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Sumida TS, Cheru NT, Hafler DA. The regulation and differentiation of regulatory T cells and their dysfunction in autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:503-517. [PMID: 38374298 PMCID: PMC11216899 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as a distinct cell lineage with a central role in regulating immune responses provided a deeper understanding of self-tolerance. The transcription factor FOXP3 serves a key role in Treg cell lineage determination and maintenance, but is not sufficient to enable the full potential of Treg cell suppression, indicating that other factors orchestrate the fine-tuning of Treg cell function. Moreover, FOXP3-independent mechanisms have recently been shown to contribute to Treg cell dysfunction. FOXP3 mutations in humans cause lethal fulminant systemic autoinflammation (IPEX syndrome). However, it remains unclear to what degree Treg cell dysfunction is contributing to the pathophysiology of common autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we discuss the origins of Treg cells in the periphery and the multilayered mechanisms by which Treg cells are induced, as well as the FOXP3-dependent and FOXP3-independent cellular programmes that maintain the suppressive function of Treg cells in humans and mice. Further, we examine evidence for Treg cell dysfunction in the context of common autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu S Sumida
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nardos T Cheru
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Huang L, Zuo Y, Yang H, He X, Zhang L. Identification of key genes as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for comorbidity of myasthenia gravis and COVID-19. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1334131. [PMID: 38384322 PMCID: PMC10879883 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1334131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a significant impact on the health and quality of life of MG patients and may even trigger the onset of MG in some cases. With the worldwide development of the COVID-19 vaccination, several new-onset MG cases and exacerbations following the COVID-19 vaccines have been acknowledged. The potential link between myasthenia gravis (MG) and COVID-19 has prompted the need for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods and results The differential expression analysis identified six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by myasthenia gravis (MG) and COVID-19, namely SAMD9, PLEK, GZMB, JUNB, NR4A1, and NR1D1. The relationship between the six common genes and immune cells was investigated in the COVID-19 dataset. The predictive value of the shared genes was assessed and a nomogram was constructed using machine learning algorithms. The regulatory miRNAs, transcription factors and small molecular drugs were predicted, and the molecular docking was carried out by AutoDock. Discussion We have identified six common DEGs of MG and COVID-19 and explored their immunological effects and regulatory mechanisms. The result may provide new insights for further mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zuo
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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3
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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4
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Park SY, Yang H, Kim S, Yang J, Go H, Bae H. Alpha-Synuclein-Specific Regulatory T Cells Ameliorate Parkinson's Disease Progression in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15237. [PMID: 37894917 PMCID: PMC10607030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. Cell therapy using regulatory T cells (Tregs) has therapeutic potential on PD progression in a mouse model; however, several challenges were associated with its applications. Here, we propose a strategy for α-syn specific Treg expansion (α-syn Treg). We presented α-syn to T cells via dendritic cells. This method increased the mobility of Tregs towards the site of abundant α-syn in vitro (p < 0.01; α-syn Tregs versus polyclonal Tregs (poly Tregs)) and in vivo. Consequently, α-syn Tregs showed noteworthy neuroprotective effects against motor function deficits (p < 0.05, p < 0.01; α-syn Tregs versus poly Tregs), dopaminergic neuronal loss (p < 0.001; α-syn Tregs versus poly Tregs), and α-syn accumulation (p < 0.05; α-syn Tregs versus poly Tregs) in MPTP-induced PD mice. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of α-syn Tregs exerted immunosuppressive effects on activated microglia, especially pro-inflammatory microglia, in PD mice. Our findings suggest that α-syn presentation may provide a significant improvement in neuroprotective activities of Tregs and suggest the effective clinical application of Treg therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Young Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (H.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - HyeJin Yang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (H.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (H.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Juwon Yang
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Hyemin Go
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (H.G.)
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (H.Y.); (S.K.)
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (H.G.)
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5
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Song J, Anderson W, Hu A, Obata-Ninomiya K, Ziegler SF, Rawlings DJ, Buckner JH. CBLBDeficiency in Human CD4 +T Cells Results in Resistance to T Regulatory Suppression through Multiple Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1260-1271. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Uniyal A, Tiwari V, Rani M, Tiwari V. Immune-microbiome interplay and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:17-37. [PMID: 34357554 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegeneration and its related CNS pathologies need an urgent toolbox to minimize the global mental health burden. The neuroimmune system critically regulates the brain maturation and survival of neurons across the nervous system. The chronic manipulated immunological drive can accelerate the neuronal pathology hence promoting the burden of neurodegenerative disorders. The gut is home for trillions of microorganisms having a mutual relationship with the host system. The gut-brain axis is a unique biochemical pathway through which the gut residing microbes connects with the brain cells and regulates various physiological and pathological cascades. The gut microbiota and CNS communicate using a common language that synchronizes the tuning of immune cells. The intestinal gut microbial community has a profound role in the maturation of the immune system as well as the development of the nervous system. We have critically summarised the clinical and preclinical reports from the past a decade emphasising that the significant changes in gut microbiota can enhance the host susceptibility towards neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we have discussed how the gut microbiota-mediated immune response inclines the host physiology towards neurodegeneration and indicated the gut microbiota as a potential future candidate for the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Uniyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mousmi Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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8
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Ullah A, Wang MJ, Yang JP, Adu-Gyamfi EA, Czika A, Sah SK, Feng Q, Wang YX. Ovarian inflammatory mRNA profiles of a dehydroepiandrosterone plus high-fat diet-induced polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 44:791-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Meyer A, Yan S, Golumba-Nagy V, Esser RL, Barbarino V, Blakemore SJ, Rusyn L, Nikiforov A, Seeger-Nukpezah T, Grüll H, Pallasch CP, Kofler DM. Kinase activity profiling reveals contribution of G-protein signaling modulator 2 deficiency to impaired regulatory T cell migration in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102726. [PMID: 34555678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to migrate into inflammatory sites is reduced in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The reasons for impaired Treg cell migration remain largely unknown. We performed multiplex human kinase activity arrays to explore possible differences in the post-translational phosphorylation status of kinase related proteins that could account for altered Treg cell migration in RA. Results were verified by migration assays and Western blot analysis of CD4+ T cells from RA patients and from mice with collagen type II induced arthritis. Kinome profiling of CD4+ T cells from RA patients revealed significantly altered post-translational phosphorylation of kinase related proteins, including G-protein-signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2), protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) and vitronectin precursor (VTNC). These proteins have not been associated with RA until now. We found that GPSM2 expression is reduced in CD4+ T cells from RA patients and is significantly downregulated in experimental autoimmune arthritis following immunization of mice with collagen type II. Interestingly, GPSM2 acts as a promoter of Treg cell migration in healthy individuals. Treatment of RA patients with interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) blocking antibodies restores GPSM2 expression, thereby improving Treg cell migration. Our study highlights the potential of multiplex kinase activity arrays as a tool for the identification of RA-related proteins which could serve as targets for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Golumba-Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth L Esser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Barbarino
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stuart J Blakemore
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Rusyn
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anastasia Nikiforov
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamina Seeger-Nukpezah
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Grüll
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian P Pallasch
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Arabmoazzen S, Mirshekar MA. Evaluation of the effects of metformin as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activator on spatial learning and memory in a rat model of multiple sclerosis disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111932. [PMID: 34323699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, cognitive deficits have been detected because of destruction of hippocampus. Cognitive impairment is one of the common signs in MS. Recent studies showed that metformin (Met) has wide-ranging effects in the treatment of diseases. Here, we have tried to study the preservative effects of Met as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator on the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) neuronal firing pattern, motor coordination, and learning & memory loss following MS induction. The MS induction was done by local ethidium bromide (EB) injection into the rat hippocampus. Then, rats were treated with Met (200 mg/kg) for two weeks. Spatial memory and learning status were assessed using Morris water maze. A neuronal single-unit recording was measured from hippocampus DG. After decapitation, the bilateral hippocampi separated to measure malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment with Met ameliorated latency times and path lengths (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 in 1th, 2th, 3th and 4th days) in the Met + MS group respectively. The percent of total time spent in goal quarter and the average number of spikes/bin were decreased significantly in MS rats compared with the sham group (p < 0.001) but significantly increased in the metformin-treated MS group (Met + MS), (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Met treatment in rats with MS significantly reduced the concentration of MDA, which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation compared to untreated groups. These observations show that increase of neuronal activity, sensory-motor coordination, and improvement of spatial memory in MS rats treated with Met appears via an increment of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiedeh Arabmoazzen
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mirshekar
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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11
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Abstract
T cells play a central role in homeostasis and host defense against infectious diseases. T cell dysregulation can lead to recognizing self-antigens as foreign antigens, causing a detrimental autoimmune response. T cell involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), long understood to be an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease, is well characterized. More recently, a role for T cells has also been identified for the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interestingly, several alleles and variants of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been classified as AD and PD risk genes. HLA codes for components of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II, both of which are expressed by microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, both microglia and T cells may potentially interact in an antigen-dependent or independent fashion to shape the inflammatory cascade occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Dissecting the antigen specificity of T cells may lead to new options for disease-modifying treatments in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the subsets of T cells, their phenotype and potential functions in animal models and in human studies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Dressman
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Treg-Resistant Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells Dictate T Helper Cells in Their Vicinity: TH17 Skewing and Modulation of Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115660. [PMID: 34073458 PMCID: PMC8198086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4 CTL) are terminally differentiated T helper cells that contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. We developed a novel triple co-culture transwell assay to study mutual interactions between CD4 CTL, conventional TH cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) simultaneously. We show that, while CD4 CTL are resistant to suppression by Tregs in vitro, the conditioned medium of CD4 CTL accentuates the suppressive phenotype of Tregs by upregulating IL-10, Granzyme B, CTLA-4, and PD-1. We demonstrate that CD4 CTL conditioned medium skews memory TH cells to a TH17 phenotype, suggesting that the CD4 CTL induce bystander polarization. In our triple co-culture assay, the CD4 CTL secretome promotes the proliferation of TH cells, even in the presence of Tregs. However, when cell−cell contact is established between CD4 CTL and TH cells, the proliferation of TH cells is no longer increased and Treg-mediated suppression is restored. Taken together, our results suggest that when TH cells acquire cytotoxic properties, these Treg-resistant CD4 CTL affect the proliferation and phenotype of conventional TH cells in their vicinity. By creating such a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, CD4 CTL may favor their own persistence and expansion, and that of other potentially pathogenic TH cells, thereby contributing to pathogenic responses in autoimmune disorders.
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13
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Ahmed A, Vyakarnam A. Emerging patterns of regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:273-287. [PMID: 32639588 PMCID: PMC7670141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide from a single infectious agent and has significant implications for global health. A major hurdle in the development of effective TB vaccines and therapies is the absence of defined immune‐correlates of protection. In this context, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg), which are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, is even less understood. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the emerging patterns of Treg function in TB. Increasing evidence from studies, both in animal models of infection and TB patients, points to the fact the role of Tregs in TB is dependent on disease stage. While Tregs might expand and delay the appearance of protective responses in the early stages of infection, their role in the chronic phase perhaps is to counter‐regulate excessive inflammation. New data highlight that this important homeostatic role of Tregs in the chronic phase of TB may be compromised by the expansion of activated human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR)+CD4+ suppression‐resistant effector T cells. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the key features of Treg cells in TB; highlights the importance of a balanced immune response as being important in TB and discusses the importance of probing not just Treg frequency but also qualitative aspects of Treg function as part of a comprehensive search for novel TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - A Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
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CD4 T cell-intrinsic role for the T helper 17 signature cytokine IL-17: Effector resistance to immune suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19408-19414. [PMID: 32719138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Untoward effector CD4+ T cell responses are kept in check by immune regulatory mechanisms mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells, characterized by IL-17 production, play important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, among others) and in the host response to infection and cancer. Here, we demonstrate that human CD4+ T cells cells exposed to a Th17-differentiating milieu are significantly more resistant to immune suppression by CD8+ T cells compared to control Th0 cells. This resistance is mediated, in part, through the action of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17AF heterodimer through their receptors (IL-17RA and IL-17RC) on CD4+ T cells themselves, but not through their action on CD8+ T cells or APC. We further show that IL-17 can directly act on non-Th17 effector CD4+ T cells to induce suppressive resistance, and this resistance can be reversed by blockade of IL-1β, IL-6, or STAT3. These studies reveal a role for IL-17 cytokines in mediating CD4-intrinsic immune resistance. The pathways induced in this process may serve as a critical target for future investigation and immunotherapeutic intervention.
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15
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Zarei E, Mohajery H, Aliakbari F, Zadeh FM, Veghari G, Mansourian A. Association of Perforin and Granzyme-B Levels with Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 22:393-399. [PMID: 31930827 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.393.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is shown to be associated with hyperandrogenemia and has some features such as cytotoxic T-cells activation and release of perforin and granzyme-B. Present work was aimed to investigate the relation of perforin and granzyme-B to androgenic state in PCOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty three PCOS and 40 control women were recruited. After recording demographic data, sex hormone status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were evaluated. Perforin and granzyme-B levels were measured using sandwich ELISA kits. RESULTS Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were lower in patients. Luteinizing hormone (LH), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), free androgen index (FAI), perforin and granzyme-B values were higher in PCOS group. Perforin and granzyme-B were positively correlated with FT and FAI and with each other in PCOS group. In patients, granzyme-B and perforin were related with FT and FAI, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of present study together with evidences about the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin resistance, CVD and PCOS suggest that perforin/granzyme-B may be involved in interactions of sex hormones system in PCOS patients.
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16
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Immunomodulatory function of Treg-derived exosomes is impaired in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:513-520. [PMID: 29882035 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is characterized by neuroaxonal degeneration in the central nervous system. Impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is believed to be an underlying pathogenic mechanism in MS. Tregs is able to release exosomes, which contain a considerable amount of protein and RNA. Exosomes are capable of transporting their content to other cells where the released content exerts biological functions. Here, we investigated whether Tregs exosomes of RRMS patients or healthy controls might regulate the proliferation or survival of T lymphocytes. Regulatory T cells derived from MS patients or healthy controls were cultured for 3 days and exosomes were purified from supernatants. Treg-derived exosomes were co-cultured with conventional T cells (Tconv). The percentages of Tconv proliferation and apoptosis were measured. Our findings showed that the percentage of proliferation suppression induced by exosomes in patients compared to healthy controls was 8.04 ± 1.17 and 12.5 ± 1.22, respectively, p value = 0.035. Moreover, the rate of Tconv apoptosis induced by exosome of MS patient was less than healthy controls (0.68 ± 0.12 vs. 1.29 ± 0.13; p value = 0.015). Overall, Treg-derived exosomes from MS patients and healthy controls suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptosis in Tconv. However, the effect of MS-derived exosomes was significantly less than healthy controls. Our results point to an alternative Treg inhibitory mechanism which might be important in immunopathogenesis of MS. Although, the cause of the exosomal defect in MS patients is unclear, manipulation of patients' Treg-derived exosomes to restore their suppressive activity might be considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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17
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Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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18
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Dominguez-Villar M, Raddassi K, Danielsen AC, Guarnaccia J, Hafler DA. Fingolimod modulates T cell phenotype and regulatory T cell plasticity in vivo. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:40-49. [PMID: 30122421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is an approved therapeutic option for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis that primarily functions by sequestering T cells in lymph nodes inhibiting their egress to the central nervous system. However, recent data suggests that Fingolimod may also directly affect the immune cell function. Here we examined the in vivo effects of Fingolimod in modulating the phenotype and function of T cell and Foxp3 regulatory T cell populations in patients with multiple sclerosis under Fingolimod treatment. Besides decreasing the cell numbers in peripheral blood and sera levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Fingolimod inhibited the expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines on CD4+ T cells and increased the expression of exhaustion markers. Furthermore, treatment increased the frequency of regulatory T cells in blood and inhibited the Th1-like phenotype that is characteristic of patients with multiple sclerosis, augmenting the expression of markers associated with increased suppressive function. Overall, our data suggest that Fingolimod performs other important immunomodulatory functions besides altering T cell migratory capacities, with consequences for other autoimmune pathologies characterized by excessive Th1/Th17 responses and Th1-like regulatory T cell effector phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joseph Guarnaccia
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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19
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Ihantola EL, Viisanen T, Gazali AM, Näntö-Salonen K, Juutilainen A, Moilanen L, Rintamäki R, Pihlajamäki J, Veijola R, Toppari J, Knip M, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Effector T Cell Resistance to Suppression and STAT3 Signaling during the Development of Human Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1144-1153. [PMID: 30006377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression and, in particular, resistance of CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs) to suppression have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanistic basis behind this resistance and the time frame during which it develops in relation to the onset of clinical T1D remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of peripheral blood Teffs isolated both from patients with T1D and from prediabetic at-risk subjects positive for multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies (AAb+) to be suppressed by Tregs. Because STAT3 activation through IL-6 has previously been implicated in mediating Teff resistance, we also investigated the surface expression of IL-6R as well as IL-6- and TCR-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 in T cells from our study subjects. Teff resistance to suppression was observed both in patients with newly diagnosed and long-standing T1D but not in AAb+ subjects and was shown to be STAT3 dependent. No alterations in IL-6R expression or IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation were observed in T cells from patients with T1D or AAb+ subjects. However, faster STAT3 activation after TCR stimulation without concomitant increase in IL-6 expression was observed in T cells from patients with T1D. These experiments suggest that Teff resistance in T1D patients is STAT3 dependent but not directly linked with the capacity of Teffs to produce or respond to IL-6. In conclusion, Teff resistance to Treg-mediated suppression is likely a feature of disease progression in human T1D and can potentially be targeted by immune therapies that block STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmad M Gazali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Auni Juutilainen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reeta Rintamäki
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00281 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit - Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; .,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Bao CX, Chen HX, Mou XJ, Zhu XK, Zhao Q, Wang XG. RETRACTED: GZMB gene silencing confers protection against synovial tissue hyperplasia and articular cartilage tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis through the MAPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:346-354. [PMID: 29669300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. An Expression of Concern for this article was previously published while an investigation was conducted (see related editorial: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113812). This retraction notice supersedes the Expression of Concern published earlier. Concern was raised about the reliability of the Western blot data in Figure 7C, which appear to contain a similar phenotype to those found in other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/7DD2DDC979F8CE2B00555332B01F81; and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the associated raw data. The authors did not respond to this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Xia Bao
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Mou
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Taocun Central Hospital, Yantai 265301, PR China
| | - Xiang-Kui Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Oral Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China
| | - Xin-Guang Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264000, PR China.
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21
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Kim YC, Zhang AH, Yoon J, Culp WE, Lees JR, Wucherpfennig KW, Scott DW. Engineered MBP-specific human Tregs ameliorate MOG-induced EAE through IL-2-triggered inhibition of effector T cells. J Autoimmun 2018; 92:77-86. [PMID: 29857928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Expanded polyclonal T regulatory cells (Tregs) offer great promise for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Inhibition by Tregs is under the control of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Therefore, we created Tregs with defined antigen specificity, using a recombinant T-cell receptor isolated from a myelin-basic protein specific T-cell clone of a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient (Ob2F3). We expressed this TCR using a retroviral expression vector in human Tregs from peripheral blood. We observed that transduced Tregs were activated in vitro in response to myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide on DR15 antigen-presenting cells (APC) and upregulated Treg markers, Foxp3, LAP and Helios. These engineered MBP-specific Tregs could suppress MBP-specific T effector cells, and were also able to suppress T cells with other specificities after Tregs had been activated through the TCR. Importantly, we showed that these engineered Tregs were able to function effectively in the presence of strong TLR-induced inflammatory signals, and that MBP-specific Tregs ameliorated EAE in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized DR15 transgenic mice. We further demonstrated in vitro that IL-2 produced by neighboring effector T cells activated MBP-specific Tregs, initiating contact-independent suppression to T effectors in local milieu. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that bystander suppression in vivo may involve transfer of soluble mediators, enhanced by cell contact between Tregs and effectors. Taken together, we show that engineered clonal MBP-specific Tregs are able to suppress autoimmune pathology in EAE. This approach may serve as a cellular therapy for MS patients with the common DR15 haplotype that is associated with disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeongheon Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William E Culp
- Office of Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Regulation of immune responses is critical for ensuring pathogen clearance and for preventing reaction against self-antigens. Failure or breakdown of immunological tolerance results in autoimmunity. CD28 is an important co-stimulatory receptor expressed on T cells that, upon specific ligand binding, delivers signals essential for full T-cell activation and for the development and homeostasis of suppressive regulatory T cells. Many
in vivo mouse models have been used for understanding the role of CD28 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, thus leading to the development of CD28 signaling modulators that have been approved for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases. Despite all of this progress, a deeper understanding of the differences between the mouse and human receptor is required to allow a safe translation of pre-clinical studies in efficient therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of CD28 in tolerance and autoimmunity and the clinical efficacy of drugs that block or enhance CD28 signaling, by highlighting the success and failure of pre-clinical studies, when translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus, and that T cells play a central role in directing the immune response. The importance that the T helper (Th)1 cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and the Th17 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, play in MS pathogenesis is indicated by recent clinical trial data by the enhanced presence of Th1/Th17 cells in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, and by research on animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although the majority of research on MS pathogenesis has centered on the role of effector CD4 T cells, accumulating data suggests that CD8 T cells may play a significant role in the human disease. In fact, in contrast to most animal models, the primary T cell found in the CNS in patients with MS, is the CD8 T cell. As patient-derived effector T cells are also resistant to mechanisms of dominant tolerance such as that induced by interaction with regulatory T cells (Tregs), their reduced response to regulation may also contribute to the unchecked effector T-cell activity in patients with MS. These concepts will be discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Kaskow
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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24
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Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL. Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron 2018; 97:742-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Hundhausen C, Roth A, Whalen E, Chen J, Schneider A, Long SA, Wei S, Rawlings R, Kinsman M, Evanko SP, Wight TN, Greenbaum CJ, Cerosaletti K, Buckner JH. Enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in type 1 diabetes are associated with early clinical disease and increased IL-6 receptor expression. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:356ra119. [PMID: 27629486 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key pathogenic cytokine in multiple autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, suggesting that dysregulation of the IL-6 pathway may be a common feature of autoimmunity. The role of IL-6 in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not well understood. We show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT1 responses to IL-6 are significantly enhanced in CD4 and CD8 T cells from individuals with T1D compared to healthy controls. The effect is IL-6-specific because it is not seen with IL-10 or IL-27 stimulation, two cytokines that signal via STAT3. An important determinant of enhanced IL-6 responsiveness in T1D is IL-6 receptor surface expression, which correlated with phospho-STAT3 levels. Further, reduced expression of the IL-6R sheddase ADAM17 in T cells from patients indicated a mechanistic link to enhanced IL-6 responses in T1D. IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was inversely correlated with time from diagnosis, suggesting that dysregulation of IL-6 signaling may be a marker of early disease. Finally, whole-transcriptome analysis of IL-6-stimulated CD4(+) T cells from patients revealed previously unreported IL-6 targets involved in T cell migration and inflammation, including lymph node homing markers CCR7 and L-selectin. In summary, our study demonstrates enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in T1D due, in part, to an increase in IL-6R surface expression. Dysregulated IL-6 responsiveness may contribute to diabetes through multiple mechanisms including altered T cell trafficking and indicates that individuals with T1D may benefit from IL-6-targeted therapeutic intervention such as the one that is being currently tested (NCT02293837).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundhausen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Alena Roth
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Janice Chen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Anya Schneider
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Neurological Clinic and Clinical Neurophysiology, Central Clinic Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Shan Wei
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rebecca Rawlings
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - MacKenzie Kinsman
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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26
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Al Nimer F, Jelcic I, Kempf C, Pieper T, Budka H, Sospedra M, Martin R. Phenotypic and functional complexity of brain-infiltrating T cells in Rasmussen encephalitis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 5:e419. [PMID: 29259996 PMCID: PMC5733246 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the brain-infiltrating immune cell repertoire in Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) with special focus on the subsets, clonality, and their cytokine profile. Methods: The immune cell infiltrate of freshly isolated brain tissue from RE was phenotypically and functionally characterized using immunohistology, flow cytometry, and T-cell receptor (TCR) deep sequencing. Identification of clonally expanded T-cell clones (TCCs) was achieved by combining flow cytometry sorting of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and high-throughput TCR Vβ-chain sequencing. The most abundant brain-infiltrating TCCs were isolated and functionally characterized. Results: We found that CD4+, CD8+, and also γδ T cells infiltrate the brain tissue in RE. Further analysis surprisingly revealed that not only brain-infiltrating CD8+ but also CD4+ T cells are clonally expanded in RE. All 3 subsets exhibited a Tc1/Th1 phenotype characterized by the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF. Broad cytokine profiling at the clonal level showed strong production of IFN-γ and TNF and also secretion of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and granzyme B, both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions: CD8+ T cells were until now considered the central players in the immunopathogenesis of RE. Our study adds to previous findings and highlights that CD4+ TCCs and γδ T cells that secrete IFN-γ and TNF are also involved. These findings underline the complexity of T-cell immunity in RE and suggest a specific role for CD4+ T cells in orchestrating the CD8+ T-cell effector immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kempf
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Pieper
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Budka
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Scott DW. From IgG Fusion Proteins to Engineered-Specific Human Regulatory T Cells: A Life of Tolerance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 29181011 PMCID: PMC5693857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts have concentrated on approaches to expand and “specify” human regulatory T cells (Tregs) and to apply them to modulate adverse immune responses in autoimmunity and hemophilia. We have used retroviral transduction of specific T-cell receptor, single chain Fv, or antigen domains in Tregs to achieve this goal. Each of these approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Results with these engineered T cells and evolution of the research developments and paths that led to the development of specific regulatory approaches for tolerance are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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In Vivo Costimulation Blockade-Induced Regulatory T Cells Demonstrate Dominant and Specific Tolerance to Porcine Islet Xenografts. Transplantation 2017; 101:1587-1599. [PMID: 27653300 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although islet xenotransplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes, its clinical application has been hampered by cellular rejection and the requirement for high levels of immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells in costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance to porcine neonatal islet cell cluster (NICC) xenografts in mice. METHODS Porcine-NICC were transplanted under the renal capsule of BALB/c or C57BL/6 recipients and given a single dose of CTLA4-Fc at the time of transplant and 4doses of anti-CD154 mAb to day 6. Depletion of Foxp3Treg cell was performed in DEpletion of REGulatory T cells mice at day 80 posttransplantation. Foxp3Treg cell from spleens of treated BALB/c mice (tolerant Treg cell), and splenocytes were cotransferred into islet transplanted nonobese diabetic background with severe combined immunodeficiency mice to assess suppressive function. RESULTS In treated mice, increased numbers of Foxp3Treg cell were identified in the porcine-NICC xenografts, draining lymph node, and spleen. Porcine-NICC xenografts from treated mice expressed elevated levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Porcine-NICC xenograft tolerance was abrogated after depletion of Foxp3Treg cell. Tolerant Treg cell produced high levels of IL-10 and had diverse T cell receptor Vβ repertoires with an oligoclonal expansion in CDR3 of T cell receptor Vβ14. These tolerant Treg cells had the capacity to transfer dominant tolerance and specifically exhibited more potent regulatory function to porcine-NICC xenografts that naive Treg cell. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that short-term costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance and that Foxp3Treg cell played an essential role in its maintenance. Foxp3Treg cells were activated and had more potent regulatory function in vivo than naive Treg cells.
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Yan Y, Song X, Li Z, Zhang J, Ren J, Wu J, Li Y, Guan Y, Wang J. Elevated levels of granzyme B correlated with miR-874-3p downregulation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2017; 11:761-767. [PMID: 28699362 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Granzyme B could induce apoptosis of target cell in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and was identified as the target of miR-874-3p by searching the miRNA database. We aim to determine the levels of granzyme B and miR-874-3p as well as assay their correlations or predict powers in AMI. PATIENTS & METHODS We measured levels of plasma granzyme B and miR-874-3p in 80 AMI patients or 40 healthy controls and assayed their correlations or predicted powers for AMI. RESULTS Elevated levels of granzyme B (16.71 ± 7.23 ng/l vs 9.27 ± 3.90 ng/l) correlated with miR-874-3p downregulation (0.20- ± 0.17-fold vs 1.00- ± 0.79-fold) in AMI patients. CONCLUSION Plasma miR-874-3p might target granzyme B and it might be an additional biomarker for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xinjing Song
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jinpu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiajun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yinuo Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
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Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Rubio García A, Pekalski ML, Porter L, Oliveira JJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Wicker LS, Todd JA. Human IL-6R hiTIGIT - CD4 +CD127 lowCD25 + T cells display potent in vitro suppressive capacity and a distinct Th17 profile. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:25-39. [PMID: 28284938 PMCID: PMC5471606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date many clinical studies aim to increase the number and/or fitness of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo to harness their regulatory potential in the context of treating autoimmune disease. Here, we sought to define the phenotype and function of Tregs expressing the highest levels of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). We have identified a population of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ TIGIT− T cells distinguished by their elevated IL-6R expression that lacked expression of HELIOS, showed higher CTLA-4 expression, and displayed increased suppressive capacity compared to IL-6RhiTIGIT+ Tregs. IL-6RhiTIGIT− CD127lowCD25+ T cells contained a majority of cells demethylated at FOXP3 and displayed a Th17 transcriptional signature, including RORC (RORγt) and the capacity of producing both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-22 and IL-10. We propose that in vivo, in the presence of IL-6-associated inflammation, the suppressive function of CD4+ CD127lowCD25+ FOXP3+ IL-6RhiTIGIT− T cells is temporarily disarmed allowing further activation of the effector functions and potential pathogenic tissue damage. IL-6R is highly expressed in certain Treg subsets. IL-6RhiTIGIT− CD127lowCD25+ T cells contain a subset of antigen-experienced Tregs with potent suppression capacity. IL-6RhiTIGIT− Tregs display a Th17 transcriptional profile ex vivo, and the capacity to migrate to the gut. IL-2 treatment in humans elicits the trafficking and expansion of Tregs in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linsey Porter
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - João J Oliveira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Cambridge Clinical Trial Unit, Cambridge NHS University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Geng X, Xue J. Expression of Treg/Th17 cells as well as related cytokines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32:1164-1168. [PMID: 27882014 PMCID: PMC5103126 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.325.10902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expressions of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper cells (Th17) as well as related cytokines in peripheral blood of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS One hundred four cases of IBD patients admitted in our hospital were selected for this study. One hundred cases of people receiving healthy physical examination were included in the control group in the corresponding period. The levels of CD4+CD25+Treg and Th17 subsets were analyzed in peripheral blood of two groups using flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA and protein were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the proportion of Treg in peripheral blood was decreased significantly in observation group (P<0.05), the proportion of Th17 cells was increased significantly (P<0.05), and Treg/Th17 was decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein in peripheral blood of patients were significantly down-regulated in observation group, while the expressions of Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA and protein were significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The proportion of Th17 and increased cytokine level suggested the inflammatory level was higher in IBD patients. The down regulations of Treg and cytokine suggested that the immunosuppression function was down-regulated in IBD patients, and the disproportionality might be one of the mechanisms of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Geng
- Xianhui Geng, Department of Gastroenterology, PLA 153rd Central Hospital, Zhengzhou 450042, China
| | - Jie Xue
- Jie Xue, Department of Ultrasonography, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Zongyi Y, Dongying C, Baifeng L. Global Regulatory T-Cell Research from 2000 to 2015: A Bibliometric Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162099. [PMID: 27611317 PMCID: PMC5017768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the global scientific output of regulatory T-cell (Treg) research and built a model to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate publications from 2000 to 2015. Data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of Thomson Reuters on January 1, 2016. The bibliometric method and Citespace III were used to analyze authors, journals, publication outputs, institutions, countries, research areas, research hotspots, and trends. In total, we identified 35,741 publications on Treg research from 2000 to 2015, and observed that the annual publication rate increased with time. The Journal of Immunology published the highest number of articles, the leading country was the USA, and the leading institute was Harvard University. Sakaguchi, Hori, Fontenot, and Wang were the top authors in Treg research. Immunology accounted for the highest number of publications, followed by oncology, experimental medicine, cell biology, and hematology. Keyword analysis indicated that autoimmunity, inflammation, cytokine, gene expression, foxp3, and immunotherapy were the research hotspots, whereas autoimmune inflammation, gene therapy, granzyme B, RORγt, and th17 were the frontiers of Treg research. This bibliometric analysis revealed that Treg-related studies are still research hotspots, and that Treg-related clinical therapies are the research frontiers; however, further study and collaborations are needed worldwide. Overall, our findings provide valuable information for the editors of immunology journals to identify new perspectives and shape future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zongyi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Dongying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Baifeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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Mercadante ER, Lorenz UM. Breaking Free of Control: How Conventional T Cells Overcome Regulatory T Cell Suppression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27242798 PMCID: PMC4870238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional T (Tcon) cells are crucial in shaping the immune response, whether it is protection against a pathogen, a cytotoxic attack on tumor cells, or an unwanted response to self-antigens in the context of autoimmunity. In each of these immune settings, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can potentially exert control over the Tcon cell response, resulting in either suppression or activation of the Tcon cells. Under physiological conditions, Tcon cells are able to transiently overcome Treg-imposed restraints to mount a protective response against an infectious threat, achieving clonal expansion, differentiation, and effector function. However, evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that Tcon cell resistance to Treg-mediated suppression centrally contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Tipping the balance too far in the other direction, cancerous tumors utilize Tregs to establish an overly suppressive microenvironment, preventing antitumor Tcon cell responses. Given the wide-ranging clinical importance of the Tcon/Treg interaction, this review aims to provide a better understanding of what determines whether a Tcon cell is susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression and how perturbations to this finely tuned balance play a role in pathological conditions. Here, we focus in detail on the complex array of factors that confer Tcon cells with resistance to Treg suppression, which we have divided into two categories: (1) extracellular factor-mediated signaling and (2) intracellular signaling molecules. Further, we explore the therapeutic implications of manipulating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which is proposed to be the convergence point of signaling pathways that mediate Tcon resistance to suppression. Finally, we address important unresolved questions on the timing and location of acquisition of resistance, and the stability of the “Treg-resistant” phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mercadante
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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Oztas E, Ozler S, Tokmak A, Yilmaz N, Celik HT, Kazancı FH, Danisman N, Ergin M, Yakut HI. Increased levels of serum granzyme-B is associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 198:89-93. [PMID: 26802256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine serum perforin and granzyme-B levels in adolescent PCOS patients, and to investigate whether they are associated with some of the insulin sensitivity, obesity and cardiovascular (CV) risk markers and metabolic syndrome. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was carried out including a total of 172 adolescents (83 PCOS patients and 89 age-matched healthy controls). Participants were recruited consecutively. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), lipid parameters, and anthropometric measurements were determined. Serum perforin and granzyme B levels were measured by commercially available ELISA kits. HOMA-IR>3.16 was considered to indicate the presence of insulin resistance. Logistic regression analysis was applied for the predictive value of granzyme-B for increased CV risk in PCOS patients. RESULTS As body mass index (BMI) of the PCOS patients was significantly higher than the controls (median 24.6kg/m(2) and 21.4kg/m(2), respectively, p<0.001) all parameters were evaluated after adjustment for BMI. Adolescents with PCOS had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and granzyme-B when compared with controls. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, granzyme-B levels were found to be significantly associated with increased HOMA-IR (OR=6.120, 95% CI: 2.352-15.926, p<0.001) in adolescent PCOS patients. Additionally, elevated levels of serum granzyme-B were predictive for increased CV risk in PCOS patients (OR=0.237, 95% CI: 0.091-0.616, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of serum granzyme-B are independently associated with insulin resistance and also with increased CV risk in adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efser Oztas
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Ozler
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Yilmaz
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tugrul Celik
- Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nuri Danisman
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Ergin
- Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Yakut
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
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Sasazuki T, Inoko H, Morishima S, Morishima Y. Gene Map of the HLA Region, Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto Thyroiditis, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Adv Immunol 2016; 129:175-249. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mazzola MA, Raheja R, Murugaiyan G, Rajabi H, Kumar D, Pertel T, Regev K, Griffin R, Aly L, Kivisakk P, Nejad P, Patel B, Gwanyalla N, Hei H, Glanz B, Chitnis T, Weiner HL, Gandhi R. Identification of a novel mechanism of action of fingolimod (FTY720) on human effector T cell function through TCF-1 upregulation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:245. [PMID: 26714756 PMCID: PMC4696082 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fingolimod (FTY720), the first oral treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), blocks immune cell trafficking and prevents disease relapses by downregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor. We determined the effect of FTY720 on human T cell activation and effector function. Methods T cells from MS patients and healthy controls were isolated to measure gene expression profiles in the presence or absence of FTY720 using nanostring and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cytokine protein expression was measured using luminex assay and flow cytometry analysis. Lentivirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of specific genes in CD4+ T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to assess T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) binding to promoter regions. Luciferase assays were performed to test the direct regulation of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and granzyme B (GZMB) by TCF-1. Western blot analysis was used to assess the phosphorylation status of Akt and GSK3β. Results We showed that FTY720 treatment not only affects T cell trafficking but also T cell activation. Patients treated with FTY720 showed a significant reduction in circulating CD4 T cells. Activation of T cells in presence of FTY720 showed a less inflammatory phenotype with reduced production of IFN-γ and GZMB. This decreased effector phenotype of FTY720-treated T cells was dependent on the upregulation of TCF-1. FTY720-induced TCF-1 downregulated the pathogenic cytokines IFN-γ and GZMB by binding to their promoter/enhancer regions and mediating epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we observed that TCF-1 expression was lower in T cells from multiple sclerosis patients than in those from healthy individuals, and FTY720 treatment increased TCF-1 expression in multiple sclerosis patients. Conclusions These results reveal a previously unknown mechanism of the effect of FTY720 on human CD4+ T cell modulation in multiple sclerosis and demonstrate the role of TCF-1 in human T cell activation and effector function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0460-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Mazzola
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Radhika Raheja
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hasan Rajabi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Keren Regev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Russell Griffin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Lilian Aly
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Pia Kivisakk
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Parham Nejad
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bonny Patel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Nguendab Gwanyalla
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hillary Hei
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bonnie Glanz
- Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:545-58. [PMID: 26250739 DOI: 10.1038/nri3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1465] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis point to distinct immunological pathways that drive disease relapses and progression. In light of this, we discuss our current understanding of multiple sclerosis immunopathology, evaluate long-standing hypotheses regarding the role of the immune system in the disease and delineate key questions that are still unanswered. Recent and anticipated advances in the field of immunology, and the increasing recognition of inflammation as an important component of neurodegeneration, are shaping our conceptualization of disease pathophysiology, and we explore the potential implications for improved healthcare provision to patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope A Dendrou
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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