1
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Yabas M, Hoyne GF. Immunological Phenotyping of Mice with a Point Mutation in Cdk4. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2847. [PMID: 37893220 PMCID: PMC10603874 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a crucial role in regulation of the mammalian cell cycle. CDK4 and CDK6 control the G1/S restriction checkpoint through their ability to associate with cyclin D proteins in response to growth factor signals. CDK4 deficiency in mice gives rise to a range of endocrine-specific phenotypes including diabetes, infertility, dwarfism, and atrophy of the anterior pituitary. Although CDK6 deficiency can cause thymic atrophy due to a block in the double-negative (DN) to double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development, there are no overt defects in immune cell development reported for CDK4-deficient mice. Here, we examined the impact of a novel N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced point mutation in the gene encoding CDK4 on immune cell development. Mutant mice (Cdk4wnch/wnch) showed normal development and differentiation of major immune cell subsets in the thymus and spleen. Moreover, T cells from Cdk4wnch/wnch mice exhibited normal cytokine production in response to in vitro stimulation. However, analysis of the mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Cdk4wnch/wnch-derived T cell subsets and NK cells are at a competitive disadvantage compared to Cdk4+/+-derived cells in the thymus and periphery of recipients. These results suggest a possible role for the CDK4wnch mutation in the development of some immune cells, which only becomes apparent when the Cdk4wnch/wnch mutant cells are in direct competition with wild-type immune cells in the mixed bone marrow chimera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44210, Türkiye
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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2
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Gao X, Wu Y, Chick JM, Abbott A, Jiang B, Wang DJ, Comte-Walters S, Johnson RH, Oberholtzer N, Nishimura MI, Gygi SP, Mehta A, Guttridge DC, Ball L, Mehrotra S, Sicinski P, Yu XZ, Wang H. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases for CDK6-induced immunotherapy resistance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112314. [PMID: 37000627 PMCID: PMC10544673 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy and developing strategies to improve its efficacy are challenging goals. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrates that high CDK6 expression in melanoma is associated with poor progression-free survival of patients receiving single-agent immunotherapy. Depletion of CDK6 or cyclin D3 (but not of CDK4, cyclin D1, or D2) in cells of the tumor microenvironment inhibits tumor growth. CDK6 depletion reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, and the host anti-tumor effect depends on cyclin D3/CDK6-expressing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. This occurs by CDK6 phosphorylating and increasing the activities of PTP1B and T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), which, in turn, decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ, reducing the signal transduction for T cell activation. Administration of a PTP1B and TCPTP inhibitor prove more efficacious than using a CDK6 degrader in enhancing T cell-mediated immunotherapy. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) might be an effective strategy for cancer patients who resist immunotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrea Abbott
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Wang
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Susana Comte-Walters
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Roger H Johnson
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lauren Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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3
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Wang L, Jing L, Zhang Q, Li S, Wang Y, Zhao H. Lead induced thymic immunosuppression in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) via oxidative stress-based T cell receptor pathway signaling inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Sager RA, Backe SJ, Ahanin E, Smith G, Nsouli I, Woodford MR, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:305-320. [PMID: 35264774 PMCID: PMC9306014 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has entered a golden era with the addition of more therapeutic options, improved survival and new targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade have all been shown to be promising strategies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, little is known about the best therapeutic approach for individual patients with RCC and how to combat therapeutic resistance. Cancers, including RCC, rely on sustained replicative potential. The cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are involved in cell-cycle regulation with additional roles in metabolism, immunogenicity and antitumour immune response. Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are now commonly used as approved and investigative treatments in breast cancer, as well as several other tumours. Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have been shown to work synergistically with other kinase inhibitors, including mTOR inhibitors, as well as with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors in kidney cancer is relatively understudied compared with other cancers, but the preclinical studies available are promising. Collectively, growing evidence suggests that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 in kidney cancer, alone and in combination with current therapeutics including mTOR and immune checkpoint inhibitors, might have therapeutic benefit and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elham Ahanin
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Smith
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Imad Nsouli
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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5
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Makielski KM, Donnelly AJ, Khammanivong A, Scott MC, Ortiz AR, Galvan DC, Tomiyasu H, Amaya C, Ward KA, Montoya A, Garbe JR, Mills LJ, Cutter GR, Fenger JM, Kisseberth WC, O'Brien TD, Weigel BJ, Spector LG, Bryan BA, Subramanian S, Modiano JF. Development of an exosomal gene signature to detect residual disease in dogs with osteosarcoma using a novel xenograft platform and machine learning. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1585-1596. [PMID: 34489559 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma has a guarded prognosis. A major hurdle in developing more effective osteosarcoma therapies is the lack of disease-specific biomarkers to predict risk, prognosis, or therapeutic response. Exosomes are secreted extracellular microvesicles emerging as powerful diagnostic tools. However, their clinical application is precluded by challenges in identifying disease-associated cargo from the vastly larger background of normal exosome cargo. We developed a method using canine osteosarcoma in mouse xenografts to distinguish tumor-derived from host-response exosomal messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The model allows for the identification of canine osteosarcoma-specific gene signatures by RNA sequencing and a species-differentiating bioinformatics pipeline. An osteosarcoma-associated signature consisting of five gene transcripts (SKA2, NEU1, PAF1, PSMG2, and NOB1) was validated in dogs with spontaneous osteosarcoma by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), while a machine learning model assigned dogs into healthy or disease groups. Serum/plasma exosomes were isolated from 53 dogs in distinct clinical groups ("healthy", "osteosarcoma", "other bone tumor", or "non-neoplastic disease"). Pre-treatment samples from osteosarcoma cases were used as the training set, and a validation set from post-treatment samples was used for testing, classifying as "osteosarcoma detected" or "osteosarcoma-NOT detected". Dogs in a validation set whose post-treatment samples were classified as "osteosarcoma-NOT detected" had longer remissions, up to 15 months after treatment. In conclusion, we identified a gene signature predictive of molecular remissions with potential applications in the early detection and minimal residual disease settings. These results provide proof of concept for our discovery platform and its utilization in future studies to inform cancer risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Makielski
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Alicia J Donnelly
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota, Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea R Ortiz
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dana C Galvan
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kristin A Ward
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexa Montoya
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - John R Garbe
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauren J Mills
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joelle M Fenger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brenda J Weigel
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Lu Y, Fang Z, Li M, Chen Q, Zeng T, Lu L, Chen Q, Zhang H, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Xue X, Hu Y, Chen L, Su S. Dynamic edge-based biomarker non-invasively predicts hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus infection for individual patients based on blood testing. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:665-677. [PMID: 30925583 PMCID: PMC6788726 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Asia and Africa. Developing effective and non-invasive biomarkers of HCC for individual patients remains an urgent task for early diagnosis and convenient monitoring. Analyzing the transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy donors and patients with chronic HBV infection in different states (i.e. HBV carrier, chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and HCC), we identified a set of 19 candidate genes according to our algorithm of dynamic network biomarkers. These genes can both characterize different stages during HCC progression and identify cirrhosis as the critical transition stage before carcinogenesis. The interaction effects (i.e. co-expressions) of candidate genes were used to build an accurate prediction model: the so-called edge-based biomarker. Considering the convenience and robustness of biomarkers in clinical applications, we performed functional analysis, validated candidate genes in other independent samples of our collected cohort, and finally selected COL5A1, HLA-DQB1, MMP2, and CDK4 to build edge panel as prediction models. We demonstrated that the edge panel had great performance in both diagnosis and prognosis in terms of precision and specificity for HCC, especially for patients with alpha-fetoprotein-negative HCC. Our study not only provides a novel edge-based biomarker for non-invasive and effective diagnosis of HBV-associated HCC to each individual patient but also introduces a new way to integrate the interaction terms of individual molecules for clinical diagnosis and prognosis from the network and dynamics perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong People's Hospital, Qidong, China
| | - Xuefeng Xue
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong People's Hospital, Qidong, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibing Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Sherr CJ, Beach D, Shapiro GI. Targeting CDK4 and CDK6: From Discovery to Therapy. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:353-67. [PMID: 26658964 PMCID: PMC4821753 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biochemical and genetic characterization of D-type cyclins, their cyclin D-dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK6), and the polypeptide CDK4/6 inhibitor p16(INK4)over two decades ago revealed how mammalian cells regulate entry into the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the cell-division cycle in a retinoblastoma protein-dependent manner. These investigations provided proof-of-principle that CDK4/6 inhibitors, particularly when combined with coinhibition of allied mitogen-dependent signal transduction pathways, might prove valuable in cancer therapy. FDA approval of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib used with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole for breast cancer treatment highlights long-sought success. The newest findings herald clinical trials targeting other cancers. SIGNIFICANCE Rapidly emerging data with selective inhibitors of CDK4/6 have validated these cell-cycle kinases as anticancer drug targets, corroborating longstanding preclinical predictions. This review addresses the discovery of these CDKs and their regulators, as well as translation of CDK4/6 biology to positive clinical outcomes and development of rational combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Sherr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - David Beach
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Early Drug Development Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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8
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Scott MC, Sarver AL, Tomiyasu H, Cornax I, Van Etten J, Varshney J, O'Sullivan MG, Subramanian S, Modiano JF. Aberrant Retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F Transcriptional Regulation Defines Molecular Phenotypes of Osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28070-28083. [PMID: 26378234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified two distinct molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma through gene expression profiling. These subtypes are associated with distinct tumor behavior and clinical outcomes. Here, we describe mechanisms that give rise to these molecular subtypes. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified a significant association between deregulation of the retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F pathway and the molecular subtype with worse clinical outcomes. Xenotransplantation models recapitulated the corresponding behavior for each osteosarcoma subtype; thus, we used cell lines to validate the role of the RB-E2F pathway in regulating the prognostic gene signature. Ectopic RB resets the patterns of E2F regulated gene expression in cells derived from tumors with worse clinical outcomes (molecular phenotype 2) to those comparable with those observed in cells derived from tumors with less aggressive outcomes (molecular phenotype 1), providing a functional association between RB-E2F dysfunction and altered gene expression in osteosarcoma. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors similarly reset the transcriptional state of the molecular phenotype 2 cells from a state associated with RB deficiency to one seen with RB sufficiency. Our data indicate that deregulation of RB-E2F pathway alters the epigenetic landscape and biological behavior of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C Scott
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Jamie Van Etten
- Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jyotika Varshney
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Veterinary Population Medicine
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Masonic Cancer Center; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program; Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Masonic Cancer Center; Stem Cell Institute; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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9
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VanArsdale T, Boshoff C, Arndt KT, Abraham RT. Molecular Pathways: Targeting the Cyclin D-CDK4/6 Axis for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2905-10. [PMID: 25941111 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells bypass normal controls over mitotic cell-cycle progression to achieve a deregulated state of proliferation. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) governs a key cell-cycle checkpoint that normally prevents G1-phase cells from entering S-phase in the absence of appropriate mitogenic signals. Cancer cells frequently overcome pRb-dependent growth suppression via constitutive phosphorylation and inactivation of pRb function by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 or CDK6 partnered with D-type cyclins. Three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib (Ibrance; Pfizer), ribociclib (Novartis), and abemaciclib (Lilly), are in various stages of development in a variety of pRb-positive tumor types, including breast cancer, melanoma, liposarcoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. The emerging, positive clinical data obtained to date finally validate the two decades-old hypothesis that the cyclin D-CDK4/6 pathway is a rational target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd VanArsdale
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| | | | - Kim T Arndt
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Robert T Abraham
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California.
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10
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Doucette CD, Greenshields AL, Liwski RS, Hoskin DW. Piperine blocks interleukin-2-driven cell cycle progression in CTLL-2 T lymphocytes by inhibiting multiple signal transduction pathways. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Nicolini C. Nanogenomics in medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 2:59-76. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Jubala CM, Lamerato-Kozicki AR, Borakove M, Lang J, Gardner LA, Coffey D, Helm KM, Schaack J, Baier M, Cutter GR, Bellgrau D, Modiano JF. MHC-dependent desensitization of intrinsic anti-self reactivity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:171-85. [PMID: 18523772 PMCID: PMC2585149 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The survival of naive T cells is compromised in the absence of molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) while antigen-experienced T cells survive. We hypothesized that survival pressures in an in vivo, MHC-deficient environment would permit enrichment of less frequent antigen-experienced autoreactive cells at the expense of the majority of antigen naive T cells. To test this hypothesis, we generated MHC class I- and class II-deficient mice in NOD and C57Bl/6 (B6) backgrounds, and examined the capacity of adoptively transferred autoimmune-prone NOD T cells, or non-autoimmune prone naive B6 T cells, respectively, to reject transplanted wild-type pancreatic islets or transplantable tumors in the MHC-deficient mice. In the MHC-deficient environment, CD4 T cells acquired self-hostile properties (islet rejection and tumor invasion) that were independent from their genetic propensity for autoreactivity, while CD8 T cells required appropriate prior exposure to antigen in order to survive and function (reject tumor) in this environment; however, disengagement of Tob1, a negative regulator of proliferation, led to a reverse phenotype with regard to persistence of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the MHC-deficient environment. Our data suggest that self-peptide/MHC interactions have dual roles to facilitate survival and restrain autoreactivity, thus acting as integral components of an intrinsic network of negative regulation that maintains tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela R. Lamerato-Kozicki
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Present Address: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Michelle Borakove
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Julie Lang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | | | - David Coffey
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Karen M. Helm
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jerome Schaack
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Monika Baier
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
- Present Address: Clinical & Regulatory Affairs/Biometrics Department Biostatistician, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Roonstrasse 25, 90429 Nuernberg, Germany
| | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Donald Bellgrau
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson St. K503, Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 455 VMC MMC6194, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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13
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Genetic disruption of p38alpha Tyr323 phosphorylation prevents T-cell receptor-mediated p38alpha activation and impairs interferon-gamma production. Blood 2008; 113:2229-37. [PMID: 19011223 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-153304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells possess a p38 activation alternative pathway in which stimulation via the antigen receptor (T-cell receptor [TCR]) induces phosphorylation of p38alpha and beta on Tyr323. To assess the contribution of this pathway to normal T-cell function, we generated p38alpha knockin mice in which Tyr323 was replaced with Phe (p38alpha(Y323F)). TCR-mediated stimulation failed to activate p38alpha(Y323F) as measured by phosphorylation of the Thr-Glu-Tyr activation motif and p38alpha catalytic activity. Cell-cycle entry was delayed in TCR-stimulated p38alpha(Y323F) T cells, which also produced less interferon (IFN)-gamma than wild-type T cells in response to TCR-mediated but not TCR-independent stimuli. p38alpha(Y323F) mice immunized with T-helper 1 (Th1)-inducing antigens generated normal Th1 effector cells, but these cells produced less IFN-gamma than wild-type cells when stimulated through the TCR. Thus, the Tyr323-dependent pathway and not the classic mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is the physiologic means of p38alpha activation through the TCR and is necessary for normal Th1 function but not Th1 generation.
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Abstract
It is now apparent that naïve peripheral T cells are a dynamic population where active processes prevent inappropriate activation while supporting survival. The process of thymic education makes naïve peripheral T cells dependent on interactions with self-MHC for survival. However, as these signals can potentially result in inappropriate activation, various non-redundant, intrinsic negative regulatory molecules including Tob, Nfatc2, and Smad3 actively enforce T cell quiescence. Interactions among these pathways are only now coming to light and may include positive or negative crosstalk. In the case of positive crosstalk, self-MHC initiated signals and intrinsic negative regulatory factors may cooperate to dampen T cell activation and sustain peripheral tolerance in a binary fashion (on-off). In the case of negative crosstalk, self-MHC signals may promote survival through partial activation while intrinsic negative regulatory factors act as rheostats to restrain cell cycle entry and prevent T cells from crossing a threshold that would break tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime F Modiano
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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15
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Marzo N, Ortega S, Stratmann T, García A, Ríos M, Giménez A, Gomis R, Mora C. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 hyperactivity promotes autoreactivity in the immune system but protects pancreatic cell mass from autoimmune destruction in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1189-98. [PMID: 18178859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) plays a central role in perinatal pancreatic beta cell replication, thus becoming a potential target for therapeutics in autoimmune diabetes. Its hyperactive form, Cdk4R24C, causes beta cell hyperplasia without promoting hypoglycemia in a nonautoimmune-prone mouse strain. In this study, we explore whether beta cell hyperproliferation induced by the Cdk4R24C mutation balances the autoimmune attack against beta cells inherent to the NOD genetic background. To this end, we backcrossed the Cdk4R24C knockin mice, which have the Cdk4 gene replaced by the Cdk4R24C mutated form, onto the NOD genetic background. In this study, we show that NOD/Cdk4R24C knockin mice exhibit exacerbated diabetes and insulitis, and that this exacerbated diabetic phenotype is solely due to the hyperactivity of the NOD/Cdk4R24C immune repertoire. Thus, NOD/Cdk4R24C splenocytes confer exacerbated diabetes when adoptively transferred into NOD/SCID recipients, compared with NOD/wild-type (WT) donor splenocytes. Accordingly, NOD/Cdk4R24C splenocytes show increased basal proliferation and higher activation markers expression compared with NOD/WT splenocytes. However, to eliminate the effect of the Cdk4R24C mutation specifically in the lymphocyte compartment, we introduced this mutation into NOD/SCID mice. NOD/SCID/Cdk4R24C knockin mice develop beta cell hyperplasia spontaneously. Furthermore, NOD/SCID/Cdk4R24C knockin females that have been adoptively transferred with NOD/WT splenocytes are more resistant to autoimmunity than NOD/SCID WT female. Thus, the Cdk4R24C mutation opens two avenues in the NOD model: when expressed specifically in beta cells, it provides a new potential strategy for beta cell regeneration in autoimmune diabetes, but its expression in the immune repertoire exacerbates autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Marzo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Welling TH, Lu G, Csencsits K, Wood SC, Jarvinen L, Bishop DK. Regulation of alloimmune Th1 responses by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 following transplantation. Surgery 2008; 143:394-403. [PMID: 18291261 PMCID: PMC2423232 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21 inhibits cellular proliferation of many cell types, including T cells. Autoimmune models, however, have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of cdk inhibitors and T-cell function. The role of p21 in T-cell function after transplantation has not been investigated directly. We hypothesized that p21 plays an important role in alloantigen-driven responses in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and in vivo using the heterotopic murine cardiac allograft model. METHODS Wild type (WT) and p21-deficient (p21-/-) mice were used as recipients, and the effects of p21 overexpression were assessed by transplanting p21 adenoviral-transfected cardiac allografts. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and 3H-thymidine incorporation were used to evaluate for T-cell priming and proliferation in vitro, whereas graft histology was evaluated for rejection. RESULTS When stimulated with alloantigens in vitro, splenocytes from p21-/- mice mounted enhanced proliferative responses and decreased Th2 responses relative to their WT counterparts. No differences in Th1 responses were noted when p21-/- cells were stimulated with alloantigens in vitro; however, after cardiac transplantation, Th1 responses were enhanced in p21-/- recipients relative to WT mice. This enhanced in vivo Th1 response was associated with exacerbated graft rejection in p21-/- recipients. Interestingly, p21 transfection of WT allografts inhibited graft rejection and Th1 priming. CONCLUSIONS p21 controls the intensity of the immune response posttransplantation, with overexpression inhibiting allograft rejection. Our data demonstrate that p21 controls T-cell priming and suggest that p21 and other cdk inhibitors may serve as potential targets for therapeutic manipulation of alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore H Welling
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA.
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17
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Sivozhelezov V, Braud C, Giacomelli L, Pechkova E, Giral M, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicolini C. Immunosuppressive drug-free operational immune tolerance in human kidney transplants recipients. Part II. Non-statistical gene microarray analysis. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1693-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Fosmire SP, Thomas R, Jubala CM, Wojcieszyn JW, Valli VEO, Getzy DM, Smith TL, Gardner LA, Ritt MG, Bell JS, Freeman KP, Greenfield BE, Lana SE, Kisseberth WC, Helfand SC, Cutter GR, Breen M, Modiano JF. Inactivation of the p16 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in high-grade canine non-Hodgkin's T-cell lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:467-78. [PMID: 17606508 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-4-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The significance of p16/Rb tumor suppressor pathway inactivation in T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) remains incompletely understood. We used naturally occurring canine NHL to test the hypothesis that p16 inactivation has specific pathologic correlates. Forty-eight samples (22 T-cell NHL and 26 B-cell NHL) were included. As applicable, metaphase- or array-based comparative genomic hybridization, Southern blotting, promoter methylation, and Rb phosphorylation were used to determine the presence, expression, and activity of p16. Fisher's exact test was used to test for significance. Deletion of p16 (or loss of dog chromosome 11) was restricted to high-grade T-cell NHL (lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified). These were characterized by a concomitant increase of tumor cells with Rb phosphorylation at canonical CDK4 sites. Rb phosphorylation also was seen in high-grade B-cell NHL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt-type lymphoma), but in those cases, it appeared to be associated with c-Myc overexpression. The data show that p16 deletion or inactivation occurs almost exclusively in high-grade T-cell NHL; however, alternative pathways can generate functional phenotypes of Rb deficiency in low-grade T-cell NHL and in high-grade B-cell NHL. Both morphologic classification according to World Health Organization criteria and assessment of Rb phosphorylation are prognostically valuable parameters for canine NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Fosmire
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, AMC Campus, 1600 Pierce, Denver, CO 80214, USA
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19
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Giacomelli L, Nicolini C. Gene expression of human T lymphocytes cell cycle: experimental and bioinformatic analysis. J Cell Biochem 2007; 99:1326-33. [PMID: 16795054 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphocytes gene expression is monitored before and after PHA stimulation over 72 h, using DNA microarray technology. Results are then compared with our previous bioinformatics predictions, which identified six leader genes of highest importance in human T lymphocytes cell cycle. Experimental data are strikingly compatible with bioinformatic predictions of the specific role and interaction of PCNA, CDC2, and CCNA2 at all phases of the cell cycle and of CHEK1 in regulating DNA repair and preservation. It does not escape our notice that the conception and use of ad hoc arrays, based on a bioinformatics prediction which identifies the most important genes involved in a particular biological process, can really be an added value in cell biology and cancer research alternative to massive frequently misleading molecular genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giacomelli
- Nanoworld Institute, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 30, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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20
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Modiano JF, Breen M, Valli VEO, Wojcieszyn JW, Cutter GR. Predictive value of p16 or Rb inactivation in a model of naturally occurring canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 2006; 21:184-7. [PMID: 16990767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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22
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Sivozhelezov V, Giacomelli L, Tripathi S, Nicolini C. Gene expression in the cell cycle of human T lymphocytes: I. Predicted gene and protein networks. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1137-50. [PMID: 16315318 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The key genes involved in the cell cycle of human T lymphocytes were identified by iterative searches of gene-related databases, as derived also from DNA microarray experimentation, revealing and predicting interactions between those genes, assigning scores to each of the genes according to numbers of interaction for each gene weighted by significance of each interaction, and finally applying several types of clustering algorithms to genes basing on the assigned scores. All clustering algorithms applied, both hierarchical and K-means, invariably selected the same six "leader" genes involved in controlling the cell cycle of human T lymphocytes. Relations of the six genes to experimental data describing switching between stages of cell cycle of human T lymphocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sivozhelezov
- Fondazione Elba, Via delle Testuggini snc, 00100 Rome, Italy
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23
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Dickerson EB, Thomas R, Fosmire SP, Lamerato-Kozicki AR, Bianco SR, Wojcieszyn JW, Breen M, Helfand SC, Modiano JF. Mutations of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 in canine hemangiosarcoma. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:618-32. [PMID: 16145208 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-5-618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the presence of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) abnormalities that could contribute to the origin or progression of naturally occurring canine endothelial tumors (hemangiosarcoma). Our results document somatic point mutations or deletions encompassing the PTEN C-terminal domain in canine hemangiosarcoma that might provide cells a survival advantage within their microenvironment. This represents the first characterization of a naturally occurring, highly metastatic tumor with biologically significant mutations of PTEN in the C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Dickerson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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24
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Frazer-Abel AA, Baksh S, Fosmire SP, Willis D, Pierce AM, Meylemans H, Linthicum DS, Burakoff SJ, Coons T, Bellgrau D, Modiano JF. Nicotine activates nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2) and prevents cell cycle entry in T cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:758-69. [PMID: 15231866 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We used primary peripheral blood T cells, a population that exists in G(0) and can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle synchronously, to define more precisely the effects of nicotine on pathways that control cell cycle entry and progression. Our data show that nicotine decreased the ability of T cells to transit through the G(0)/G(1) boundary (acquire competence) and respond to progression signals. These effects were due to nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2)-dependent repression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression. Growth arrest at the G(0)/G(1) boundary was further enforced by inhibition of cyclin D2 expression and by increased expression and stabilization of p27Kip1. Intriguingly, T cells from habitual users of tobacco products and from NFATc2-deficient mice constitutively expressed CDK4 and were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine impairs T cell cycle entry through NFATc2-dependent mechanisms and suggest that, in the face of chronic nicotine exposure, selection may favor cells that can evade these effects. We postulate that cross talk between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and growth factor receptor-activated pathways offers a novel mechanism by which nicotine may directly impinge on cell cycle progression. This offers insight into possible reasons that underlie the unique effects of nicotine on distinct cell types and identifies new targets that may be useful control tobacco-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Frazer-Abel
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, AMC Cancer Center, 2-Diamond Building, 1600 Pierce Street, Denver, CO 80214, USA
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Wu Z, Wu L, Li L, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. p53-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Induced by Shikonin via a Caspase-9-Dependent Mechanism in Human Malignant Melanoma A375-S2 Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94:166-76. [PMID: 14978355 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.94.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products regulate cell growth in response to oncogene activation that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cell lines. We investigated the mechanisms of caspase activation in human malignant melanoma, A375-S2 cells, by the natural product shikonin, which was isolated from the plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon SIEB. et ZUCC. Shikonin inhibited cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which might be mediated through up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 4. Caspase activation was detected in shikonin-induced cell apoptosis, which involved in a post-mitochondrial caspase-9-dependent pathway. Decreased Bcl-2 protein levels and increased Bax protein levels were positively correlated with elevated expression of p53 protein. Apoptosis-inducing factor, another apoptotic protein of mitochondria, partially contributed to shikonin-induced release of cytochrome c. Taken together, shikonin-induced DNA damage activates p53 and caspase-9 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Phytochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, P.R. China
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Haller K, Wu Y, Derow E, Schmitt I, Jeang KT, Grassmann R. Physical interaction of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 stimulates the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:3327-38. [PMID: 11971966 PMCID: PMC133776 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.10.3327-3338.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax oncoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces leukemia in transgenic mice and permanent T-cell growth in vitro. In transformed lymphocytes, it acts as an essential growth factor. Tax stimulates the cell cycle in the G(1) phase by activating the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) CDK4 and CDK6 holoenzyme complexes. Here we show that Tax directly interacts with CDK4. This binding to CDK4 was specific, since Tax did not bind to either CDK2 or CDK1. The interaction with CDK4/cyclin D complexes was observed in vitro, in transfected fibroblasts, in HTLV-1-infected T cells, and in adult T-cell leukemia-derived cultures. Binding studies with several point and deletion mutants indicated that the N terminus of Tax mediates the interaction with CDK4. The Tax/CDK complex represented an active holoenzyme which capably phosphorylates the Rb protein in vitro and is resistant to repression by the inhibitor p21(CIP). Binding-deficient Tax mutants failed to activate CDK4, indicating that direct association with Tax is required for enhanced kinase activity. Tax also increased the association of CDK4 with its positive cyclin regulatory subunit. Thus, protein-protein contact between Tax and the components of the cyclin D/CDK complexes provides a further mechanistic explanation for the mitogenic and immortalizing effects of this HTLV-1 oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Haller
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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