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Eddens T, Parks OB, Lou D, Fan L, Sojati J, Ramsey MJ, Schmitt L, Salgado CM, Reyes-Mugica M, Evans A, Zou HM, Oury TD, Byersdorfer C, Chen K, Williams JV. Monocyte Production of C1q Potentiates CD8 + T-Cell Function Following Respiratory Viral Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:294-306. [PMID: 38696270 PMCID: PMC11376238 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2024-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Using a murine model of human metapneumovirus, we identified recruitment of a C1q-expressing inflammatory monocyte population concomitant with viral clearance by adaptive immune cells. Genetic ablation of C1q led to reduced CD8+ T-cell function. Production of C1q by a myeloid lineage was necessary to enhance CD8+ T-cell function. Activated and dividing CD8+ T cells expressed a C1q receptor, gC1qR. Perturbation of gC1qR signaling led to altered CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ production, metabolic capacity, and cell proliferation. Autopsy specimens from fatal respiratory viral infections in children exhibited diffuse production of C1q by an interstitial population. Humans with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection also exhibited upregulation of gC1qR on activated and rapidly dividing CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these studies implicate C1q production from monocytes as a critical regulator of CD8+ T-cell function following respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Olivia B Parks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Dequan Lou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Li Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Jorna Sojati
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Manda Jo Ramsey
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry M Zou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Craig Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Kong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - John V Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Zhang Y, Manni ML, Casanova JL, Ogishi M, Williams JV. PD-1 signaling in neonates restrains CD8 + T cell function and protects against respiratory viral immunopathology. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:476-490. [PMID: 38176655 PMCID: PMC11180597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and infants. However, the mechanisms behind the increased sensitivity to those respiratory viral infections in neonates are poorly understood. Neonates, unlike adults, have several anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lung, including elevated baseline expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a ligand for the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). We thus hypothesized that neonates would rely on PD-1:PD-L1 signaling to restrain antiviral CD8 responses. To test this, we developed a neonatal primary HMPV infection model using wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) and Pdcd1-/- (lacking PD-1) mice. HMPV-infected neonatal mice had increased PD-L1/PD-L2 co-expression on innate immune cells but a similar number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and upregulation of PD-1 to that of adult B6 mice. Neonatal CD8+ T cells had reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granzyme B, and interleukin-2 production compared with B6 adults. Pdcd1-/- neonatal CD8+ T cells had markedly increased production of IFN-γ and granzyme B compared with B6 neonates. Pdcd1-/- neonates had increased acute pathology with HMPV or influenza. Pdcd1-/- neonates infected with HMPV had long-term changes in pulmonary physiology with evidence of immunopathology and a persistent CD8+ T-cell response with increased granzyme B production. Using single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing from a child lacking PD-1 signaling, a similar activated CD8+ T-cell signature with increased granzyme B expression was observed. These data indicate that PD-1 signaling critically limits CD8+ T-cell effector functions and prevents immunopathology in response to neonatal respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia B Parks
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John V Williams
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Sojati J, Zhang Y, Williams JV. Clinical human metapneumovirus isolates show distinct pathogenesis and inflammatory profiles but similar CD8 + T cell impairment. mSphere 2024; 9:e0057023. [PMID: 38197640 PMCID: PMC10826344 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00570-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Pneumoviridae family and a leading cause of acute upper and lower respiratory infections, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. Although nearly every person is infected with HMPV during early childhood, re-infections occur often, highlighting difficulty in building long-term immunity. Inflammatory responses, including PD-1-mediated impairment of virus-specific CD8+ T cells (TCD8), contribute to HMPV disease severity. HMPV strains are divided into four lineages: A1, A2, B1, and B2. However, little is known about immune responses to different viral subtypes. Here, we characterize responses to four HMPV clinical isolates-TN/94-344 (A1), TN/94-49 (A2), C2-202 (B1), and TN/96-35 (B2)-in vivo in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. TN/94-49 was avirulent, while TN/94-344, C2-202, and TN/96-35 showed varying degrees of weight loss and clinical disease. Differences in disease did not correlate to virus burden in upper or lower tracts. TN/94-49 HMPV exhibited highest nose titers and delayed lung clearance. Cytokine profiles differed between HMPV isolates, with TN/96-35 inducing the broadest lung inflammatory cytokines. TN/96-35 also showed lower HMPV burden and less weight loss than other virulent isolates, suggesting a more efficient antiviral response. Interestingly, disease correlated with higher expression of T-cell chemoattractant CXCL9. All isolates elicited PD-1 upregulation and decreased IFNγ and CD107a expression in virus-specific TCD8, with little difference between HMPV subtypes. This work uncovers previously uncharacterized variations in immune responses to clinical HMPV isolates of different lineages.IMPORTANCEThis study extensively explored differences in T-cell-mediated immunity between human metapneumovirus (HMPV) clinical isolates. Much existing HMPV research has been done with strains passaged extensively in cell lines, likely acquiring mutations advantageous to in vitro replication. Clinical isolates are collected directly from human patients and have undergone <10 passages, serving as more physiologically relevant models of HMPV infection. Additionally, existing animal studies of HMPV disease mainly focus on lung pathogenesis, while HMPV infects both upper and lower airways of humans. This work highlights distinct differences in HMPV burden in upper and lower tracts between clinical isolates. Lastly, this study uniquely explores differences in host immunity between all four HMPV genetic lineages. The predominant HMPV subtype in circulation varies seasonally; thus, understanding host responses to all subgroups is critical for developing effective HMPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorna Sojati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Program in Microbiology & Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in Children, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Parks OB, Antos D, Eddens T, Walters S, Johnson M, Oury TD, Gottschalk RA, Erickson JJ, Williams JV. PD-1 Impairs CD8+ T Cell Granzyme B Production in Aged Mice during Acute Viral Respiratory Infection. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:771-787. [PMID: 38015461 PMCID: PMC10696419 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell dysfunction contributes to severe respiratory viral infection outcomes in older adults. CD8+ T cells are the primary cell type responsible for viral clearance. With increasing age, CD8+ T cell function declines in conjunction with an accumulation of cytotoxic tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells. We sought to elucidate the role of PD-1 signaling on aged CD8+ T cell function and accumulation of CD8+ TRM cells during acute viral respiratory tract infection, given the importance of PD-1 regulating CD8+ T cells during acute and chronic infections. PD-1 blockade or genetic ablation in aged mice yielded improved CD8+ T cell granzyme B production comparable to that in young mice during human metapneumovirus and influenza viral infections. Syngeneic transplant and adoptive transfer strategies revealed that improved granzyme B production in aged Pdcd1-/- CD8+ T cells was primarily cell intrinsic because aged wild-type CD8+ T cells did not have increased granzyme B production when transplanted into a young host. PD-1 signaling promoted accumulation of cytotoxic CD8+ TRM cells in aged mice. PD-1 blockade of aged mice during rechallenge infection resulted in improved clinical outcomes that paralleled reduced accumulation of CD8+ TRM cells. These findings suggest that PD-1 signaling impaired CD8+ T cell granzyme B production and contributed to CD8+ TRM cell accumulation in the aged lung. These findings have implications for future research investigating PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors as a potential therapeutic option for elderly patients with severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B. Parks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Danielle Antos
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Taylor Eddens
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sara Walters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Monika Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel A. Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John J. Erickson
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA
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Parks OB, Eddens T, Sojati J, Lan J, Zhang Y, Oury TD, Ramsey M, Erickson JJ, Byersdorfer CA, Williams JV. Terminally exhausted CD8 + T cells contribute to age-dependent severity of respiratory virus infection. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:40. [PMID: 37528458 PMCID: PMC10391960 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of severe morbidity and mortality among older adults. Despite ubiquitous exposure to common respiratory pathogens throughout life and near universal seropositivity, antibodies fail to effectively protect the elderly. Therefore, we hypothesized that severe respiratory illness in the elderly is due to deficient CD8+ T cell responses. RESULTS Here, we establish an aged mouse model of human metapneumovirus infection (HMPV) wherein aged C57BL/6 mice exhibit worsened weight loss, clinical disease, lung pathology and delayed viral clearance compared to young adult mice. Aged mice generate fewer lung-infiltrating HMPV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Those that do expand demonstrate higher expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors and are functionally impaired. Transplant of aged T cells into young mice and vice versa, as well as adoptive transfer of young versus aged CD8+ T cells into Rag1-/- recipients, recapitulates the HMPV aged phenotype, suggesting a cell-intrinsic age-associated defect. HMPV-specific aged CD8+ T cells exhibit a terminally exhausted TCF1/7- TOX+ EOMES+ phenotype. We confirmed similar terminal exhaustion of aged CD8+ T cells during influenza viral infection. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies terminal CD8+ T cell exhaustion as a mechanism of severe disease from respiratory viral infections in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Eddens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorna Sojati
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manda Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John J Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Building, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Lou D, Fan L, Sojati J, Ramsey MJ, Schmitt L, Salgado CM, Reyes-Mugica M, Oury TD, Byersdorfer C, Chen K, Williams JV. Monocyte production of C1q potentiates CD8 + T cell effector function following respiratory viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543430. [PMID: 37333212 PMCID: PMC10274684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Using a murine model of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), we identified recruitment of a C1q-producing inflammatory monocyte population concomitant with viral clearance by adaptive immune cells. Genetic ablation of C1q led to reduced CD8 + T cell function. Production of C1q by a myeloid lineage was sufficient to enhance CD8 + T cell function. Activated and dividing CD8 + T cells expressed a putative C1q receptor, gC1qR. Perturbation of gC1qR signaling led to altered CD8 + T cell IFN-γ production and metabolic capacity. Autopsy specimens from fatal respiratory viral infections in children demonstrated diffuse production of C1q by an interstitial population. Humans with severe COVID-19 infection also demonstrated upregulation of gC1qR on activated and rapidly dividing CD8 + T cells. Collectively, these studies implicate C1q production from monocytes as a critical regulator of CD8 + T cell function following respiratory viral infection.
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7
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Parks OB, Eddens T, Zhang Y, Oury TD, McElroy A, Williams JV. Human Metapneumovirus Reinfection in Aged Mice Recapitulates Increased Disease Severity in Elderly Humans Infected with Human Metapneumovirus. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:398-411. [PMID: 37261717 PMCID: PMC10321313 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection in adults >65 y. Nearly all children worldwide are seropositive for HMPV by age 5 y, but reinfections occur throughout life, and there is no licensed vaccine. Recurrent HMPV infection is mild and self-resolving in immunocompetent individuals. However, elderly individuals develop severe respiratory disease on HMPV reinfection that leads to a high risk for morbidity and mortality. In this study, we developed a mouse model to mirror HMPV reinfection in elderly humans. C57BL/6J mice were infected with HMPV at 6-7 wk old, aged in-house, and rechallenged with high-dose virus at 70 wk. Aged rechallenged mice had profound weight loss similar to primary infected mice, increased lung histopathology, and accumulated cytotoxic CD8+CD44+CD62L-CD69+CD103+ memory cells despite having undetectable lung virus titer. When aged mice 14 mo postinfection (p.i.) or young mice 5 wk p.i. were restimulated with HMPV cognate Ag to mimic epitope vaccination, aged mice had an impaired CD8+ memory response. Convalescent serum transfer from young naive or 5 wk p.i. mice into aged mice on day of infection did not protect. Aged mice vaccinated with UV-inactivated HMPV also exhibited diminished protection and poor CD8+ memory response compared with young mice. These results suggest aged individuals with HMPV reinfection have a dysregulated CD8+ memory T cell response that fails to protect and exacerbates disease. Moreover, aged mice exhibited a poor memory response to either epitope peptide or UV-inactivated vaccination, suggesting that aged CD8+ T cell dysfunction presents a barrier to effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B. Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Taylor Eddens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anita McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Cable J, Sun J, Cheon IS, Vaughan AE, Castro IA, Stein SR, López CB, Gostic KM, Openshaw PJM, Ellebedy AH, Wack A, Hutchinson E, Thomas MM, Langlois RA, Lingwood D, Baker SF, Folkins M, Foxman EF, Ward AB, Schwemmle M, Russell AB, Chiu C, Ganti K, Subbarao K, Sheahan TP, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Eddens T. Respiratory viruses: New frontiers-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1522:60-73. [PMID: 36722473 PMCID: PMC10580159 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a common cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Viruses like influenza, RSV, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 can rapidly spread through a population, causing acute infection and, in vulnerable populations, severe or chronic disease. Developing effective treatment and prevention strategies often becomes a race against ever-evolving viruses that develop resistance, leaving therapy efficacy either short-lived or relevant for specific viral strains. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Respiratory Viruses: New Frontiers." Researchers presented new insights into viral biology and virus-host interactions to understand the mechanisms of disease and identify novel treatment and prevention approaches that are effective, durable, and broad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Immunology; and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Carter Immunology Center and Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Italo A Castro
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sydney R Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katelyn M Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs; and Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven F Baker
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Melanie Folkins
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alistair B Russell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ketaki Ganti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. LAG-3 Contribution to T Cell Downmodulation during Acute Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 36680187 PMCID: PMC9865459 DOI: 10.3390/v15010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on immune cells, such as activated T cells, and binds to MHC class II with high affinity. LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor, and its multiple biological activities on T cell activation and effector functions play a regulatory role in the immune response. Immunotherapies directed at immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, have become a promising strategy for controlling malignant tumors and chronic viral diseases. Several studies have suggested an association between the expression of LAG-3 with an inadequate immune response during respiratory viral infections and the susceptibility to reinfections, which might be a consequence of the inhibition of T cell effector functions. However, important information relative to therapeutic potential during acute viral lower respiratory tract infections and the mechanism of action of the LAG-3 checkpoint remains to be characterized. In this article, we discuss the contribution of LAG-3 to the impairment of T cells during viral respiratory infections. Understanding the host immune response to respiratory infections is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mario A. Ramírez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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10
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Miranda-Katz M, Erickson JJ, Lan J, Ecker A, Zhang Y, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-B7-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes enhance viral clearance in mice and are recognized by human CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20769. [PMID: 34675220 PMCID: PMC8531189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Repeated infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons due to short-lived protective humoral immunity. In turn, few protective T cell epitopes have been identified in humans. Thus, we infected transgenic mice expressing the common human HLA MHC-I allele B*07:02 (HLA-B7) with HMPV and screened a robust library of overlapping and computationally predicted HLA-B7 binding peptides. Six HLA-B7-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified using ELISPOT screening in the F, M, and N proteins, with M195-203 (M195) eliciting the strongest responses. MHC-tetramer flow cytometric staining confirmed HLA-B7 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells migrated to lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with pooled HLA-B7-restricted peptides reduced viral titer and protected mice from virulent infection. Finally, we confirmed that CD8+ T cells from HLA-B7 positive humans also recognize the identified epitopes. These results enable identification of HMPV-specific CD8+ T cells in humans and help to inform future HMPV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Alwyn Ecker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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11
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Luo B, Li J, Hou X, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Ye J, Wu X, Feng Y, Hu T, Xu Z, He Y, Sun J. Indications for and contraindications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19 vaccination. Future Oncol 2021; 17:3477-3484. [PMID: 34189948 PMCID: PMC8244550 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lasted over 1 year and will not disappear in a short time. There is no specific remedy against the virus as yet. Vaccination is thus far one of the most important strategies for preventing COVID-19. Cancer patients with COVID-19 have a higher mortality because of immunosuppression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a novel anticancer strategy for blocking inhibitory pathways, which are related to the immune response. There is a question regarding whether COVID-19 vaccination and ICI treatment impact each other in cancer patients. This review explores both sides of the relationship between ICI treatment and COVID-19 vaccination and suggests good efficacy and safety of ICI treatment after COVID-19 vaccination as well as little impact on the virus protection and toxicity associated with COVID-19 vaccination during ICI treatment. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lasted over 1 year. Vaccination is a promising strategy for preventing COVID-19. Cancer patients are prone to infection with COVID-19, and these patients have high mortality. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a novel anticancer strategy. Whether COVID-19 vaccination and ICI treatment impact each other in cancer patients remains unknown. This review explores both sides of the relationship between ICI treatment and COVID-19 vaccination and suggests good efficacy and safety of ICI treatment after COVID-19 vaccination as well as little impact on the virus protection and toxicity associated with COVID-19 vaccination during ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyu Luo
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jixi Li
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, 941 Hospital of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xining, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimei Feng
- Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Tymoszuk P, Nairz M, Schroll A, Klais G, Demetz E, Engl S, Brigo N, Weiss G. Regulation of Th1 T Cell Differentiation by Iron via Upregulation of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Containing Protein-3 (TIM-3). Front Immunol 2021; 12:637809. [PMID: 34108960 PMCID: PMC8181170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an important role in host–pathogen interactions, in being an essential element for both pathogen and host metabolism, but also by impacting immune cell differentiation and anti-microbial effector pathways. Iron has been implicated to affect the differentiation of T lymphocytes during inflammation, however, so far the underlying mechanism remained elusive. In order to study the role of iron in T cell differentiation we here investigated how dietary iron supplementation affects T cell function and outcome in a model of chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Iron loading prior to infection fostered bacterial burden and, unexpectedly, reduced differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells type 1 (Th1) and expression of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), a key cytokine to control infections with intracellular pathogens. This effect could be traced back to iron-mediated induction of the negative immune checkpoint regulator T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), expressed on the surface of this T cell subset. In vitro experiments demonstrated that iron supplementation specifically upregulated mRNA and protein expression of TIM-3 in naïve Th cells in a dose-depdendent manner and hindered priming of those T cells towards Th1 differentiation. Importantly, administration of TIM-3 blocking antibodies to iron-loaded mice infected with S. Typhimurium virtually restored Th1 cell differentiation and significantly improved bacterial control. Our data uncover a novel mechanism by which iron modulates CD4+ cell differentiation and functionality and hence impacts infection control with intracellular pathogens. Specifically, iron inhibits the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to protective IFNγ producing Th1 lymphocytes via stimulation of TIM-3 expression. Finally, TIM-3 may serve as a novel drug target for the treatment of chronic infections with intracellular pathogens, specifically in iron loading diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gloria Klais
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Engl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030519. [PMID: 33809875 PMCID: PMC8004172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.
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14
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Ji J, Ren L, Liu Y, Zheng M, Fang H, Xu H, He H, Zhang M, Wang X, Shan J, Hou Y. Elevated monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells positively correlate with infection frequency in children with RRTIs. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:2687-2690. [PMID: 33111310 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In children with recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs), the percentages and numbers of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were elevated. The elevated MDSCs positively correlate with respiratory tract infection frequency in RRTIs children. The elevated MDSCs can inhibit CD8+ T-cells proliferation in RRTIs children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lishun Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pediatric, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huazhong Fang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Huizhen He
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Pukou Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianzheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091051. [PMID: 32967229 PMCID: PMC7551039 DOI: 10.3390/v12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
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16
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Prospects of and Barriers to the Development of Epitope-Based Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060481. [PMID: 32570728 PMCID: PMC7350342 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory illnesses in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Although this pathogen was only discovered in 2001, an enormous amount of research has been conducted in order to develop safe and effective vaccines to prevent people from contracting the disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the most promising experimental B- and T-cell epitopes of human metapneumovirus for the rational design of HMPV vaccines using vector delivery systems, paying special attention to the conservation of these epitopes among different lineages/genotypes of HMPV. The prospects of the successful development of an epitope-based HMPV vaccine are discussed in the context of recent findings regarding HMPV’s ability to modulate host immunity. In particular, we discuss the lack of data on experimental human CD4 T-cell epitopes for HMPV despite the role of CD4 lymphocytes in both the induction of higher neutralizing antibody titers and the establishment of CD8 memory T-cell responses. We conclude that current research should be focused on searching for human CD4 T-cell epitopes of HMPV that can help us to design a safe and cross-protective epitope-based HMPV vaccine.
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17
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Ballegeer M, Saelens X. Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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18
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542&set/a 882111696+808152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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19
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/v12050542
expr 836379838 + 819716165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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20
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Hope JL, Spantidea PI, Kiernan CH, Stairiker CJ, Rijsbergen LC, van Meurs M, Brouwers-Haspels I, Mueller YM, Nelson DJ, Bradley LM, Aerts JGJV, Katsikis PD. Microenvironment-Dependent Gradient of CTL Exhaustion in the AE17sOVA Murine Mesothelioma Tumor Model. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3074. [PMID: 31998326 PMCID: PMC6968785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system, and in particular, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), plays a vital part in the prevention and elimination of tumors. In many patients, however, CTL-mediated tumor killing ultimately fails in the clearance of cancer cells resulting in disease progression, in large part due to the progression of effector CTL into exhausted CTL. While there have been major breakthroughs in the development of CTL-mediated “reinvigoration”-driven immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockade therapy, there remains a need to better understand the drivers behind the development of T cell exhaustion. Our study highlights the unique differences in T cell exhaustion development in tumor-specific CTL which arises over time in a mouse model of mesothelioma. Importantly, we also show that peripheral tumor-specific T cells have a unique expression profile compared to exhausted tumor-infiltrating CTL at a late-stage of tumor progression in mice. Together, these data suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on understanding contributions of individual microenvironments in the development of T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hope
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cancer Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Panagiota I Spantidea
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caoimhe H Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inge Brouwers-Haspels
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Delia J Nelson
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Linda M Bradley
- Cancer Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joachim G J V Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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21
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David P, Megger DA, Kaiser T, Werner T, Liu J, Chen L, Sitek B, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. The PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway Affects the Expansion and Function of Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells During an Acute Retroviral Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:54. [PMID: 30804928 PMCID: PMC6370637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently control acute virus infections but can become exhausted when a chronic infection develops. The checkpoint receptor PD-1 suppresses the functionality of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic infection. However, the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway during the acute phase of infections has not been well characterized. In the current study the effects of PD-1 or PD-L1 deficiency on the CD8+ T cell response against Friend retroviral (FV) infection of knockout mice was analyzed during acute infection. We observed an enhanced proliferation, functional maturation, and reduced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells in the absence of PD-1 or PD-L1. The knockout of PD-L1 had a stronger effect on the functionality of CD8+ T cells than that of PD-1. Augmented CTL responses were associated with an improved control of FV replication. The strong phenotype of FV-infected PD-L1 knockout mice was independent of the interaction with CD80 as an additional receptor for PD-L1. Furthermore, we performed a detailed analysis of the production of different granzymes in virus-specific CD8+ T cells and observed that especially the simultaneous production of multiple granzymes in individual T cells (multifunctionality) was under the control of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. The findings from this study allow for a better understanding of the development of antiviral cytotoxic immunity during acute viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul David
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik A Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tamara Kaiser
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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22
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Kumar P, Srivastava M. Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus. Virusdisease 2018; 29:434-444. [PMID: 30539045 PMCID: PMC6261883 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important pneumovirus which causes acute respiratory disease in human beings. The viral infection leads to mild to severe respiratory symptoms depending on the age and immune status of the infected individual. Several groups across the world are working on the development of immunogens and therapy to manage HMPV infection with promising results under laboratory conditions but till date any virus specific vaccine or therapy has not been approved for clinical use. This minireview gives an overview of the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to manage HMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
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23
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Morris AB, Adams LE, Ford ML. Influence of T Cell Coinhibitory Molecules on CD8 + Recall Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1810. [PMID: 30135685 PMCID: PMC6092517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell co-signaling molecules play an important role in fine-tuning the strength of T cell activation during many types of immune responses, including infection, cancer, transplant rejection, and autoimmunity. Over the last few decades, intense research into these cosignaling molecules has provided rich evidence to suggest that cosignaling molecules may be harnessed for the treatment of immune-related diseases. In particular, coinhibitory molecules such as programmed-death 1, 2B4, BTLA, TIGIT, LAG-3, TIM-3, and CTLA-4 inhibit T cell responses by counteracting TCR and costimulatory signals, leading to the inhibition of proliferation and effector function and the downregulation of activation and adhesion molecules at the cell surface. While many reviews have focused on the role of coinhibitory molecules in modifying primary CD8+ T cell responses, in this review, we will consider the complex role of coinhibitory molecules in altering CD8+ T cell recall potential. As memory CD8+ T cell responses are critical for protective memory responses in infection and cancer and contribute to potentially pathogenic memory responses in transplant rejection and autoimmunity, understanding the role of coinhibitory receptor control of memory T cells may illuminate important aspects of therapeutically targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Morris
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Layne E Adams
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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24
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Rogers MC, Williams JV. Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Following Viral Lung Infections. Annu Rev Virol 2018; 5:363-383. [PMID: 30052492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral lung infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Effective immune responses to these infections require precise immune regulation to preserve lung function after viral clearance. One component of airway pathophysiology and lung injury associated with acute respiratory virus infection is effector T cells, yet these are the primary cells required for viral clearance. Accordingly, multiple immune mechanisms exist to regulate effector T cells, limiting immunopathology while permitting clearance of infection. Much has been learned in recent years about regulation of T cell function during chronic infection and cancer, and it is now clear that many of these mechanisms also control inflammation in acute lung infection. In this review, we focus on regulatory T cells, inhibitory receptors, and other cells and molecules that regulate cell-mediated immunity in the context of acute respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA;
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25
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Läubli H, Balmelli C, Kaufmann L, Stanczak M, Syedbasha M, Vogt D, Hertig A, Müller B, Gautschi O, Stenner F, Zippelius A, Egli A, Rothschild SI. Influenza vaccination of cancer patients during PD-1 blockade induces serological protection but may raise the risk for immune-related adverse events. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:40. [PMID: 29789020 PMCID: PMC5964701 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibiting antibodies were introduced into routine clinical practice for cancer patients. Checkpoint blockade has led to durable remissions in some patients, but may also induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Lung cancer patients show an increased risk for complications, when infected with influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccination is recommended. However, the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination during checkpoint blockade and its influence on irAEs is unclear. Similarly, the influence of vaccinations on T cell-mediated immune reactions in patients during PD-1 blockade remains poorly defined. Methods We vaccinated 23 lung cancer patients and 11 age-matched healthy controls using a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine to investigate vaccine-induced immunity and safety during checkpoint blockade. Results We did not observe significant differences between patients and healthy controls in vaccine-induced antibody titers against all three viral antigens. Influenza vaccination resulted in protective titers in more than 60% of patients/participants. In cancer patients, the post-vaccine frequency of irAEs was 52.2% with a median time to occurrence of 3.2 months after vaccination. Six of 23 patients (26.1%) showed severe grade 3/4 irAEs. This frequency of irAEs might be higher than the rate previously published in the literature and the rate observed in a non-study population at our institution (all grades 25.5%, grade 3/4 9.8%). Conclusions Although this is a non-randomized trial with a limited number of patients, the increased rate of immunological toxicity is concerning. This finding should be studied in a larger patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Läubli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catharina Balmelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Kaufmann
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Stanczak
- Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Vogt
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Hertig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müller
- Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Stenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sacha I Rothschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Schmidt ME, Varga SM. The CD8 T Cell Response to Respiratory Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:678. [PMID: 29686673 PMCID: PMC5900024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are highly susceptible to infection with respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza virus. While some viruses simply cause symptoms of the common cold, many respiratory viruses induce severe bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and even death following infection. Despite the immense clinical burden, the majority of the most common pulmonary viruses lack long-lasting efficacious vaccines. Nearly all current vaccination strategies are designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, which prevent severe disease following a subsequent infection. However, the mucosal antibody response to many respiratory viruses is not long-lasting and declines with age. CD8 T cells are critical for mediating clearance following many acute viral infections in the lung. In addition, memory CD8 T cells are capable of providing protection against secondary infections. Therefore, the combined induction of virus-specific CD8 T cells and antibodies may provide optimal protective immunity. Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses induced by respiratory virus infections. Additionally, we explore how this knowledge could be utilized in the development of future vaccines against respiratory viruses, with a special emphasis on RSV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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27
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. HMPV, which is closely related to avian metapneumovirus subtype C, has circulated for at least 65 years, and nearly every child will be infected with HMPV by the age of 5. However, immunity is incomplete, and re-infections occur throughout adult life. Symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory viral infections, ranging from mild (cough, rhinorrhea, and fever) to more severe (bronchiolitis and pneumonia). The preferred method for diagnosis is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as HMPV is difficult to culture. Although there have been many advances made in the past 16 years since its discovery, there are still no US Food and Drug Administration-approved antivirals or vaccines available to treat HMPV. Both small animal and non-human primate models have been established for the study of HMPV. This review will focus on the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations in humans as well as the animal models of HMPV pathogenesis and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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28
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Lin G, Liu Y, Li S, Mao Y, Wang J, Shuang Z, Chen J, Li S. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50963-50971. [PMID: 26918355 PMCID: PMC5239451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Clinicopathologic data of 102 patients with ICC who underwent hepatectomy was retrospectively analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model were used to analyze the survival and prognosis. The percentage of overall lymphocytes, T cells and CD8+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group. The percentage of PD-1+CD4+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells was higher and the percentage of IFN-γ+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells was lower in the high NLR group than that in the low NLR group (p = 0.045, p = 0.008; p = 0.012, p = 0.006). Density of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group (p < 0.001). Elevated NLR was an independent predictor for poor overall survival (OS; p = 0.035) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; p = 0.008). These results indicate that elevated NLR is associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and could be a poor biomarker for prognosis in patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endoscopy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yize Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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30
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González AE, Lay MK, Jara EL, Espinoza JA, Gómez RS, Soto J, Rivera CA, Abarca K, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection. Virulence 2016; 8:685-704. [PMID: 27911218 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E González
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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31
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Erickson JJ, Rogers MC, Tollefson SJ, Boyd KL, Williams JV. Multiple Inhibitory Pathways Contribute to Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment and Protect against Immunopathology during Acute Viral Respiratory Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:233-43. [PMID: 27259857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are frequent causes of lower respiratory infection (LRI). Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) signaling contributes to pulmonary CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) functional impairment during acute viral LRI, but the role of TCD8 impairment in viral clearance and immunopathology is unclear. We now find that human metapneumovirus infection induces virus-specific lung TCD8 that fail to produce effector cytokines or degranulate late postinfection, with minimally increased function even in the absence of PD-1 signaling. Impaired lung TCD8 upregulated multiple inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell Ig mucin 3, and 2B4. Moreover, coexpression of these receptors continued to increase even after viral clearance, with most virus-specific lung TCD8 expressing three or more inhibitory receptors on day 14 postinfection. Viral infection also increased expression of inhibitory ligands by both airway epithelial cells and APCs, further establishing an inhibitory environment. In vitro Ab blockade revealed that multiple inhibitory receptors contribute to TCD8 impairment induced by either human metapneumovirus or influenza virus infection. In vivo blockade of T cell Ig mucin 3 signaling failed to enhance TCD8 function or reduce viral titers. However, blockade of LAG-3 in PD-1-deficient mice restored TCD8 effector functions but increased lung pathology, indicating that LAG-3 mediates lung TCD8 impairment in vivo and contributes to protection from immunopathology during viral clearance. These results demonstrate that an orchestrated network of pathways modifies lung TCD8 functionality during viral LRI, with PD-1 and LAG-3 serving prominent roles. Lung TCD8 impairment may prevent immunopathology but also contributes to recurrent lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Meredith C Rogers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and
| | - Sharon J Tollefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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32
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Hastings AK, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-A2-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes reduce viral titers in mice and are recognized by human T cells. Vaccine 2016; 34:2663-70. [PMID: 27105560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from acute lower respiratory tract illness, with most individuals seropositive by age five. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, secondary infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Preclinical vaccine studies for HMPV have suggested a need for a balanced antibody and T cell immune response to enhance protection and avoid lung immunopathology. We infected transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A*0201 with HMPV and used ELISPOT to screen overlapping and predicted epitope peptides. We identified six novel HLA-A2 restricted CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) epitopes, with M39-47 (M39) immunodominant. Tetramer staining detected M39-specific TCD8 in lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with adjuvant-formulated M39 peptide reduced lung virus titers upon challenge. Finally, we show that TCD8 from HLA-A*0201 positive humans recognize M39 by IFNγ ELISPOT and tetramer staining. These results will facilitate HMPV vaccine development and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA.
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33
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Morris MC, Kozara K, Salamone F, Benoit M, Pichichero ME. Adenoidal follicular T helper cells provide stronger B-cell help than those from tonsils. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:E80-5. [PMID: 26511445 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The tonsils and adenoids are secondary lymphoid organs, where antigen processing and immune cell development occur to control bacterial colonization and infection in the upper respiratory tract. Both organs are abundant in follicular T helper cells (TFH), a subset of T cells specialized for promoting B-cell development. There are no prior studies on differences between the immune cells of the tonsils and adenoids and whether the cells function differently. STUDY DESIGN In vitro assays to assess cell phenotype of tonsils and adenoids from young children (median age = 40 months). METHODS Mononuclear cells from tonsils and adenoids were cultured with or without 1 µg/mL Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) for 4 days. Cell phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We found that in resting adenoids, TFH expressed higher CXCR5 and inducible costimulator but lower PD-1 than those from the tonsils, and that adenoidal B cells expressed higher CD27. Upon polyclonal stimulation with SEB, both TFH and B cells from the adenoids proliferated to a greater extent, and culture supernatants contained higher levels of interleukin 21. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the cells of the adenoid are disposed toward the provision of more robust B-cell help than the tonsils. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margo Benoit
- Otolaryngology Associates, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
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34
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Erickson JJ, Lu P, Wen S, Hastings AK, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Shyr Y, Williams JV. Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Rapidly Induces a CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion-like Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4319-30. [PMID: 26401005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infections typically generate functional effector CD8(+) T cells (TCD8) that aid in pathogen clearance. However, during acute viral lower respiratory infection, lung TCD8 are functionally impaired and do not optimally control viral replication. T cells also become unresponsive to Ag during chronic infections and cancer via signaling by inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). PD-1 also contributes to TCD8 impairment during viral lower respiratory infection, but how it regulates TCD8 impairment and the connection between this state and T cell exhaustion during chronic infections are unknown. In this study, we show that PD-1 operates in a cell-intrinsic manner to impair lung TCD8. In light of this, we compared global gene expression profiles of impaired epitope-specific lung TCD8 to functional spleen TCD8 in the same human metapneumovirus-infected mice. These two populations differentially regulate hundreds of genes, including the upregulation of numerous inhibitory receptors by lung TCD8. We then compared the gene expression of TCD8 during human metapneumovirus infection to those in acute or chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. We find that the immunophenotype of lung TCD8 more closely resembles T cell exhaustion late into chronic infection than do functional effector T cells arising early in acute infection. Finally, we demonstrate that trafficking to the infected lung alone is insufficient for TCD8 impairment or inhibitory receptor upregulation, but that viral Ag-induced TCR signaling is also required. Our results indicate that viral Ag in infected lungs rapidly induces an exhaustion-like state in lung TCD8 characterized by progressive functional impairment and upregulation of numerous inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sherry Wen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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Immune Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection: What We Have Learned from the Mouse Model. Pathogens 2015; 4:682-96. [PMID: 26393657 PMCID: PMC4584281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading respiratory viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The development of a potential vaccine against hMPV requires detailed understanding of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in hMPV pathogenesis, susceptibility and vaccine efficacy. As a result, animal models have been developed to better understand the mechanisms by which hMPV causes disease. Several animal models have been evaluated and established so far to study the host immune responses and pathophysiology of hMPV infection. However, inbred laboratory mouse strains have been one of the most used animal species for experimental modeling and therefore used for the studies of immunity and immunopathogenesis to hMPV. This review summarizes the contributions of the mouse model to our understanding of the immune response against hMPV infection.
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New Approaches for Immunization and Therapy against Human Metapneumovirus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:858-66. [PMID: 26063237 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands. Studies have identified HMPV as an important causative agent of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against HMPV. However, several research groups have tested vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies in various animal models. Several of these approaches have shown promise in animal models. This minireview summarizes the current therapies used to treat HMPV infection as well as different approaches for immunization.
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Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment Occurs during Human Metapneumovirus Infection despite Virus-Like Particle Induction of Functional CD8+ T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:8713-26. [PMID: 26063431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00670-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. There is currently no licensed HMPV vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate because they are noninfectious and elicit a neutralizing antibody response. However, studies show that serum neutralizing antibodies are insufficient for complete protection against reinfection and that adaptive T cell immunity is important for viral clearance. HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment, mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, we generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the fusion and matrix proteins in mammalian cells and tested whether VLP immunization induces functional HMPV-specific TCD8 responses in mice. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated twice with VLPs and subsequently challenged with HMPV were protected from lung viral replication for at least 20 weeks postimmunization. A single VLP dose elicited F- and M-specific lung TCD8s with higher function and lower expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors than TCD8s from HMPV-infected mice. However, after HMPV challenge, lung TCD8s from VLP-vaccinated mice exhibited inhibitory receptor expression and functional impairment similar to those of mice experiencing secondary infection. HMPV challenge of VLP-immunized μMT mice also elicited a large percentage of impaired lung TCD8s, similar to mice experiencing secondary infection. Together, these results indicate that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory disease for which there is no licensed vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate and induce antibodies, but T cell responses are less defined. Moreover, HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, HMPV VLPs containing viral fusion and matrix proteins elicited epitope-specific TCD8s that were functional with low PD-1 expression. Two VLP doses conferred sterilizing immunity in C57BL/6 mice and facilitated HMPV clearance in antibody-deficient μMT mice without enhancing lung pathology. However, regardless of whether responding lung TCD8s had previously encountered HMPV antigens in the context of VLPs or virus, similar proportions were impaired and expressed comparable levels of PD-1 upon viral challenge. These results suggest that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge.
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Role of type I interferon signaling in human metapneumovirus pathogenesis and control of viral replication. J Virol 2015; 89:4405-20. [PMID: 25653440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03275-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type I IFN signaling, which is initiated through activation of the alpha interferon receptor (IFNAR), regulates the expression of proteins that are crucial contributors to immune responses. Paramyxoviruses, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), have evolved mechanisms to inhibit IFNAR signaling, but the specific contribution of IFNAR signaling to the control of HMPV replication, pathogenesis, and adaptive immunity is unknown. We used IFNAR-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice to assess the effect of IFNAR signaling on HMPV replication and the CD8(+) T cell response. HMPV-infected IFNAR(-/-) mice had a higher peak of early viral replication but cleared the virus with kinetics similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice. However, IFNAR(-/-) mice infected with HMPV displayed less airway dysfunction and lung inflammation. CD8(+) T cells of IFNAR(-/-) mice after HMPV infection expressed levels of the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) similar to those of WT mice. However, despite lower expression of inhibitory programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), HMPV-specific CD8(+) T cells of IFNAR(-/-) mice were more functionally impaired than those of WT mice and upregulated the inhibitory receptor Tim-3. Analysis of the antigen-presenting cell subsets in the lungs revealed that the expansion of PD-L1(low) dendritic cells (DCs), but not PD-L1(high) alveolar macrophages, was dependent on IFNAR signaling. Collectively, our results indicate a role for IFNAR signaling in the early control of HMPV replication, disease progression, and the development of an optimal adaptive immune response. Moreover, our findings suggest an IFNAR-independent mechanism of lung CD8(+) T cell impairment. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness. CD8(+) T cells are critical for clearing viral infection, yet recent evidence shows that HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce CD8(+) T cell impairment via PD-1-PD-L1 signaling. We sought to understand the role of type I interferon (IFN) in the innate and adaptive immune responses to HMPV by using a mouse model lacking IFN signaling. Although HMPV titers were higher in the absence of type I IFN, virus was nonetheless cleared and mice were less ill, indicating that type I IFN is not required to resolve HMPV infection but contributes to pathogenesis. Further, despite lower levels of the inhibitory ligand PD-L1 in mice lacking type I IFN, CD8(+) T cells were more impaired in these mice than in WT mice. Our data suggest that specific antigen-presenting cell subsets and the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 may contribute to CD8(+) T cell impairment.
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