing their potential in discrimination of irritant and allergic reactions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of 14 cytokines and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) were determined in stratum corneum samples collected from PT reactions to TM, FM I or II, their constituents, and petrolatum (pet.) control sites in 36 individuals. RESULTS Levels of interleukin (IL)-16, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL10, chemokine (CC motif) ligand (CCL) 17, and CCL22 were significantly increased in reactions (+, ++) to thiurams and fragrances compared to their petrolatum. controls, except for PT reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing in which, however, decreased levels of NMF were observed. In doubtful reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing, NMF was significantly lower than in petrolatum controls. CONCLUSIONS PT reactions to thiurams and fragrances indicate a Th2-skewed inflammation. The inflammatory profiles suggest that weak or doubtful FM I/II reactions without accompanying reaction to a constituent were irritant. IL-16 might be suitable to distinguish irritant from allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Goc
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Swen M John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Lamiable O, Mayer JU, Munoz-Erazo L, Ronchese F. Dendritic cells in Th2 immune responses and allergic sensitization. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:807-818. [PMID: 32738152 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic responses are characterized by the activation of a specific subset of effector CD4+ T cells, the T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, that respond to harmless environmental antigens causing inflammation and pathology. Th2 cells are also found in the context of parasite infections, where they can mediate parasite clearance and expulsion, and support tissue repair. The process that leads to the activation of Th2 cells in vivo is incompletely understood: while it has become clear that "conventional" dendritic cells are essential antigen-presenting cells for the initiation of Th2 immune responses, the molecules that are expressed by dendritic cells exposed to allergens, and the mediators that are produced as a consequence and signal to naïve CD4+ T cells to promote their development into effector Th2, remain to be defined. Here we summarize recent developments in the identification of the dendritic cell subsets involved in Th2 responses, review potential mechanisms proposed to explain the generation of these immune responses, and discuss the direct and indirect signals that condition dendritic cells to drive the development of Th2 responses during allergen or parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Xu J, Zanvit P, Hu L, Tseng PY, Liu N, Wang F, Liu O, Zhang D, Jin W, Guo N, Han Y, Yin J, Cain A, Hoon MA, Wang S, Chen W. The Cytokine TGF-β Induces Interleukin-31 Expression from Dermal Dendritic Cells to Activate Sensory Neurons and Stimulate Wound Itching. Immunity 2020; 53:371-383.e5. [PMID: 32673566 PMCID: PMC7362873 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is associated with the unpleasant sensation of itching. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying this type of itch, focusing on the contribution of soluble factors released during healing. We found high amounts of interleukin 31 (IL-31) in skin wound tissue during the peak of itch responses. Il31-/- mice lacked wound-induced itch responses. IL-31 was released by dermal conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2s) recruited to wounds and increased itch sensory neuron sensitivity. Transfer of cDC2s isolated from late-stage wounds into healthy skin was sufficient to induce itching in a manner dependent on IL-31 expression. Addition of the cytokine TGF-β1, which promotes wound healing, to dermal DCs in vitro was sufficient to induce Il31 expression, and Tgfbr1f/f CD11c-Cre mice exhibited reduced scratching and decreased Il31 expression in wounds in vivo. Thus, cDC2s promote itching during skin would healing via a TGF-β-IL-31 axis with implications for treatment of wound itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Hu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pang-Yen Tseng
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fu Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Dalian Medical University, School of Stomatology, Dalian 114044, China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy Guo
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yichen Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Yin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Cain
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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17
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Auray G, Talker SC, Keller I, Python S, Gerber M, Liniger M, Ganges L, Bruggmann R, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. High-Resolution Profiling of Innate Immune Responses by Porcine Dendritic Cell Subsets in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1429. [PMID: 32733474 PMCID: PMC7358342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the transcriptomic response of porcine dendritic cells (DC) to innate stimulation in vitro and in vivo. The aim was to identify DC subset-specialization, suitable Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and the DC activation profile during highly and low virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV, strain Eystrup and Pinar del Rio, respectively) infection, chosen as model for a virus causing a severe immunopathology. After identification of porcine conventional DC (cDC) 1, cDC2, pDC and a monocyte-derived subset in lymphoid tissues, we characterized DC activation using transcriptomics, and focused on chemokines, interferons, cytokines, as well as on co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules. We demonstrate that porcine pDC provide important signals for Th1 and interferon responses, with CpG triggering the strongest responses in pDC. DC isolated early after infection of pigs with either of the two CSFV strains showed prominent upregulation of CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and XCL1, as well as of the cytokines TNFSF13B, IL6, IL7, IL12B, IL15, IL27. Transcription of IL12B and many interferon genes were mostly restricted to pDC. Interestingly, the infection was associated with a prominent induction of inhibitory and cell death receptors. When comparing low and highly virulent CSFV strains, the latter induced a stronger inflammatory and antiviral response but a weaker cell cycle response, and reduced antigen presentation functions of DC. Taken together, we provide high-resolution information on DC activation in pigs, as well as information on how DC modulation could be linked to CSFV immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for Biomedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Kitajima M, Kubo M, Ziegler SF, Suzuki H. Critical Role of TSLP Receptor on CD4 T Cells for Exacerbation of Skin Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:27-35. [PMID: 32444388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key cytokine that initiates and promotes allergic inflammation both in humans and mice. It is well known that TSLP is important in initial step of inflammation by stimulating dendritic cells to promote Th2 differentiation of naive T cells. However, TSLP is abundantly produced in the late phase of inflammation, as well; therefore, we focused on the function of TSLP in chronic Th2-type inflammation. By establishing a novel (to our knowledge) chronic allergic skin inflammation mouse model with repetitive challenges of hapten after sensitization, we demonstrated that CD4 T cell-specific deletion of TSLP receptor (TSLPR) resulted in near-complete ablation of ear swelling and infiltration of CD4 T cells and eosinophils, but after second challenge. Of note, TSLPR deletion on CD4 T cells did not affect acute inflammation. As expected, transfer of Ag-sensitized wild-type CD4T cells, but not of TSLPR-deficient CD4T cells, increased skin inflammation in the model upon challenge. Furthermore, production of IL-4 from TSLPR-deficient CD4T cells in inflamed ear lesions was markedly diminished, demonstrating that TSLP-dependent IL-4 production from CD4T cells was critical for the exacerbation of skin inflammation. Similar results were obtained in Th2-type allergic skin inflammation model using MC903. Collectively, these results indicate that TSLP acts directly on CD4 T cells to elicit pathogenesis of Th2 cells, thereby having a critical role in exacerbation of skin inflammation in the chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kitajima
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101-2795; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8516, Japan;
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19
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Filbey KJ, Mehta PH, Meijlink KJ, Pellefigues C, Schmidt AJ, Le Gros G. The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:950. [PMID: 32508831 PMCID: PMC7249854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths regulate host immune responses to ensure their own long-term survival. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these helminth-induced regulatory mechanisms can also limit host inflammatory responses in several disease models. We used the Heligmosomoides bakeri (Hb) infection model (also known as H. polygyrus or H. polygyrus bakeri in the literature) to test whether such immune regulation affects skin inflammatory responses induced by the model contact sensitiser dibutyl phthalate fluorescein isothiocynate (DBP-FITC). Skin lysates from DBP-FITC-sensitized, Hb-infected mice produced less neutrophil specific chemokines and had significantly reduced levels of skin thickening and cellular inflammatory responses in tissue and draining lymph nodes (LNs) compared to uninfected mice. Hb-induced suppression did not appear to be mediated by regulatory T cells, nor was it due to impaired dendritic cell (DC) activity. Mice cleared of infection remained unresponsive to DBP-FITC sensitization indicating that suppression was not via the secretion of Hb-derived short-lived regulatory molecules, although long-term effects on cells cannot be ruled out. Importantly, similar helminth-induced suppression of inflammation was also seen in the draining LN after intradermal injection of the ubiquitous allergen house dust mite (HDM). These findings demonstrate that Hb infection attenuates skin inflammatory responses by suppressing chemokine production and recruitment of innate cells. These findings further contribute to the growing body of evidence that helminth infection can modulate inflammatory and allergic responses via a number of mechanisms with potential to be exploited in therapeutic and preventative strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak H Mehta
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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20
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Omori-Miyake M, Watarai H, Sato K, Ziegler SF, Yagi J. An accumulation of two populations of dendritic cells in skin-draining lymph nodes in response to the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the skin. Cell Immunol 2020; 353:104116. [PMID: 32380184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acts on dendritic cells (DCs), which prime helper T (Th) cells to become type 2 cytokine producing cells. Recently, a different set of populations of TSLP-responsive DCs has been discovered. Here, we identified two populations of CD103loEpCAMhi migratory DCs (fraction I and fraction II) that accumulated in skin-draining lymph nodes in response to TSLP expressed in the mouse skin. Fraction I DCs with CD11b+PDL2hi expression primed naïve Th cells to differentiate into cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-22, while fraction II DCs with CD11bloPDL2+ expression primed naïve Th cells to differentiate into cells secreting IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-10. Fraction I DCs migrated from the skin via IL-4Rα signaling pathway, whereas fraction II DCs migrated partially via TSLPR signaling pathway. All suggest that at least two populations of CD103loEpCAMhi DCs with distinct functions and pathways could migrate in response to TSLP expression in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Omori-Miyake
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Division of Stem Cell Cellomics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junji Yagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Lai JF, Thompson LJ, Ziegler SF. TSLP drives acute T H2-cell differentiation in lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1406-1418.e7. [PMID: 32304753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that is important for the development of type 2 inflammatory responses at mucosal surfaces. OBJECTIVE In humans, TSLP level has been found to be elevated in the lungs of patients with asthma, and in mouse models, TSLP can promote type 2 airway inflammation, primarily through the activation of dendritic cells. However, the mechanisms underlying its role remain unclear. The objective of this study was to provide a mechanistic analysis of TSLP-mediated type 2 airway inflammation METHODS: To dissect the mechanisms of TSLP-mediated type 2 responses, mice were treated with TSLP and antigen to evaluate cellular immune responses. Flow cytometric analyses were used to follow responses in the airways, and conditional deletion of TSLP receptor and adoptive transfer were used to identify the cellular subsets involved in this inflammatory response. RESULTS We showed that TSLP can directly promote TH2-cell differentiation in the lung, independent of the draining lymph nodes. We also identified a population of patrolling monocytes/interstitial macrophages (IMs) (CD11c-expressing IMs) that are both necessary and sufficient for TSLP-mediated TH2-cell differentiation and airway inflammation. TH2-cell-driven airway eosinophilia is attenuated by ablation of CD11c-expressing IMs or by selective deficiency of TSLP receptor signaling in these cells. More importantly, CD11c-expressing IMs are sufficient for the induction of acute TH2-cell responses in the lungs that is independent of dendritic cells and T-cell priming in the draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a novel mechanistic role for TSLP and CD11c-expressing IMs in the development of acute TH2-cell-dependent allergic airway inflammation. This work also demonstrates a new role for TSLP in promoting type 2 responses directly in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Feng Lai
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
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22
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Sato R, Makino-Okamura C, Lin Q, Wang M, Shoemaker JE, Kurosaki T, Fukuyama H. Repurposing the psoriasis drug Oxarol to an ointment adjuvant for the influenza vaccine. Int Immunol 2020; 32:499-507. [PMID: 32060507 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum precipitates have long been used as adjuvants for human vaccines, but there is a clear need for safer and more effective adjuvants. Here we report in a mouse model that the psoriasis drug Oxarol ointment is a highly effective vaccine adjuvant. By applying Oxarol ointment onto skin, humoral responses and germinal center (GC) reactions were augmented, and the treated mice were protected from death caused by influenza virus infection. Keratinocyte-specific vitamin D3 receptor (Vdr) gene expression was required for these responses through induction of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (Tslp) gene. Experiments involving administration of recombinant TSLP or, conversely, anti-TSLP antibody demonstrated that TSLP plays a key role in the GC reactions. Furthermore, cell-type-specific Tslpr gene deletion or diphtheria toxin-mediated deletion of specific cell types revealed that CD11c+ cells excluding Langerhans cells were responsible for the Oxarol-mediated GC reactions. These results indicate that active vitamin D3 is able to enhance the humoral response via Tslp induction in the skin and serves as a new vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sato
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Cell Integrative Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Quingshun Lin
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Muying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason E Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Cell Integrative Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,INSERM EST, France
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23
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Amon L, Lehmann CHK, Baranska A, Schoen J, Heger L, Dudziak D. Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development and functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:55-151. [PMID: 31759434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major regulators of adaptive immunity, as they are not only capable to induce efficient immune responses, but are also crucial to maintain peripheral tolerance and thereby inhibit autoimmune reactions. DCs bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system by presenting peptides of self and foreign antigens as peptide MHC complexes to T cells. These properties render DCs as interesting target cells for immunomodulatory therapies in cancer, but also autoimmune diseases. Several subsets of DCs with special properties and functions have been described. Recent achievements in understanding transcriptional programs on single cell level, together with the generation of new murine models targeting specific DC subsets, advanced our current understanding of DC development and function. Thus, DCs arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow with distinct progenitor cell populations splitting the monocyte populations and macrophage populations from the DC lineage, which upon lineage commitment can be separated into conventional cDC1, cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). The DC populations harbor intrinsic programs enabling them to react for specific pathogens in dependency on the DC subset, and thereby orchestrate T cell immune responses. Similarities, but also varieties, between human and murine DC subpopulations are challenging, and will require further investigation of human specimens under consideration of the influence of the tissue micromilieu and DC subset localization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Baranska
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Claudio E, Wang H, Kamenyeva O, Tang W, Ha HL, Siebenlist U. IL-25 Orchestrates Activation of Th Cells via Conventional Dendritic Cells in Tissue to Exacerbate Chronic House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Pathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2319-2327. [PMID: 31511356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) extract is a common trigger of asthma in humans. Chronic exposure to HDM also induces asthma-like pathology in mice. Allergic responses to HDM and other allergens are linked to release of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP by epithelial cells; these cytokines, especially IL-33, target innate lymphoid cells type 2 to produce type 2 cytokines. To what extent and by what mechanisms IL-25 contributes to chronic HDM-induced pathology is not well understood. In humans, elevated levels of IL-25 appear to be associated with cases of uncontrolled asthma and exacerbated attacks. In this article, we demonstrate that blockade of IL-25 signaling in either lung conventional dendritic cells or in T cells resulted in similar decreases in production of IL-13 and IL-9 by T cells, reduced mast cell accumulation and tissue remodeling, and improved lung function but had only modest effects on eosinophilia. Stimulation of conventional dendritic cells by IL-25 promoted proximal accumulation of Th cells, and stimulation of Th cells by IL-25 locally promoted IL-13 and IL-9 production. IL-25 made notable contributions to chronic HDM-induced allergic asthma pathology by facilitating clustering and cross-stimulation of different cell types in tissue. Therapeutic targeting of IL-25 in combination with other treatments may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Claudio
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biologic Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wanhu Tang
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Hye-Lin Ha
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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25
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Kumar S, Jeong Y, Ashraf MU, Bae YS. Dendritic Cell-Mediated Th2 Immunity and Immune Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092159. [PMID: 31052382 PMCID: PMC6539046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells that recognize and present antigens to naïve T cells to induce antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Among the T-cell subsets, T helper type 2 (Th2) cells produce the humoral immune responses required for protection against helminthic disease by activating B cells. DCs induce a Th2 immune response at a certain immune environment. Basophil, eosinophil, mast cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells also induce Th2 immunity. However, in the case of DCs, controversy remains regarding which subsets of DCs induce Th2 immunity, which genes in DCs are directly or indirectly involved in inducing Th2 immunity, and the detailed mechanisms underlying induction, regulation, or maintenance of the DC-mediated Th2 immunity against allergic environments and parasite infection. A recent study has shown that a genetic defect in DCs causes an enhanced Th2 immunity leading to severe atopic dermatitis. We summarize the Th2 immune-inducing DC subsets, the genetic and environmental factors involved in DC-mediated Th2 immunity, and current therapeutic approaches for Th2-mediated immune disorders. This review is to provide an improved understanding of DC-mediated Th2 immunity and Th1/Th2 immune balancing, leading to control over their adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Yideul Jeong
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Umer Ashraf
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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26
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Roan F, Obata-Ninomiya K, Ziegler SF. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines: more than just signaling the alarm. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1441-1451. [PMID: 30932910 DOI: 10.1172/jci124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25 are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses. Often characterized as "alarmins" that are released by the barrier epithelium in response to external insults, these epithelial cell-derived cytokines were initially thought to act only early in allergic inflammation. Indeed, TSLP can condition dendritic cells to initiate type 2 responses, and IL-33 may influence susceptibility to asthma through its role in establishing the immune environment in the perinatal lungs. However, TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 all regulate a broad spectrum of innate immune cell populations and are particularly potent in eliciting and activating type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that may act throughout allergic inflammation. Recent data suggest that a TSLP/ILC axis may mediate steroid resistance in asthma. Recent identification of memory Th2 cell subsets that are characterized by high receptor expression for TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 further supports a role for these cytokines in allergic exacerbations. There is therefore growing interest in developing biologics that target TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25. This Review provides an overview of TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 and the development of blocking antibodies that target these epithelial cell-derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Roan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Hardy-Werbin M, Rocha P, Arpi O, Taus Á, Nonell L, Durán X, Villanueva X, Joseph-Pietras D, Nolan L, Danson S, Griffiths R, Lopez-Botet M, Rovira A, Albanell J, Ottensmeier C, Arriola E. Serum cytokine levels as predictive biomarkers of benefit from ipilimumab in small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1593810. [PMID: 31069160 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1593810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Immunotherapy has shown efficacy in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but only a subset of patients benefits. Surrogate biomarkers are urgently needed. Our aim was to evaluate serum Th1, Th2, and proinflammatory cytokines in two cohorts of SCLC patients before and during treatment with chemotherapy with or without ipilimumab and to correlate them with survival. Patients and methods. Two cohorts of SCLC patients were studied: patients treated with chemotherapy (n = 47), and patients treated with chemotherapy plus ipilimumab (n = 37). Baseline, on-treatment and after-treatment serum samples were evaluated for the presence of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and Mip-1alpha using a Luminex assay. Differential changes in cytokines between cohorts were analyzed. Associations between cytokine levels and their changes with overall survival were evaluated. Results. Patients treated with ipilimumab showed a global increase of all cytokines after treatment initiation. A high level of IL-8 at baseline was associated with worse prognosis regardless of treatment. Baseline increased IL-2 levels predicted sensitivity to ipilimumab, while high IL-6 and TNF-alpha predicted resistance. An on-treatment increase in IL-4 levels in patients treated with immune-chemotherapy was associated with a better overall survival. Conclusions. The addition of ipilimumab to standard chemotherapy in SCLC modulates the serum levels of cytokines. Baseline levels and their change over time relate to overall survival. Blood-based biomarkers are convenient for patients, and our results support prospective validation of cytokines as predictive biomarkers for ipilimumab in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hardy-Werbin
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Rocha
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Arpi
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Taus
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Nonell
- Microarrays analysis service, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Durán
- Statistics department, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Villanueva
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luke Nolan
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Danson
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- Immunology unit, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Southampton, UK.,Cancer Science Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Edurne Arriola
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Martinez-Gonzalez I, Ghaedi M, Steer CA, Mathä L, Vivier E, Takei F. ILC2 memory: Recollection of previous activation. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:41-53. [PMID: 29664572 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory, traditionally thought to belong to T and B cells, has now been extended to innate lymphocytes, including NK cells and ILC2s, myeloid cells such as macrophages, also termed "trained immunity" and more recently to epithelial stem cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying memory generation on ILC2s and speculate about their potential role in human allergic diseases, such as asthma. Moreover, we examine the relevance of the spontaneous ILC2 activation in the lung during the neonatal period in order to efficiently respond to stimuli later in life. These "training" of neonatal ILC2s may have an impact on the generation of memory ILC2s in the adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Terry Fox Laboratory British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghaedi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Terry Fox Laboratory British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine A Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Mathä
- Terry Fox Laboratory British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d' Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Fumio Takei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Terry Fox Laboratory British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can be viewed as translators between innate and adaptive immunity. They integrate signals derived from tissue infection or damage and present processed antigen from these sites to naive T cells in secondary lymphoid organs while also providing multiple soluble and surface-bound signals that help to guide T cell differentiation. DC-mediated tailoring of the appropriate T cell programme ensures a proper cascade of immune responses that adequately targets the insult. Recent advances in our understanding of the different types of DC subsets along with the cellular organization and orchestration of DC and lymphocyte positioning in secondary lymphoid organs over time has led to a clearer understanding of how the nature of the T cell response is shaped. This Review discusses how geographical organization and ordered sequences of cellular interactions in lymph nodes and the spleen regulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Immunobiology, Section of Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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30
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Jeong H, Shin JY, Kim MJ, Na J, Ju BG. Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Negatively Regulates Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Gene Expression via Protein Kinase Cδ-p300-NF-κB Pathway in Keratinocytes under Inflammatory Conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1098-1109. [PMID: 30503244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in pathogenesis in several types of dermatitis. Recently, the anti-inflammatory effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) have been reported in inflamed skin. In this study, keratinocytes were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α or flagellin in combination with AhR ligands or antagonist. TSLP gene expression and recruitment of transcriptional regulator to TSLP gene promoter were determined. The effects of AhR activation were also studied in DNFB-induced dermatitis model. We found that AhR activation suppressed upregulation of TSLP expression in keratinocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor-α or flagellin. In addition, AhR activation induced protein kinase Cδ-mediated phosphorylation of p300 at serine 89, leading to decreased acetylation and DNA binding activity of NF-κB p65 to the TSLP gene promoter. We also found that AhR activation alleviates dermatitis induced by DNFB treatment. Protein kinase Cδ depletion by small interfering RNA abolished the beneficial effect of AhR activation on dermatitis. Our study suggests that AhR activation may help to reduce inflammation in the dermatitis via downregulation of TSLP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayan Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Youn Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungtae Na
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
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31
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Kubo M. Mast cells and basophils in allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:74-79. [PMID: 29960953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils have similar characteristics in terms of their function and development. They both have detrimental functions, being implicated in pro-inflammatory responses to allergens, but can also provide protection against multicellular parasites such as parasitic worms (helminths). Both cell types express the high affinity Fc receptor for IgE, FcεRI, and allergen cross-linking of this receptor triggers degranulation and release a set of cytokines and biochemical mediators. Although mast cells and basophils are similar in many respects, newly developed antibody reagents and genetically modified mouse models that enable cell type-specific deletion have allowed us to appreciate their independent in vivo roles. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of basophils and mast cells to innate and adaptive allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan; Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan.
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32
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Hypoxia and Local Inflammation in Pulmonary Artery Structure and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:325-334. [PMID: 29047096 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is recognized as a contributor to pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. Hypoxia-induced inflammatory changes can enhance structural and functional changes in pulmonary artery (PA) in the context of PH. Accordingly, understanding how hypoxia and inflammation are linked in the context of pulmonary artery structure and function could be relevant towards development of novel therapies for PH. In this regard, factors such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an inflammatory cytokine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin, have been found critical for nonvascular systems such as airway and asthma. While TSLP canonically affects the immune system, in nonvascular systems, noncanonical effects such as altered [Ca2+]i and cell proliferation have been noted: aspects also relevant to the PA, where there is currently little to no data. Similarly, better known in the nervous system, there is increasing evidence that BDNF is locally produced by structural cells of the airway and can contribute to asthma pathophysiology. In this chapter, we summarize the potential relevance of factors such as TSLP and BDNF to the PA and in the context of hypoxia influences towards development of PH. We focus on cell sources and targets such as PA endothelial cells (PAECs) and smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and the effects of TSLP or BDNF on intracellular Ca2+ responses to vasoconstrictor agonist, cell proliferation, and potential signaling cascades involved.
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33
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation is a type 2 immune disorder classically characterized by high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the development of Th2 cells. Asthma is a pulmonary allergic inflammatory disease resulting in bronchial hyper-reactivity. Atopic asthma is defined by IgE antibody-mediated mast cell degranulation, while in non-atopic asthma there is no allergen-specific IgE and more involvement of innate immune cells, such as basophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and eosinophils. Recently, protease allergens were shown to cause asthmatic responses in the absence of Th2 cells, suggesting that an innate cell network (IL-33/TSLP-basophil-ILC2-IL-5/IL-13 axis) can facilitate the sensitization phase of type 2 inflammatory responses. Recent evidence also indicates that in the chronic phase, these innate immune cells directly or indirectly contribute to the adaptive Th2 cell responses. In this review, we discuss the role of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and innate immune cells (mast cells, basophils, ILC2s, and dendritic cells) in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population playing a pivotal role in immune responses and tolerance. DCs promote immune tolerance by participating in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. Furthermore, to eliminate autoreactive T cells that have escaped thymic deletion, DCs also induce immune tolerance in the periphery through various mechanisms. Breakdown of these functions leads to autoimmune diseases. Moreover, DCs play a critical role in maintenance of homeostasis in body organs, especially the skin and intestine. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance induction by DCs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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35
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Potentiation of skin TSLP production by a cosmetic colorant leads to aggravation of dermatitis symptoms. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:41-47. [PMID: 29462589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Certain cosmetic colorants are irritant to skin or aggravate dermatitis. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in the initiation and progress of skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis by triggering Th2 immune responses. However, the effects of cosmetic colorants on TSLP production are unknown yet. Therefore, we investigated whether cosmetic colorants regulated TSLP production and dermatitis. Lithol Rubine B (LR-B, Pigment Red 57) and its calcium salt (LR-BCA), commonly used cosmetic colorants, potentiated phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced TSLP production in keratinocytes. In addition, the topical exposure to LR-B or LR-BCA on mouse ear upregulated a TSLP inducer (MC903)-induced TSLP production and Th2 cytokine expression. Dermatitis symptoms and serum IgE and histamine levels were also aggravated by LR-B or LR-BCA, implicating the role of increased TSLP expression in acute dermatitis. LR-B or LR-BCA induced IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation in keratinocytes, leading to TSLP expression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that LR-B and LR-BCA increase TSLP expression and Th2 immune responses, thereby aggravating acute dermatitis in the compromised skin. The results further suggest that certain cosmetic colorants such as LR-B may aggravate dermatitis under pro-inflammatory conditions by upregulating TSLP production.
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36
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Fülle L, Steiner N, Funke M, Gondorf F, Pfeiffer F, Siegl J, Opitz FV, Haßel SK, Erazo AB, Schanz O, Stunden HJ, Blank M, Gröber C, Händler K, Beyer M, Weighardt H, Latz E, Schultze JL, Mayer G, Förster I. RNA Aptamers Recognizing Murine CCL17 Inhibit T Cell Chemotaxis and Reduce Contact Hypersensitivity In Vivo. Mol Ther 2017; 26:95-104. [PMID: 29103909 PMCID: PMC5763148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL17, mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune system, is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. As a ligand of CCR4, CCL17 induces chemotaxis and facilitates T cell-DC interactions. We report the identification of two novel RNA aptamers, which were validated in vitro and in vivo for their capability to neutralize CCL17. Both aptamers efficiently inhibited the directed migration of the CCR4+ lymphoma line BW5147.3 toward CCL17 in a dose-dependent manner. To study the effect of these aptamers in vivo, we used a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Systemic application of the aptamers significantly prevented ear swelling and T cell infiltration into the ears of sensitized mice after challenge with the contact sensitizer. The results of this proof-of-principle study establish aptamers as potent inhibitors of CCL17-mediated chemotaxis. Potentially, CCL17-specific aptamers may be used therapeutically in humans to treat or prevent allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Fülle
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nancy Steiner
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Funke
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Centre of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Gondorf
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Pfeiffer
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Centre of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Siegl
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Centre of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike V Opitz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvana K Haßel
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Centre of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Belen Erazo
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Schanz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H James Stunden
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Blank
- AptaIT, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carsten Gröber
- AptaIT, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristian Händler
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Straße 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Centre of Aptamer Research and Development, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Cho Y, Kwon D, Kang SJ. The Cooperative Role of CD326 + and CD11b + Dendritic Cell Subsets for a Hapten-Induced Th2 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3137-3146. [PMID: 28972093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in directing immune responses. Previous studies have identified a variety of DC subsets and elucidated their context-dependent functions that parallel those of effector Th cell subsets. However, little is known about the DC subsets responsible for differentiation of Th2 cells governing allergic contact dermatitis. In this study, we sought to determine the DC subset(s) that mediate Th2 priming in hapten-sensitized mice. We induced hapten-specific Th2 differentiation by sensitizing the mice with a single application of FITC dissolved in acetone:dibutyl phthalate, and traced the immune cells responsible for inducing the Th2 differentiation process at the primary stimulation, enabling us to track Th2 priming in vivo and to delete basophils and specific DC subsets. Our analysis revealed that IL-4 was produced in vivo as early as day 3 from CD4+ T cells with a single application of FITC. Basophils, despite producing IL-4 1 d earlier than T cells, were found to be dispensable for Th2 differentiation. Instead, we demonstrated that CD326+ dermal DCs and Langerhans cells were redundantly required for FITC-induced Th2 differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the cooperation of CD326+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ DCs differentiated naive T cells into Th2 cells in vitro. Collectively, our findings highlight at least two DC subsets that play a critical role in polarizing naive CD4+ T cells to Th2 cells and support a two-hit model for Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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38
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Multiple sclerosis: Skin-induced antigen-specific immune tolerance. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 311:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Critical role of TSLP-responsive mucosal dendritic cells in the induction of nasal antigen-specific IgA response. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:901-911. [PMID: 27924821 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7 (IL-7)-like cytokine involved in T helper 2 type immune responses. The primary target of TSLP is myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), however, little is known about the mechanism by which TSLP elicits respiratory IgA immune responses upon mucosal immunization. Here, we found that the levels of TSLP and TSLPR were upregulated in the mucosal DCs of mice nasally immunized with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plus cholera toxin (CT) compared with those immunized with PspA alone. PspA-specific IgA responses, but not IgG Ab responses were significantly reduced in both serum and mucosal secretions of TSLPR knockout mice compared with wild-type mice after nasal immunization with PspA plus CT. Furthermore, CD11c+ mucosal DCs isolated from TSLPR knockout mice nasally immunized with PspA plus CT were less activated and exhibited markedly reduced expression of IgA-enhancing cytokines (e.g., APRIL, BAFF, and IL-6) compared with those from equivalently immunized wild-type mice. Finally, exogenous TSLP promoted production of IgAs in an in vitro DC-B cell co-culture system as exhibited by enhanced IL-6 production. These results suggest that TSLP-TSLPR signaling is pivotal in the induction of nasal respiratory immunity against pathogenic pneumococcal infection.
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Deckers J, De Bosscher K, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Interplay between barrier epithelial cells and dendritic cells in allergic sensitization through the lung and the skin. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:131-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W. Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Liu XJ, Mu ZL, Zhao Y, Zhang JZ. Topical Tetracycline Improves MC903-induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice through Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokines and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1483-90. [PMID: 27270547 PMCID: PMC4910375 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.183427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tetracycline (TET) has been found to have both antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory effect of topical TET on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential role of topical TET and its anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of AD. Methods: The 2% TET was applied topically to ears of MC903-induced AD-like BALB/c mice once a day. AD-like symptoms and severity were evaluated by assessing skin scoring of dermatitis, ear thickness, and frequency of scratching. Serum IgE and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot was used for analyzing the expressions of TSLP, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in skin lesions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the mRNA levels of TSLP and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β in skin lesions. Results: Scoring of dermatitis (9.00 ± 0.63 vs. 6.67 ± 1.03, P = 0.001), ear thickness (0.44 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.40 ± 0.03 mm, P = 0.018), and serum IgE level (421.06 ± 212.13 pg/ml vs. 244.15 ± 121.39 pg/ml, P = 0.047) were all improved in the 2% TET treatment group compared with AD group. Topical TET significantly reduced the serum level of TSLP (119.04 ± 38.92 pg/ml vs. 65.95 ± 54.61 pg/ml, P = 0.011) and both mRNA and protein expressions of TSLP in skin lesions compared with AD group (P = 0.003 and 0.011, respectively), and NF-κB and PAR2 expression in skin lesions were also suppressed (P = 0.016 and 0.040, respectively). Furthermore, expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α in skin lesions were down-regulated in 2% TET group compared with AD group (P = 0.035, 0.008, and 0.044, respectively). Conclusions: Topical TET exerted anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of TSLP and inflammatory cytokines in AD mouse model, suggesting TET as a potential agent for the topical treatment of AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhang-Lei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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43
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Connor LM, Tang SC, Cognard E, Ochiai S, Hilligan KL, Old SI, Pellefigues C, White RF, Patel D, Smith AAT, Eccles DA, Lamiable O, McConnell MJ, Ronchese F. Th2 responses are primed by skin dendritic cells with distinct transcriptional profiles. J Exp Med 2016; 214:125-142. [PMID: 27913566 PMCID: PMC5206495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Connor et al. show that transcriptomic profiling of DCs exposed to two different Th2 stimuli in vivo reveals large numbers of differentially expressed genes but few similarities between conditions. The dendritic cell signals required for the in vivo priming of IL-4–producing T cells are unknown. We used RNA sequencing to characterize DCs from skin LN of mice exposed to two different Th2 stimuli: the helminth parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) and the contact sensitizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-FITC. Both Nb and DBP-FITC induced extensive transcriptional changes that involved multiple DC subsets. Surprisingly, these transcriptional changes were highly distinct in the two models, with only a small number of genes being similarly regulated in both conditions. Pathway analysis of expressed genes identified no shared pathways between Nb and DBP-FITC, but revealed a type-I IFN (IFN-I) signature unique to DCs from Nb-primed mice. Blocking the IFN-I receptor at the time of Nb treatment had little effect on DC migration and antigen transport to the LN, but inhibited the up-regulation of IFN-I–induced markers on DCs and effectively blunted Th2 development. In contrast, the response to DBP-FITC was not affected by IFN-I receptor blockade, a finding consistent with the known dependence of this response on the innate cytokine TSLP. Thus, the priming of Th2 responses is associated with distinct transcriptional signatures in DCs in vivo, reflecting the diverse environments in which Th2 immune responses are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Shiau-Choot Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Sotaro Ochiai
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Samuel I Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Ruby F White
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Deepa Patel
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Lamiable
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:30-48. [PMID: 27890914 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Swantje I Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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45
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Park K, Mikulski Z, Seo GY, Andreyev AY, Marcovecchio P, Blatchley A, Kronenberg M, Hedrick CC. The transcription factor NR4A3 controls CD103+ dendritic cell migration. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4603-4615. [PMID: 27820700 DOI: 10.1172/jci87081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NR4A3 (also known as NOR-1) is a member of the Nr4a family of nuclear receptors and is expressed in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Here, we have shown that Nr4a3 is essential for the migration of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes (LNs). Nr4a3-deficient mice had very few CD103+ migratory DCs (mDCs) present in LNs, and mixed-chimera studies revealed that this migratory defect was cell intrinsic. We further found that CD103+ DCs from Nr4a3-deficient mice displayed a marked loss of surface expression of the chemokine CCR7. This defect in CCR7 expression was confined to CD103+ DCs, as CCR7 expression on T lymphocytes was unaffected. Moreover, CCR7 was not induced on CD103+ DCs from Nr4a3-deficient mice in response to either administration of the TLR7 agonist R848 or infection with Citrobacter rodentium in vivo. The transcription factor FOXO1 has been shown to regulate CCR7 expression. We found that FOXO1 protein was reduced in Nr4a3-deficient DCs through an AKT-dependent mechanism. Further, we found a requirement for NR4A3 in the maintenance of homeostatic mitochondrial function in CD103+ DCs, although this is likely independent of the NR4A3/FOXO1/CCR7 axis in the regulation of DC migration. Thus, NR4A3 plays an important role in the regulation of CD103+ mDCs by regulating CCR7-dependent cell migration.
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46
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Janss T, Mesnil C, Pirottin D, Lemaitre P, Marichal T, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. Interferon response factor-3 promotes the pro-Th2 activity of mouse lung CD11b + conventional dendritic cells in response to house dust mite allergens. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2614-2628. [PMID: 27546168 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Very few transcription factors have been identified that are required by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. Because lung CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells (CD11b+ cDCs) are responsible for priming Th2 responses in house-dust mite (HDM)-induced airway allergy, we used them as a model to identify transcriptional events regulating the pro-Th2 activity of cDCs. Transcriptomic profiling of lung CD11b+ cDCs exposed to HDM in vivo revealed first that HDM triggers an antiviral defence-like response, and second that the majority of HDM-induced transcriptional changes depend on the transcription factor Interferon Response Factor-3 (Irf3). Validating the functional relevance of these observations, Irf3-deficient CD11b+ cDCs displayed reduced pro-allergic activity. Indeed, Irf3-deficient CD11b+ cDCs induced less Th2, more regulatory T cell, and similar Th1 differentiation in naïve CD4+ T cells compared to their wild-type counterparts. The altered APC activity of Irf3 CD11b+ cDCs was associated with reduced expression of CD86 and was phenocopied by blocking CD86 activity in wild-type CD11b+ cDCs. Altogether, these results establish Irf3, known mostly for its role in antiviral responses, as a transcription factor involved in the induction of Th2 responses through the promotion of pro-Th2 costimulation in CD11b+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Janss
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claire Mesnil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Pirottin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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47
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Achuthan A, Cook AD, Lee MC, Saleh R, Khiew HW, Chang MWN, Louis C, Fleetwood AJ, Lacey DC, Christensen AD, Frye AT, Lam PY, Kusano H, Nomura K, Steiner N, Förster I, Nutt SL, Olshansky M, Turner SJ, Hamilton JA. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3453-66. [PMID: 27525438 DOI: 10.1172/jci87828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can function as a key proinflammatory cytokine. However, therapies that directly target GM-CSF function could lead to undesirable side effects, creating a need to delineate downstream pathways and mediators. In this work, we provide evidence that GM-CSF drives CCL17 production by acting through an IFN regulatory factor 4-dependent (IRF4-dependent) pathway in human monocytes, murine macrophages, and mice in vivo. In murine models of arthritis and pain, IRF4 regulated the formation of CCL17, which mediated the proinflammatory and algesic actions of GM-CSF. Mechanistically, GM-CSF upregulated IRF4 expression by enhancing JMJD3 demethylase activity. We also determined that CCL17 has chemokine-independent functions in inflammatory arthritis and pain. These findings indicate that GM-CSF can mediate inflammation and pain by regulating IRF4-induced CCL17 production, providing insights into a pathway with potential therapeutic avenues for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and their associated pain.
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48
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Chen YL, Chiang BL. Targeting TSLP With shRNA Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Decreases Epithelial CCL17 in a Murine Model of Asthma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e316. [PMID: 27138176 PMCID: PMC5014514 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium defends the invasion from microorganisms and regulates immune responses in allergic asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from inflamed epithelium promotes maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime Th2 responses via CCL17, which induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells to mediate inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the regulation of epithelial CCL17. In this study, we used shRNA against TSLP to clarify the role of TSLP in the airway inflammation and whether TSLP affects the airway inflammation via epithelial CCL17. Specific shTSLP was delivered by lentivirus and selected by the knockdown efficiency. Allergic mice were intratracheally pretreated with the lentivirus and followed by intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) challenges. The sera antibody levels, airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and CCL17 expressions in lungs were determined. In vivo, TSLP attenuation reduced the AHR, decreased the airway inflammation, inhibited the maturations of DCs, and suppressed the migration of T cells. Furthermore, the expression of CCL17 was particularly decreased in bronchial epithelium. In vitro, CCL17 induction was regulated by TSLP. In conclusion, TSLP might coordinate airway inflammation partially via CCL17-mediated responses and this study provides the vital utility of TSLP to develop the therapeutic approach in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Demehri S, Cunningham TJ, Manivasagam S, Ngo KH, Moradi Tuchayi S, Reddy R, Meyers MA, DeNardo DG, Yokoyama WM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocks early stages of breast carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1458-70. [PMID: 26927668 DOI: 10.1172/jci83724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of cancer immunology, including studies on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), have led to new immunotherapeutics with proven efficacy against late-stage cancers. However, the antitumor potential of the immune system in targeting early-stage cancers remains uncertain. Here, we demonstrated that both genetic and chemical induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) at a distant site leads to robust antitumor immunity against spontaneous breast carcinogenesis in mice. Breast tumors exposed to high circulating levels of TSLP were arrested at an early adenoma-like stage and were prevented from advancing to late carcinoma and metastasis. Additionally, CD4+ Th2 cells mediated the antitumor effects of TSLP, challenging the notion that Th2 cells only promote cancer. We also discovered that TSLP is expressed by the breast tumor cells themselves and acts to block breast cancer promotion. Moreover, TSLP-induced immunity also blocked early stages of pancreatic cancer development. Together, our findings demonstrate that TSLP potently induces immunity directed against early stages of breast cancer development without causing inflammation in the normal breast tissue. Moreover, our results highlight a previously unappreciated function of the immune system in controlling the early development of cancer and establish a fundamental role for TSLP and Th2 cells in tumor immunity against early-stage cancers.
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50
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Na H, Cho M, Chung Y. Regulation of Th2 Cell Immunity by Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:1-12. [PMID: 26937227 PMCID: PMC4770095 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Th2 cell immunity is required for host defense against helminths, but it is detrimental in allergic diseases in humans. Unlike Th1 cell and Th17 cell subsets, the mechanism by which dendritic cells modulate Th2 cell responses has been obscure, in part because of the inability of dendritic cells to provide IL-4, which is indispensable for Th2 cell lineage commitment. In this regard, immune cells other than dendritic cells, such as basophils and innate lymphoid cells, have been suggested as Th2 cell inducers. More recently, multiple independent researchers have shown that specialized subsets of dendritic cells mediate Th2 cell responses. This review will discuss the current understanding related to the regulation of Th2 cell responses by dendritic cells and other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongjin Na
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minkyoung Cho
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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