1
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Peng D, Huang Z, Yang H, Luo Y, Wu Z. PPM1G regulates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through STING-mediated inflammatory pathways in macrophages. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1189. [PMID: 38372470 PMCID: PMC10875902 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is generally unavoidable following liver transplantation. Here, we investigated the role of protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ dependent 1G (PPM1G) in hepatic IRI. METHODS Hepatic IRI was mimicked by employing a hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model in RAW 264.7 cells and a 70% warm ischemia model in C57BL/6 mice, respectively. In vitro, expression changes of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expressions of PPM1G and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway components were analyzed by western blot. Interaction between PPM1G and STING was verified by coimmunoprecipitation (CO-IP). Immunofluorescence was applied for detection of p-IRF3. Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and western blot were utilized to analyze markers of macrophage polarization. In vivo, histological analyses of mice liver were carried out by TUNEL and H&E staining. Changes in serum aminotransferases were also detected. RESULTS Following H/R intervention, a steady decline in PPM1G along with an increase in inflammatory cytokines in vitro was observed. Addition of plasmid with PPM1G sequence limited the release of inflammatory cytokines and downregulated phosphorylation of STING. CO-IP validated the interaction between PPM1G and STING. Furthermore, inhibition of PPM1G with lentivirus enhanced phosphorylation of STING and its downstream components; meanwhile, p65, p38, and Jnk were also surged to phosphorylation. Expression of INOS and CD86 was surged, while CD206, Arg-1, and IL-10 were inhibited. In vivo, PPM1G inhibition further promoted liver damage, hepatocyte apoptosis, and transaminases release. Selective inhibition of STING with C-176 partially reversed the activation of STING pathway and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. M1 markers were also suppressed by C-176. In vivo, C-176 rescued liver damage and transaminase release caused by PPM1G inhibition. CONCLUSION PPM1G suppresses hepatic IRI and macrophage M1 phenotype by repressing STING-mediated inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zuotian Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Tumor CenterChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yunhai Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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2
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Johnson AMF, Hager K, Alameh MG, Van P, Potchen N, Mayer-Blackwell K, Fiore-Gartland A, Minot S, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Kublin JG. The Regulation of Nucleic Acid Vaccine Responses by the Microbiome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1680-1692. [PMID: 37850965 PMCID: PMC10656434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines, including both RNA and DNA platforms, are key technologies that have considerable promise in combating both infectious disease and cancer. However, little is known about the extrinsic factors that regulate nucleic acid vaccine responses and which may determine their effectiveness. The microbiome is recognized as a significant regulator of immune development and response, whose role in regulating some traditional vaccine platforms has recently been discovered. Using germ-free and specific pathogen-free mouse models in combination with different protein, DNA, and mRNA vaccine regimens, we demonstrate that the microbiome is a significant regulator of nucleic acid vaccine immunogenicity. Although the presence of the microbiome enhances CD8+ T cell responses to mRNA lipid nanoparticle immunization, the microbiome suppresses Ig and CD4+ T cell responses to DNA-prime, DNA-protein-boost immunization, indicating contrasting roles for the microbiome in the regulation of these different nucleic acid vaccine platforms. In the case of mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccination, germ-free mice display reduced dendritic cell/macrophage activation that may underlie the deficient vaccine response. Our study identifies the microbiome as a relevant determinant of nucleic acid vaccine response with implications for continued therapeutic development and deployment of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. F. Johnson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin Hager
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Phuong Van
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicole Potchen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Samuel Minot
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Drew Weissman
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
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3
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Meibers HE, Warrick KA, VonHandorf A, Vallez CN, Kawarizadeh K, Saha I, Donmez O, Jain VG, Kottyan LC, Weirauch MT, Pasare C. Effector memory T cells induce innate inflammation by triggering DNA damage and a non-canonical STING pathway in dendritic cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113180. [PMID: 37794597 PMCID: PMC10654673 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognate interaction between CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) induces innate inflammatory cytokine production, resulting in detrimental autoimmune pathology and cytokine storms. While TEM cells use tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligands to activate DCs, whether TEM cells prompt other DC-intrinsic changes that influence the innate inflammatory response has never been investigated. We report the surprising discovery that TEM cells trigger double-strand DNA breaks via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in interacting DCs. Initiation of the DNA damage response in DCs induces activation of a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS)-independent, non-canonical stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling axis. Consequently, STING-deficient DCs display reduced NF-κB activation and subsequent defects in transcriptional induction and functional production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 following their interaction with TEM cells. The discovery of TEM cell-induced innate inflammation through DNA damage and a non-canonical STING-NF-κB pathway presents this pathway as a potential target to alleviate T cell-driven inflammation in autoimmunity and cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Meibers
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathrynne A Warrick
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew VonHandorf
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology and Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles N Vallez
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kiana Kawarizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Irene Saha
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Omer Donmez
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology and Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Viral G Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology and Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology and Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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4
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Smith JR, Dowling JW, McFadden MI, Karp A, Schwerk J, Woodward JJ, Savan R, Forero A. MEF2A suppresses stress responses that trigger DDX41-dependent IFN production. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112805. [PMID: 37467105 PMCID: PMC10652867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress in the form of disrupted transcription, loss of organelle integrity, or damage to nucleic acids can elicit inflammatory responses by activating signaling cascades canonically tasked with controlling pathogen infections. These stressors must be kept in check to prevent unscheduled activation of interferon, which contributes to autoinflammation. This study examines the role of the transcription factor myocyte enhancing factor 2A (MEF2A) in setting the threshold of transcriptional stress responses to prevent R-loop accumulation. Increases in R-loops lead to the induction of interferon and inflammatory responses in a DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41)-, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent manner. The loss of MEF2A results in the activation of ATM and RAD3-related (ATR) kinase, which is also necessary for the activation of STING. This study identifies the role of MEF2A in sustaining transcriptional homeostasis and highlights the role of ATR in positively regulating R-loop-associated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jack W Dowling
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew I McFadden
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew Karp
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Discovery PREP, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Johannes Schwerk
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua J Woodward
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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5
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Song C, Hu Z, Xu D, Bian H, Lv J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Su L, Yin H, Lu T, Li Y. STING signaling in inflammaging: a new target against musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227364. [PMID: 37492580 PMCID: PMC10363987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) is a critical signaling linker protein that plays a crucial role in the intrinsic immune response, particularly in the cytoplasmic DNA-mediated immune response in both pathogens and hosts. It is also involved in various signaling processes in vivo. The musculoskeletal system provides humans with morphology, support, stability, and movement. However, its aging can result in various diseases and negatively impact people's lives. While many studies have reported that cellular aging is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders, it also offers insight into potential treatments. Under pathological conditions, senescent osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myeloid cells, and muscle fibers exhibit persistent senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic disturbances, and cell cycle arrest, which are closely linked to abnormal STING activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA due to chromatin escape from the nucleus following DNA damage or telomere shortening activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Moreover, STING activation is also linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and impaired cytoplasmic DNA degradation. STING activation upregulates SASP and autophagy directly and indirectly promotes cell cycle arrest. Thus, STING may be involved in the onset and development of various age-related musculoskeletal disorders and represents a potential therapeutic target. In recent years, many STING modulators have been developed and used in the study of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of STING signaling on the musculoskeletal system at the molecular level and current understanding of the mechanisms of endogenous active ligand production and accumulation. We also discuss the relationship between some age-related musculoskeletal disorders and STING, as well as the current status of STING modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Song
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyi Hu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Dingjun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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6
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An Y, Zhao G, Duan H, Zhang N, Duan M, Xu S, Liu X, Han Y, Zheng T, Li X, Hou J, Zhang Z, Bi Y, Zhao X, Xu K, Dai L, Wang B, Gao GF. Robust and protective immune responses induced by heterologous prime-boost vaccination with DNA-protein dimeric RBD vaccines for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28948. [PMID: 37436839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed great impacts on public health. To fight against the pandemic, robust immune responses induced by vaccination are indispensable. Previously, we developed a subunit vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide, ZF2001, based on the dimeric tandem-repeat RBD immunogen, which has been approved for clinical use. This dimeric RBD design was also explored as an mRNA vaccine. Both showed potent immunogenicity. In this study, a DNA vaccine candidate encoding RBD-dimer was designed. The humoral and cellular immune responses induced by homologous and heterologous prime-boost approaches with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001 were assessed in mice. Protection efficacy was studied by the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. We found that the DNA-RBD-dimer vaccine was robustly immunogenic. Priming with DNA-RBD-dimer followed by ZF2001 boosting induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than homologous vaccination with either DNA-RBD-dimer or ZF2001, elicited polyfunctional cellular immunity with a TH 1-biased polarization, and efficiently protected mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. This study demonstrated the robust and protective immune responses induced by the DNA-RBD-dimer candidate and provided a heterologous prime-boost approach with DNA-RBD-dimer and ZF2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixin Duan
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Minrun Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiawang Hou
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - George F Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Johnson AMF, Hager K, Alameh MG, Van P, Potchen N, Mayer-Blackwell K, Fiore-Gartland A, Minot S, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Kublin JG. The Regulation of Nucleic Acid Vaccine Responses by the Microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.18.529093. [PMID: 36824851 PMCID: PMC9949122 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.18.529093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines, including both RNA and DNA platforms, are key technologies that have considerable promise in combating both infectious disease and cancer. However, little is known about the extrinsic factors that regulate nucleic acid vaccine responses and which may determine their effectiveness. The microbiome is recognized as a significant regulator of immune development and response, whose role in regulating some traditional vaccine platforms has recently been discovered. Using germ-free and specific-pathogen-free mouse models in combination with different protein, DNA, and mRNA vaccine regimens, we demonstrate that the microbiome is a significant regulator of nucleic acid vaccine immunogenicity. While the presence of the microbiome enhances CD8+ T cell responses to mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) immunization, the microbiome suppresses immunoglobulin and CD4+ T cell responses to DNA-prime, DNA-protein-boost immunization, indicating contrasting roles for the microbiome in the regulation of these different nucleic acid vaccine platforms. In the case of mRNA-LNP vaccination, germ-free mice display reduced dendritic cell/macrophage activation that may underlie the deficient vaccine response. Our study identifies the microbiome as a relevant determinant of nucleic acid vaccine response with implications for their continued therapeutic development and deployment.
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8
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The STING1-MYD88 complex drives ACOD1/IRG1 expression and function in lethal innate immunity. iScience 2022; 25:104561. [PMID: 35769880 PMCID: PMC9234224 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ACOD1 (also known as IRG1) has emerged as a regulator of immunometabolism that operates by producing metabolite itaconate. Here, we report a key role of STING1 (also known as STING and TMEM173) in mediating ACOD1 expression in myeloid cells in response to toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The activation of STING1 through exogenous cyclic dinucleotides (e.g., 3′3′-cGAMP) or endogenous gain-of-function mutation (e.g., V155M) enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced ACOD1 expression and itaconate production in macrophages and monocytes, whereas the deletion of STING1 blocks this process. The adaptor protein MYD88, instead of DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (CGAS), favors STING1-dependent ACOD1 expression. Mechanistically, MYD88 directly blocks autophagic degradation of STING1 and causes subsequent IRF3/JUN-mediated ACOD1 gene transcription. Consequently, the conditional deletion of STING1 in myeloid cells fails to produce ACOD1 and itaconate, thereby protecting mice against endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis. Our results, therefore, establish a direct link between TLR4 signaling and ACOD1 expression through the STING1-MYD88 complex during septic shock. The MYD88-STING1 protein complex is required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ACOD1 expression The MYD88-STING1 protein complex prevents autophagic degradation of STING1 The IRF3-JUN transcription factor complex favors ACOD1 upregulation STING1-mediated itaconate production promotes experimental sepsis
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9
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Nakamura T, Sato Y, Yamada Y, Abd Elwakil MM, Kimura S, Younis MA, Harashima H. Extrahepatic targeting of lipid nanoparticles in vivo with intracellular targeting for future nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114417. [PMID: 35787389 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new era of nanomedicines that involve nucleic acids/gene therapy has been opened after two decades in 21st century and new types of more efficient drug delivery systems (DDS) are highly expected and will include extrahepatic delivery. In this review, we summarize the possibility and expectations for the extrahepatic delivery of small interfering RNA/messenger RNA/plasmid DNA/genome editing to the spleen, lung, tumor, lymph nodes as well as the liver based on our studies as well as reported information. Passive targeting and active targeting are discussed in in vivo delivery and the importance of controlled intracellular trafficking for successful therapeutic results are also discussed. In addition, mitochondrial delivery as a novel strategy for nucleic acids/gene therapy is introduced to expand the therapeutic dimension of nucleic acids/gene therapy in the liver as well as the heart, kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mahmoud M Abd Elwakil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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10
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Ulrich-Lewis JT, Draves KE, Roe K, O’Connor MA, Clark EA, Fuller DH. STING Is Required in Conventional Dendritic Cells for DNA Vaccine Induction of Type I T Helper Cell- Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861710. [PMID: 35529875 PMCID: PMC9072870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines elicit antibody, T helper cell responses and CD8+ T cell responses. Currently, little is known about the mechanism that DNA vaccines employ to induce adaptive immune responses. Prior studies have demonstrated that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) play critical roles in DNA vaccine induced antibody and T cell responses. STING activation by double stranded (dsDNA) sensing proteins initiate the production of type I interferon (IFN),but the DC-intrinsic effect of STING signaling is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of STING within cDCs on DNA vaccine induction of antibody and T cell responses. STING knockout (STING-/- ) and conditional knockout mice that lack STING in cDCs (cDC STING cKO), were immunized intramuscularly with a DNA vaccine that expressed influenza A nucleoprotein (pNP). Both STING-/- and cDC STING cKO mice had significantly lower type I T helper (Th1) type antibody (anti-NP IgG2C) responses and lower frequencies of Th1 associated T cells (NP-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells) post-immunization than wild type (WT) and cDC STING littermate control mice. In contrast, all mice had similar Th2-type NP-specific (IgG1) antibody titers. STING-/- mice developed significantly lower polyfunctional CD8+ T cells than WT, cDC STING cKO and cDC STING littermate control mice. These findings suggest that STING within cDCs mediates DNA vaccine induction of type I T helper responses including IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells, and Th1-type IgG2C antibody responses. The induction of CD8+ effector cell responses also require STING, but not within cDCs. These findings are the first to show that STING is required within cDCs to mediate DNA vaccine induced Th1 immune responses and provide new insight into the mechanism whereby DNA vaccines induce Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Theophilus Ulrich-Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelsey Roe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Seattle Children's Hospital Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Deborah Heydenburg Fuller,
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11
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Pardieck IN, van Duikeren S, Veerkamp DMB, Brasem DJ, Redeker A, van Bergen J, Han W, Ossendorp F, Zondag G, Arens R. Dominant Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses Empower Prophylactic Antibody-Eliciting Vaccines Against Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:680559. [PMID: 35154089 PMCID: PMC8828907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.680559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous herpesvirus that can cause serious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised or immune-immature individuals. A vaccine that induces immunity to CMV in these target populations is therefore highly needed. Previous attempts to generate efficacious CMV vaccines primarily focused on the induction of humoral immunity by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Current insights encourage that a protective immune response to HCMV might benefit from the induction of virus-specific T cells. Whether addition of antiviral T cell responses enhances the protection by antibody-eliciting vaccines is however unclear. Here, we assessed this query in mouse CMV (MCMV) infection models by developing synthetic vaccines with humoral immunity potential, and deliberately adding antiviral CD8+ T cells. To induce antibodies against MCMV, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding either full-length, membrane bound glycoprotein B (gB) or a secreted variant lacking the transmembrane and intracellular domain (secreted (s)gB). Intradermal immunization with an increasing dose schedule of sgB and booster immunization provided robust viral-specific IgG responses and viral control. Combined vaccination of the sgB DNA vaccine with synthetic long peptides (SLP)-vaccines encoding MHC class I-restricted CMV epitopes, which elicit exclusively CD8+ T cell responses, significantly enhanced antiviral immunity. Thus, the combination of antibody and CD8+ T cell-eliciting vaccines provides a collaborative improvement of humoral and cellular immunity enabling enhanced protection against CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dena J Brasem
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Banerjee D, Langberg K, Abbas S, Odermatt E, Yerramothu P, Volaric M, Reidenbach MA, Krentz KJ, Rubinstein CD, Brautigan DL, Abbas T, Gelfand BD, Ambati J, Kerur N. A non-canonical, interferon-independent signaling activity of cGAMP triggers DNA damage response signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6207. [PMID: 34707113 PMCID: PMC8551335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulates the production of type I interferons (IFN). Here we show that cGAMP activates DNA damage response (DDR) signaling independently of its canonical IFN pathways. Loss of cGAS dampens DDR signaling induced by genotoxic insults. Mechanistically, cGAS activates DDR in a STING-TBK1-dependent manner, wherein TBK1 stimulates the autophosphorylation of the DDR kinase ATM, with the consequent activation of the CHK2-p53-p21 signal transduction pathway and the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. Despite its stimulatory activity on ATM, cGAMP suppresses homology-directed repair (HDR) through the inhibition of polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation), in which cGAMP reduces cellular levels of NAD+; meanwhile, restoring NAD+ levels abrogates cGAMP-mediated suppression of PARylation and HDR. Finally, we show that cGAMP also activates DDR signaling in invertebrate species lacking IFN (Crassostrea virginica and Nematostella vectensis), suggesting that the genome surveillance mechanism of cGAS predates metazoan interferon-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Banerjee
- Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, 625020, India
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kurt Langberg
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Salar Abbas
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Odermatt
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Yerramothu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martin Volaric
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kathy J Krentz
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Dustin Rubinstein
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nagaraj Kerur
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Zhu H, Zhao M, Chang C, Chan V, Lu Q, Wu H. The complex role of AIM2 in autoimmune diseases and cancers. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:649-665. [PMID: 34014039 PMCID: PMC8342223 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a novel member of interferon (IFN)-inducible PYHIN proteins. In innate immune cells, AIM2 servers as a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA sensor, playing a crucial role in the initiation of the innate immune response as a component of the inflammasome. AIM2 expression is increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, and primary Sjogren's syndrome, indicating that AIM2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, AIM2 also plays an antitumorigenesis role in an inflammasome independent-manner. In melanoma, AIM2 is initially identified as a tumor suppressor factor. However, AIM2 is also found to contribute to lung tumorigenesis via the inflammasome-dependent release of interleukin 1β and regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Additionally, AIM2 reciprocally dampening the cGAS-STING pathway causes immunosuppression of macrophages and evasion of antitumor immunity during antibody treatment. To summarize the complicated effect and role of AIM2 in autoimmune diseases and cancers, herein, we provide an overview of the emerging research progress on the function and regulatory pathway of AIM2 in innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as tumor cells, and discuss its pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases, such as SLE, psoriasis, primary Sjogren's syndrome, and cancers, such as melanomas, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal carcinoma, and so on, hopefully providing potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical EpigenomicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical EpigenomicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California at Davis School of MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vera Chan
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical EpigenomicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Institute of DermatologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeNanjingChina
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical EpigenomicsThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
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14
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Scoles DR, Dansithong W, Pflieger LT, Paul S, Gandelman M, Figueroa KP, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Pulst SM. ALS-associated genes in SCA2 mouse spinal cord transcriptomes. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1658-1672. [PMID: 32307524 PMCID: PMC7322574 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) gene ATXN2 has a prominent role in the pathogenesis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition to cerebellar ataxia, motor neuron disease is often seen in SCA2, and ATXN2 CAG repeat expansions in the long normal range increase ALS risk. Also, lowering ATXN2 expression in TDP-43 ALS mice prolongs their survival. Here we investigated the ATXN2 relationship with motor neuron dysfunction in vivo by comparing spinal cord (SC) transcriptomes reported from TDP-43 and SOD1 ALS mice and ALS patients with those from SCA2 mice. SC transcriptomes were determined using an SCA2 bacterial artificial chromosome mouse model expressing polyglutamine expanded ATXN2. SCA2 cerebellar transcriptomes were also determined, and we also investigated the modification of gene expression following treatment of SCA2 mice with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) lowering ATXN2 expression. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) defined three interconnected pathways (innate immunity, fatty acid biosynthesis and cholesterol biosynthesis) in separate modules identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Other key pathways included the complement system and lysosome/phagosome pathways. Of all DEGs in SC, 12.6% were also dysregulated in the cerebellum. Treatment of mice with an ATXN2 ASO also modified innate immunity, the complement system and lysosome/phagosome pathways. This study provides new insights into the underlying molecular basis of SCA2 SC phenotypes and demonstrates annotated pathways shared with TDP-43 and SOD1 ALS mice and ALS patients. It also emphasizes the importance of ATXN2 in motor neuron degeneration and confirms ATXN2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Warunee Dansithong
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Lance T Pflieger
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Sharan Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mandi Gandelman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Karla P Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - C Frank Bennett
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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15
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Fang X, Dai E, Bai L, Liu J, Kang R, Zhao Y, Han L, Tang D. The HMGB1-AGER-STING1 pathway mediates the sterile inflammatory response to alkaliptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 560:165-171. [PMID: 33992959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkaliptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death driven by intracellular alkalization. However, the immune characteristics and mechanisms of alkaliptosis are still poorly understood. Here, we show that HMGB1, a multifunctional alarm protein that drives innate immunity, is necessary for inflammation caused by alkaliptotic damage. During alkaliptosis, HMGB1 translocation and release from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to the extracellular space requires nuclear DNA damage signals, whereas the FANCD2-dependent (but not ATM-mediated) DNA repair pathway inhibits this process. Once released by alkaliptotic cancer cells, extracellular HMGB1 binds to the AGER receptor in macrophages and then activates the STING1 pathway to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF and IL6). Consequently, the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the HMGB1-AGER-STING1 pathway limits cytokine production during alkaliptosis. These findings provide new insight into the sterile inflammatory response to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Lulu Bai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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16
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Eusébio D, Neves AR, Costa D, Biswas S, Alves G, Cui Z, Sousa Â. Methods to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2575-2592. [PMID: 34214667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as innovative approaches that have great potential to overcome the limitations of current conventional vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are often safer than other vaccines because they carry only antigen genetic information, are more stable and easier to produce, and can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the results of ongoing clinical trials are very promising, some limitations compromise the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Thus, this review describes different strategies that can be explored to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines, including the optimization of the plasmid vector backbone, the use of different methods for vaccine delivery, the use of alternative administration routes and the inclusion of adjuvants. In combination, these improvements could lead to the successful clinical use of plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Eusébio
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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17
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Li H, Wang S, Hu G, Zhang L, Liu S, Lu S. DNA priming immunization is more effective than recombinant protein vaccine in eliciting antigen-specific B cell responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:833-841. [PMID: 33853515 PMCID: PMC8812797 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1918026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
While DNA prime-protein boost vaccination approach has been widely used in preclinical and clinical studies especially in the field of HIV vaccine development, the exact role of DNA immunization has not been fully identified. Our previous work demonstrated that DNA immunization was able to elicit T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses and germinal center (GC) B cell development in a mouse model. In the current report, a mouse immunogenicity study was conducted to further ask whether DNA immunization is able to elicit antigen-specific B cell responses. Using HIV-1 Env as model antigen delivered in the form of DNA prime-protein boost, our data demonstrated that DNA prime was able to enhance the antigen-specific B cell responses for both Env-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) and memory B cells. Furthermore, the DNA priming can greatly reduce the need of including an adjuvant as part of the recombinant protein vaccine boost formulation. Our findings revealed one mechanism that supports the value of DNA priming in assisting the inductin of high affinity and long lasting antigen specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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18
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Transfected DNA is targeted by STING-mediated restriction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:207-213. [PMID: 33684697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA transfection is routinely used for delivering expression of gene of interest to target cells. Transfected DNA has been known to activate cellular DNA sensor(s) and innate immune responses, but the effects of such responses on transfected DNA are not fully understood. STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is an important adaptor protein in cellular innate immune response to various DNA and RNA stimuli and upon activation induces significant type I interferon responses. In this work, we characterized the effects of STING on gene expression driven by transfected double-stranded DNA. We observed that gene expression from transfected DNA was repressed in the presence of overexpressed STING, but increased if endogenous STING was knocked down through RNA interference. Endogenous chromosomal genes and chromosome-integrated exogenous genes were not affected by such STING-mediated restriction, which did not depend on DNA circularity or linearity, promoter used, or bacterial sequences in transfected DNA. Mechanistically, STING-mediated repression of transfected DNA correlates with reduced mRNA levels, and partially involves the induction of interferon β production by STING. Collectively, these data indicate that episomal double-stranded DNA is targeted by STING-mediated cell defense.
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19
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HMGB1 orchestrates STING-mediated senescence via TRIM30α modulation in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 33558529 PMCID: PMC7870821 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cellular senescence has emerged as a novel therapeutic concept in cancer, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are involved in senescence. However, their interactions in senescence have not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationships between HMGB1 and STING in senescence in cancer and other cells. In mouse melanoma cells and several other cell lines, doxorubicin treatment induced senescence in an HMGB1-dependent manner. These responses were mediated by STING, and this function of STING was negatively regulated by the E3 ligase tripartite motif protein 30α (TRIM30α). We also found that HMGB1 bound to the TRIM30α promoter and then suppressed its expression by inhibiting its transcription, which enhanced STING-induced senescence. This mechanism was further mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and p21. Overall, our findings demonstrated that HMGB1 orchestrated STING-STAT6-p21-mediated senescence by regulating TRIM30α as an alternative anticancer mechanism.
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20
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Nagata M, Kosaka A, Yajima Y, Yasuda S, Ohara M, Ohara K, Harabuchi S, Hayashi R, Funakoshi H, Ueda J, Kumai T, Nagato T, Oikawa K, Harabuchi Y, Esteban C, Ohkuri T, Kobayashi H. A critical role of STING-triggered tumor-migrating neutrophils for anti-tumor effect of intratumoral cGAMP treatment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2301-2312. [PMID: 33507344 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) contributes to anti-tumor immunity by activating antigen-presenting cells and inducing mobilization of tumor-specific T cells. A role for tumor-migrating neutrophils in the anti-tumor effect of STING-activating therapy has not been defined. We used mouse tumor transplantation models for assessing neutrophil migration into the tumor triggered by intratumoral treatment with STING agonist, 2'3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP). Intratumoral STING activation with cGAMP enhanced neutrophil migration into the tumor in an NF-κB/CXCL1/2-dependent manner. Blocking the neutrophil migration by anti-CXCR2 monoclonal antibody impaired T cell activation in tumor-draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and efficacy of intratumoral cGAMP treatment. Moreover, the intratumoral cGAMP treatment did not show any anti-tumor effect in type I interferon (IFN) signal-impaired mice in spite of enhanced neutrophil accumulation in the tumor. These results suggest that both neutrophil migration and type I interferon (IFN) induction by intratumoral cGAMP treatment were critical for T-cell activation of dLNs and the anti-tumor effect. In addition, we also performed in vitro analysis showing enhanced cytotoxicity of neutrophils by IFN-β1. Extrinsic STING activation triggers anti-tumor immune responses by recruiting and activating neutrophils in the tumor via two signaling pathways, CXCL1/2 and type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Nagata
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yajima
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shohei Harabuchi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakoshi
- Deprtment of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Ueda
- Deprtment of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Celis Esteban
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
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21
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Mara K, Dai M, Brice AM, Alexander MR, Tribolet L, Layton DS, Bean AGD. Investigating the Interaction between Negative Strand RNA Viruses and Their Hosts for Enhanced Vaccine Development and Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010059. [PMID: 33477334 PMCID: PMC7830660 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Examples like Ebola are known for causing severe symptoms and high mortality rates. Some, like influenza, are known for their ease of person-to-person transmission and lack of pre-existing immunity, enabling rapid spread across many countries around the globe. Containment of outbreaks of NSVs can be difficult owing to their unpredictability and the absence of effective control measures, such as vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In addition, there remains a lack of essential knowledge of the host–pathogen response that are induced by NSVs, particularly of the immune responses that provide protection. Vaccines are the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. In fact, in the event of a pandemic, appropriate vaccine design and speed of vaccine supply is the most critical factor in protecting the population, as vaccination is the only sustainable defense. Vaccines need to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective, which is influenced by our understanding of the host–pathogen interface. Additionally, some of the major challenges of vaccines are the establishment of a long-lasting immunity offering cross protection to emerging strains. Although many NSVs are controlled through immunisations, for some, vaccine design has failed or efficacy has proven unreliable. The key behind designing a successful vaccine is understanding the host–pathogen interaction and the host immune response towards NSVs. In this paper, we review the recent research in vaccine design against NSVs and explore the immune responses induced by these viruses. The generation of a robust and integrated approach to development capability and vaccine manufacture can collaboratively support the management of outbreaking NSV disease health risks.
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22
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Hazlewood JE, Dumenil T, Le TT, Slonchak A, Kazakoff SH, Patch AM, Gray LA, Howley PM, Liu L, Hayball JD, Yan K, Rawle DJ, Prow NA, Suhrbier A. Injection site vaccinology of a recombinant vaccinia-based vector reveals diverse innate immune signatures. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009215. [PMID: 33439897 PMCID: PMC7837487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus systems have been extensively used as vaccine vectors. Herein a RNA-Seq analysis of intramuscular injection sites provided detailed insights into host innate immune responses, as well as expression of vector and recombinant immunogen genes, after vaccination with a new multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vector, Sementis Copenhagen Vector. Chikungunya and Zika virus immunogen mRNA and protein expression was associated with necrosing skeletal muscle cells surrounded by mixed cellular infiltrates. The multiple adjuvant signatures at 12 hours post-vaccination were dominated by TLR3, 4 and 9, STING, MAVS, PKR and the inflammasome. Th1 cytokine signatures were dominated by IFNγ, TNF and IL1β, and chemokine signatures by CCL5 and CXCL12. Multiple signatures associated with dendritic cell stimulation were evident. By day seven, vaccine transcripts were absent, and cell death, neutrophil, macrophage and inflammation annotations had abated. No compelling arthritis signatures were identified. Such injection site vaccinology approaches should inform refinements in poxvirus-based vector design. Poxvirus vector systems have been widely developed for vaccine applications. Despite considerable progress, so far only one recombinant poxvirus vectored vaccine has to date been licensed for human use, with ongoing efforts seeking to enhance immunogenicity whilst minimizing reactogenicity. The latter two characteristics are often determined by early post-vaccination events at the injection site. We therefore undertook an injection site vaccinology approach to analyzing gene expression at the vaccination site after intramuscular inoculation with a recombinant, multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vaccine. This provided detailed insights into inter alia expression of vector-encoded immunoregulatory genes, as well as host innate and adaptive immune responses. We propose that such injection site vaccinology can inform rational vaccine vector design, and we discuss how the information and approach elucidated herein might be used to improve immunogenicity and limit reactogenicity of poxvirus-based vaccine vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine E. Hazlewood
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen H. Kazakoff
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Sementis Ltd., Hackney, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Liao W, Du C, Wang J. The cGAS-STING Pathway in Hematopoiesis and Its Physiopathological Significance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573915. [PMID: 33329537 PMCID: PMC7734179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensing is a fundamental mechanism by which organisms handle various stresses, including infection and genotoxicity. The hematopoietic system is sensitive to stresses, and hematopoietic changes are often rapid and the first response to stresses. Based on the transcriptome database, cytosolic DNA sensing pathways are widely expressed in the hematopoietic system, and components of these pathways may be expressed at even higher levels in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) than in their certain progeny immune cells. Recent studies have described a previously unrecognized role for cytosolic DNA sensing pathways in the regulation of hematopoiesis under both homeostatic and stress conditions. In particular, the recently discovered cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a critical modulator of hematopoiesis. Perturbation of the cGAS-STING pathway in HSPCs may be involved in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and inflammation-related diseases and may be candidate therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the recent findings of the cGAS-STING pathway in the regulation of hematopoiesis, and its physiopathological significance including its implications in diseases and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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24
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Khalil IA, Younis MA, Kimura S, Harashima H. Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell-Specific in Vivo Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:584-595. [PMID: 32238701 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed a great advance in the development of nonviral systems for in vivo targeted delivery of nucleic acids. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most promising carriers for producing clinically approved products in the future. Compared with other systems used for nonviral gene delivery, LNPs provide several advantages including higher stability, low toxicity, and greater efficiency. Additionally, systems based on LNPs can be modified with ligands and devices for controlled biodistribution and internalization into specific cells. Efforts are ongoing to improve the efficiency of lipid-based gene vectors. These efforts depend on the appropriate design of nanocarriers as well as the development of new lipids with improved gene delivery ability. Several ionizable lipids have recently been developed and have shown dramatically improved efficiency. However, enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to target specific cells in the body remains the most difficult challenge. Systemically administered LNPs can access organs in which the capillaries are characterized by the presence of fenestrations, such as the liver and spleen. The liver has received the most attention to date, although targeted delivery to the spleen has recently emerged as a promising tool for modulating the immune system. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of LNPs for cell-specific targeted delivery of nucleic acids. We focus mainly on targeting liver hepatocytes and spleen immune cells as excellent targets for gene therapy. We also discuss the potential of endothelial cells as an alternate approach for targeting organs with a continuous endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikramy A Khalil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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25
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Howard TR, Cristea IM. Interrogating Host Antiviral Environments Driven by Nuclear DNA Sensing: A Multiomic Perspective. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121591. [PMID: 33255247 PMCID: PMC7761228 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DNA sensors are critical components of the mammalian innate immune system, recognizing the presence of pathogens and initiating immune signaling. These proteins act in the nuclei of infected cells by binding to foreign DNA, such as the viral genomes of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Upon binding to pathogenic DNA, the nuclear DNA sensors were shown to initiate antiviral cytokines, as well as to suppress viral gene expression. These host defense responses involve complex signaling processes that, through protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and post-translational modifications (PTMs), drive extensive remodeling of the cellular transcriptome, proteome, and secretome to generate an antiviral environment. As such, a holistic understanding of these changes is required to understand the mechanisms through which nuclear DNA sensors act. The advent of omics techniques has revolutionized the speed and scale at which biological research is conducted and has been used to make great strides in uncovering the molecular underpinnings of DNA sensing. Here, we review the contribution of proteomics approaches to characterizing nuclear DNA sensors via the discovery of functional PPIs and PTMs, as well as proteome and secretome changes that define a host antiviral environment. We also highlight the value of and future need for integrative multiomic efforts to gain a systems-level understanding of DNA sensors and their influence on epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations during infection.
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26
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Li M, Liu C, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Li Y, Lv Y, Lu S, Hu C, Mao H. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) GPATCH3 initiates IFN 1 expression via the activation of STING-IRF7 signal axis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 112:103781. [PMID: 32645337 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
GPATCH3, a protein with G-patch domain, is known to participate in innate immune response and organ development in mammals. However, there are few reports on GPATCH3 in fish. Here the cDNA sequence of GPATCH3 was cloned from Ctenopharyngodon idella (CiGPATCH3, MN149902) and was determined its character. A cDNA sequence of CiGPATCH3 is 1646 bp and contains an ORF of 1221 bp translating a protein of 407 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis uncovered that CiGPATCH3 possesses a relatively high degree of homology with Cyprinus carpio GPATCH3. The mRNA level of CiGPATCH3 was increased following the intracellular stimulation of poly (I:C) into CIK cells. In vivo, over-expression of CiGPATCH3 can significantly up-regulate IFN 1 and ISG15 expression at mRNA and protein levels. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which GPATCH3 initiates the innate immune response in fish, co-IP experiments were performed to analyze the substrates of CiGPATCH3. The results showed that CiGPATCH3 directly interacted with CiSTING, but not with CiIRF3, CiIRF7, CiTBK1 or CiIPS-1. As compared with the single transfection of CO cells with either CiGPATCH3 or CiSTING, the expression of IFN 1 was more significantly up-regulated in cells under treatment with dual transfection of CiGPATCH3 and CiSTING. Knockdown of CiGPATCH3 inhibited STING-mediated IFN 1 expression in fish cells. Over-expression of CiGPATCH3 and CiSTING facilitated the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of CiIRF7. These results explicitly showed that CiGPATCH3 up-regulates IFN 1 and ISG15 expression via the activation of STING-IRF7 signal axis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Li
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Changxin Liu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeying Jiang
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Huiling Mao
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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27
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Nehme J, Borghesan M, Mackedenski S, Bird TG, Demaria M. Cellular senescence as a potential mediator of COVID-19 severity in the elderly. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13237. [PMID: 32955770 PMCID: PMC7576296 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel betacoronavirus which infects the lower respiratory tract and can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a complex respiratory distress syndrome. Epidemiological data show that COVID-19 has a rising mortality particularly in individuals with advanced age. Identifying a functional association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the process of biological aging may provide a tractable avenue for therapy to prevent acute and long-term disease. Here, we discuss how cellular senescence-a state of stable growth arrest characterized by pro-inflammatory and pro-disease functions-can hypothetically be a contributor to COVID-19 pathogenesis, and a potential pharmaceutical target to alleviate disease severity. First, we define why older COVID-19 patients are more likely to accumulate high levels of cellular senescence. Second, we describe how senescent cells can contribute to an uncontrolled SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytokine storm and an excessive inflammatory reaction during the early phase of the disease. Third, we discuss the various mechanisms by which senescent cells promote tissue damage leading to lung failure and multi-tissue dysfunctions. Fourth, we argue that a high senescence burst might negatively impact on vaccine efficacy. Measuring the burst of cellular senescence could hypothetically serve as a predictor of COVID-19 severity, and targeting senescence-associated mechanisms prior and after SARS-CoV-2 infection might have the potential to limit a number of severe damages and to improve the efficacy of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Nehme
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA)University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUGGroningen NLThe Netherlands
- Doctoral School of Science and TechnologyLebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Michela Borghesan
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA)University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUGGroningen NLThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Mackedenski
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA)University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUGGroningen NLThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas G. Bird
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marco Demaria
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA)University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUGGroningen NLThe Netherlands
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28
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de Queiroz NMGP, Marinho FV, Chagas MA, Leite LCC, Homan EJ, de Magalhães MTQ, Oliveira SC. Vaccines for COVID-19: perspectives from nucleic acid vaccines to BCG as delivery vector system. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:515-524. [PMID: 32961274 PMCID: PMC7501874 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses standard and new disruptive strategies in the race to develop an anti-COVID-19 vaccine. We also included new bioinformatic data from our group mapping immunodominant epitopes and structural analysis of the spike protein. Another innovative approach reviewed here is the use of BCG vaccine as priming strategy and/or delivery system expressing SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marí G P de Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio V Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Chagas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana T Q de Magalhães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, BA, Brazil.
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29
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Hager S, Fittler FJ, Wagner E, Bros M. Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E2061. [PMID: 32917034 PMCID: PMC7564019 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors proposed to boost the patients' anti-tumor immune response has proven the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches for tumor therapy. Furthermore, especially in the context of the development of biocompatible, cell type targeting nano-carriers, nucleic acid-based drugs aimed to initiate and to enhance anti-tumor responses have come of age. This review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the therapeutic use of nucleic acids for cancer treatment on various levels, comprising (i) mRNA and DNA-based vaccines to be expressed by antigen presenting cells evoking sustained anti-tumor T cell responses, (ii) molecular adjuvants, (iii) strategies to inhibit/reprogram tumor-induced regulatory immune cells e.g., by RNA interference (RNAi), (iv) genetically tailored T cells and natural killer cells to directly recognize tumor antigens, and (v) killing of tumor cells, and reprograming of constituents of the tumor microenvironment by gene transfer and RNAi. Aside from further improvements of individual nucleic acid-based drugs, the major perspective for successful cancer therapy will be combination treatments employing conventional regimens as well as immunotherapeutics like checkpoint inhibitors and nucleic acid-based drugs, each acting on several levels to adequately counter-act tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | | | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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30
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Deb P, Dai J, Singh S, Kalyoussef E, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Triggering of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Inhibits TLR9-Mediated IFN Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:223-236. [PMID: 32471881 PMCID: PMC7460725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are potent producers of type I and type III IFNs and play a major role in antiviral immunity and autoimmune disorders. The innate sensing of nucleic acids remains the major initiating factor for IFN production by pDCs. TLR-mediated sensing of nucleic acids via endosomal pathways has been studied and documented in detail, whereas the sensing of DNA in cytosolic compartment in human pDCs remains relatively unexplored. We now demonstrate the existence and functionality of the components of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway comprising cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of IFN gene (STING) in human pDCs. cGAS was initially located in the cytosolic compartment of pDCs and time-dependently colocalized with non-CpG double-stranded immunostimulatory DNA (ISD). Following the colocalization of ISD with cGAS, the downstream pathway was triggered as STING disassociated from its location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Upon direct stimulation of pDCs by STING agonist 2'3' cGAMP or dsDNA, pDC-s produced type I, and type III IFN. Moreover, we documented that cGAS-STING-mediated IFN production is mediated by nuclear translocation of IRF3 whereas TLR9-mediated activation occurs through IRF7. Our data also indicate that pDC prestimulation of cGAS-STING dampened the TLR9-mediated IFN production. Furthermore, triggering of cGAS-STING induced expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in pDCs, indicating a possible autoinhibitory loop that impedes IFN production by pDCs. Thus, our study indicates that the cGAS-STING pathway exists in parallel to the TLR9-mediated DNA recognition in human pDCs with cross-talk between these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Deb
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Evelyne Kalyoussef
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Patricia Fitzgerald-Bocarsly
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103; and
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31
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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15989-15999. [PMID: 32581130 PMCID: PMC7354937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002144117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by glutamine-expansion in the huntingtin (mHTT) protein, which affects motor, psychiatric, and cognitive function, but the mechanisms remain unclear. mHTT is known to induce DNA damage and affect autophagy, both associated with inflammatory responses, but what mediates all these were unknown. Here we report that cGAS, a DNA damage sensor, is highly upregulated in the striatum of a mouse model and HD human patient’s tissue. We found ribosomes, which make proteins, are robustly accumulated on the cGAS mRNA in HD cells. cGAS depletion decreases—and cGAS expression increases—both inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD striatal cells. Thus, cGAS is a therapeutic target for HD. Blocking cGAS will prevent/slow down HD symptoms. Huntington disease (HD) is caused by an expansion mutation of the N-terminal polyglutamine of huntingtin (mHTT). mHTT is ubiquitously present, but it induces noticeable damage to the brain’s striatum, thereby affecting motor, psychiatric, and cognitive functions. The striatal damage and progression of HD are associated with the inflammatory response; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a DNA sensor, is a critical regulator of inflammatory and autophagy responses in HD. Ribosome profiling revealed that the cGAS mRNA has high ribosome occupancy at exon 1 and codon-specific pauses at positions 171 (CCG) and 172 (CGT) in HD striatal cells. Moreover, the protein levels and activity of cGAS (based on the phosphorylated STING and phosphorylated TBK1 levels), and the expression and ribosome occupancy of cGAS-dependent inflammatory genes (Ccl5 and Cxcl10) are increased in HD striatum. Depletion of cGAS diminishes cGAS activity and decreases the expression of inflammatory genes while suppressing the up-regulation of autophagy in HD cells. In contrast, reinstating cGAS in cGAS-depleted HD cells activates cGAS activity and promotes inflammatory and autophagy responses. Ribosome profiling also revealed that LC3A and LC3B, the two major autophagy initiators, show altered ribosome occupancy in HD cells. We also detected the presence of numerous micronuclei, which are known to induce cGAS, in the cytoplasm of neurons derived from human HD embryonic stem cells. Collectively, our results indicate that cGAS is up-regulated in HD and mediates inflammatory and autophagy responses. Thus, targeting the cGAS pathway may offer therapeutic benefits in HD.
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Suschak JJ, Dupuy LC, Shoemaker CJ, Six C, Kwilas SA, Spik KW, Williams JA, Schmaljohn CS. Nanoplasmid Vectors Co-expressing Innate Immune Agonists Enhance DNA Vaccines for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus and Ebola Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:810-821. [PMID: 32296729 PMCID: PMC7158766 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing codon-optimized Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein genes provide protective immunity to mice and nonhuman primates when delivered by intramuscular (IM) electroporation (EP). To achieve equivalent protective efficacy in the absence of EP, we evaluated VEEV and EBOV DNA vaccines constructed using minimalized Nanoplasmid expression vectors that are smaller than conventional plasmids used for DNA vaccination. These vectors may also be designed to co-express type I interferon inducing innate immune agonist genes that have an adjuvant effect. Nanoplasmid vaccinated mice had increased antibody responses as compared to those receiving our conventional pWRG7077-based vaccines when delivered by IM injection, and these responses were further enhanced by the inclusion of the innate immune agonist genes. The Nanoplasmid VEEV DNA vaccines also significantly increased protection against aerosol VEEV challenge as compared to the pWRG7077 VEEV DNA vaccine. Although all mice receiving the pWRG7077 and Nanoplasmid EBOV DNA vaccines at the dose tested survived EBOV challenge, only mice receiving the Nanoplasmid EBOV DNA vaccine that co-expresses the innate immune agonist genes failed to lose weight after challenge. Our results suggest that Nanoplasmid vectors can improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of alphavirus and filovirus DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lesley C Dupuy
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Charles J Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Carolyn Six
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kristin W Spik
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Headquarters, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Lapuente D, Stab V, Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann M, Maaske A, Köster M, Xiao H, Ehrhardt C, Tenbusch M. Innate signalling molecules as genetic adjuvants do not alter the efficacy of a DNA-based influenza A vaccine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231138. [PMID: 32243477 PMCID: PMC7122823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In respect to the heterogeneity among influenza A virus strains and the shortcomings of current vaccination programs, there is a huge interest in the development of alternative vaccines that provide a broader and more long-lasting protection. Gene-based approaches are considered as promising candidates for such flu vaccines. In our study, innate signalling molecules from the RIG-I and the NALP3 pathways were evaluated as genetic adjuvants in intramuscular DNA immunizations. Plasmids encoding a constitutive active form of RIG-I (cRIG-I), IPS-1, IL-1β, or IL-18 were co-administered with plasmids encoding the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein derived from H1N1/Puerto Rico/8/1934 via electroporation in BALB/c mice. Immunogenicity was analysed in detail and efficacy was demonstrated in homologous and heterologous influenza challenge experiments. Although the biological activities of the adjuvants have been confirmed by in vitro reporter assays, their single or combined inclusion in the vaccine did not result in superior vaccine efficacy. With the exception of significantly increased levels of antigen-specific IgG1 after the co-administration of IL-1β, there were only minor alterations concerning the immunogenicity. Since DNA electroporation alone induced substantial inflammation at the injection site, as demonstrated in this study using Mx2-Luc reporter mice, it might override the adjuvants´ contribution to the inflammatory microenvironment and thereby minimizes the influence on the immunogenicity. Taken together, the DNA immunization was protective against subsequent challenge infections but could not be further improved by the genetic adjuvants analysed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Stab
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Andre Maaske
- Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mario Köster
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Han Xiao
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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O'Donnell K, Marzi A. The Ebola virus glycoprotein and its immune responses across multiple vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:267-277. [PMID: 32129120 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1738225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: For over 40 years, ebolaviruses have been responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates across western and central Africa. In December 2013, an unprecedented Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic began in West Africa and resulted in the largest outbreak to date. The past and current epidemics in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo has focused attention on the potential vaccine platforms developed over the past 20 years.Areas covered: This review summarizes the extraordinary progress using a variety of vaccination platforms including DNA, subunit, and several viral vector approaches, replicating and non-replicating, incorporating the primary antigen of EBOV, the glycoprotein. These vaccine constructs have shown varying degrees of protective efficacy in the 'gold-standard' nonhuman primate model for EBOV infections and were immunogenic in human clinical trials.Expert commentary: A number of these vaccine platforms have moved into phase III clinical trials over the past years and with the recent approval of the first EBOV vaccine in the European Union and the USA there is a strong potential to prevent future outbreaks/epidemics of EBOV infections on the scale of the West African epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Zhang H, Zeng L, Xie M, Liu J, Zhou B, Wu R, Cao L, Kroemer G, Wang H, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Jiang J, Yu Y, Tang D. TMEM173 Drives Lethal Coagulation in Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:556-570.e6. [PMID: 32142632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of TMEM173/STING-dependent innate immunity has recently provided guidance for the prevention and management of inflammatory disorders. Here, we show that myeloid TMEM173 occupies an essential role in regulating coagulation in bacterial infections through a mechanism independent of type I interferon response. Mechanistically, TMEM173 binding to ITPR1 controls calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in macrophages and monocytes. The TMEM173-dependent increase in cytosolic calcium drives Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage and activation, which triggers the release of F3, the key initiator of blood coagulation. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the TMEM173-GSDMD-F3 pathway blocks systemic coagulation and improves animal survival in three models of sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture or bacteremia with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pneumoniae infection). The upregulation of the TMEM173 pathway correlates with the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in patients with sepsis. Thus, TMEM173 is a key regulator of blood clotting during lethal bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Borong Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China; Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Maeta M, Miura N, Tanaka H, Nakamura T, Kawanishi R, Nishikawa Y, Asano K, Tanaka M, Tamagawa S, Nakai Y, Tange K, Yoshioka H, Harashima H, Akita H. Vitamin E Scaffolds of pH-Responsive Lipid Nanoparticles as DNA Vaccines in Cancer and Protozoan Infection. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1237-1247. [PMID: 32129629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccinations are promising strategies for treating diseases that require cellular immunity (i.e., cancer and protozoan infection). Here, we report on the use of a liposomal nanocarrier (lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)) composed of an SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipidlike material (ssPalm) as an in vivo DNA vaccine. After subcutaneous administration, the LNPs containing an ssPalmE, an ssPalm with vitamin E scaffolds, elicited a higher gene expression activity in comparison with the other LNPs composed of the ssPalms with different hydrophobic scaffolds. Immunization with the ssPalmE-LNPs encapsulating plasmid DNA that encodes ovalbumin (OVA, a model tumor antigen) or profilin (TgPF, a potent antigen of Toxoplasma gondii) induced substantial antitumor or antiprotozoan effects, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis of the cells that had taken up the LNPs in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) showed that the ssPalmE-LNPs were largely taken up by macrophages and a small number of dendritic cells. We found that the transient deletion of CD169+ macrophages, a subpopulation of macrophages that play a key role in cancer immunity, unexpectedly enhanced the activity of the DNA vaccine. These data suggest that the ssPalmE-LNPs are effective DNA vaccine carriers, and a strategy for avoiding their being trapped by CD169+ macrophages will be a promising approach for developing next-generation DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Maeta
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawanishi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro City, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro City, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shinya Tamagawa
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakai
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
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Inhibition of antigen-specific immune responses by co-application of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-encoding vector requires antigen transgene expression focused on dendritic cells. Amino Acids 2020; 52:411-424. [PMID: 32008091 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) of plasmids encoding β-galactosidase (βGal) under control of the fascin-1 promoter (pFascin-βGal) yielded selective production of the protein in skin dendritic cells (DCs), and suppressed Th2 responses in a mouse model of type I allergy by inducing Th1/Tc1 cells. However, intranasal challenge of mice immunized with pFascin-βGal induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and neutrophilic inflammation in the lung. The tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been implicated in immune suppression and tolerance induction. Here we investigated the consequences of co-application of an IDO-encoding vector on the modulatory effect of DNA vaccination by PMED using pFascin-βGal in models of eosinophilic allergic and non-eosinophilic intrinsic airway inflammation. IDO-encoding plasmids and pFascin-βGal or pCMV-βGal were co-applied to abdominal skin of BALB/c mice without, before or after sensitization with βGal protein. Immune responses in the lung were analysed after intranasal provocation and airway reactivity was determined by whole body plethysmography. Co-application of pCMV-IDO with pFascin-βGal, but not pCMV-βGal inhibited the Th1/Tc1 immune response after PMED. Moreover, AHR in those mice was attenuated following intranasal challenge. Therapeutic vaccination of βGal-sensitized mice with pFascin-βGal plus pCMV-IDO slightly suppressed airway inflammation and AHR after provocation with βGal protein, while prophylactic vaccination was not effective. Altogether, our data suggest that only the combination of DC-restricted antigen and ubiquitous IDO expression attenuated asthma responses in mice, most probably by forming a tryptophan-depleted and kynurenine-enriched micromilieu known to affect neutrophils and T cells.
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Lian Y, Duffy KJ, Yang J. STING Activation and its Application in Immuno-Oncology. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2205-2227. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191010155903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors has ushered in a new era
of cancer immunotherapies with the promise of achieving a durable response. This represents a paradigm
shift in cancer treatment from directly targeting tumor cells to harnessing the power of a patient’s
own immune system to destroy them. The cGAS-STING pathway is the major cytosolic dsDNA sensing
pathway that plays a pivotal role in the innate antitumor immune response. With a fundamentally different
mode of action (MOA) than immune checkpoint modulators, STING activation can potentially enhance
tumor immunogenicity and improve patient responses as a single agent or by synergizing with
existing anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, there has been intense interest from the pharmaceutical industry
and academic institutions in the search for potent STING agonists as immunotherapies in oncology. In
this article, we review briefly the cGAS-STING pathway and STING agonists that are in the clinical and
preclinical studies, summarize recently disclosed patent applications and published journal articles in the
field and cover both cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) analogs and non-nucleic acid derived STING agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Lian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Kevin J. Duffy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Jingsong Yang
- Immuno-Oncology and Combinations Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
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Suschak JJ, Schmaljohn CS. Vaccines against Ebola virus and Marburg virus: recent advances and promising candidates. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2359-2377. [PMID: 31589088 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1651140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebola virus and Marburg virus are among the most dangerous pathogens in the world. Both viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever, with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Historically, filovirus outbreaks had been relatively small, with only a few hundred cases reported. However, the recent West African Ebola virus outbreak underscored the threat that filoviruses pose. The three year-long outbreak resulted in 28,646 Ebola virus infections and 11,323 deaths. The lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed vaccines and antiviral drugs hindered early efforts to contain the outbreak. In response, the global scientific community has spurred the advanced development of many filovirus vaccine candidates. Novel vaccine platforms, such as viral vectors and DNA vaccines, have emerged, leading to the investigation of candidate vaccines that have demonstrated protective efficacy in small animal and nonhuman primate studies. Here, we will discuss several of these vaccine platforms with a particular focus on approaches that have advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Headquarters Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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Suschak JJ, Bagley K, Shoemaker CJ, Six C, Kwilas S, Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS. The Genetic Adjuvants Interleukin-12 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Enhance the Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccine in Mice. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S519-S527. [PMID: 30053157 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we showed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines expressing codon-optimized filovirus envelope glycoprotein genes protect mice and nonhuman primates from viral challenge when delivered by intramuscular (IM) electroporation (EP). To determine whether we could achieve equivalent immunogenicity and protective efficacy by a simplified delivery method, we generated DNA vaccine plasmids expressing genetic adjuvants to potentiate immune responses. We tested the Th1-inducing cytokine interleukin-12 and the granulocyte growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, both of which have demonstrated significant adjuvant effect when included in clinical DNA vaccine formulations. In addition, because interferon (IFN)-αβ is required for DNA vaccine-induced immunity, we tested inclusion of a potent stimulator of the IFN-αβ pathway. Our data suggest that IM vaccination of mice with plasmid DNA encoding genetic adjuvants enhances vaccine immunogenicity, resulting in increased anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) immunoglobulin G and T-cell responses. Codelivery of genetic adjuvants also improved EBOV neutralizing capability compared with vaccine alone. Finally, IM vaccination with plasmid EBOV and genetic adjuvants provided complete protection against EBOV challenge. Overall, our data suggest that codelivery of genetic adjuvants with filovirus DNA vaccines using IM delivery can provide comparable efficacy to the same DNA vaccines when delivered using IM-EP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | - Charles J Shoemaker
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Carolyn Six
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Steven Kwilas
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Lesley C Dupuy
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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Tondini E, Arakelian T, Oosterhuis K, Camps M, van Duikeren S, Han W, Arens R, Zondag G, van Bergen J, Ossendorp F. A poly-neoantigen DNA vaccine synergizes with PD-1 blockade to induce T cell-mediated tumor control. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1652539. [PMID: 31646082 PMCID: PMC6791440 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1652539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immune-stimulating strategies has the potency to improve immunotherapy of cancer. Vaccination against neoepitopes derived from patient tumor material can generate tumor-specific T cell immunity, which could reinforce the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor therapies such as anti-PD-1 treatment. DNA vaccination is a versatile platform that allows the inclusion of multiple neoantigen-coding sequences in a single formulation and therefore represents an ideal platform for neoantigen vaccination. We developed an anti-tumor vaccine based on a synthetic DNA vector designed to contain multiple cancer-specific epitopes in tandem. The DNA vector encoded a fusion gene consisting of three neoepitopes derived from the mouse colorectal tumor MC38 and their natural flanking sequences as 40 amino acid stretches. In addition, we incorporated as reporter epitopes the helper and CTL epitope sequences of ovalbumin. The poly-neoantigen DNA vaccine elicited T cell responses to all three neoantigens and induced functional CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to the reporter antigen ovalbumin after intradermal injection in mice. The DNA vaccine was effective in preventing outgrowth of B16 melanoma expressing ovalbumin in a prophylactic setting. Moreover, the combination of therapeutic DNA vaccination and anti-PD-1 treatment was synergistic in controlling MC38 tumor growth whereas individual treatments did not succeed. These data demonstrate the potential of DNA vaccination to target multiple neoepitopes in a single formulation and highlight the cooperation between vaccine-based and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies for the successful eradication of established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tondini
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tsolere Arakelian
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Camps
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda Han
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Rajagopalan D, Tirado-Magallanes R, Bhatia SS, Teo WS, Sian S, Hora S, Lee KK, Zhang Y, Jadhav SP, Wu Y, Gan YH, Karnani N, Benoukraf T, Jha S. TIP60 represses activation of endogenous retroviral elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9456-9470. [PMID: 30053221 PMCID: PMC6182167 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TIP60 is a lysine acetyltransferase and is known to be a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor. TIP60 downregulation is an early event in tumorigenesis which has been observed in several cancer types including breast and colorectal cancers. However, the mechanism by which it regulates tumor progression is not well understood. In this study, we identified the role of TIP60 in the silencing of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs). TIP60-mediated silencing of ERVs is dependent on BRD4. TIP60 and BRD4 positively regulate the expression of enzymes, SUV39H1 and SETDB1 and thereby, the global H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) level. In colorectal cancer, we found that the loss of TIP60 de-represses retrotransposon elements genome-wide, which in turn activate the cellular response to pathogens, mediated by STING, culminating in an induction of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) and associated inflammatory response. In summary, this study has identified a unique mechanism of ERV regulation in cancer cells mediated by TIP60 and BRD4 through regulation of histone H3 K9 trimethylation, and a new tumor suppressive role of TIP60 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajagopalan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Wen Shiun Teo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Stephanie Sian
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Shainan Hora
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Kin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Shweta Pradip Jadhav
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A* STAR, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A* STAR, Singapore
| | - Touati Benoukraf
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Cheng Y, Zhu W, Ding C, Niu Q, Wang H, Yan Y, Sun J. IRF7 Is Involved in Both STING and MAVS Mediating IFN-β Signaling in IRF3-Lacking Chickens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1930-1942. [PMID: 31366714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 has been identified as the most critical regulator of both RNA and DNA virus-induced IFN production in mammals. However, ambiguity exists in research on chicken IRFs; in particular IRF3 seems to be missing in chickens, making IFN regulation in chickens unclear. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the potential IFN-related IRFs in chickens and showed that IRF7 is the most critical IFN-β regulator in chickens. With a chicken IRF7 (chIRF7) knockout DF-1 cell line, we conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that chIRF7 is involved in both chicken STING (chSTING)- and chicken MAVS (chMAVS)-mediated IFN-β regulation in response to DNA and RNA viral infections, respectively. We further examined the mechanisms of chIRF7 activation by chSTING. We found that chicken TBK1 (chTBK1) is indispensable for chIRF7 activation by chSTING as well as that chSTING interacts with both chIRF7 and chTBK1 to function as a scaffold in chIRF7 activation by chTBK1. More interestingly, we discovered that chSTING mediates the activation of chIRF7 through a conserved SLQxSyS motif. In short, we confirmed that although IRF3 is missing in chickens, they employ IRF7 to reconstitute corresponding IFN signaling to respond to both DNA and RNA viral infections. Additionally, we uncovered a mechanism of chIRF7 activation by chSTING. The results will enrich and deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the chicken IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaona Niu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hengan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; and
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44
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Kwak HW, Park HJ, Ko HL, Park H, Cha MH, Lee SM, Kang KW, Kim RH, Ryu SR, Kim HJ, Kim JO, Song M, Kim H, Jeong DG, Shin EC, Nam JH. Cricket paralysis virus internal ribosome entry site-derived RNA promotes conventional vaccine efficacy by enhancing a balanced Th1/Th2 response. Vaccine 2019; 37:5191-5202. [PMID: 31371226 PMCID: PMC7115557 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA adjuvant was developed from the CrPV intergenic region IRES. The RNA adjuvant functioned as an adjuvant with protein-based vaccines. The RNA adjuvant increased vaccine efficacy and induced balanced Th1/Th2 response. The RNA adjuvant enhanced APC chemotaxis.
An ideal adjuvant should increase vaccine efficacy through balanced Th1/Th2 responses and be safe to use. Recombinant protein-based vaccines are usually formulated with aluminum (alum)-based adjuvants to ensure an adequate immune response. However, use of alum triggers a Th2-biased immune induction, and hence is not optimal. Although the adjuvanticity of RNA has been reported, a systematic and overall investigation on its efficacy is lacking. We found that single strand RNA (termed RNA adjuvant) derived from cricket paralysis virus intergenic region internal ribosome entry site induced the expression of various adjuvant-function-related genes, such as type 1 and 2 interferon (IFN) and toll-like receptor (TLR), T cell activation, and leukocyte chemotaxis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; furthermore, its innate and IFN transcriptome profile patterns were similar to those of a live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. This suggests that protein-based vaccines formulated using RNA adjuvant function as live-attenuated vaccines. Application of the RNA adjuvant in mouse enhanced the efficacy of Middle East respiratory syndrome spike protein, a protein-subunit vaccine and human papillomavirus L1 protein, a virus-like particle vaccine, by activating innate immune response through TLR7 and enhancing pAPC chemotaxis, leading to a balanced Th1/Th2 responses. Moreover, the combination of alum and the RNA adjuvant synergistically induced humoral and cellular immune responses and endowed long-term immunity. Therefore, RNA adjuvants have broad applicability and can be used with all conventional vaccines to improve vaccine efficacy qualitatively and quantitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Li Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Cha
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, The Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kang
- Division of Biotechnology, The Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rhoon-Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Rok Ryu
- Division of Biotechnology, The Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Garrison AR, Smith DR, Golden JW. Animal Models for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Human Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:E590. [PMID: 31261754 PMCID: PMC6669593 DOI: 10.3390/v11070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important tick-borne human pathogen endemic throughout Asia, Africa and Europe. CCHFV is also an emerging virus, with recent outbreaks in Western Europe. CCHFV can infect a large number of wild and domesticated mammalian species and some avian species, however the virus does not cause severe disease in these animals, but can produce viremia. In humans, CCHFV infection can lead to a severe, life-threating disease characterized by hemodynamic instability, hepatic injury and neurological disorders, with a worldwide lethality rate of ~20-30%. The pathogenic mechanisms of CCHF are poorly understood, largely due to the dearth of animal models. However, several important animal models have been recently described, including novel murine models and a non-human primate model. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of CCHF-mediated pathogenesis and describe how animal models are helping elucidate the molecular and cellular determinants of disease. This information should serve as a reference for those interested in CCHFV animal models and their utility for evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs) and in the study of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Darci R Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joseph W Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
- Mailing address: Virology Division, USAMRIID, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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46
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Liu S, Wang S, Lu S. Using DNA Immunization to Elicit Monoclonal Antibodies in Mice, Rabbits, and Humans. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 29:997-1003. [PMID: 30027758 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent vaccine studies, DNA immunization was found to effectively stimulate both innate and adaptive immunities to elicit high levels of antigen-specific antibody responses. The DNA molecule itself can activate multiple pathways of innate immunity. The in vivo production of antigens allows for presentation by major histocompatibility complexes, so that T-cell responses are generated to help in the development of antigen-specific B cells, leading to high-affinity antibody response. By using the same process, DNA immunization should also be effective at producing functionally potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Furthermore, the in vivo expressed proteins can maximally maintain the native structures and go through appropriate post-transcriptional modifications. By combining such advantages, DNA immunization can be expected to play more important roles in the future to elicit mAbs against difficult targets from a wide range of host systems. The current report shares our group's experience in using DNA immunization to elicit mAbs in the mouse, rabbit, and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shixia Wang
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Lu
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
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47
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Kumar V. A STING to inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:171-185. [PMID: 30990921 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir1018-397rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a cytosolic PRR, recognizes cytosolic nucleic acids including dsDNAs. The recognition of dsDNA by cGAS generates cyclic GMP-AMP (GAMP). The cGAMP is then recognized by STING generating type 1 IFNs and NF-κB-mediated generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules. Thus, cGAS-STING signaling mediated recognition of cytosolic dsDNA causing the induction of type 1 IFNs plays a crucial role in innate immunity against cytosolic pathogens, PAMPs, and DAMPs. The overactivation of this system may lead to the development of autoinflammation and autoimmune diseases. The article opens with the introduction of different PRRs involved in the intracellular recognition of dsDNA and gives a brief introduction of cGAS-STING signaling. The second section briefly describes cGAS as intracellular PRR required to recognize intracellular nucleic acids (dsDNA and CDNs) and the formation of cGAMP. The cGAMP acts as a second messenger to activate STING- and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated generation of type 1 IFNs and the activation of NF-κB. The third section of the article describes the role of cGAS-STING signaling in the induction of autoinflammation and various autoimmune diseases. The subsequent fourth section describes both chemical compounds developed and the endogenous negative regulators of cGAS-STING signaling required for its regulation. Therapeutic targeting of cGAS-STING signaling could offer new ways to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Hobernik D, Bros M. DNA Vaccines-How Far From Clinical Use? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113605. [PMID: 30445702 PMCID: PMC6274812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades ago successful transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC) in vivo was demonstrated which resulted in the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Due to the good biocompatibility of plasmid DNA, their cost-efficient production and long shelf life, many researchers aimed to develop DNA vaccine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of infections and cancer, but also autoimmune diseases and allergies. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the course of action of DNA vaccines, and which factors are responsible for the poor immunogenicity in human so far. Important optimization steps that improve DNA transfection efficiency comprise the introduction of DNA-complexing nano-carriers aimed to prevent extracellular DNA degradation, enabling APC targeting, and enhanced endo/lysosomal escape of DNA. Attachment of virus-derived nuclear localization sequences facilitates nuclear entry of DNA. Improvements in DNA vaccine design include the use of APC-specific promotors for transcriptional targeting, the arrangement of multiple antigen sequences, the co-delivery of molecular adjuvants to prevent tolerance induction, and strategies to circumvent potential inhibitory effects of the vector backbone. Successful clinical use of DNA vaccines may require combined employment of all of these parameters, and combination treatment with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hobernik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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49
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Suschak JJ, Bagley K, Six C, Shoemaker CJ, Kwilas S, Spik KW, Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS. The genetic adjuvant IL-12 enhances the protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus delivered by intramuscular injection in mice. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:113-121. [PMID: 30268913 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that DNA vaccines expressing codon-optimized alphavirus envelope glycoprotein genes protect both mice and non-human primates from viral challenge when delivered by intramuscular electroporation (IM-EP). To determine if we could achieve equivalent immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the absence of electroporation, we co-delivered our Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) DNA vaccine with DNA plasmids expressing genetic adjuvants designed to augment immune responses. We tested the Th1-inducing cytokine IL-12 as well as the granulocyte growth factor GM-CSF, both of which have demonstrated significant adjuvant effect when included in clinical DNA vaccine formulations. Additionally, as multiple reports have described the necessity of IFN-αβ in DNA vaccine immunogenicity, we tested vaccine plasmids encoding a potent stimulator of the IFN-αβ pathway. Our data suggest that IM vaccination of mice with plasmid DNA encoding genetic adjuvants enhances VEEV vaccine immunogenicity, resulting in improved T cell responses, as well as skewing of the anti-VEEV IgG antibody isotype. Additionally, IM vaccination of VEEV DNA vaccine and IL-12 provided complete protection against aerosol VEEV challenge. Overall, our data suggest that co-delivery of genetic adjuvants with alphavirus DNA vaccines using IM delivery can influence the type of immune response obtained and provide comparable protective immunity to that achieved by IM-EP delivery of the vaccine without adjuvants.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Six
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Charles J Shoemaker
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Kwilas
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kristin W Spik
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lesley C Dupuy
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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50
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Fynan EF, Lu S, Robinson HL. One Group's Historical Reflections on DNA Vaccine Development. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:966-970. [PMID: 30129778 PMCID: PMC6152846 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines were pioneered by several groups in the early 1990s. This article presents the reflections of one of these groups on their work with retroviral vectors in chickens that contributed to the discovery and early development of DNA vaccines. Although the findings were initially met with skepticism, the work presented here combined with that of others founded a new method of vaccination: the direct inoculation of purified DNA encoding the target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F. Fynan
- Department of Biology, Worcester State College, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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