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VanSlyke JK, Boswell BA, Musil LS. Tonic ErbB signaling underlies TGFβ-induced activation of ERK and is required for lens cell epithelial to myofibroblast transition. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar35. [PMID: 38170570 PMCID: PMC10916858 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a major, but incompletely understood, component of many diseases. The most common vision-disrupting complication of cataract surgery involves differentiation of residual lens cells into myofibroblasts. In serum-free primary cultures of lens epithelial cells (DCDMLs), inhibitors of either ERK or of ErbB signaling prevent TGFβ from upregulating both early (fibronectin) and late (αSMA) markers of myofibroblast differentiation. TGFβ stimulates ERK in DCDMLs within 1.5 h. Kinase inhibitors of ErbBs, but not of several other growth factor receptors in lens cells, reduce phospho ERK to below basal levels in the absence or presence of TGFβ. This effect is attributable to constitutive ErbB activity playing a major role in regulating the basal levels pERK. Additional studies support a model in which TGFβ-generated reactive oxygen species serve to indirectly amplify ERK signaling downstream of tonically active ErbBs to mediate myofibroblast differentiation. ERK activity is in turn essential for expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2, major inducers of ERK signaling. By mechanistically linking TGFβ, ErbB, and ERK signaling to myofibroblast differentiation, our data elucidate a new role for ErbBs in fibrosis and reveal a novel mode by which TGFβ directs lens cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy K. VanSlyke
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Bruce A. Boswell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Linda S. Musil
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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2
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Reghelin CK, Bastos MS, de Souza Basso B, Costa BP, Lima KG, de Sousa AC, Haute GV, Diz FM, Dias HB, Luft C, Rodrigues KF, Garcia MCR, Matzenbacher LS, Adami BS, Xavier LL, Donadio MVF, de Oliveira JR, da Silva Melo DA. Bezafibrate reduces the damage, activation and mechanical properties of lung fibroblast cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3857-3866. [PMID: 37358795 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary fibrosis, the proliferation of fibroblasts and their differentiation into myofibroblasts is often caused by tissue damage, such as oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which leads to progressive rupture and thus destruction of the alveolar architecture, resulting in cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Bezafibrate (BZF) is an important member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) family agonists, used in clinical practice as antihyperlipidemic. However, the antifibrotic effects of BZF are still poorly studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BZF on pulmonary oxidative damage in lung fibroblast cells. MRC-5 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress activation and BZF treatment was administered at the same moment as H2O2 induction. The outcomes evaluated were cell proliferation and cell viability; oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT) levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); col-1 and α-SMA mRNA expression and cellular elasticity through Young's modulus analysis evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The H2O2-induced oxidative damage decreased the cell viability and increased ROS levels and decreased CAT activity in MRC-5 cells. The expression of α-SMA and the cell stiffness increased in response to H2O2 treatment. Treatment with BZF decreased the MRC-5 cell proliferation, ROS levels, reestablished CAT levels, decreased the mRNA expression of type I collagen protein (col-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cellular elasticity even with H2O2 induction. Our results suggest that BZF has a potential protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These results are based on an in vitro experiment, derived from a fetal lung cell line and may emerge as a possible new therapy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kirinus Reghelin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Scherer Bastos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), 6681 Ipiranga Ave., Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90619-900, Brazil.
| | - Bruno de Souza Basso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pasqualotto Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Goulart Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arieli Cruz de Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo I, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Viegas Haute
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mendonça Diz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia E Tecnologia de Materiais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bregolin Dias
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Luft
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kétlin Fernanda Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Rosa Garcia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Strassburger Matzenbacher
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silveira Adami
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia E Microanálise (LabCEMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia E Microanálise (LabCEMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius Fagundes Donadio
- Laboratório de Atividade Física Pediátrica, Centro Infantil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Denizar Alberto da Silva Melo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kumar H, Dhalaria R, Guleria S, Cimler R, Sharma R, Siddiqui SA, Valko M, Nepovimova E, Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Kumar V, Pathera AK, Verma N, Kaur T, Manickam S, Alomar SY, Kuča K. Anti-oxidant potential of plants and probiotic spp. in alleviating oxidative stress induced by H 2O 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115022. [PMID: 37336149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a metabolic by-product. ROS molecules trigger oxidative stress as a feedback response that significantly initiates biological processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Furthermore, extensive research has revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important ROS entity and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including cell differentiation, cell signalling, and apoptosis. However, excessive production of H2O2 has been shown to disrupt biomolecules and cell organelles, leading to an inflammatory response and contributing to the development of health complications such as collagen deposition, aging, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, etc. Extracts of different plant species, phytochemicals, and Lactobacillus sp (probiotic) have been reported for their anti-oxidant potential. In this view, the researchers have gained significant interest in exploring the potential plants spp., their phytochemicals, and the potential of Lactobacillus sp. strains that exhibit anti-oxidant properties and health benefits. Thus, the current review focuses on comprehending the information related to the formation of H2O2, the factors influencing it, and their pathophysiology imposed on human health. Moreover, this review also discussed the anti-oxidant potential and role of different extract of plants, Lactobacillus sp. and their fermented products in curbing H2O2‑induced oxidative stress in both in-vitro and in-vivo models via boosting the anti-oxidative activity, inhibiting of important enzyme release and downregulation of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases-3, - 8, and - 9 expression. In particular, this knowledge will assist R&D sections in biopharmaceutical and food industries in developing herbal medicine and probiotics-based or derived food products that can effectively alleviate oxidative stress issues induced by H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Shivani Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India
| | - Richard Cimler
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 81237, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Narinder Verma
- School of Management and Liberal Arts, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Talwinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Yang JL, Lin WL, Tai SB, Ciou YS, Chung CL, Chen JJ, Liu PF, Lin MW, Chen CL. Suppression of TGFβ-Induced Interleukin-6 Secretion by Sinulariolide from Soft Corals through Attenuation of the p38-NF-kB Pathway in Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11656. [PMID: 37511415 PMCID: PMC10380600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide (SC-1) is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and possesses anti-inflammation, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory in several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on inflammation remains poorly understood. Since inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 activate transcription factors such as Smads, NF-κB, STAT3, Snail, Twist, and Zeb that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in this study, we focus on the investigation in effects of SC-1 on TGFβ-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) releases in an in vitro cell culture model. We showed that both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by TGFβ and associated with strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription in A549 cells. SC-1 blocked TGFβ-induced secretion of IL-6 while showing no effect on the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes, indicating that SC-1 interferes with only a subset of TGFβ activities. In addition, SC-1 inhibits TGFβ-induced IL-6 by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and subsequently inhibits NF-κB and its nuclear translocation without affecting the canonical Smad pathway and receptor turnover. Overall, these data suggest that p38 may involve in the inhibition of SC-1 in IL-6 release, thus illustrating an inhibitory effect for SC-1 in the suppression of inflammation, EMT phenotype, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Ling Lin
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ban Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siang Ciou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Kim HJ, Hwang JS, Noh KB, Oh SH, Park JB, Shin YJ. A p-Tyr42 RhoA Inhibitor Promotes the Regeneration of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells by Ameliorating Cellular Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1186. [PMID: 37371916 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment strategies for human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) disease is necessary because hCECs do not regenerate in vivo due to the properties that are similar to senescence. This study is performed to investigate the role of a p-Tyr42 RhoA inhibitor (MH4, ELMED Inc., Chuncheon) in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)- or H2O2-induced cellular senescence of hCECs. Cultured hCECs were treated with MH4. The cell shape, proliferation rate, and cell cycle phases were analyzed. Moreover, cell adhesion assays and immunofluorescence staining for F-actin, Ki-67, and E-cadherin were performed. Additionally, the cells were treated with TGF-β or H2O2 to induce senescence, and mitochondrial oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and NF-κB translocation were evaluated. LC3II/LC3I levels were determined using Western blotting to analyze autophagy. MH4 promotes hCEC proliferation, shifts the cell cycle, attenuates actin distribution, and increases E-cadherin expression. TGF-β and H2O2 induce senescence by increasing mitochondrial ROS levels and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus; however, this effect is attenuated by MH4. Moreover, TGF-β and H2O2 decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce autophagy, while MH4 reverses these effects. In conclusion, MH4, a p-Tyr42 RhoA inhibitor, promotes the regeneration of hCECs and protects hCECs against TGF-β- and H2O2-induced senescence via the ROS/NF-κB/mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
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Pu S, Zhang J, Ren C, Zhou H, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yang S, Cao F, Zhou H. Montelukast prevents mice against carbon tetrachloride- and methionine-choline deficient diet-induced liver fibrosis: Reducing hepatic stellate cell activation and inflammation. Life Sci 2023; 325:121772. [PMID: 37178864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Montelukast is an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) that protects against inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the function of montelukast in liver fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether the pharmacological inhibition of CysLTR1 could protect mice against hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet models were used in this study. The expression of CysLTR1 in liver were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Liver hydroxyproline levels, fibrotic genes expression, serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory factors were used to evaluate the effect of montelukast on liver fibrosis, injury, and inflammation. In vitro, we used the RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis to assess CysLTR1 in mouse primary hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and human LX-2 cell line. The role of montelukast on HSC activation and the underlying mechaisms were determined using RT-qPCR analysis, Western blot and immunostaining assays. KEY FINDINGS Chronic stimulation from CCl4 and MCD diet upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of CysLTR1 in the liver. Pharmacological inhibition of CysLTR1 by montelukast ameliorated liver inflammation and fibrosis in both models. Mechanistically, montelukast suppressed HSC activation by targeting the TGFβ/Smad pathway in vitro. The hepatoprotective effect of montelukast was also associated with reduced liver injury and inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE Montelukast suppressed CCl4- and MCD-induced chronic hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis. CysLTR1 might be a therapeutic target for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanli Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangyu Yang
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyin Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Houfeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Liu RF, Hu L, Wu JN, Wang JX, Wang XY, Liu ZY, Zhao QD, Li WJ, Song XD, Xiao JH. Changes in tumor suppressors and inflammatory responses during hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence in rat fibroblasts. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:77-89. [PMID: 35109720 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2037582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and senescence are processes induced by oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to establish a cellular model of rapid proliferation and senescence of rat tail-tip fibroblasts by hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), a well-known oxidant. On this basis, changes in oxidative stress, inflammatory response and cell cycle of fibroblasts were studied. After H2O2 treatment, cell counting and flow cytometry results showed that 50μM of H2O2 for 12h and 100μM for 8h effectively promoted fibroblast proliferation, while 500μM rapidly led to cell cycle arrest. In addition, stimulation with H2O2 at a concentration of 50μM also promoted the inflammatory effects of the cells. At a concentration of 100μM H2O2, the cellular antioxidant system began to collapse at 8h and began to affect cellular activity. 500μM of H2O2 at 4h the levels of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, a marker of senescence and oxidative stress, were almost positive in fibroblasts. In addition, we found that the risk of fibroblasts carcinogenesis increased with increased H2O2 stimulation. The results of this study indicate that H2O2 can cause rapid proliferation and senescence of fibroblasts and that its mechanism of action may be mainly through influencing cellular antioxidant systems, cellular inflammatory responses and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lan- Hu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jun-Nan Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qi-Da Zhao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xu-Dong Song
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xiao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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8
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Rao VR, Stubbs EB. TGF-β2 Promotes Oxidative Stress in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Selectively Enhancing NADPH Oxidase 4 Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:4. [PMID: 33821883 PMCID: PMC8039474 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The multifunctional profibrotic cytokine TGF-β2 is implicated in the pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). While the underlying cause of POAG remains unclear, TGF-β2 dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the trabecular meshwork (TM) microenvironment is considered an early pathologic consequence associated with impaired aqueous humor (AH) outflow and elevated IOP. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants have been recently shown by our group to markedly attenuate TGF-β2 profibrotic responses, strongly implicating oxidative stress as a key facilitator of TGF-β2 signaling in human TM cells. In this study, we determined the mechanism by which oxidative stress facilitates TGF-β2 profibrotic responses in cultured primary human TM cells. Methods Semiconfluent cultures of primary or transformed human TM cells were conditioned overnight in serum-free media and subsequently challenged without or with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL). Relative changes in the mRNA content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) isoforms, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), collagen 1α1 and 4α1 isoforms or relative changes in the protein content of Nox4, phospho- and total-Smad2 and -Smad3, collagens I and IV were determined in the absence or presence of GKT137831, a Nox1-Nox4 dual enzyme inhibitor, and quantified by real-time qPCR or by immunoblot, respectively. Relative in situ changes in collagens I and IV and in alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were semiquantified by immunocytochemistry, whereas relative changes in filamentous actin stress fiber formation was semiquantified by phalloidin staining. Results Quiescent primary human TM cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β2 exhibited a marked selective increase in endogenous Nox4 mRNA and Nox4 protein expression. Actinomycin D prevented TGF-β2 mediated increases in Nox4 mRNA expression. TM cells reverse transfected with siRNA against Smad3 prevented TGF-β2 mediated increases in Nox4 mRNA expression. Pre-incubating TM cells with GKT137831 attenuated TGF-β2 mediated increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in COL1A1, COL4A1, and CTGF mRNA expression, in Smad3 protein phosphorylation, in collagens I, collagens IV, and αSMA protein expression, and in filamentous actin stress fiber formation. Conclusions TGF-β2 promotes oxidative stress in primary human TM cells by selectively increasing expression of NADPH oxidase 4. Dysregulation of redox equilibrium by induction of NADPH oxidase 4 expression appears to be a key early event involved in the pathologic profibrotic responses elicited by TGF-β2 canonical signaling, including ECM remodeling, filamentous actin stress fiber formation, and αSMA expression. Selective inhibition of Nox4 expression/activation, in combination with mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, represents a novel strategy by which to slow the progression of TGF-β2 elicited profibrotic responses within the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya R. Rao
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Evan B. Stubbs
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, United States
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9
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Liu S, Zhang C, Wang B, Zhang H, Qin G, Li C, Cao L, Gao Q, Ping Y, Zhang K, Lian J, Zhao Q, Wang D, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Yang L, Huang L, Yang B, Zhang Y. Regulatory T cells promote glioma cell stemness through TGF-β-NF-κB-IL6-STAT3 signaling. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2601-2616. [PMID: 33576874 PMCID: PMC8360896 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) contribute to the malignant growth of glioma, but little is known about the interaction between GSCs and tumor microenvironment. Here, we found that intense infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) facilitated the qualities of GSCs through TGF-β secretion that helped coordinately tumor growth. Mechanistic investigations indicated that TGF-β acted on cancer cells to induce the core cancer stem cell-related genes CD133, SOX2, NESTIN, MUSASHI1 and ALDH1A expression and spheres formation via NF-κB–IL6–STAT3 signaling pathway, resulting in the increased cancer stemness and tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, Tregs promoted glioma tumor growth, and this effect could be abrogated with blockade of IL6 receptor by tocilizumab which also demonstrated certain level of therapeutic efficacy in xenograft model. Additionally, expression levels of CD133, IL6 and TGF-β were found to serve as prognosis markers of glioma patients. Collectively, our findings reveal a new immune-associated mechanism underlying Tregs-induced GSCs. Moreover, efforts to target this network may be an effective strategy for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Boqiao Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guohui Qin
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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10
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Graceffa V. Therapeutic Potential of Reactive Oxygen Species: State of the Art and Recent Advances. SLAS Technol 2020; 26:140-158. [PMID: 33345675 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320977450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, several studies have proven that when at low concentration reactive oxygen species (ROS) show an adaptive beneficial effect and posited the idea that they can be utilized as inexpensive and convenient inducers of tissue regeneration. On the other hand, the recent discovery that cancer cells are more sensitive to oxidative damage paved the way for their use in the selective killing of tumor cells, and sensors to monitor ROS production during cancer treatment are under extensive investigation. Nevertheless, although ROS-activated signaling pathways are well established, less is known about the mechanisms underlying the switch from an anabolic to a cytotoxic response. Furthermore, a high variability in biological response is observed between different modalities of administration, cell types, donor ages, eventual concomitant diseases, and external microenvironment. On the other hand, available preclinical studies are scarce, whereas the quest for the most suitable systems for in vivo delivery is still elusive. Furthermore, new strategies to control the temporal pattern of ROS release need to be developed, if considering their tumorigenic potential. This review initially discusses ROS mechanisms of action and their potential application in stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and cancer therapy. It then outlines the state of art of ROS-based drugs and identifies challenges faced in translating ROS research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Institute of Technology Sligo, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Bellanode, Sligo, Ireland
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11
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Wu B, Tang L, Kapoor M. Fibroblasts and their responses to chronic injury in pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 51:310-317. [PMID: 33440304 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of pulmonary fibrosis is rapidly expanding as new insights highlight novel mechanisms that influence fibroblast biology and likely promote aberrant and chronic activation of the tissue repair response. Current paradigms suggest repeated epithelial microinjury as a driver for pathology; however, the rapid expansion of pulmonary fibrosis research calls for an overview on how fibroblasts respond to both neighbouring cells and the injury microenvironment. This review seeks to highlight recent discoveries and identify areas that require further research regarding fibroblasts, and their role in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wu
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Tang
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pathogenesis and the Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020524. [PMID: 31947693 PMCID: PMC7013390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive chronic disease characterized by excessing scarring of the lungs leading to irreversible decline in lung function. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease are still unclear, although lung fibroblast and epithelial cell activation, as well as the secretion of fibrotic and inflammatory mediators, have been strongly associated with the development and progression of IPF. Significantly, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as modulators of multiple biological processes, although their function and mechanism of action in IPF is poorly understood. LncRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of several diseases and their aberrant expression has been linked to the pathophysiology of fibrosis including IPF. This review will provide an overview of this emerging role of lncRNAs in the development of IPF.
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13
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Miller EJ, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, Wynne RM, Curto EM, Chandler HL. Effects of grape seed extract, lutein, and fish oil on responses of canine lens epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:770-778. [PMID: 29943637 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of grape seed extract (GSE), lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress, migration, proliferation, and viability of lens epithelial cells (LECs). SAMPLE Lens capsules or cultured LECs obtained from canine cadavers. PROCEDURES An antioxidant reductive capacity assay was used to determine reducing capability of each substance. The LECs were cultured and incubated with various substances, including N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), when appropriate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as positive and vehicle control substances, respectively. A dichlorofluorescein assay was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine cell viability. Ex vivo posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was used to evaluate LEC migration and proliferation. RESULTS Antioxidant reductive effects of GSE surpassed those of NAC, lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids. The GSE reduced ROS production in LECs, compared with the DMSO vehicle control, whereas lutein was pro-oxidative. All test substances reduced cell viability. Ex vivo PCO was not altered by GSE, was decreased by lutein, and was increased by fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, compared with results for the DMSO vehicle control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Only GSE had significant antioxidant capabilities and reduced ROS production; however, no effect on ex vivo PCO was detected. Fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids increased ex vivo PCO. No conclusions could be made regarding antioxidant effects of these substances on LECs. These findings suggested that the substances will not decrease PCO.
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14
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Oglio R, Thomasz L, Salvarredi L, Juvenal G, Pisarev M. Comparative effects of transforming growth factor beta isoforms on redox metabolism in thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:168-178. [PMID: 29061379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) regulates thyroid function and growth. However, tumoral thyroid cells became resistant to this factor as they undifferentiated. Little is known about the effects of TGF-β isoforms. We compared the role of redox metabolism in the response to TGF-β isoforms between non tumoral and tumoral thyroid cells. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS Differentiated rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) and human thyroid follicular carcinoma cells (WRO) were treated with the three isoforms of TGF-β. TGF-β isoforms stopped cell cycle at different steps; G1 for FRTL-5 and G2/M for WRO. The three isoforms decreased cell viability and increased ROS accumulation in both cell lines. These effects were more pronounced in FRTL-5 than in WRO, and the isoform β1 was more potent in ROS production than the other two. TGF-β isoforms decreased total glutathione, catalase expression and it activity in both cell lines. Only in FRTL-5 the lipid peroxidation was demonstrated. Moreover, TGF-β1 decreased glutathione peroxidase and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mRNA expression and increased mitochondrial ROS in FRTL-5, but no in WRO. Pretreatment with selenium increased glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased ROS production in WRO treated with TGF-β isoforms. Furthermore, selenium partially reversed the effect of TGF-β isoforms on cell viability only in WRO cells. The knockdown of endogenous NOX4 significantly reduced the TGF-β1 effect on cell viability in WRO but no in FRTL-5. CONCLUSION TGF-β disrupted the redox balance and increased ROS accumulation in both cell lines. FRTL-5 cells showed reduced antioxidant capacity and had a greater sensitivity to TGF-β isoforms, while WRO cells were more resistant. This observation provides new insights into the potential role of TGF-β in the redox regulation of thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Oglio
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina.
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Salvarredi
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Mario Pisarev
- CONICET, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina.
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15
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Budnik LT, Adam B, Albin M, Banelli B, Baur X, Belpoggi F, Bolognesi C, Broberg K, Gustavsson P, Göen T, Fischer A, Jarosinska D, Manservisi F, O’Kennedy R, Øvrevik J, Paunovic E, Ritz B, Scheepers PTJ, Schlünssen V, Schwarzenbach H, Schwarze PE, Sheils O, Sigsgaard T, Van Damme K, Casteleyn L. Diagnosis, monitoring and prevention of exposure-related non-communicable diseases in the living and working environment: DiMoPEx-project is designed to determine the impacts of environmental exposure on human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:6. [PMID: 29441119 PMCID: PMC5800006 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO has ranked environmental hazardous exposures in the living and working environment among the top risk factors for chronic disease mortality. Worldwide, about 40 million people die each year from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cancer, diabetes, and chronic cardiovascular, neurological and lung diseases. The exposure to ambient pollution in the living and working environment is exacerbated by individual susceptibilities and lifestyle-driven factors to produce complex and complicated NCD etiologies. Research addressing the links between environmental exposure and disease prevalence is key for prevention of the pandemic increase in NCD morbidity and mortality. However, the long latency, the chronic course of some diseases and the necessity to address cumulative exposures over very long periods does mean that it is often difficult to identify causal environmental exposures. EU-funded COST Action DiMoPEx is developing new concepts for a better understanding of health-environment (including gene-environment) interactions in the etiology of NCDs. The overarching idea is to teach and train scientists and physicians to learn how to include efficient and valid exposure assessments in their research and in their clinical practice in current and future cooperative projects. DiMoPEx partners have identified some of the emerging research needs, which include the lack of evidence-based exposure data and the need for human-equivalent animal models mirroring human lifespan and low-dose cumulative exposures. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach incorporating seven working groups, DiMoPEx will focus on aspects of air pollution with particulate matter including dust and fibers and on exposure to low doses of solvents and sensitizing agents. Biomarkers of early exposure and their associated effects as indicators of disease-derived information will be tested and standardized within individual projects. Risks arising from some NCDs, like pneumoconioses, cancers and allergies, are predictable and preventable. Consequently, preventative action could lead to decreasing disease morbidity and mortality for many of the NCDs that are of major public concern. DiMoPEx plans to catalyze and stimulate interaction of scientists with policy-makers in attacking these exposure-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Therese Budnik
- Division of Translational Toxicology and Immunology, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Balazs Adam
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Banelli
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS and University of Genoa, DISSAL, Genoa, Italy
| | - Xaver Baur
- European Society for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Bolognesi
- San Martino-IST Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karin Broberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Göen
- Social and Environmental Medicine, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité Universitäts Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard O’Kennedy
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Beate Ritz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health (FSPH), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul T. J. Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc (Radboud university medical center), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section Environment, Occupation & Health & Danish Ramazzini Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Trinity translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section Environment, Occupation & Health & Danish Ramazzini Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karel Van Damme
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kuang J, Xie M, Wei X. The NALP3 inflammasome is required for collagen synthesis via the NF‑κB pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2279-2287. [PMID: 29393339 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NALP3 inflammasome interacts with various immune and cell metabolic pathways and may participate in pulmonary fibrosis. However, little is known on its regulatory mechanism with respect to collagen synthesis. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether NALP3 inflammasome activation is involved in H2O2‑mediated collagen synthesis, in addition to examining the possible cell signaling mechanisms underlying this effect. It was demonstrated that the NF‑κB signaling pathway was activated under conditions of H2O2‑mediated oxidative stress in NIH‑3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. H2O2‑exposed fibroblasts exhibited activated NALP3 inflammasomes via increased NALP3, apoptosis‑associated Speck‑like protein and caspase‑1 expression and the secretion of interleukin‑1β. H2O2 also elevated α‑SMA and type I collagen expression. In vitro silencing of NALP3 attenuated the degradation of IκBα and decreased the synthesis of type I collagen. Furthermore, the NALP3 inflammasome was found to be activated in bleomycin‑induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, and this activation was relieved by a nuclear factor (NF)‑κB inhibitor. Taken together, these findings indicate that the NALP3 inflammasome is involved in H2O2‑induced type I collagen synthesis, which is mediated by the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Additionally, the NALP3 inflammasome contributes to the development of bleomycin‑induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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17
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Owusu BY, Zimmerman KA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin in mediating TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production in fibrotic disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:289-299. [PMID: 29080087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key factor contributing to fibrotic disease. Although ER stress is a short-term adaptive response, with chronic stimulation, it can activate pathways leading to fibrosis. ER stress can induce TGF-β signaling, a central driver of extracellular matrix production in fibrosis. This review will discuss the role of an ER protein, calreticulin (CRT), which has both chaperone and calcium regulatory functions, in fibrosis. CRT expression is upregulated in multiple different fibrotic diseases. The roles of CRT in regulation of fibronectin extracellular matrix assembly, extracellular matrix transcription, and collagen secretion and processing into the extracellular matrix will be discussed. Evidence for the importance of CRT in ER calcium release and NFAT activation downstream of TGF-β signaling will be presented. Finally, we will summarize evidence from animal models in which CRT expression is genetically reduced or experimentally downregulated in targeted tissues of adult animals and discuss how these models define a key role for CRT in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Ma SY, Park WS, Lee DS, Choi G, Yim MJ, Lee JM, Jung WK, Park SG, Seo SK, Park SJ, Han IY, Choi YH, Choi IW. Fucoxanthin inhibits profibrotic protein expression in vitro and attenuates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28642129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, a potentially fatal disease, results from acute and chronic interstitial lung diseases. Fucoxanthin (Fx), a carotenoid found in brown seaweed, shows a wide range of pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the antifibrotic effects of fucoxanthin and their underlying molecular mechanisms in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPFs). Thus, the effects of Fx on TGF-β1-induced expression of fibrotic factors, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type 1 collagen, fibronectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in HPFs were investigated. We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a western blot analysis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effects of Fx in TGF-β1-stimulated cells. The contractile activity of HPFs was measured using a collagen gel contraction assay. We also investigated the effects of Fx on inflammation and fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. We observed that Fx inhibited the TGF-β1-induced expression of α-SMA, type 1 collagen, fibronectin, and IL-6 in HPFs. Similarly, markedly inhibition of TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Smad2/Smad3 (Smad2/3) was observed after Fx treatment. Collagen contraction also significantly decreased on fucoxanthin treatment. Intraperitoneal injection of Fx (10mg/kg) in mice inhibited BLM-induced lung fibrosis and type I collagen protein expression. Overall, our findings suggest that Fx may be effective in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis owing to its potent antifibrotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yim
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Yong Han
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Prevention of TGF-β-induced early liver fibrosis by a maleic acid derivative anti-oxidant through suppression of ROS, inflammation and hepatic stellate cells activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174008. [PMID: 28384213 PMCID: PMC5383026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-fibrotic effect of antioxidants in vivo is disappointing due probably to the fact that once liver fibrogenesis is established it is too advanced to be reversed by anti-oxidation mechanism. We consider antioxidant may only act on the early phase of fibrogenesis. Thus, we had previously established an early liver fibrosis animal model using an inducible expression vector (pPK9a), which contains TGF-β gene and was hydro-dynamically transferred into mice to induce a transient liver fibrosis. TGF-β1 has been well documented to up-regulate the expression of α2(1) collagen (Col 1A2) gene in the liver via the reactive oxygen species (ROS); the process triggers inflammation, leading to hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation and liver fibrogenesis. Using our animal model and ROS, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and Col 1A2 promoter assays as screening targets, we report here that a maleic acid derivative isolated from the Antrodia camphorata mycelium strongly decreases ROS production, promoter activity of Cox-2 and Col 1A2, intracellular calcium, expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Smad4-p-Smad2/3 co-localization in cell nucleus and the DNA binding activity of Sp1. Our results suggest that the maleic acid derivative prevents liver fibrosis at an early phase both in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of ROS, inflammation and the activation of HSC.
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20
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Othman EM, Altabaa T, Hintzsche H, Stopper H. IR and IGF-1R expression affects insulin induced proliferation and DNA damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Zhang C, Han BJ, Zeng CC, Lai SH, Li W, Tang B, Wan D, Jiang GB, Liu YJ. Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer effects of ruthenium(II) complexes on BEL-7402 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 157:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Janssen LJ, Mukherjee S, Ask K. Calcium Homeostasis and Ionic Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:135-48. [PMID: 25785898 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0269tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are key cellular mediators of many chronic interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease. A great deal of effort has been expended to understand the signaling mechanisms underlying the various cellular functions of fibroblasts. Recently, it has been shown that Ca(2+) oscillations play a central role in the regulation of gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms whereby cytosolic [Ca(2+)] are regulated and [Ca(2+)] oscillations transduced are both poorly understood. In this review, we present the general concepts of [Ca(2+)] homeostasis, of ionic mechanisms responsible for various Ca(2+) fluxes, and of regulation of gene expression by [Ca(2+)]. In each case, we then also summarize the original findings that pertain specifically to pulmonary fibroblasts. From these data, we propose an overall signaling cascade by which excitation of the fibroblasts triggers pulsatile release of internally sequestered Ca(2+), which, in turn, activates membrane conductances, including voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx pathways. Collectively, these events produce recurring Ca(2+) oscillations, the frequency of which is transduced by Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors, which, in turn, orchestrate a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, synthesis/secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, autoactivation (production of transforming growth factor-β), and transformation into myofibroblasts. That unifying hypothesis, in turn, allows us to highlight several specific cellular targets and therapeutic intervention strategies aimed at controlling unwanted pulmonary fibrosis. The relationships between Ca(2+) signaling events and the unfolded protein response and apoptosis are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Janssen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Paracrine tumor signaling induces transdifferentiation of surrounding fibroblasts. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:303-11. [PMID: 26467073 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth stimuli in cancer growth resemble those exhibited in wound healing. However, the process of nemosis is absent in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which remain constitutively active. CAFs are present in almost all solid tumors but are most abundant in breast, prostate and pancreatic cancers. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, PDGF, IL-6, bFGF, reactive oxide species and protein kinase C are considered the key players in tumor-induced transdifferentiation of surrounding fibroblasts. Full-extent transdifferentiation was obtained only when the medium contained TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 (with or without other factors), whereas PDGF, bFGF or IL-6 (each alone) induced only partial transdifferentiation. Recent evidence suggests that the fibroblasts associated with primary cancers differ from those associated with metastases. The metastases-associated fibroblasts are converted by a metastasis-specific spectrum of factors. A large portion of paracrine tumor signaling is mediated by cancer cell-derived vesicles termed exosomes and microvesicles. The cancer cell-derived exosomes contain abundant and diverse proteomes and a number of signaling factors (TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, IL-6, MMP2 and MMP9), particularly under hypoxic conditions. In contrast to the traditional view, the clonal expansion and selection of neoplastic cells should not be viewed outside the host body context. It is vital for a neoplastic cell to achieve the ability to re-program host body cells into CAFs and by this influence to modulate its microenvironment and receive positive feedback for growth and drug resistance. Neoplastic cells, which fail to develop such capacity, do not pass critical barriers in tumorigenesis and remain dormant and benign.
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Compromised peroxisomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a vicious cycle inducing a higher fibrotic response via TGF-β signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2048-57. [PMID: 25848047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease, and its pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Peroxisomes are known to be important in ROS and proinflammatory lipid degradation, and their deficiency induces liver fibrosis. However, altered peroxisome functions in IPF pathogenesis have never been investigated. By comparing peroxisome-related protein and gene expression in lung tissue and isolated lung fibroblasts between human control and IPF patients, we found that IPF lungs exhibited a significant down-regulation of peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism (e.g., PEX13p and acyl-CoA oxidase 1). Moreover, in vivo the bleomycin-induced down-regulation of peroxisomes was abrogated in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor II knockout mice indicating a role for TGF-β signaling in the regulation of peroxisomes. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of IPF fibroblasts with the profibrotic factors TGF-β1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was found to down-regulate peroxisomes via the AP-1 signaling pathway. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms by which reduced peroxisomal functions contribute to enhanced fibrosis were further studied. Direct down-regulation of PEX13 by RNAi induced the activation of Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling accompanied by increased ROS production and resulted in the release of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TGF-β) and excessive production of collagen I and III. In contrast, treatment of fibroblasts with ciprofibrate or WY14643, PPAR-α activators, led to peroxisome proliferation and reduced the TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and collagen protein in IPF cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that compromised peroxisome activity might play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of IPF and fibrosis progression, possibly by exacerbating pulmonary inflammation and intensifying the fibrotic response in the patients.
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Abstract
The role of oxygen in wound healing is universally accepted and does not require any further evidence; however the controversy as to whether oxygen delivery systems have the potential to improve wound healing remains to be concluded. Topical oxygen treatment (TOT) involves the delivery of 100% oxygen for a mean of 90 min, once a day at an atmospheric pressure slightly above 1 atm abs. The use of TOT gained increasing interest recently. The current manuscript will summarize the pros and cons of TOT in the view of the available literature.
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Fosen KM, Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, vasculogenic stem cells, and wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1634-47. [PMID: 24730726 PMCID: PMC4175035 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is recognized as playing a role in stem cell mobilization from peripheral sites and also cell function. RECENT ADVANCES This review focuses on the impact of hyperoxia on vasculogenic stem cells and elements of wound healing. CRITICAL ISSUES Components of the wound-healing process in which oxidative stress has a positive impact on the various cells involved in wound healing are highlighted. A slightly different view of wound-healing physiology is adopted by departing from the often used notion of sequential stages: hemostatic, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling and instead organizes the cascade of wound healing as overlapping events or waves pertaining to reactive oxygen species, lactate, and nitric oxide. This was done because hyperoxia has effects of a number of cell signaling events that converge to influence cell recruitment/chemotaxis and gene regulation/protein synthesis responses which mediate wound healing. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Our alternative perspective of the stages of wound healing eases recognition of the multiple sites where oxidative stress has an impact on wound healing. This aids the focus on mechanistic events and the interplay among various cell types and biochemical processes. It also highlights the areas where additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina M. Fosen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R. Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast switch is mediated by NAD(P)H oxidase generated reactive oxygen species. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130091. [PMID: 27919042 PMCID: PMC3891321 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour–stroma interaction is a prerequisite for tumour progression in skin cancer. Hereby, a critical step in stromal function is the transition of tumour-associated fibroblasts to MFs (myofibroblasts) by growth factors, for example TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta(). In this study, the question was addressed of whether fibroblast-associated NAD(P)H oxidase (NADH/NADPH oxidase), known to be activated by TGFβ1, is involved in the fibroblast-to-MF switch. The up-regulation of αSMA (alpha smooth muscle actin), a biomarker for MFs, is mediated by a TGFβ1-dependent increase in the intracellular level of ROS (reactive oxygen species). This report demonstrates two novel aspects of the TGFβ1 signalling cascade, namely the generation of ROS due to a biphasic NAD(P)H oxidase activity and a ROS-dependent downstream activation of p38 leading to a transition of dermal fibroblasts to MFs that can be inhibited by the selective NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin. These data suggest that inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity prevents the fibroblast-to-MF switch and may be important for chemoprevention in context of a ‘stromal therapy’ which was described earlier.
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28
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Qu Y, Oyan AM, Liu R, Hua Y, Zhang J, Hovland R, Popa M, Liu X, Brokstad KA, Simon R, Molven A, Lin B, Zhang WD, McCormack E, Kalland KH, Ke XS. Generation of prostate tumor-initiating cells is associated with elevation of reactive oxygen species and IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7090-100. [PMID: 24101153 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How prostate cancer is initiated remains a topic of debate. In an effort to establish a human model of prostate carcinogenesis, we adapted premalignant human prostate EPT2-D5 cells to protein-free medium to generate numerous tight prostate spheres (D5HS) in monolayer culture. In contrast to EPT2-D5 cells, the newly generated D5HS efficiently formed large subcutaneous tumors and subsequent metastases in vivo, showing the tumorigenicity of D5HS spheres. A striking production of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA and protein was found in D5HS cells. The essential roles of IL-6 and the downstream STAT3 signaling in D5HS tumor sphere formation were confirmed by neutralizing antibody, chemical inhibitors, and fluorescent pathway reporter. In addition, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced upon protein depletion was required for the activation of IL-6/STAT3 in D5HS. Importantly, a positive feedback loop was found between ROS and IL-6 during tumor sphere formation. The association of ROS/IL-6/STAT3 to the carcinogenesis of human prostate cells was further examined in xenograft tumors and verified by limiting dilution implantations. Collectively, we have for the first time established human prostate tumor-initiating cells based on physiologic adaption. The intrinsic association of ROS and IL-6/STAT3 signaling in human prostate carcinogenesis shed new light on this relationship and define therapeutic targets in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qu
- Authors' Affiliations: The Gade Institute, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen; Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital; KinN Therapeutics AS, Bergen, Norway; College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Zhejiang-California International NanoSystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Swedish Medical Center; and Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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29
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Na HJ, Hwang JY, Lee KS, Choi YK, Choe J, Kim JY, Moon HE, Kim KW, Koh GY, Lee H, Jeoung D, Won MH, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. TRAIL negatively regulates VEGF-induced angiogenesis via caspase-8-mediated enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:179-94. [PMID: 24097299 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors supply oxygen and nutrients required for angiogenesis by producing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Thus, inhibitors of VEGF signaling abrogate tumor angiogenesis, resulting in the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. We here investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. TRAIL inhibited VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in vivo neovascularization in chicken embryos and mice. TRAIL blocked VEGF-induced angiogenic signaling by inhibiting ERK, Src, FAK, paxillin, Akt, and eNOS. Further, TRAIL blocked intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and actin reorganization in HUVECs stimulated with VEGF, without inhibiting VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. TRAIL increased caspase-8 activity, without inducing caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis. Moreover, TRAIL resulted in cleavage of FAK into FAK-related non-kinase-like fragments in VEGF-stimulated HUVECs, which was blocked by a caspase-8 inhibitor and cellular caspase-8-like inhibitory protein. Biochemical and pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 and FAK blocked the inhibitory effects of TRAIL on VEGF-stimulated anti-angiogenic signaling and events. In addition, caspase-8 knockdown also suppressed VEGF-mediated signaling and angiogenesis, suggesting that procaspase-8 plays a role of a non-apoptotic modulator in VEGF-induced angiogenic signaling. These results suggest that TRAIL inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis by increasing caspase-8 activity and subsequently decreasing non-apoptotic signaling functions of procaspase-8, without inducing caspase-3 activation and endothelial cell cytotoxicity. These data indicate that caspase-8 may be used as an anti-angiogenic drug for solid tumors resistant to TRAIL and anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jun Na
- Vascular Homeostasis Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, Korea
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Yang Y, Wang Z, Yang H, Wang L, Gillespie SR, Wolosin JM, Bernstein AM, Reinach PS. TRPV1 potentiates TGFβ-induction of corneal myofibroblast development through an oxidative stress-mediated p38-SMAD2 signaling loop. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77300. [PMID: 24098582 PMCID: PMC3788725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuring mouse corneas with alkali causes myofibroblast expression leading to tissue opacification. However, in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1-/-) knockout mice healing results in transparency restoration. Since TGFβ is the primary inducer of the myofibroblast phenotype, we examined the mechanism by which TRPV1 affects TGFβ-induced myofibroblast development. Experiments were performed in pig corneas and human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). Immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers was used to visualize myofibroblasts. Protein and phosphoprotein were determined by Western blotting. siRNA transfection silenced TRPV1 gene expression. Flow cytometry with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) reporting dye analyzed intracellular ROS. [Ca2+]I was measured by loading HCF with fura2. In organ cultured corneas, the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine drastically reduced by 75% wound-induced myofibroblast development. In HCF cell culture, TGF-β1 elicited rapid increases in Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of SMAD2 and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38), ROS generation and, after 72 hrs myofibroblast development. SMAD2 and p38 activation continued for more than 16 h, whereas p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 waned within 90 min. The long-lived SMAD2 activation was dependent on activated p38 and vice versa, and it was essential to generate a > 13-fold increase in α-SMA protein and a fully developed myofibroblast phenotype. These later changes were markedly reduced by inhibition of TRPV1 or reduction of the ROS generation rate. Taken together our results indicate that in corneal derived fibroblasts, TGFβ- induced myofibroblast development is highly dependent on a positive feedback loop where p-SMAD2-induced ROS activates TRPV1, TRPV1 causes activation of p38, the latter in turn further enhances the activation of SMAD2 to establish a recurrent loop that greatly extends the residency of the activated state of SMAD2 that drives myofibroblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanquan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Gillespie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Audrey M. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSR); (AMB)
| | - Peter S. Reinach
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSR); (AMB)
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Lin GJ, Jiang GB, Xie YY, Huang HL, Liang ZH, Liu YJ. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and Western blotting analysis of ruthenium(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:873-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Song JS, Kang CM, Park CK, Yoon HK. Thrombin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PAR-1, PKC, and ERK1/2 pathways in A549 cells. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:336-48. [PMID: 23919450 PMCID: PMC3793269 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.820809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin activates protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and induces a myofibroblast phenotype in normal lung fibroblasts. The origins of myofibroblasts are resident fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the effects of thrombin, an important mediator of interstitial lung fibrosis, on EMT in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. We show that thrombin induced EMT and collagen I secretion through the activation of PAR-1, and PKC and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in A549 cells. These effects were largely prevented by a specific PAR-1 antagonist, short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PAR-1, or specific PKCα/β, δ, and ε inhibitors. These data indicated that interaction with thrombin and alveolar epithelial cells might directly contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis through EMT. Targeting PAR-1 on the pulmonary epithelium or specific inhibitors to PKCα/β, δ, and ε might stop the fibrotic processes in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by preventing thrombin-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sup Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College , Seoul, Korea
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Gao YD, Zheng JW, Li P, Cheng M, Yang J. Store-operated Ca2+ entry is involved in transforming growth factor-β1 facilitated proliferation of rat airway smooth muscle cells. J Asthma 2013; 50:439-48. [PMID: 23452113 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.778275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in mediating the promoting effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). METHODS Rat bronchial smooth muscle cells were cultured as we described previously. The intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) of ASMCs was measured by laser confocal microscope Ca(2+) fluorescence imaging with Fluo-3/AM. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and p27 expression assay were used to determine the proliferation rate of ASMCs. RESULTS We demonstrated that TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) increased basal (Ca(2+)]i) level, [Ca(2+)]i rise induced by thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) release and SOCE in rat ASMCs. This effect of TGF-β1 on SOCE was not inhibited by glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DXM, 100 nM), antioxidant α-tocopherol (100 μM), and intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (IKCa) inhibitor charybdotoxin (100 nM), suggesting that reactive oxygen species and IKCa channels might not mediate the effect of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 slightly increased the expression of Orai1 and STIM1, two important molecules involved in the molecule component and regulation of SOC channels, in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The proliferation of ASMC stimulated with 2.5% FBS was promoted by TGF-β1, and partly inhibited by non-specific Ca(2+) channel blocker SKF-96365 (10 μM) and Ni(2+) (100 μM). DXM, α-tocopherol, and charybdotoxin had no effect on the proliferation promoted by TGF-β1. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 promotes ASMC proliferation partly through increasing the expression and activity of SOC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Zimmerman KA, Graham LV, Pallero MA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin regulates transforming growth factor-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14584-14598. [PMID: 23564462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an emerging factor in fibrotic disease, although precise mechanisms are not clear. Calreticulin (CRT) is an ER chaperone and regulator of Ca(2+) signaling up-regulated by ER stress and in fibrotic tissues. Previously, we showed that ER CRT regulates type I collagen transcript, trafficking, secretion, and processing into the extracellular matrix (ECM). To determine the role of CRT in ECM regulation under fibrotic conditions, we asked whether CRT modified cellular responses to the pro-fibrotic cytokine, TGF-β. These studies show that CRT-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and rat and human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts with siRNA CRT knockdown had impaired TGF-β stimulation of type I collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, fibroblasts with increased CRT expression had enhanced responses to TGF-β. The lack of CRT does not impact canonical TGF-β signaling as TGF-β was able to stimulate Smad reporter activity in CRT-/- MEFs. CRT regulation of TGF-β-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling is important for induction of ECM. CRT-/- MEFs failed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels in response to TGF-β. NFAT activity is required for ECM stimulation by TGF-β. In CRT-/- MEFs, TGF-β stimulation of NFAT nuclear translocation and reporter activity is impaired. Importantly, CRT is required for TGF-β stimulation of ECM under conditions of ER stress, as tunicamycin-induced ER stress was insufficient to induce ECM production in TGF-β stimulated CRT-/- MEFs. Together, these data identify CRT-regulated Ca(2+)-dependent pathways as a critical molecular link between ER stress and TGF-β fibrotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Lauren V Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Manuel A Pallero
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019.
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Othman EM, Kreissl MC, Kaiser FR, Arias-Loza PA, Stopper H. Insulin-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage in LLC-PK1 pig kidney cell line, female rat primary kidney cells, and male ZDF rat kidneys in vivo. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1434-43. [PMID: 23456362 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia, a condition with excessively high insulin blood levels, is related to an increased cancer incidence. Diabetes mellitus is the most common of several diseases accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Because an elevated kidney cancer risk was reported for diabetic patients, we investigated the induction of genomic damage by insulin in LLC-PK1 pig kidney cells, rat primary kidney cells, and ZDF rat kidneys. Insulin at a concentration of 5nM caused a significant increase in DNA damage in vitro. This was associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the presence of antioxidants, blockers of the insulin, and IGF-I receptors, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, the insulin-mediated DNA damage was reduced. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) was increased and p53 accumulated. Inhibition of the mitochondrial and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase oxidase-related ROS production reduced the insulin-mediated damage. In primary rat cells, insulin also induced genomic damage. In kidneys from healthy, lean ZDF rats, which were infused with insulin to yield normal or high blood insulin levels, while keeping blood glucose levels constant, the amounts of ROS and the tumor protein (p53) were elevated in the high-insulin group compared with the control level group. ROS and p53 were also elevated in diabetic obese ZDF rats. Overall, insulin-induced oxidative stress resulted in genomic damage. If the same mechanisms are active in patients, hyperinsulinemia might cause genomic damage through the induction of ROS contributing to the increased cancer risk, against which the use of antioxidants and/or ROS production inhibitors might exert protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Maher Othman
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Suzuki N, Mittler R. Reactive oxygen species-dependent wound responses in animals and plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2269-76. [PMID: 23085520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Animals and plants evolved sophisticated mechanisms that regulate their responses to mechanical injury. Wound response in animals mainly promotes wound healing processes, nerve cell regeneration, and immune system responses at the vicinity of the wound site. In contrast, wound response in plants is primarily directed at sealing the wound site via deposition of various compounds and generating systemic signals that activate multiple defense mechanisms in remote tissues. Despite these differences between animals and plants, recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play very common signaling and coordination roles in the wound responses of both systems. This review provides an update on recent findings related to ROS-regulated coordination of intercellular communications and signal transduction during wound response in plants and animals. In particular, differences and similarities in H2O2-dependent long-distance signaling between zebrafish and Arabidopsis thaliana are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Kubo E, Hasanova N, Fatma N, Sasaki H, Singh DP. Elevated tropomyosin expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012. [PMID: 23205574 PMCID: PMC3560320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to lens epithelial cells (LECs) leads to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) with resultant fibrosis. The tropomyosin (Tpm) family of cytoskeleton proteins is involved in regulating and stabilizing actin microfilaments. Aberrant expression of Tpms leads to abnormal morphological changes with disintegration of epithelial integrity. The EMT of LECs has been proposed as a major cause of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. Using in vivo rodent PCO and human cataractous LECs, we demonstrated that the aberrant expression of rat Tpm and human Tpm1α/2β suggested their association in remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton during EMT of LECs. Expression analysis from abnormally growing LECs after lens extraction revealed elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker for EMT. Importantly, these cells displayed increased expression of Tpm1α/2β following EMT/PCO formation. Expression of Tpm1α/2β was up-regulated in LECs isolated from cataractous lenses of Shumiya Cataract Rats (SCRs), compared with non-cataractous lenses. Also, LECs from human patients with nuclear cataract and anterior subcapsular fibrosis (ASF) displayed significantly increased expression of Tpm2β mRNA, suggesting that similar signalling invokes the expression of these molecules in LECs of cataractous SCR and human lenses. EMT was observed in LECs overexpressed with Tpm1α/2β, as evidenced by increased expression of α-SMA. These conditions were correlated with remodelling of actin filaments, possibly leading to EMT/PCO and ASF. The present findings may help clarify the condition of the actin cytoskeleton during morphogenetic EMT, and may contribute to development of Tpm-based inhibitors for postponing PCO and cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Jeon JH, Kim SK, Baik JE, Kang SS, Yun CH, Chung DK, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus enhances IL-6 expression in activated human basophils. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:363-74. [PMID: 22445541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At allergic inflammation, cross-linking of FcɛRI with multivalent antigen-bound IgE triggers the signaling pathways via activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) leading to the production of various mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Accumulating reports demonstrated that interaction of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed on basophils with a TLR2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Staphylococcus aureus, exacerbated allergic inflammation. Here, we showed that staphylococcal LTA (Sa.LTA) substantially enhanced IL-6 expression at both the protein and the mRNA levels in the human basophil line, KU812, in the presence of a PKC activator (phorbol 12-myristrate 13-acetate; PMA), and a calcium ionophore (A23187), whereas Sa.LTA alone could not induce IL-6 expression. PMA/A23187 augmented the expression of CD14 and TLR2 on the surface of KU812 cells and concomitantly increased the binding of fluorochrome-labeled Sa.LTA to the cells. Sa.LTA enhanced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in PMA/A23187-stimulated KU812 cells. Notably, Sa.LTA could not enhance PMA/A23187-induced IL-6 expression in the presence of inhibitors of MAP kinases, reactive oxygen species, or protein kinase C. Furthermore, Sa.LTA enhanced the PMA/A23187-increased DNA-binding activities of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Experiments using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that not only PMA/A23187 but also Sa.LTA increased the intracellular IL-6 expression in the basophil population and Sa.LTA plus PMA/A23187 further enhanced the IL-6 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that Sa.LTA exacerbates allergic inflammation by potentiating IL-6 production from activated basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kawiak A, Zawacka-Pankau J, Wasilewska A, Stasilojc G, Bigda J, Lojkowska E. Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway by ramentaceone from Drosera aliciae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:9-14. [PMID: 22250825 DOI: 10.1021/np200247g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ramentaceone (1) is a naphthoquinone constituent of Drosera aliciae that exhibits potent cytotoxic activity against various tumor cell lines. However, its molecular mechanism of cell death induction has still not been determined. The present study demonstrates that 1 induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Typical morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis were observed in 1-treated cells. Compound 1 induced a concentration-dependent increase in the sub-G1 fraction of the cell cycle. A decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) was also observed. Furthermore, 1 reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 to pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak, induced cytochrome c release, and increased the activity of caspase 3. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in 1-treated HL-60 cells, which was attenuated by the pretreatment of cells with a free radical scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC also prevented the increase of the sub-G1 fraction induced by 1. These results indicate that ramentaceone induces cell death through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland.
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Novel aspect of chemophototherapy in treatment of cancer. Tumour Biol 2011; 33:701-6. [PMID: 22190223 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review deals with the genetic implications of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to enhance horizons of chemophototherapy toward novel approaches for the treatment of various cancers. ROS are species of oxygen which are in a more reactive state than molecular oxygen. ROS play essential roles in vivo such as redox regulation, gene expression, immune response and many other cellular events. ROS generated by anticancer drugs during chemophototherapy may be associated with the activation of signal molecules like PKC, transcription factor NF-kappaB as well as destabilization of mitochondrial membrane inducing the release of apoptosis inducing agents like cytochrome c, resulting in toxicity to cancer cells. Thus, we suggest that anticancer drugs on exposure to light may generate oxidative stress following Fenton-like reaction generating hydroxyl radical. This may get on specific cell cycle receptors which may lead to cell cycle arrest and subsequently cytotoxic death of cancer cells.
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41
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Baseline plasma proteomic analysis to identify biomarkers that predict radiation-induced lung toxicity in patients receiving radiation for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:1073-8. [PMID: 21532507 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182152ba6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify new plasma proteomic markers before radiotherapy start to predict later grade ≥2 radiation-induced lung toxicity (RILT2). METHODS Fifty-seven patients with non-small cell lung cancer received radiotherapy (RT) were eligible. Forty-eight patients with minimum follow-up of 1 year, nine with RILT2 with tumor stage matched to 39 without RILT2, were enrolled for this analysis. Platelet-poor plasma was obtained within 2 weeks before radiotherapy. The plasma proteomes were compared using a multiplexed quantitative proteomics approach involving ExacTag labeling, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Z scores and Bonferroni-adjusted p values for the two-sample mean comparison were used to identify the differential protein expression between patients with and without RILT2. RESULTS More than 200 proteins were identified and quantified. After excluding proteins that were not detected in at least 40% of the 48 patient samples, C4b-binding protein alpha chain and vitronectin had significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02) expression levels in patients with RILT2 compared with patients without RILT2. These two proteins were validated by Western blot. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that they both play important roles in the inflammatory response and are associated with the known pathways of radiation-induced lung damage. CONCLUSIONS This proteomic approach demonstrates new plasma protein biomarkers before treatment for future studies on RILT2 prediction.
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Yao JK, Keshavan MS. Antioxidants, redox signaling, and pathophysiology in schizophrenia: an integrative view. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2011-35. [PMID: 21126177 PMCID: PMC3159108 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a brain disorder that has been intensively studied for over a century; yet, its etiology and multifactorial pathophysiology remain a puzzle. However, significant advances have been made in identifying numerous abnormalities in key biochemical systems. One among these is the antioxidant defense system (AODS) and redox signaling. This review summarizes the findings to date in human studies. The evidence can be broadly clustered into three major themes: perturbations in AODS, relationships between AODS alterations and other systems (i.e., membrane structure, immune function, and neurotransmission), and clinical implications. These domains of AODS have been examined in samples from both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Findings in patients with SZ include decreased nonenzymatic antioxidants, increased lipid peroxides and nitric oxides, and homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism. Reductions of plasma antioxidant capacity are seen in patients with chronic illness as well as early in the course of SZ. Notably, these data indicate that many AODS alterations are independent of treatment effects. Moreover, there is burgeoning evidence indicating a link among oxidative stress, membrane defects, immune dysfunction, and multineurotransmitter pathologies in SZ. Finally, the body of evidence reviewed herein provides a theoretical rationale for the development of novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System,7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
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Janowski E, Jiao X, Katiyar S, Lisanti MP, Liu M, Pestell RG, Morad M. c-Jun is required for TGF-β-mediated cellular migration via nuclear Ca²⁺ signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1104-13. [PMID: 21447400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression involves the acquisition of invasiveness through a basement membrane. The c-jun proto-oncogene is overexpressed in human tumors and has been identified at the leading edge of human breast tumors. TGF-β plays a bifunctional role in tumorigenesis and cellular migration. Although c-Jun and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex have been implicated in human cancer, the molecular mechanisms governing cellular migration via c-Jun and the role of c-Jun in TGF-β signaling remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze TGF-β mediated cellular migration in mouse embryo fibroblasts using floxed c-jun transgenic mice. We compared the c-jun wild type with the c-jun knockout cells through the use of Cre recombinase. Herein, TGF-β stimulated cellular migration and intracellular calcium release requiring endogenous c-Jun. TGF-β mediated Ca(2+) release was independent of extracellular calcium and was suppressed by both U73122 and neomycin, pharmacological inhibitors of the breakdown of PIP(2) into IP(3). Unlike TGF-β-mediated Ca(2+) release, which was c-Jun dependent, ATP mediated Ca(2+) release was c-Jun independent. These studies identify a novel pathway by which TGF-β regulates cellular migration and Ca(2+) release via endogenous c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einsley Janowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Surachetpong W, Pakpour N, Cheung KW, Luckhart S. Reactive oxygen species-dependent cell signaling regulates the mosquito immune response to Plasmodium falciparum. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:943-55. [PMID: 21126166 PMCID: PMC3042311 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in direct killing of pathogens, increased tissue damage, and regulation of immune signaling pathways in mammalian cells. Available research suggests that analogous phenomena affect the establishment of Plasmodium infection in Anopheles mosquitoes. We have previously shown that provision of human insulin in a blood meal leads to increased ROS levels in Anopheles stephensi. Here, we demonstrate that provision of human insulin significantly increased parasite development in the same mosquito host in a manner that was not consistent with ROS-induced parasite killing or parasite escape through damaged tissue. Rather, our studies demonstrate that ROS are important mediators of both the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling branches of the mosquito insulin signaling cascade. Further, ROS alone can directly activate these signaling pathways and this activation is growth factor specific. Our data, therefore, highlight a novel role for ROS as signaling mediators in the mosquito innate immune response to Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Surachetpong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Michaeloudes C, Sukkar MB, Khorasani NM, Bhavsar PK, Chung KF. TGF-β regulates Nox4, MnSOD and catalase expression, and IL-6 release in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L295-304. [PMID: 21131394 PMCID: PMC3043811 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a result of normal cellular metabolism, mainly through the mitochondria and peroxisomes, but their release is enhanced by the activation of oxidant enzymes such as NADPH oxidases or downregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), found to be overexpressed in airway smooth muscle (ASM) from asthmatic and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, may be a pivotal regulator of abnormal ASM cell (ASMC) function in these diseases. An important effect of TGF-β on ASMC inflammatory responses is the induction of IL-6 release. TGF-β also triggers intracellular ROS release in ASMCs by upregulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). However, the effect of TGF-β on the expression of key antioxidant enzymes and subsequently on oxidant/antioxidant balance is unknown. Moreover, the role of redox-dependent pathways in the mediation of the proinflammatory effects of TGF-β in ASMCs is unclear. In this study, we show that TGF-β induced the expression of Nox4 while at the same time inhibiting the expression of MnSOD and catalase. This change in oxidant/antioxidant enzymes was accompanied by elevated ROS levels and IL-6 release. Further studies revealed a role for Smad3 and phosphatidyl-inositol kinase-mediated pathways in the induction of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and IL-6 release. The changes in oxidant/antioxidant enzymes and IL-6 release were reversed by the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and ebselen through inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation, indicating redox-dependent activation of Smad3 by TGF-β. Moreover, these findings suggest a potential role for NAC in preventing TGF-β-mediated pro-oxidant and proinflammatory responses in ASMCs. Knockdown of Nox4 using small interfering RNA partially prevented the inhibition of MnSOD but had no effect on catalase and IL-6 expression. These findings provide novel insights into redox regulation of ASM function by TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Leonarduzzi G, Sottero B, Poli G. Targeting tissue oxidative damage by means of cell signaling modulators: The antioxidant concept revisited. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:336-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yue X, Shan B, Lasky JA. TGF-β: Titan of Lung Fibrogenesis. CURRENT ENZYME INHIBITION 2010. [PMID: 24187529 DOI: 10.2174/10067 (2010)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by epithelial cell injury, accumulation of myofibroblasts, and excessive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix elements, leading to loss of pulmonary function. Studies in both humans and animal models strongly suggest that TGF-β1 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. This review will first give an overview of TGF-β signaling and the effects of its inhibition on lung fibrogenesis. This overview includes information on TGF-β signal transduction pathways, the importance of TGF-β in the accumulation of myofibroblasts, the role of TGF-β in epithelial injury and apoptosis, the role of TGF-β in extracellular matrix remodeling, and the effects of inhibiting TGF-β signaling in animal models of lung fibrosis. Subsequently this review will highlight recent advances in two areas of particular interest to our research group: (1) TGF-β and proteoglycans; (2) TGF-β and histone deacetylases. Although our understanding of the role of TGF-β and its mechanisms of action in lung fibrogenesis has increased dramatically in recent years, there is still much to be learned about this important molecule, especially how TGF-β function is modulated in vivo, and its complex interactions with other factors expressed during lung injury and repair. Research in these areas will help identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis that will hopefully improve the prognosis of this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Yue
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Fukuoka H, Iida K, Nishizawa H, Imanaka M, Takeno R, Iguchi G, Takahashi M, Okimura Y, Kaji H, Chihara K, Takahashi Y. IGF-I stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibits insulin-dependent glucose uptake via ROS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:212-219. [PMID: 20185348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-I is known to enhance insulin sensitivity in whole body mainly via the IGF-I receptors in muscles. However, the effect of IGF-I on the regulation of insulin sensitivity in the adipose tissue is yet unclear. Insulin sensitivity was found to be higher in the IGF-I receptor-deficient adipocytes than that in wild-type adipocytes, suggesting that IGF-I signaling induces insulin resistance in adipocytes. However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In addition, the effect of superphysiological levels of IGF-I, as is observed in patients with acromegaly, on insulin sensitivity remains unclear. DESIGN To clarify the role of IGF-I on insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, we determined insulin-induced glucose uptake and IRS-1 status in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with IGF-I. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are causally related to insulin resistance, we investigated the effect of IGF-I on ROS production to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying insulin resistance. RESULTS Preincubation of the adipocytes with IGF-I attenuated insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Interestingly, we found that IGF-I significantly stimulated ROS production. Furthermore, preincubation of adipocytes with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) restored the IGF-I-induced attenuation of insulin-dependent glucose uptake; this indicates that IGF-I induces insulin resistance via ROS. Serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was strongly induced and the insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was suppressed by preincubating the adipocytes with IGF-I. Further, NAC restored these changes induced by IGF-I on both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IGF-I inhibited insulin activity in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes via ROS production, which affects IRS-1 phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Buday A, Orsy P, Godó M, Mózes M, Kökény G, Lacza Z, Koller A, Ungvári Z, Gross ML, Benyó Z, Hamar P. Elevated systemic TGF-beta impairs aortic vasomotor function through activation of NADPH oxidase-driven superoxide production and leads to hypertension, myocardial remodeling, and increased plaque formation in apoE(-/-) mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H386-95. [PMID: 20511416 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01042.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of circulating, systemic TGF-beta levels in endothelial function is not clear. TGF-beta(1) may cause endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice via stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) system and aggravate aortic and heart remodeling and hypertension. Thoracic aorta (TA) were isolated from 4-mo-old control (C57Bl/6), apoE(-/-), TGF-beta(1)-overexpressing (TGFbeta(1)), and crossbred apoE(-/-) x TGFbeta(1) mice. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was measured before and after incubation with apocynin (NOX inhibitor) or superoxide dismutase (SOD; ROS scavenger). Superoxide production within the vessel wall was determined by dihydroethidine staining under confocal microscope. In 8-mo-old mice, aortic and myocardial morphometric changes, plaque formation by en face fat staining, and blood pressure were determined. Serum TGF-beta(1) levels (ELISA) were elevated in TGFbeta(1) mice without downregulation of TGF-beta-I receptor (immunohistochemistry). In the aortic wall, superoxide production was enhanced and NO-dependent relaxation diminished in apoE(-/-) x TGFbeta(1) mice but improved significantly after apocynin or SOD. Myocardial capillary density was reduced, fibrocyte density increased, aortic wall was thicker, combined lesion area was greater, and blood pressure was higher in the apoE(-/-) x TGFbeta vs. C57Bl/6 mice. Our results demonstrate that elevated circulating TGF-beta(1) causes endothelial dysfunction through NOX activation-induced oxidative stress, accelerating atherosclerosis and hypertension in apoE(-/-) mice. These findings may provide a mechanism explaining accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with elevated plasma TGFbeta(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buday
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Dept. of Medicine, Semmelweis Univ., Budapest, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
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Choi WS, Mitsumoto A, Kochevar IE. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in TGF-beta1-induced tropoelastin expression by human dermal fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 85:1425-33. [PMID: 19709383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to solar UV radiation causes marked changes in the dermal extracellular matrix that underlie the loss of resiliency and increased laxity observed in photoaged skin. In particular, the dermal elastin content increases substantially and the normal, well-organized elastic fibers are replaced by amorphous elastotic material. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) stimulates synthesis of elastin by dermal fibroblasts and may mediate the increase in elastin in chronically photodamaged skin. We investigated pathways involved in the TGF-beta1-induced increase in tropoelastin (TE), the soluble elastin monomer and assessed the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of TE mRNA. Antioxidants and an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase blocked TGF-beta1-induced TE mRNA increase even when added 1.5 h after TGF-beta1, although ROS were detected for only 30 min. The TE mRNA increase required activation of Smad4, shown using Smad4 siRNA, and also involved the ERK1/2, p38 and JNK MAP kinases but not PI3K. ROS did not enhance signaling through Smad2 but did enhance activation of p38 and ERK1/2 at 10 min after TGF-beta1. These results indicate that Smad and MAPK pathways mediate TGF-beta1-induced TE expression and that ROS are required for both early signal transduction and later steps that increase elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seon Choi
- Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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