1
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Gao Y, Chen S, Jiao S, Fan Y, Li X, Tan N, Fang J, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao J, Guo S, Liu T, Xu W. ATG5-regulated CCL2/MCP-1 production in myeloid cells selectively modulates anti-malarial CD4 + Th1 responses. Autophagy 2024; 20:1398-1417. [PMID: 38368631 PMCID: PMC11210915 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2319512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses are the predominant immune effector for controlling malaria infection; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study demonstrated that ATG5 deficiency in myeloid cells can significantly inhibit the growth of rodent blood-stage malarial parasites by selectively enhancing parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses. This effect was independent of ATG5-mediated canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Mechanistically, ATG5 deficiency suppressed FAS-mediated apoptosis of LY6G- ITGAM/CD11b+ ADGRE1/F4/80- cells and subsequently increased CCL2/MCP-1 production in parasite-infected mice. LY6G- ITGAM+ ADGRE1- cell-derived CCL2 selectively interacted with CCR2 on CD4+ Th1 cells for their optimized responses through the JAK2-STAT4 pathway. The administration of recombinant CCL2 significantly promoted parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and suppressed malaria infection. Conclusively, our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of ATG5 in modulating myeloid cells apoptosis and sequentially affecting CCL2 production, which selectively promotes CD4+ Th1 cell responses. Our findings provide new insights into the development of immune interventions and effective anti-malarial vaccines.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CBA: cytometric bead array; CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL6: interleukin 6; IL10: interleukin 10; IL12: interleukin 12; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; pRBCs: parasitized red blood cells; RUBCN: RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein; STAT4: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; Th1: T helper 1 cell; Tfh: follicular helper cell; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Suilin Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nie Tan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Luming Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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2
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Yang Q, Zhou L, Tan Z, Zhu Y, Mo L, Fang C, Li J, Chen C, Luo Y, Wei H, Yin W, Huang J. TLR7 enhancing follicular helper T (Tfh) cells response in C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii NSM TLR7 mediated Tfh cells in P. yoelii infected mice. Immunology 2024; 171:413-427. [PMID: 38150744 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in inducing innate and acquired immune responses against infection. However, the effect of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) on follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in mice infected with Plasmodium is still not clear. The results showed that the splenic CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ Tfh cells were accumulated after Plasmodium yoelii NSM infection, the content of splenic Tfh cells was correlated to parasitemia and/or the red blood cells (RBCs) counts in the blood. Moreover, the expression of TLR7 was found higher than TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in splenic Tfh cells of the WT mice. TLR7 agonist R848 and the lysate of red blood cells of infected mice (iRBCs) could induce the activation and differentiation of splenic Tfh cells. Knockout of TLR7 leads to a decrease in the proportion of Tfh cells, down-regulated expression of functional molecules CD40L, IFN-γ, IL-21 and IL-10 in Tfh cells; decreased the proportion of plasma cells and antibody production and reduces the expression of STAT3 and Ikzf2 in Tfh cells. Administration of R848 could inhibit parasitemia, enhance splenic Tfh cell activation and increase STAT3 and Ikzf2 expression in Tfh cells. In summary, this study shows that TLR7 could regulate the function of Tfh cells, affecting the immune response in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii NSM-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lengshan Mo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Yang Q, Zhang F, Chen H, Hu Y, Yang N, Yang W, Wang J, Yang Y, Xu R, Xu C. The differentiation courses of the Tfh cells: a new perspective on autoimmune disease pathogenesis and treatment. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231723. [PMID: 38051200 PMCID: PMC10830446 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicular helper T cells are derived from CD4+T cells, promoting the formation of germinal centers and assisting B cells to produce antibodies. This review describes the differentiation process of Tfh cells from the perspectives of the initiation, maturation, migration, efficacy, and subset classification of Tfh cells, and correlates it with autoimmune disease, to provide information for researchers to fully understand Tfh cells and provide further research ideas to manage immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, People’s Hospital of Mianzhu, Mianzhu, Sichuan, 618200, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Yuman Hu
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Wenyan Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Yaxu Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
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4
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O'Neal KA, Zeltner SL, Foscue CL, Stumhofer JS. Bhlhe40 limits early IL-10 production from CD4 + T cells during Plasmodium yoelii 17X infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036723. [PMID: 37843306 PMCID: PMC10652903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00367-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-10 suppresses T-cell-mediated immunity, which is required to control infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Consequently, IL-10 can delay the time needed to resolve this infection, leading to a higher parasite burden. While the pathways that lead to IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells are well defined, much less is known about the mediators that suppress the expression of this potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. Here, we show that the transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) contributes to controlling parasite burden in response to P. yoelii infection in mice. Loss of Bhlhe40 expression in mice results in higher Il10 expression, higher peak parasitemia, and a delay in parasite clearance. The observed phenotype was not due to defects in T-cell activation and proliferation or the humoral response. Nor was it due to changes in regulatory T-cell numbers. However, blocking IL-10 signaling reversed the outcome in Bhlhe40-/ - mice, suggesting that excess IL-10 production limits their ability to control the infection properly. In addition to suppressing Il10 expression in CD4+ T cells, Bhlhe40 can promote Ifng expression. Indeed, IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells isolated from the liver was significantly affected by the loss of Bhlhe40. Lastly, Bhlhe40 deletion in T cells resulted in a phenotype similar to that observed in the Bhlhe40-/ - mice, indicating that Bhlhe40 expression in T cells contributes to the ability of mice to control infection with P. yoelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sheldon L. Zeltner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Camille L. Foscue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jason S. Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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5
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Wideman SK, Frost JN, Richter FC, Naylor C, Lopes JM, Viveiros N, Teh MR, Preston AE, White N, Yusuf S, Draper SJ, Armitage AE, Duarte TL, Drakesmith H. Cellular iron governs the host response to malaria. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011679. [PMID: 37812650 PMCID: PMC10586691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and iron deficiency are major global health problems with extensive epidemiological overlap. Iron deficiency-induced anaemia can protect the host from malaria by limiting parasite growth. On the other hand, iron deficiency can significantly disrupt immune cell function. However, the impact of host cell iron scarcity beyond anaemia remains elusive in malaria. To address this, we employed a transgenic mouse model carrying a mutation in the transferrin receptor (TfrcY20H/Y20H), which limits the ability of cells to internalise iron from plasma. At homeostasis TfrcY20H/Y20H mice appear healthy and are not anaemic. However, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS showed significantly higher peak parasitaemia and body weight loss. We found that TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed a similar trajectory of malaria-induced anaemia as wild-type mice, and elevated circulating iron did not increase peak parasitaemia. Instead, P. chabaudi infected TfrcY20H/Y20H mice had an impaired innate and adaptive immune response, marked by decreased cell proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, we demonstrated that these immune cell impairments were cell-intrinsic, as ex vivo iron supplementation fully recovered CD4+ T cell and B cell function. Despite the inhibited immune response and increased parasitaemia, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed mitigated liver damage, characterised by decreased parasite sequestration in the liver and an attenuated hepatic immune response. Together, these results show that host cell iron scarcity inhibits the immune response but prevents excessive hepatic tissue damage during malaria infection. These divergent effects shed light on the role of iron in the complex balance between protection and pathology in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Wideman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joe N. Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix C. Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José M. Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Viveiros
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Megan R. Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Preston
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha White
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shamsideen Yusuf
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago L. Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Tong C, Liang Y, Han X, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Wang S, Song B. Research Progress of Dendritic Cell Surface Receptors and Targeting. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1673. [PMID: 37371768 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the only antigen-presenting cells capable of activating naive T cells in humans and mammals and are the most effective antigen-presenting cells. With deepening research, it has been found that dendritic cells have many subsets, and the surface receptors of each subset are different. Specific receptors targeting different subsets of DCs will cause different immune responses. At present, DC-targeted research plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of dozens of related diseases in the clinic. This article focuses on the current status of DC surface receptors and targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Xianle Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Zhelin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Bocui Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
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7
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Solé P, Yamanouchi J, Garnica J, Uddin MM, Clarke R, Moro J, Garabatos N, Thiessen S, Ortega M, Singha S, Mondal D, Fandos C, Saez-Rodriguez J, Yang Y, Serra P, Santamaria P. A T follicular helper cell origin for T regulatory type 1 cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:489-511. [PMID: 36973489 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractChronic antigenic stimulation can trigger the differentiation of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into T regulatory type 1 (TR1) cells, a subset of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells that do not express FOXP3. The identities of the progenitor(s) and transcriptional regulators of this T-cell subset remain unclear. Here, we show that the peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) monospecific immunoregulatory T-cell pools that arise in vivo in different genetic backgrounds in response to pMHCII-coated nanoparticles (pMHCII-NPs) are invariably comprised of oligoclonal subpools of T follicular helper (TFH) and TR1 cells with a nearly identical clonotypic composition but different functional properties and transcription factor expression profiles. Pseudotime analyses of scRNAseq data and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed progressive downregulation and upregulation of TFH and TR1 markers, respectively. Furthermore, pMHCII-NPs trigger cognate TR1 cell formation in TFH cell-transfused immunodeficient hosts, and T-cell-specific deletion of Bcl6 or Irf4 blunts both the TFH expansion and TR1 formation induced by pMHCII-NPs. In contrast, deletion of Prdm1 selectively abrogates the TFH-to-TR1 conversion. Bcl6 and Prdm1 are also necessary for anti-CD3 mAb-induced TR1 formation. Thus, TFH cells can differentiate into TR1 cells in vivo, and BLIMP1 is a gatekeeper of this cellular reprogramming event.
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8
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Zheng C, Shi Y, Zou Y. T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1081999. [PMID: 36993982 PMCID: PMC10040887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1081999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the T cell inhibitory pathways has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, ICIs might induce progressive atopic dermatitis (AD) by affecting T cell reactivation. The critical role of T cells in AD pathogenesis is widely known. T cell co-signaling pathways regulate T cell activation, where co-signaling molecules are essential for determining the magnitude of the T cell response to antigens. Given the increasing use of ICIs in cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-signaling molecules in AD is required. In this review, we emphasize the importance of these molecules involved in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential of targeting T cell co-signaling pathways to treat AD and present the unresolved issues and existing limitations. A better understanding of the T cell co-signaling pathways would aid investigation of the mechanism, prognosis evaluation, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiao Zheng
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Shi
- Institute of Psoriasis, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Shi, ; Ying Zou,
| | - Ying Zou
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Shi, ; Ying Zou,
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9
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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10
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Li DY, Chen L, Miao SY, Zhou M, Wu JH, Sun SW, Liu LL, Qi C, Xiong XZ. Inducible Costimulator-C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3 Signaling is Involved in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:1847-1861. [PMID: 35991707 PMCID: PMC9386059 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s371801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been fully elucidated. Methods We compared the percentages of ICOS+ T cells and ICOS+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs, respectively, in the peripheral blood of smokers with or without COPD to those in healthy controls. We further characterized their phenotypes using flow cytometry. To investigate the influence of ICOS signaling on C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression in COPD, we evaluated the expression levels of ICOS and CXCR3 in vivo and in vitro. Results ICOS expression was elevated on peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Tregs of COPD patients, which positively correlated with the severity of lung function impairment in patients with stable COPD (SCOPD), but not in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). ICOS+CD4+ Tregs in patients with SCOPD expressed higher levels of coinhibitors, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), than ICOS−CD4+ Tregs, whereas ICOS+CD4+ T cells mostly exhibited a central memory (CD45RA−CCR7+) or effector memory (CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype, ensuring their superior potential to respond potently and quickly to pathogen invasion. Furthermore, increased percentages of CXCR3+CD4+ T cells and CXCR3+CD4+ Tregs were observed in the peripheral blood of patients with SCOPD, and the expression level of CXCR3 was higher in ICOS+CD4+ T cells than in ICOS−CD4+ T cells. The percentage of CXCR3+CD4+ T cells was even higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than in matched peripheral blood in SCOPD group. Lastly, in vitro experiments showed that ICOS induced CXCR3 expression on CD4+ T cells. Conclusions ICOS signaling is upregulated in COPD, which induces CXCR3 expression. This may contribute to increased numbers of CXCR3+ Th1 cells in the lungs of patients with COPD, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Ying Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Pingmei Shenma Medical Group, Pingdingshan, 467000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hua Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Wen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
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11
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ICOS expression is required for maintenance but not the formation of germinal centers in the spleen in response to P. yoelii infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0046821. [PMID: 35007126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00468-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) plays a key role in the differentiation and maintenance of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and thus germinal center (GC) formation. Previously, our lab showed in a Plasmodium chabaudi infection model that Icos-/- mice were significantly impaired in their ability to form GCs despite a persistent infection and thus a continued antigen (Ag) load. Here, we show that resolution of a primary infection with P. yoelii, was delayed in Icos-/- mice. This phenotype was associated with a reduction in the accumulation of Tfh-like and GC Tfh cells and an early deficiency in Ag-specific antibody (Ab) production. However, Icos-/- mice could form GCs, though they were less frequent in number than in wild-type (WT) mice. Nonetheless, the Ag-specific Abs from Icos-/- mice lacked signs of affinity maturation, suggesting functional defects associated with these GCs. Eventually, these GC structures dissipated more rapidly in Icos-/- mice than in WT mice. Moreover, the ability of Icos-/- mice to form these GC structures is not reliant on the high Ag load associated with P. yoelii infections, as GC formation was preserved in Icos-/- mice treated with atovaquone. Finally, mice were unable to form secondary GCs in the absence of ICOS after re-challenge. Overall, these data demonstrate the necessity of ICOS in the maintenance of Tfh cells, the formation and maintenance of sufficient numbers of functioning GCs, and the ability to generate new GC structures after re-infection with P. yoelii.
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12
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Olatunde AC, Hale JS, Lamb TJ. Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:536-550. [PMID: 33972167 PMCID: PMC9107098 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal centers (GCs). Increasing evidence suggests that Tfh cells are a heterogeneous population that generates cytokine-skewed immune responses - a reflection of the microenvironment during differentiation. This has important ramifications for Tfh-mediated B cell help. Because Tfh subsets can have opposing effects on GC B cell responses, we discuss current findings regarding the differentiation and functions of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in modulating GC B cell differentiation. Antibodies are important weapons against infectious diseases but can also be pathogenic mediators in some autoimmune conditions. Since cytokine-skewed Tfh cells can influence the magnitude and quality of the humoral response, we address the roles of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola C Olatunde
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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13
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Soon MSF, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ. T-follicular helper cells in malaria infection and roles in antibody induction. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab008. [PMID: 36845571 PMCID: PMC9914587 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is mediated by antibodies that block parasite replication to limit parasite burden and prevent disease. Cytophilic antibodies have been consistently shown to be associated with protection, and recent work has improved our understanding of the direct and Fc-mediated mechanisms of protective antibodies. Antibodies also have important roles in vaccine-mediated immunity. Antibody induction is driven by the specialized CD4+ T cells, T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which function within the germinal centre to drive B-cell activation and antibody induction. In humans, circulating Tfh cells can be identified in peripheral blood and are differentiated into subsets that appear to have pathogen/vaccination-specific roles in antibody induction. Tfh cell responses are essential for protective immunity from Plasmodium infection in murine models of malaria. Our understanding of the activation of Tfh cells during human malaria infection and the importance of different Tfh cell subsets in antibody development is still emerging. This review will discuss our current knowledge of Tfh cell activation and development in malaria, and the potential avenues and pitfalls of targeting Tfh cells to improve malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S F Soon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Tororo District Hospital, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia,Correspondence address. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
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14
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. The spleen: "epicenter" in malaria infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:753-769. [PMID: 33464668 PMCID: PMC8518401 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1020-713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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15
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Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Ghilas S, Chua YC, May R, de Menezes MN, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Yui K, McFadden GI, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Purcell AW, Schittenhelm RB, Beattie L, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Plasmodium berghei Hsp90 contains a natural immunogenic I-Ab-restricted antigen common to rodent and human Plasmodium species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:79-92. [PMID: 35492393 PMCID: PMC9040146 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the role of CD4 T cells in immunity can be greatly assisted by the study of responses to defined specificities. This requires knowledge of Plasmodium-derived immunogenic epitopes, of which only a few have been identified, especially for the mouse C57BL/6 background. We recently developed a TCR transgenic mouse line, termed PbT-II, that produces CD4+ T cells specific for an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted Plasmodium epitope and is responsive to both sporozoites and blood-stage P. berghei. Here, we identify a peptide within the P. berghei heat shock protein 90 as the cognate epitope recognised by PbT-II cells. We show that C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei blood-stage induce an endogenous CD4 T cell response specific for this epitope, indicating cells of similar specificity to PbT-II cells are present in the naïve repertoire. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated TH1-, or particularly TH2-polarised PbT-II cells improved control of P. berghei parasitemia in C57BL/6 mice and drastically reduced the onset of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify a versatile, potentially protective MHC-II restricted epitope useful for exploration of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity and vaccination strategies against malaria. Identification of a novel MHC-II-restricted epitope in P. berghei Hsp90 that is the cognate antigen of PbT-II CD4+ T cells. This epitope is conserved among mouse malaria parasites and in Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Exposure to liver or blood stage P. berghei infection expands a population of endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccination generates memory PbT-II cells and endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. TH1- and TH2-polarised PbT-II cells reduce P. berghei parasitaemia and mitigate development of experimental cerebral malaria.
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16
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Carpio VH, Aussenac F, Puebla-Clark L, Wilson KD, Villarino AV, Dent AL, Stephens R. T Helper Plasticity Is Orchestrated by STAT3, Bcl6, and Blimp-1 Balancing Pathology and Protection in Malaria. iScience 2020; 23:101310. [PMID: 32634740 PMCID: PMC7339051 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid Th1/Tfh cells (IFN-γ+IL-21+CXCR5+) predominate in response to several persistent infections. In Plasmodium chabaudi infection, IFN-γ+ T cells control parasitemia, whereas antibody and IL-21+Bcl6+ T cells effect final clearance, suggesting an evolutionary driver for the hybrid population. We found that CD4-intrinsic Bcl6, Blimp-1, and STAT3 coordinately regulate expression of the Th1 master regulator T-bet, supporting plasticity of CD4 T cells. Bcl6 and Blimp-1 regulate CXCR5 levels, and T-bet, IL-27Rα, and STAT3 modulate cytokines in hybrid Th1/Tfh cells. Infected mice with STAT3 knockout (KO) T cells produced less antibody and more Th1-like IFN-γ+IL-21−CXCR5lo effector and memory cells and were protected from re-infection. Conversely, T-bet KO mice had reduced Th1-bias upon re-infection and prolonged secondary parasitemia. Therefore, each feature of the CD4 T cell population phenotype is uniquely regulated in this persistent infection, and the cytokine profile of memory T cells can be modified to enhance the effectiveness of the secondary response. Plasmodium infection induces a CXCR5+IFN-γ+IL-21+ hybrid Th1/Tfh cell subset STAT3/WSX-1, T-bet, Bcl6, and Blimp-1 regulate different aspects of Th1/Tfh phenotype T cell-intrinsic STAT3 regulates degree of Th1 commitment of hybrid Th1/Tfh Shifting the plastic response toward Th1-like cells promotes resistance from reinfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Florentin Aussenac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Lucinda Puebla-Clark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA.
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17
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Liu XK, Zhao HM, Wang HY, Ge W, Zhong YB, Long J, Liu DY. Regulatory Effect of Sishen Pill on Tfh Cells in Mice With Experimental Colitis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:589. [PMID: 32581849 PMCID: PMC7290041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is regulated by the Bcl-6/Blimp-1 pathway. Some studies have suggested that regulating activation of the Bcl-6/Blimp-1 pathway should be an effective method to treat IBD. Sishen Pill (SSP) has been used frequently to treat chronic colitis. Its mechanism is related to the downstream proteins in the Bcl-6/Blimp-1 pathway. However, it is unknown whether SSP regulates the function and differentiation of Tfh cells to treat IBD. In the present study, chronic colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate and treated with SSP for 7 days. SSP effectively treated chronic colitis, regulated the balance between Tfh10, Tfh17 and T follicular regulatory cells, while SSP increased the Blimp-1 level, inhibited expressions of Bcl-6, T-cell costimulator, programmed death (PD)-1 and PD-ligand 1 on the surface of Tfh cells. SSP inhibited activation of BcL-6, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (p-STAT)3, signal lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein but improved Blimp-1 and STAT3 expression in colonic tissues. The results indicated that SSP regulated the differentiation and function of Tfh cells to treat IBD, which was potentially related with inhibiting the Bcl-6/Blimp-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ke Liu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Party and School Office, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - You-Bao Zhong
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Long
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Pharmacology Office, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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18
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ICOS signaling promotes a secondary humoral response after re-challenge with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008527. [PMID: 32348365 PMCID: PMC7213745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule ICOS is associated with the induction and regulation of T helper cell responses, including the differentiation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the formation and maintenance of memory T cells. However, the role of ICOS signaling in secondary immune responses is largely unexplored. Here we show that memory T cell formation and maintenance are influenced by persistent infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS infection, as memory T cell numbers decline in wild-type and Icos-/- mice after drug-clearance. Following drug-clearance Icos-/- mice display a relapsing parasitemia that occurs more frequently and with higher peaks compared to wild-type mice after re-challenge. The secondary immune response in Icos-/- mice is characterized by significant impairment in the expansion of effector cells with a Tfh-like phenotype, which is associated with a diminished and delayed parasite-specific Ab response and the absence of germinal centers. Similarly, the administration of an anti-ICOSL antagonizing antibody to wild-type mice before and after reinfection with P. c. chabaudi AS leads to an early defect in Tfh cell expansion and parasite-specific antibody production, confirming a need for ICOS-ICOSL interactions to promote memory B cell responses. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of central memory T (TCM) cells from wild-type and Icos-/- mice into tcrb-/- mice to directly evaluate the ability of TCM cells to give rise to Tfh cells revealed that TCM cells from wild-type mice acquire a mixed Th1- and Tfh-like phenotype after P. c. chabaudi AS infection. While TCM cells from Icos-/- mice expand and display markers of activation to a similar degree as their WT counterparts, they displayed a reduced capacity to upregulate markers indicative of a Tfh cell phenotype, resulting in a diminished humoral response. Together these findings verify that ICOS signaling in memory T cells plays an integral role in promoting T cell effector responses during secondary infection with P. c. chabaudi AS. Malaria, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, remains a major global health problem, as over 400,000 people die from this disease every year. Further understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity against this parasite will serve to promote the development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the importance of the co-stimulatory molecule ICOS during secondary infection with the rodent parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. We show that ICOS promotes the expansion of memory T cells, their acquisition of a secondary follicular helper T (Tfh) cell phenotype, and their ability to provide help to MBCs after reinfection. While ICOS deficient mice control the initial parasite load after re-challenge, the absence of ICOS leads to higher relapsing parasitemia compared to wild-type mice. We establish that the lack of expansion of effector cells with a Tfh cell phenotype in Icos-/- mice prevents germinal center formation after secondary infection. Thus, we show that ICOS signaling in T cells promotes an effective memory T cell response and suggests that the enhancement of this co-stimulatory pathway during vaccination may enhance protective immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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Abstract
Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria.
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20
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O’Brien CA, Harris TH. ICOS-deficient and ICOS YF mutant mice fail to control Toxoplasma gondii infection of the brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228251. [PMID: 31978191 PMCID: PMC6980566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection requires ongoing recruitment of T cells to the brain. Thus, the factors that promote, sustain, and regulate the T cell response to the parasite in the brain are of great interest. The costimulatory molecule ICOS (inducible T cell costimulator) has been reported to act largely through the PI3K pathway in T cells, and can play pro-inflammatory or pro-regulatory roles depending on the inflammatory context and T cell type being studied. During infection with T. gondii, ICOS promotes early T cell responses, while in the chronic stage of infection ICOS plays a regulatory role by limiting T cell responses in the brain. We sought to characterize the role of ICOS signaling through PI3K during chronic infection using two models of ICOS deficiency: total ICOS knockout (KO) mice and ICOS YF mice that are unable to activate PI3K signaling. Overall, ICOS KO and ICOS YF mice had similar severe defects in parasite-specific IgG production and parasite control compared to WT mice. Additionally, we observed expanded effector T cell populations and a loss of Treg frequency in the brains of both ICOS KO and ICOS YF mice. When comparing the remaining Treg populations in infected mice, ICOS KO Tregs expressed WT levels of Foxp3 and CD25, while ICOS YF Tregs expressed significantly less Foxp3 and CD25 compared to both WT and ICOS KO mice. Together, these results suggest that PI3K-independent signaling downstream of ICOS plays an important role in Treg stability in the context of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A. O’Brien
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Tajie H. Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Pérez‐Mazliah D, Ndungu FM, Aye R, Langhorne J. B-cell memory in malaria: Myths and realities. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:57-69. [PMID: 31733075 PMCID: PMC6972598 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long-lasting B-cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long-lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B-cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype-switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B-cell responses to Plasmodium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez‐Mazliah
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- York Biomedical Research InstituteHull York Medical SchoolUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseaseJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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Role of Co-stimulatory Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:153-177. [PMID: 31758534 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response to a variety of pathogens but also regulate autoimmune responses, asthma, allergic responses, as well as tumor immunity. To cover this broad spectrum of responses, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and TFH, as defined by their cytokine pattern and function. The fate decision of T helper cell differentiation integrates signals delivered through the T cell receptor, cytokine receptors, and the pattern of co-stimulatory signals received. In this review, we summarize the contribution of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors to the differentiation and maintenance of T helper cell responses.
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24
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Kumar R, Loughland JR, Ng SS, Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR. The regulation of CD4
+
T cells during malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:70-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
- Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
| | - Jessica R. Loughland
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
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25
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Czarnowicki T, He H, Canter T, Han J, Lefferdink R, Erickson T, Rangel S, Kameyama N, Kim HJ, Pavel AB, Estrada Y, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Evolution of pathologic T-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis from infancy to adulthood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:215-228. [PMID: 31626841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circulating immune phenotype was defined in adults and young children with early atopic dermatitis (AD), but chronologic changes in the blood of infants and children with AD through adolescence have not been explored. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare immune activation and cytokine polarization in the blood of 0- to 5-year-old (n = 39), 6- to 11-year-old (n = 26), 12- to 17-year-old (n = 21) and 18-year-old or older (n = 43) patients with AD versus age-matched control subjects. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to measure IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-22 cytokine levels in CD4+/CD8+ T cells, with inducible costimulator molecule and HLA-DR defining midterm and long-term T-cell activation, respectively, within skin-homing/cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)+ versus systemic/CLA- T cells. Unsupervised clustering differentiated patients based on their blood biomarker frequencies. RESULTS Although CLA+ TH1 frequencies were significantly lower in infants with AD versus all older patients (P < .01), frequencies of CLA+ TH2 T cells were similarly expanded across all AD age groups compared with control subjects (P < .05). After infancy, CLA- TH2 frequencies were increased in patients with AD in all age groups, suggesting systemic immune activation with disease chronicity. IL-22 frequencies serially increased from normal levels in infants to highly significant levels in adolescents and adults compared with levels in respective control subjects (P < .01). Unsupervised clustering aligned the AD profiles along an age-related spectrum from infancy to adulthood (eg, inducible costimulator molecule and IL-22). CONCLUSIONS The adult AD phenotype is achieved only in adulthood. Unique cytokine signatures characterizing individual pediatric endotypes might require age-specific therapies. Future longitudinal studies, comparing the profile of patients with cleared versus persistent pediatric AD, might define age-specific changes that predict AD clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Helen He
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Talia Canter
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Joseph Han
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Lefferdink
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Taylor Erickson
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Stephanie Rangel
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Naoya Kameyama
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hyun Je Kim
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ana B Pavel
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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26
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Jiao Q, Qian Q, Liu C, Luo Y, Fang F, Wang M, Ji J, Qian H, Zhang X, Maurer M. T helper 22 cells from Han Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis exhibit high expression of inducible T‐cell costimulator. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:648-657. [PMID: 31090221 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Jiao
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Q. Qian
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Y. Luo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - F. Fang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
| | - M. Wang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
| | - J. Ji
- Department of Dermatology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Sanxiang Road 1055 Su Zhou 215004 China
| | - H. Qian
- Department of Dermatology Children's Hospital of Soochow University Jingde Road 303 Suzhou 215000 China
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Road 188 Suzhou 215006 China
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
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Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have had limited efficacy, especially with late stage cancers. Cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized how cancer is treated, especially in patients with late stage disease. In 2013 cancer immunotherapy was named the breakthrough of the year, partially due to the established efficacy of blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, both T cell co-inhibitory molecules involved in tumor-induced immunosuppression. Though early trials promised success, toxicity and tolerance to immunotherapy have hindered long-term successes. Optimizing the use of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways has the potential to increase the effectiveness of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response, leading to increased efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This review will address major T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways and the role they play in regulating immune responses during cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Abstract
A single exposure to many viral and bacterial pathogens typically induces life-long immunity, however, the development of the protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites is strikingly less efficient and achieves only partial protection, with adults residing in endemic areas often experiencing asymptomatic infections. Although naturally acquired immunity to malaria requires both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, antibodies govern the control of malarial disease caused by the blood-stage form of the parasites. A large body of epidemiological evidence described that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost without continued parasite exposure, suggesting that malaria is accompanied by defects in the development of immunological B cell memory. This topic has been of focus of recent studies of malaria infection in humans and mice. This review examines the main findings to date on the processes that modulate the acquisition of memory B cell responses to malaria, and highlights the importance of closing outstanding gaps of knowledge in the field for the rational design of next generation therapeutics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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29
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Wilson KL, Flanagan KL, Prakash MD, Plebanski M. Malaria vaccines in the eradication era: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:133-151. [PMID: 30601095 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1561289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The challenge to eradicate malaria is an enormous task that will not be achieved by current control measures, thus an efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccine is required. The licensing of RTS, S/AS01 is a step forward in providing some protection, but a malaria vaccine that protects across multiple transmission seasons is still needed. To achieve this, inducing beneficial immune responses while minimising deleterious non-targeted effects will be essential. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the current challenges and advances in malaria vaccine development and reviews recent human clinical trials for each stage of infection. Pubmed and ScienceDirect were searched, focusing on cell mediated immunity and how T cell subsets might be targeted in future vaccines using novel adjuvants and emerging vaccine technologies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Despite decades of research there is no highly effective licensed malaria vaccine. However, there is cause for optimism as new adjuvants and vaccine systems emerge, and our understanding of correlates of protection increases, especially regarding cellular immunity. The new field of heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines also highlights the broader consequences of immunization. Importantly, the WHO led Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap illustrates that there is a political will among the global health community to make it happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wilson
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - K L Flanagan
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia.,c School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - M D Prakash
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - M Plebanski
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Faleiro R, Karunarathne DS, Horne-Debets JM, Wykes M. The Contribution of Co-signaling Pathways to Anti-malarial T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2926. [PMID: 30631323 PMCID: PMC6315188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, caused 212 million infections in 2016 with 445,000 deaths, mostly in children. Adults acquire enough immunity to prevent clinical symptoms but never develop sterile immunity. The only vaccine for malaria, RTS,S, shows promising protection of a limited duration against clinical malaria in infants but no significant protection against severe disease. There is now abundant evidence that T cell functions are inhibited during malaria, which may explain why vaccine are not efficacious. Studies have now clearly shown that T cell immunity against malaria is subdued by multiple the immune regulatory receptors, in particular, by programmed cell-death-1 (PD-1). Given there is an urgent need for an efficacious malarial treatment, compounded with growing drug resistance, a better understanding of malarial immunity is essential. This review will examine molecular signals that affect T cell-mediated immunity against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Faleiro
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Michelle Wykes
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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31
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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32
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Wikenheiser DJ, Brown SL, Lee J, Stumhofer JS. NK1.1 Expression Defines a Population of CD4 + Effector T Cells Displaying Th1 and Tfh Cell Properties That Support Early Antibody Production During Plasmodium yoelii Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2277. [PMID: 30374346 PMCID: PMC6196288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early plasmablast induction is a hallmark of Plasmodium infection and is thought to contribute to the control of acute parasite burden. Although long understood to be a T-cell dependent phenomenon, regulation of early plasmablast differentiation, however, is poorly understood. Here, we identify a population of CD4+ T cells that express the innate NK cell marker NK1.1 as an important source of T cell help for early plasmablast and parasite-specific Ab production. Interestingly, NK1.1+ CD4+ T cells arise from conventional, naive NK1.1− CD4+ T cells, and their generation is independent of CD1d but critically reliant on MHC-II. CD4+ T cells that express NK1.1 early after activation produce IFN-γ and IL-21, and express the follicular helper T (Tfh) cell markers ICOS, PD-1 and CXCR5 more frequently than NK1.1− CD4+ T cells. Further analysis of this population revealed that NK1.1+ Tfh-like cells were more regularly complexed with plasmablasts than NK1.1− Tfh-like cells. Ultimately, depletion of NK1.1+ cells impaired class-switched parasite-specific antibody production during early Plasmodium yoelii infection. Together, these data suggest that expression of NK1.1 defines a population of rapidly expanding effector CD4+ T cells that specifically promote plasmablast induction during Plasmodium infection and represent a subset of T cells whose modulation could promote effective vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Susie L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Zander RA, Vijay R, Pack AD, Guthmiller JJ, Graham AC, Lindner SE, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Butler NS. Th1-like Plasmodium-Specific Memory CD4 + T Cells Support Humoral Immunity. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1839-1852. [PMID: 29141217 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector T cells exhibiting features of either T helper 1 (Th1) or T follicular helper (Tfh) populations are essential to control experimental Plasmodium infection and are believed to be critical for resistance to clinical malaria. To determine whether Plasmodium-specific Th1- and Tfh-like effector cells generate memory populations that contribute to protection, we developed transgenic parasites that enable high-resolution study of anti-malarial memory CD4 T cells in experimental models. We found that populations of both Th1- and Tfh-like Plasmodium-specific memory CD4 T cells persist. Unexpectedly, Th1-like memory cells exhibit phenotypic and functional features of Tfh cells during recall and provide potent B cell help and protection following transfer, characteristics that are enhanced following ligation of the T cell co-stimulatory receptor OX40. Our findings delineate critical functional attributes of Plasmodium-specific memory CD4 T cells and identify a host-specific factor that can be targeted to improve resolution of acute malaria and provide durable, long-term protection against Plasmodium parasite re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Zander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Angela D Pack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Amy C Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Scott E Lindner
- Center for Malaria Research, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Graduate Program in Biosciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Jogdand GM, Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Singh SK, Barik PK, Devadas S. Inducible Costimulator Expressing T Cells Promote Parasitic Growth During Blood Stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1041. [PMID: 29892278 PMCID: PMC5985291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethality of blood stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection is associated with the expression of T-bet and production of cytokine IFN-γ. Expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its downstream signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the T-bet expression and IFN-γ production. Although earlier studies have examined the role of ICOS in the control of acute blood-stage infection of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (a non-lethal model of malaria infection), its significance in the lethal blood-stage of PbA infection remains unclear. Thus, to address the seminal role of ICOS in lethal blood-stage of PbA infection, we treated PbA-infected mice with anti-ICOS antibody and observed that these mice survived longer than their infected counterparts with significantly lower parasitemia. Anti-ICOS treatment notably depleted ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a concurrent reduction in plasma IFN-γ, which strongly indicated that ICOS expressing T cells are major IFN-γ producers. Interestingly, we observed that while ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ, ICOS-CD8+ T cells were also found to be producers of IFN-γ. However, we report that ICOS+CD8+ T cells were higher producers of IFN-γ than ICOS-CD8+ T cells. Moreover, correlation of ICOS expression with IFN-γ production in ICOS+IFN-γ+ T cell population (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) suggested that ICOS and IFN-γ could positively regulate each other. Further, master transcription factor T-bet importantly involved in regulating IFN-γ production was also found to be expressed by ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during PbA infection. As noted above with IFN-γ and ICOS, a positive correlation of expression of ICOS with the transcription factor T-bet suggested that both of them could regulate each other. Taken together, our results depicted the importance of ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in malaria parasite growth and lethality through IFN-γ production and T-bet expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Sengupta
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Satish Devadas
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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35
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Zander RA, Vijay R, Pack AD, Guthmiller JJ, Graham AC, Lindner SE, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Butler NS. Th1-like Plasmodium-Specific Memory CD4 + T Cells Support Humoral Immunity. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1230-1237. [PMID: 29694898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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36
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Louis C, Burns C, Wicks I. TANK-Binding Kinase 1-Dependent Responses in Health and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29559975 PMCID: PMC5845716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by genetic predisposition and environmental triggers that lead to dysregulated immune responses. These include the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies and aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines. Current therapies for RA and other autoimmune diseases reduce inflammation by targeting inflammatory mediators, most of which are innate response cytokines, resulting in generalized immunosuppression. Overall, this strategy has been very successful, but not all patients respond, responses can diminish over time and numerous side effects can occur. Therapies that target the germinal center (GC) reaction and/or antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) potentially provide a novel approach. TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an IKK-related serine/threonine kinase best characterized for its involvement in innate antiviral responses through the induction of type I interferons. TBK1 is also gaining attention for its roles in humoral immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of TBK1 in immunological pathways involved in the development and maintenance of antibody responses, with particular emphasis on its potential relevance in the pathogenesis of humoral autoimmunity. First, we review the role of TBK1 in the induction of type I IFNs. Second, we highlight how TBK1 mediates inducible T cell co-stimulator signaling to the GC T follicular B helper population. Third, we discuss emerging evidence on the contribution of TBK1 to autophagic pathways and the potential implications for immune cell function. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of TBK1 inhibition in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Burns
- Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Soon MSF, Haque A. Recent Insights into CD4+Th Cell Differentiation in Malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1965-1975. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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James KR, Soon MSF, Sebina I, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Davey G, Liligeto UN, Nair AS, Fogg LG, Edwards CL, Best SE, Lansink LIM, Schroder K, Wilson JAC, Austin R, Suhrbier A, Lane SW, Hill GR, Engwerda CR, Heath WR, Haque A. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Balances Th1 and T Follicular Helper Immunity during Nonlethal Blood-Stage Plasmodium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1443-1456. [PMID: 29321276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4+ Th cells is critical for immunity to malaria. Several innate immune signaling pathways have been implicated in the detection of blood-stage Plasmodium parasites, yet their influence over Th cell immunity remains unclear. In this study, we used Plasmodium-reactive TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells, termed PbTII cells, during nonlethal P. chabaudi chabaudi AS and P. yoelii 17XNL infection in mice, to examine Th cell development in vivo. We found no role for caspase1/11, stimulator of IFN genes, or mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, and only modest roles for MyD88 and TRIF-dependent signaling in controlling PbTII cell expansion. In contrast, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) was important for supporting PbTII expansion, promoting Th1 over T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation, and controlling parasites during the first week of infection. IRF3 was not required for early priming by conventional dendritic cells, but was essential for promoting CXCL9 and MHC class II expression by inflammatory monocytes that supported PbTII responses in the spleen. Thereafter, IRF3-deficiency boosted Tfh responses, germinal center B cell and memory B cell development, parasite-specific Ab production, and resolution of infection. We also noted a B cell-intrinsic role for IRF3 in regulating humoral immune responses. Thus, we revealed roles for IRF3 in balancing Th1- and Tfh-dependent immunity during nonlethal infection with blood-stage Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R James
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Gayle Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Urijah N Liligeto
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Arya Sheela Nair
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lily G Fogg
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Shannon E Best
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lianne I M Lansink
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane A C Wilson
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Austin
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Steven W Lane
- Gordon and Jesse Gilmour Leukaemia Research Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; and
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 8008, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Yan L, de Leur K, Hendriks RW, van der Laan LJW, Shi Y, Wang L, Baan CC. T Follicular Helper Cells As a New Target for Immunosuppressive Therapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1510. [PMID: 29163552 PMCID: PMC5681999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, antibody-mediated (humoral) rejection has been recognized as a common cause of graft dysfunction after organ transplantation and an important determinant for graft loss. In humoral alloimmunity, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role, because they help naïve B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and alloantibody-producing plasma cells within germinal centers. In this way, they contribute to the induction of donor-specific antibodies, which are responsible for the humoral immune response to the allograft. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of immunosuppressive therapies on Tfh cell development and function, and discuss possible new approaches to influence the activity of Tfh cells. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Tfh cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to improve alloimmune-risk stratification and tailoring of immunosuppression to individualize therapy after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kitty de Leur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yunying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Fernandez-Ruiz D, Lau LS, Ghazanfari N, Jones CM, Ng WY, Davey GM, Berthold D, Holz L, Kato Y, Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Hendriks SH, Lansink LIM, Engel JA, Soon MSF, James KR, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Uboldi AD, Tonkin CJ, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR, Kaisho T, Haque A, Crabb BS, Carbone FR, McFadden GI, Heath WR. Development of a Novel CD4 + TCR Transgenic Line That Reveals a Dominant Role for CD8 + Dendritic Cells and CD40 Signaling in the Generation of Helper and CTL Responses to Blood-Stage Malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4165-4179. [PMID: 29084838 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted TCR transgenic mouse line that produces CD4+ T cells specific for Plasmodium species. This line, termed PbT-II, was derived from a CD4+ T cell hybridoma generated to blood-stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). PbT-II cells responded to all Plasmodium species and stages tested so far, including rodent (PbA, P. berghei NK65, Plasmodium chabaudi AS, and Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL) and human (Plasmodium falciparum) blood-stage parasites as well as irradiated PbA sporozoites. PbT-II cells can provide help for generation of Ab to P. chabaudi infection and can control this otherwise lethal infection in CD40L-deficient mice. PbT-II cells can also provide help for development of CD8+ T cell-mediated experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) during PbA infection. Using PbT-II CD4+ T cells and the previously described PbT-I CD8+ T cells, we determined the dendritic cell (DC) subsets responsible for immunity to PbA blood-stage infection. CD8+ DC (a subset of XCR1+ DC) were the major APC responsible for activation of both T cell subsets, although other DC also contributed to CD4+ T cell responses. Depletion of CD8+ DC at the beginning of infection prevented ECM development and impaired both Th1 and follicular Th cell responses; in contrast, late depletion did not affect ECM. This study describes a novel and versatile tool for examining CD4+ T cell immunity during malaria and provides evidence that CD4+ T cell help, acting via CD40L signaling, can promote immunity or pathology to blood-stage malaria largely through Ag presentation by CD8+ DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lei Shong Lau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Wei Yi Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Gayle M Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Dorothee Berthold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lauren Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Matthias H Enders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sanne H Hendriks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lianne I M Lansink
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jessica A Engel
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kylie R James
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Anton Cozijnsen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro D Uboldi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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41
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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Sebina I, Fogg LG, James KR, Soon MSF, Akter J, Thomas BS, Hill GR, Engwerda CR, Haque A. IL-6 promotes CD4 + T-cell and B-cell activation during Plasmodium infection. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28748530 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity develops in the spleen during blood-stage Plasmodium infection. This elicits parasite-specific IgM and IgG, which control parasites and protect against malaria. Studies in mice have elucidated cells and molecules driving humoral immunity to Plasmodium, including CD4+ T cells, B cells, interleukin (IL)-21 and ICOS. IL-6, a cytokine readily detected in Plasmodium-infected mice and humans, is recognized in other systems as a driver of humoral immunity. Here, we examined the effect of infection-induced IL-6 on humoral immunity to Plasmodium. Using P. chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) infection of wild-type and IL-6-/- mice, we found that IL-6 helped to control parasites during primary infection. IL-6 promoted early production of parasite-specific IgM but not IgG. Notably, splenic CD138+ plasmablast development was more dependent on IL-6 than germinal centre (GC) B-cell differentiation. IL-6 also promoted ICOS expression by CD4+ T cells, as well as their localization close to splenic B cells, but was not required for early Tfh-cell development. Finally, IL-6 promoted parasite control, IgM and IgG production, GC B-cell development and ICOS expression by Tfh cells in a second model, Py17XNL infection. IL-6 promotes CD4+ T-cell activation and B-cell responses during blood-stage Plasmodium infection, which encourages parasite-specific antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine PhD Programme, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - L G Fogg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - K R James
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine PhD Programme, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - M S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine PhD Programme, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - J Akter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine PhD Programme, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - B S Thomas
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - G R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - C R Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - A Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
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43
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Hansen DS, Obeng-Adjei N, Ly A, Ioannidis LJ, Crompton PD. Emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell responses to malaria. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:105-110. [PMID: 27866903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to malaria and candidate malaria vaccines are short-lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated malaria episodes. Because T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide critical help to B cells to generate long-lived antibody responses, they have become the focus of recent studies of Plasmodium-infected mice and humans. The emerging data converge on common themes, namely, that malaria-induced TH1 cytokines are associated with the activation of (i) T-like memory TFH cells with impaired B cell helper function, and (ii) pre-TFH cells that acquire Th1-like features (T-bet expression, IFN-γ production), which impede their differentiation into fully functional TFH cells, thus resulting in germinal center dysfunction and suboptimal antibody responses. Deeper knowledge of TFH cells in malaria could illuminate strategies to improve vaccines through modulating TFH cell responses. This review summarizes emerging concepts in TFH cell responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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44
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Sebina I, James KR, Soon MSF, Fogg LG, Best SE, de Labastida Rivera F, Montes de Oca M, Amante FH, Thomas BS, Beattie L, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Smyth MJ, Hertzog PJ, Hill GR, Hutloff A, Engwerda CR, Haque A. IFNAR1-Signalling Obstructs ICOS-mediated Humoral Immunity during Non-lethal Blood-Stage Plasmodium Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005999. [PMID: 27812214 PMCID: PMC5094753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite-specific antibodies protect against blood-stage Plasmodium infection. However, in malaria-endemic regions, it takes many months for naturally-exposed individuals to develop robust humoral immunity. Explanations for this have focused on antigenic variation by Plasmodium, but have considered less whether host production of parasite-specific antibody is sub-optimal. In particular, it is unclear whether host immune factors might limit antibody responses. Here, we explored the effect of Type I Interferon signalling via IFNAR1 on CD4+ T-cell and B-cell responses in two non-lethal murine models of malaria, P. chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) and P. yoelii 17XNL (Py17XNL) infection. Firstly, we demonstrated that CD4+ T-cells and ICOS-signalling were crucial for generating germinal centre (GC) B-cells, plasmablasts and parasite-specific antibodies, and likewise that T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses relied on B cells. Next, we found that IFNAR1-signalling impeded the resolution of non-lethal blood-stage infection, which was associated with impaired production of parasite-specific IgM and several IgG sub-classes. Consistent with this, GC B-cell formation, Ig-class switching, plasmablast and Tfh differentiation were all impaired by IFNAR1-signalling. IFNAR1-signalling proceeded via conventional dendritic cells, and acted early by limiting activation, proliferation and ICOS expression by CD4+ T-cells, by restricting the localization of activated CD4+ T-cells adjacent to and within B-cell areas of the spleen, and by simultaneously suppressing Th1 and Tfh responses. Finally, IFNAR1-deficiency accelerated humoral immune responses and parasite control by boosting ICOS-signalling. Thus, we provide evidence of a host innate cytokine response that impedes the onset of humoral immunity during experimental malaria. Plasmodium parasites cause malaria by invading, replicating within, and rupturing out of red blood cells. Natural immunity to malaria, which depends on generating Plasmodium-specific antibodies, often takes years to develop. Explanations for this focus on antigenic variation by the parasite, but consider less whether antibody responses themselves may be sub-optimal. Surprisingly little is known about how Plasmodium-specific antibody responses are generated in the host, and whether these can be enhanced. Using mouse models, we found that cytokine-signalling via the receptor IFNAR1 delayed the production of Plasmodium-specific antibody responses. IFNAR1-signalling hindered the resolution of infection, and acted early via conventional dendritic cells to restrict CD4+ T-cell activation and their interactions with B-cells. Thus, we reveal that an innate cytokine response, which occurs during blood-stage Plasmodium infection in humans, obstructs the onset of antibody–mediated immunity during experimental malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine PhD Program, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie R. James
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine PhD Program, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan S. F. Soon
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lily G. Fogg
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon E. Best
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fabian de Labastida Rivera
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcela Montes de Oca
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona H. Amante
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bryce S. Thomas
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunity in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R. Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wikenheiser DJ, Stumhofer JS. ICOS Co-Stimulation: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2016; 7:304. [PMID: 27559335 PMCID: PMC4979228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) has been implicated in various immune outcomes, including the induction and regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity. In addition to its role in directing effector T cell differentiation, ICOS has also been consistently linked with the induction of thymus-dependent (TD) antibody (Ab) responses and the germinal center (GC) reaction. ICOS co-stimulation, therefore, appears to play a complex role in dictating the course of adaptive immunity. In this article, we summarize the initial characterization of ICOS and its relationship with the related co-stimulatory molecule CD28. We then address the contribution of ICOS in directing an effector T cell response, and ultimately disease outcome, against various bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Next, we assess ICOS in the context of TD Ab responses, connecting ICOS signaling to follicular helper T cell differentiation and its role in the GC reaction. Finally, we address the link between ICOS and human autoimmune disorders and evaluate potential therapies aiming to mitigate disease progression by modulating ICOS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
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