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Roos J, Zinngrebe J, Huber-Lang M, Lupu L, Schmidt MA, Strobel H, Westhoff MA, Stifel U, Gebhard F, Wabitsch M, Mollnes TE, Debatin KM, Halbgebauer R, Fischer-Posovszky P. Trauma-associated extracellular histones mediate inflammation via a MYD88-IRAK1-ERK signaling axis and induce lytic cell death in human adipocytes. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:285. [PMID: 38653969 PMCID: PMC11039744 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment and care of severe physical injuries, trauma remains one of the main reasons for disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Trauma patients often suffer from disturbances in energy utilization and metabolic dysfunction, including hyperglycemia and increased insulin resistance. White adipose tissue plays an essential role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and is frequently implicated in traumatic injury due to its ubiquitous body distribution but remains poorly studied. Initial triggers of the trauma response are mainly damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as histones. We hypothesized that DAMP-induced adipose tissue inflammation contributes to metabolic dysfunction in trauma patients. Therefore, we investigated whether histone release during traumatic injury affects adipose tissue. Making use of a murine polytrauma model with hemorrhagic shock, we found increased serum levels of histones accompanied by an inflammatory response in white adipose tissue. In vitro, extracellular histones induced an inflammatory response in human adipocytes. On the molecular level, this inflammatory response was mediated via a MYD88-IRAK1-ERK signaling axis as demonstrated by pharmacological and genetic inhibition. Histones also induced lytic cell death executed independently of caspases and RIPK1 activity. Importantly, we detected increased histone levels in the bloodstream of patients after polytrauma. Such patients might benefit from a therapy consisting of activated protein C and the FDA-approved ERK inhibitor trametinib, as this combination effectively prevented histone-mediated effects on both, inflammatory gene activation and cell death in adipocytes. Preventing adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte death in patients with polytrauma could help minimize posttraumatic metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Roos
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Zinngrebe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludmila Lupu
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannah Strobel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stifel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodo, Norway
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Halbgebauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Kim W, Kim M, Kim B. Unraveling the enigma: housekeeping gene Ugt1a7c as a universal biomarker for microglia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1364201. [PMID: 38666091 PMCID: PMC11043603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1364201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, brain resident macrophages, play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis, including immunity, surveillance, and protecting the central nervous system through their distinct activation processes. Identifying all types of microglia-driven populations is crucial due to the presence of various phenotypes that differ based on developmental stages or activation states. During embryonic development, the E8.5 yolk sac contains erythromyeloid progenitors that go through different growth phases, eventually resulting in the formation of microglia. In addition, microglia are present in neurological diseases as a diverse population. So far, no individual biomarker for microglia has been discovered that can accurately identify and monitor their development and attributes. Summary Here, we highlight the newly defined biomarker of mouse microglia, UGT1A7C, which exhibits superior stability in expression during microglia development and activation compared to other known microglia biomarkers. The UGT1A7C sensing chemical probe labels all microglia in the 3xTG AD mouse model. The expression of Ugt1a7c is stable during development, with only a 4-fold variation, while other microglia biomarkers, such as Csf1r and Cx3cr1, exhibit at least a 10-fold difference. The UGT1A7C expression remains constant throughout its lifespan. In addition, the expression and activity of UGT1A7C are the same in response to different types of inflammatory activators' treatment in vitro. Conclusion We propose employing UGT1A7C as the representative biomarker for microglia, irrespective of their developmental state, age, or activation status. Using UGT1A7C can reduce the requirement for using multiple biomarkers, enhance the precision of microglia analysis, and even be utilized as a standard for gene/protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beomsue Kim
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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3
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Liu J, Kang R, Tang D. Lipopolysaccharide delivery systems in innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:274-287. [PMID: 38494365 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), is widely recognized for its crucial role in mammalian innate immunity and its link to mortality in intensive care units. While its recognition via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 receptor on cell membranes is well established, the activation of the cytosolic receptor caspase-11 by LPS is now known to lead to inflammasome activation and subsequent induction of pyroptosis. Nevertheless, a fundamental question persists regarding the mechanism by which LPS enters host cells. Recent investigations have identified at least four primary pathways that can facilitate this process: bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs); the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2; host-secreted proteins; and host extracellular vesicles (EVs). These delivery systems provide new avenues for therapeutic interventions against sepsis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- DAMP Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Sharma A, Wang J, Gandhi CR. CD14 is not required for carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis with or without lipopolysaccharide challenge. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1530-1541. [PMID: 37098757 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to CD14 is required for its cellular effects via TLR4. A role of LPS/TLR4-mediated signaling in activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), the major fibrogenic cells, in liver fibrosis has been reported. We investigated effects of LPS on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis in CD14-knockout (KO) mice in vivo, and culture-activated HSCs in vitro. CCl4 (biweekly; 4 weeks)-treated wild type (WT) and CD14-KO mice were challenged with single LPS administration for 24 h. Liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis were determined. Culture-activated HSCs from WT or CD14-KO mice were stimulated with LPS. Parameters of fibrogenic activity (expression of collagen1a1 [Col1a1], α-smooth muscle actin [αSMA] and TGFβ1) and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were measured. CCl4 treatment caused similar liver injury and fibrosis in WT and CD14-KO mice. LPS increased liver injury and inflammation similarly in CCl4-treated WT and CD14-KO mice, but downregulated Timp1 and upregulated Mmp13. LPS elicited similar NFκB activation and inflammatory response in WT and CD14-KO aHSCs. LPS similarly downregulated Acta2 (encodes αSMA), Pdgfrb, Col1a1 and Mmp13 expression but did not affect Timp1 expression in WT and CD14-KO aHSCs. LPS did not alter Tgfb1 but increased expression of decorin (Dcn) (inhibitor of TGFβ1) expression in WT and CD14-KO aHSCs. The results indicate that the effects of LPS on HSCs are CD14-independent, and CD14 is not required for hepatic fibrosis. LPS-induced down-modulation of fibrogenic markers in aHSCs is also CD14-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Sharma
- Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Zezulin AU, Yen D, Ye D, Howell ED, Bresciani E, Diemer J, Ren JG, Ahmad MH, Castilla LH, Touw IP, Minn AJ, Tong W, Liu PP, Tan K, Yu W, Speck NA. RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to attenuate inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils. Genes Dev 2023; 37:605-620. [PMID: 37536952 PMCID: PMC10499021 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350418.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is mutated in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy (FPDMM) and in sporadic myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. RUNX1 was shown to regulate inflammation in multiple cell types. Here we show that RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) to epigenetically repress two inflammatory signaling pathways in neutrophils: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. RUNX1 loss in GMPs augments neutrophils' inflammatory response to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide through increased expression of the TLR4 coreceptor CD14. RUNX1 binds Cd14 and other genes encoding proteins in the TLR4 and type I IFN signaling pathways whose chromatin accessibility increases when RUNX1 is deleted. Transcription factor footprints for the effectors of type I IFN signaling-the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1::STAT2) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)-were enriched in chromatin that gained accessibility in both GMPs and neutrophils when RUNX1 was lost. STAT1::STAT2 and IRF motifs were also enriched in the chromatin of retrotransposons that were derepressed in RUNX1-deficient GMPs and neutrophils. We conclude that a major direct effect of RUNX1 loss in GMPs is the derepression of type I IFN and TLR4 signaling, resulting in a state of fixed maladaptive innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra U Zezulin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Yen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Darwin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Howell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Erica Bresciani
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Diemer
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jian-Gang Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mohd Hafiz Ahmad
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Lucio H Castilla
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Ivo P Touw
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical College, Rotterdam 3015CN, the Netherlands
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - P Paul Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Division of Oncology and Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Wenbao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Division of Oncology and Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Zhang LM, Feng NN, Du HB, Zhang H, Guo R, Zhai JY, Zhang YP, Zhao ZG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviates lung injury mediated by post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 310:104003. [PMID: 36566003 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains the major contributor to critical patient mortality and is associated with posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) return. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) play overall protection on acute hemorrhage, but a reliable mechanism needs to be identified. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in alleviating ALI and whether is related to the endotoxin contained in PHSML. Mesenteric lymph was harvested from rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (hemorrhage-induced hypotension of 40 ± 2 mmHg for 90 min plus by resuscitation) or sham shock. The effect of ω-3 PUFAs on pulmonary function, water content, morphology, and LBP, CD14, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were observed in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock, while the effect of PHSML intravenous infusion on the beneficial effect of ω-3 PUFAs also was investigated. In addition, the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on the endotoxin contents in mesenteric lymph were detected. Hemorrhagic shock-induced ALI was characterized by increased functional residual capacity (FRC), lung resistance (RI), inspiratory capacity (IC), respiratory frequency, water contents and structural damage, along with increases in LBP, IL-6, and TNF-α. ω-3 PUFAs treatment reduced FRC, RI, IC, frequency, water contents, LBP, IL-6, TNF-α, and alleviated morphological damage. In contrast, PHSML infusion abolished the advantageous effects of ω-3 PUFAs on the above indices and CD14. Furthermore, the endotoxin level of PHSML was significantly enhanced, but declined following ω-3 PUFAs administration. These findings together suggested that treatment with ω-3 PUFAs ameliorates hemorrhagic shock-induced ALI, which is associated with reduced endotoxin contained in PHSML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Niu-Niu Feng
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hui-Bo Du
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhai
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microcirculation and Shock in Zhangjiakou City, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, PR China.
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Zezulin AU, Ye D, Howell E, Yen D, Bresciani E, Diemer J, Ren JG, Ahmad MH, Castilla LH, Touw IP, Minn AJ, Tong W, Liu PP, Tan K, Yu W, Speck NA. RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to attenuate inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525911. [PMID: 36747636 PMCID: PMC9900925 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is mutated in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM) and in sporadic myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. RUNX1 regulates inflammation in multiple cell types. Here we show that RUNX1 is required in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) to restrict the inflammatory response of neutrophils to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Loss of RUNX1 in GMPs increased the TLR4 coreceptor CD14 on neutrophils, which contributed to neutrophils’ increased inflammatory cytokine production in response to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide. RUNX1 loss increased the chromatin accessibility of retrotransposons in GMPs and neutrophils and induced a type I interferon signature characterized by enriched footprints for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1::STAT2) and interferon regulatory factors (IRF) in opened chromatin, and increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes. The overproduction of inflammatory cytokines by neutrophils was reversed by inhibitors of type I IFN signaling. We conclude that RUNX1 restrains the chromatin accessibility of retrotransposons in GMPs and neutrophils, and that loss of RUNX1 increases proinflammatory cytokine production by elevating tonic type I interferon signaling.
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8
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Vasudevan SO, Russo AJ, Kumari P, Vanaja SK, Rathinam VA. A TLR4-independent critical role for CD14 in intracellular LPS sensing. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110755. [PMID: 35508125 PMCID: PMC9376664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing by the noncanonical inflammasome comprising caspase-4 or −11 governs antibacterial host defense. How LPS gains intracellular access in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we show that CD14—an LPS-binding protein with a well-documented role in TLR4 activation—plays a vital role in intracellular LPS sensing in vivo. By generating Cd14−/− and Casp11−/− mice strains on a Tlr4−/− background, we dissociate CD14’s known role in TLR4 signaling from its role in caspase-11 activation and show a TLR4-independent role for CD14 in GSDMD activation, pyroptosis, alarmin release, and the lethality driven by cytosolic LPS. Mechanistically, CD14 enables caspase-11 activation by mediating cytosolic localization of LPS in a TLR4-independent manner. Overall, our findings attribute a critical role for CD14 in noncanonical inflammasome sensing of LPS in vivo and establish—together with previous literature—CD14 as an essential proximal component of both TLR4-based extracellular and caspase-11-based intracellular LPS surveillance. How LPS attains cytosolic access in vivo is unclear. Vasudevan et al. define a TLR4-independent role for CD14 in the cytosolic localization of LPS, triggering noncanonical inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in vivo. This finding positions CD14 as an integral component of both extracellular and intracellular LPS surveillance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathy O Vasudevan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ashley J Russo
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Balestrieri B, Granata F, Loffredo S, Petraroli A, Scalia G, Morabito P, Cardamone C, Varricchi G, Triggiani M. Phenotypic and Functional Heterogeneity of Low-Density and High-Density Human Lung Macrophages. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050505. [PMID: 34064389 PMCID: PMC8147777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary macrophages are a highly heterogeneous cell population distributed in different lung compartments. METHODS We separated two subpopulations of macrophages from human lung parenchyma according to flotation over density gradients. RESULTS Two-thirds 65.4% of the lung macrophages have a density between 1.065 and 1.078 (high-density macrophages: HDMs), and the remaining one-third (34.6) had a density between 1.039 and 1.052 (low-density macrophages: LDMs). LDMs had a larger area (691 vs. 462 μm2) and cell perimeter (94 vs. 77 μm) compared to HDMs. A significantly higher percentage of HDMs expressed CD40, CD45, and CD86 compared to LDMs. In contrast, a higher percentage of LDMs expressed the activation markers CD63 and CD64. The release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly higher in HDMs than in LDMs. CONCLUSION The human lung contains two subpopulations of macrophages that differ in buoyancy, morphometric parameters, surface marker expression and response to LPS. These subpopulations of macrophages probably play distinct roles in lung inflammation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalia
- Clinical and Experimental Cytometry Unit, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Morabito
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Cardamone
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (C.C.); (M.T.)
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Liu M, Yan M, Lv H, Wang B, Lv X, Zhang H, Xiang S, Du J, Liu T, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhou F, Cheng T, Zhu Y, Jiang H, Cao Y, Ai D. Macrophage K63-Linked Ubiquitination of YAP Promotes Its Nuclear Localization and Exacerbates Atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107990. [PMID: 32755583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway has pivotal roles in innate immune responses against pathogens in macrophages. However, the role of YAP in macrophages during atherosclerosis and its mechanism of YAP activation remain unknown. Here, we find that YAP overexpression in myeloid cells aggravates atherosclerotic lesion size and infiltration of macrophages, whereas YAP deficiency reduces atherosclerotic plaque. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), a downstream effector of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), triggers YAP ubiquitination at K252, which interrupts the interaction between YAP and angiomotin and results in enhanced YAP nuclear translocation. The recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation, which is abrogated by YAP overexpression. YAP level is increased in human and mouse atherosclerotic vessels, and plasma IL-1β level in patients with STEMI is correlated with YAP protein level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings elucidate a mechanism of YAP activation, which might be a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huizhen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Biqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xue Lv
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Song Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jie Du
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Yikui Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ding Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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11
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Won Y, Yang JI, Park S, Chun JS. Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein and CD14, Cofactors of Toll-like Receptors, Are Essential for Low-Grade Inflammation-Induced Exacerbation of Cartilage Damage in Mouse Models of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1451-1460. [PMID: 33559324 PMCID: PMC8362181 DOI: 10.1002/art.41679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is initiated by pathogenic factors produced by multiple stimuli, including mechanical stress, metabolic stress, and/or inflammaging. This study was undertaken to identify novel low‐grade inflammation–associated pathogenic mediators of OA. Methods Candidate pathogenic molecules were screened using microarray data obtained from chondrocytes exposed to OA‐associated catabolic factors. In mice with OA generated by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), low‐grade inflammation was induced by a high‐fat diet or endotoxemia. Functions of candidate molecules in OA pathogenesis were examined using primary‐culture chondrocytes from mice with DMM‐induced OA, following intraarticular injection of adenovirus expressing the candidate gene. Specific functions of candidate genes were evaluated using whole‐body gene‐knockout mice. Results Bioinformatics analysis identified multiple candidate pathogenic factors that were associated with low‐grade inflammation, including components of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways (e.g., TLR‐2, TLR‐4, lipopolysaccharide binding protein [LBP], and CD14). Overexpression of the individual TLR signaling components in mouse joint tissue did not alter cartilage homeostasis. However, the low‐grade inflammation induced by a high‐fat diet or endotoxemia markedly enhanced posttraumatic OA cartilage destruction in mice, and this exacerbation of cartilage destruction was significantly abrogated in LBP−/− and CD14−/− mice. Additionally, LBP and CD14 were found to be necessary for the expression of matrix‐degrading enzymes in mouse chondrocytes treated with proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion LBP and CD14, which are accessory molecules of TLRs, are necessary for the exacerbation of posttraumatic OA cartilage destruction resulting from low‐grade inflammation, such as that triggered by a high‐fat diet or endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Won
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-In Yang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Soo Chun
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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12
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Fu YJ, Xu B, Huang SW, Luo X, Deng XL, Luo S, Liu C, Wang Q, Chen JY, Zhou L. Baicalin prevents LPS-induced activation of TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway and inflammation in mice via inhibiting the expression of CD14. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:88-96. [PMID: 32457419 PMCID: PMC7921675 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that baicalin, an active ingredient of the Chinese traditional medicine Huangqin, attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κBp65 pathway, but how it affects this pathway is unknown. It has been shown that CD14 binds directly to LPS and plays an important role in sensitizing the cells to minute quantities of LPS via chaperoning LPS molecules to the TLR4/MD-2 signaling complex. In the present study we investigated the role of CD14 in the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin in vitro and in vivo. Exposure to LPS (1 μg/mL) induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, evidenced by marked increases in the expression of MHC II molecules and the secretion of NO and IL-6, and by activation of MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, as well as the expression of CD14 and TLR4. These changes were dose-dependently attenuated by pretreatment baicalin (12.5-50 μM), but not by baicalin post-treatment. In RAW264.7 cells without LPS stimulation, baicalin dose-dependently inhibit the protein and mRNA expression of CD14, but not TLR4. In RAW264.7 cells with CD14 knockdown, baicalin pretreatment did not prevent inflammatory responses and activation of MyD88/NF-κB p65 pathway induced by high concentrations (1000 μg/mL) of LPS. Furthermore, baicalin pretreatment also inhibited the expression of CD14 and activation of MyD88/NF-κB p65 pathway in LPS-induced hepatocyte-derived HepG2 cells and intestinal epithelial-derived HT-29 cells. In mice with intraperitoneal injection of LPS and in DSS-induced UC mice, oral administration of baicalin exerted protective effects by inhibition of CD14 expression and inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that baicalin pretreatment prevents LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells in CD14-dependent manner. This study supports the therapeutic use of baicalin in preventing the progression of LPS-induced inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shao-Wei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Liang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Yunfu, 527300, China.
| | - Shuang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jin-Yan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Finethy R, Dockterman J, Kutsch M, Orench‐Rivera N, Wallace GD, Piro AS, Luoma S, Haldar AK, Hwang S, Martinez J, Kuehn MJ, Taylor GA, Coers J. Dynamin-related Irgm proteins modulate LPS-induced caspase-11 activation and septic shock. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50830. [PMID: 33124745 PMCID: PMC7645254 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation associated with gram-negative bacterial infections is often instigated by the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced inflammation and resulting life-threatening sepsis are mediated by the two distinct LPS receptors TLR4 and caspase-11 (caspase-4/-5 in humans). Whereas the regulation of TLR4 activation by extracellular and phago-endosomal LPS has been studied in great detail, auxiliary host factors that specifically modulate recognition of cytosolic LPS by caspase-11 are largely unknown. This study identifies autophagy-related and dynamin-related membrane remodeling proteins belonging to the family of Immunity-related GTPases M clade (IRGM) as negative regulators of caspase-11 activation in macrophages. Phagocytes lacking expression of mouse isoform Irgm2 aberrantly activate caspase-11-dependent inflammatory responses when exposed to extracellular LPS, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, or gram-negative bacteria. Consequently, Irgm2-deficient mice display increased susceptibility to caspase-11-mediated septic shock in vivo. This Irgm2 phenotype is partly reversed by the simultaneous genetic deletion of the two additional Irgm paralogs Irgm1 and Irgm3, indicating that dysregulated Irgm isoform expression disrupts intracellular LPS processing pathways that limit LPS availability for caspase-11 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Finethy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Jacob Dockterman
- Department of ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Miriam Kutsch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | | | - Graham D Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Anthony S Piro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Sarah Luoma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Arun K Haldar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Present address:
Division of BiochemistryCentral Drug Research Institute (CDRI)Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)LucknowIndia
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of PathologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- Present address:
VIR BiotechnologySan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease LaboratoryNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Department of ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Division of GeriatricsDepartment of MedicineCenter for the Study of Aging and Human DevelopmentDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Department of ImmunologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
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14
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CD14 and ALPK1 Affect Expression of Tight Junction Components and Proinflammatory Mediators upon Bacterial Stimulation in a Colonic 3D Organoid Model. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:4069354. [PMID: 32076438 PMCID: PMC7016478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4069354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cd14 and Alpk1 both encode pathogen recognition receptors and are known candidate genes for affecting severity in inflammatory bowel diseases. CD14 acts as a coreceptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while ALPK1 senses ADP-D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose, a metabolic intermediate of LPS biosynthesis. Intestinal barrier integrity can be influenced by CD14, whereas to date, the role of ALPK1 in maintaining barrier function remains unknown. We used colon-derived 3D organoids, first characterised for growth, proliferation, stem cell markers, and expression of tight junction (TJ) components using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. They showed characteristic crypt stem cells, apical shedding of dead cells, and TJ formation. Afterwards, organoids of different genotypes (WT, Il10−/−, Cd14−/−, and Alpk1−/−) were then stimulated with either LPS or Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). Gene expression and protein levels of cytokines and TJ components were analysed. WT organoids increased expression of Tnfα and tight junction components. Cd14−/− organoids expressed significantly less Tnfα and Ocln after LPS stimulation than WT organoids but reacted similarly to WT organoids after EcN stimulation. In contrast, compared to WT, Alpk1−/− organoids showed decreased expression of different TJ and cytokine genes in response to EcN but not LPS. However, Western blotting revealed an effect of ALPK1 on TJ protein levels. These findings demonstrate that Cd14, but not Alpk1, alters the response to LPS stimulation in colonic epithelial cells, whereas Alpk1 is involved in the response upon bacterial challenge.
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15
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Complement component C3 and the TLR co-receptor CD14 are not involved in angiotensin II induced cardiac remodelling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:867-873. [PMID: 31955888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is centrally involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and the processes of remodelling. The complement system and Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, two upstream arms of the innate immune system, have previously been reported to be involved in cardiac remodelling. However, the role of complement component 3 (C3), TLR co-receptor CD14 and the synergy between them have not been addressed during pressure overload-induced cardiac remodelling. Here, we examined angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling for 7 days in male C57Bl/6 J mice deficient in C3, CD14, or both (C3CD14), and WT controls. Angiotensin II infusion induced a mild concentric hypertrophic phenotype in WT mice with increased left ventricle weight, wall thicknesses and reduced ventricular internal diameter, associated with increased cardiac fibrosis. However, there were no differences between WT mice and mice deficient for C3, CD14 or C3CD14, as systolic blood pressure, cardiac function and structure and levels of fibrosis were comparable between WT mice and the three other genotypes. C5a did not change in angiotensin II treated mice, whereas Mac2 levels were increased in angiotensin II treated mice, but did not differ between genotypes. The inflammatory IL-6 response was comparable between WT and C3 deficient mice, however, it was decreased in CD14 and C3CD14 deficient mice. We conclude that deficiency in C3, CD14 or C3CD14 had no effect on cardiac remodelling following angiotensin II-induced pressure overload. This suggests that C3 and CD14 are not involved in angiotensin II-induced adverse cardiac remodelling.
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16
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Role of Dietary Lipids in Modulating Inflammation through the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010117. [PMID: 30626117 PMCID: PMC6357048 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and its resolution is a tenuous balance that is under constant contest. Though several regulatory mechanisms are employed to maintain homeostasis, disruptions in the regulation of inflammation can lead to detrimental effects for the host. Of note, the gut and microbial dysbiosis are implicated in the pathology of systemic chronic low-grade inflammation which has been linked to several metabolic diseases. What remains to be described is the extent to which dietary fat and concomitant changes in the gut microbiota contribute to, or arise from, the onset of metabolic disorders. The present review will highlight the role of microorganisms in host energy regulation and several mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory pathways. This review will also discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the endocannabinoid system and its link with the gut microbiota. Finally, a brief discussion arguing for improved taxonomic resolution (at the species and strain level) is needed to deepen our current knowledge of the microbiota and host inflammatory state.
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17
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Davis S, Cirone AM, Menzie J, Russell F, Dorey CK, Shibata Y, Wei J, Nan C. Phagocytosis-mediated M1 activation by chitin but not by chitosan. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C62-C72. [PMID: 29719169 PMCID: PMC6087726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00268.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitin particles have been used to understand host response to chitin-containing pathogens and allergens and are known to induce a wide range of polarized macrophage activations, depending, at least in part, on particle size. Nonphagocytosable particles larger than a macrophage induce tissue repair M2 activation. In contrast, phagocytosable chitin microparticles (CMPs, 1-10 μm diameters) induce M1 macrophages that kill intracellular microbes and damage tissues. However, chitosan (deacetylated) microparticles (de-CMPs, 1-10 µm) induce poor M1 activation. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and associated coreceptors in macrophages appear to be required for the M1 activation. To understand the exact mechanism of phagocytosis-mediated M1 activation by chitin, we isolated macrophage proteins that bind to CMPs during early phagocytosis and determined that TLR1, TLR2, CD14, late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor MAPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin activator 1 (LAMTOR1), Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase (Lyn), and β-actin formed phagosomal CMP-TLR2 clusters. These proteins were also detected in TLR2 phagosomal clusters in macrophages phagocytosing de-CMPs, but at relatively lower levels than in the CMP-TLR2 clusters. Importantly, CMP-TLR2 clusters further recruited myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll-IL-1 receptor-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and phosphorylated Lyn, whereas neither the adaptors nor phosphorylated Lyn was detected in the de-CMP clusters. The results indicate that the acetyl group played an obligatory, phagocytosis-dependent role in the initiation of an integrated signal for TLR2-mediated M1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Davis
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - Janet Menzie
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - C Kathleen Dorey
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute , Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Jianning Wei
- Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
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18
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Tsukamoto H, Takeuchi S, Kubota K, Kobayashi Y, Kozakai S, Ukai I, Shichiku A, Okubo M, Numasaki M, Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto Y, Nochi T, Watanabe K, Aso H, Tomioka Y. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein stimulates CD14-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 internalization and LPS-induced TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3 axis activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10186-10201. [PMID: 29760187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an indispensable immune receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Following LPS stimulation, TLR4 transmits the signal from the cell surface and becomes internalized in an endosome. However, the spatial regulation of TLR4 signaling is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and clarified the roles of the extracellular LPS-binding molecules, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and glycerophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (CD14). LPS stimulation of CD14-expressing cells induced TLR4 internalization in the presence of serum, and an inhibitory anti-LBP mAb blocked its internalization. Addition of LBP to serum-free cultures restored LPS-induced TLR4 internalization to comparable levels of serum. The secretory form of the CD14 (sCD14) induced internalization but required a much higher concentration than LBP. An inhibitory anti-sCD14 mAb was ineffective for serum-mediated internalization. LBP lacking the domain for LPS transfer to CD14 and a CD14 mutant with reduced LPS binding both attenuated TLR4 internalization. Accordingly, LBP is an essential serum molecule for TLR4 internalization, and its LPS transfer to membrane-anchored CD14 (mCD14) is a prerequisite. LBP induced the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF3, leading to IFN-β expression. However, LPS-stimulated late activation of NF-κB or necroptosis were not affected. Collectively, our results indicate that LBP controls LPS-induced TLR4 internalization, which induces TLR adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF)-dependent activation of the TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3-IFN-β pathway. In summary, we showed that LBP-mediated LPS transfer to mCD14 is required for serum-dependent TLR4 internalization and activation of the TRIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Kanae Kubota
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Sao Kozakai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ippo Ukai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ayumi Shichiku
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Misaki Okubo
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
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19
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Zanoni I, Tan Y, Di Gioia M, Springstead JR, Kagan JC. By Capturing Inflammatory Lipids Released from Dying Cells, the Receptor CD14 Induces Inflammasome-Dependent Phagocyte Hyperactivation. Immunity 2017; 47:697-709.e3. [PMID: 29045901 PMCID: PMC5747599 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous mixture of lipids called oxPAPC, derived from dying cells, can hyperactivate dendritic cells (DCs) but not macrophages. Hyperactive DCs are defined by their ability to release interleukin-1 (IL-1) while maintaining cell viability, endowing these cells with potent aptitude to stimulate adaptive immunity. Herein, we found that the bacterial lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 captured extracellular oxPAPC and delivered these lipids into the cell to promote inflammasome-dependent DC hyperactivation. Notably, we identified two specific components within the oxPAPC mixture that hyperactivated macrophages, allowing these cells to release IL-1 for several days, by a CD14-dependent process. In murine models of sepsis, conditions that promoted cell hyperactivation resulted in inflammation but not lethality. Thus, multiple phagocytes are capable of hyperactivation in response to oxPAPC, with CD14 acting as the earliest regulator in this process, serving to capture and transport these lipids to promote inflammatory cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Yunhao Tan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Springstead
- Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Ojurongbe O, Funwei RI, Snyder TJ, Aziz N, Li Y, Falade CO, Thomas BN. Genetic Diversity of CD14 Promoter Gene Polymorphism ( rs2569190) is Associated With Regulation of Malaria Parasitemia and Susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1178633617726781. [PMID: 28970738 PMCID: PMC5624288 DOI: 10.1177/1178633617726781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD14 is a multifunctional receptor expressed on many cell types and has been shown to mediate immune response resulting in the activation of an inflammatory cascade, with polymorphism of its promoter (rs2569190) found to be associated with susceptibility to several diseases. In malaria infection, the CD14 gene demonstrated a pathogenic profile in regulating experimental cerebral malaria, with reports of elevated levels of soluble CD14 in serum of patients but no definitive conclusion. We present a detailed analysis of genetic diversity of CD14 promoter gene (snp −159 C/T; rs2519190) polymorphism between a malaria-infected group and uninfected controls and its association with clinical parameters of disease. Genomic DNA samples obtained from 106 Plasmodium falciparum malaria–infected patients and 277 uninfected controls were elucidated with a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Our results show a significant diversity (P = 3.32E−06) in the genotypic frequency (3.8% versus 22.4%) of the rs2569190 mutant variant between the malaria-infected group and controls, respectively. The mutant allele had the lowest frequency among the malaria-infected group demonstrating its necessity for infection. Mean parasitemia (parasites/μL of blood) was significantly regulated based on CD14 polymorphic profile (19 855 versus 37 041 versus 49 396 for homozygote mutants, heterozygotes, and homozygote wild type, respectively). Interestingly, we found no association between CD14 genetic variants with fever, age of patients, or anemia. How this affects disease severity between subregional and continental groups deserves further clarification, including extending these studies in a larger group and among severe and asymptomatic patients with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Roland I Funwei
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tara J Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Najihah Aziz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yi Li
- School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Catherine O Falade
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N, Girard R, Zeineddine HA, Lightle R, Moore T, Cao Y, Shenkar R, Chen M, Mericko P, Yang J, Li L, Tanes C, Kobuley D, Võsa U, Whitehead KJ, Li DY, Franke L, Hart B, Schwaninger M, Henao-Mejia J, Morrison L, Kim H, Awad IA, Zheng X, Kahn ML. Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. Nature 2017; 545:305-310. [PMID: 28489816 PMCID: PMC5757866 DOI: 10.1038/nature22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are a cause of stroke and seizure for which no effective medical therapies yet exist. CCMs arise from the loss of an adaptor complex that negatively regulates MEKK3-KLF2/4 signalling in brain endothelial cells, but upstream activators of this disease pathway have yet to be identified. Here we identify endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the gut microbiome as critical stimulants of CCM formation. Activation of TLR4 by Gram-negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide accelerates CCM formation, and genetic or pharmacologic blockade of TLR4 signalling prevents CCM formation in mice. Polymorphisms that increase expression of the TLR4 gene or the gene encoding its co-receptor CD14 are associated with higher CCM lesion burden in humans. Germ-free mice are protected from CCM formation, and a single course of antibiotics permanently alters CCM susceptibility in mice. These studies identify unexpected roles for the microbiome and innate immune signalling in the pathogenesis of a cerebrovascular disease, as well as strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jaesung P Choi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Kotzin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Courtney C Hong
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hussein A Zeineddine
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Mericko
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- CHOP Microbiome Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dmytro Kobuley
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J Whitehead
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Blaine Hart
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signaling, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjian Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Kowalski EJA, Li L. Toll-Interacting Protein in Resolving and Non-Resolving Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:511. [PMID: 28529512 PMCID: PMC5418219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate leukocytes manifest dynamic and distinct inflammatory responses upon challenges with rising dosages of pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To differentiate signal strengths, innate leukocytes may utilize distinct intracellular signaling circuitries modulated by adaptor molecules. Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is one of the critical adaptor molecules potentially playing key roles in modulating the dynamic adaptation of innate leukocytes to varying dosages of external stimulants. While Tollip may serve as a negative regulator of nuclear factor κ of activated B cells signaling pathway in cells challenged with higher dosages of LPS, it acts as a positive regulator for low-grade chronic inflammation in leukocytes programmed by subclinical low-dosages of LPS. This review aims to discuss recent progress in our understanding of complex innate leukocyte dynamics and its relevance in the pathogenesis of resolving versus non-resolving chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J A Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Buchheister S, Buettner M, Basic M, Noack A, Breves G, Buchen B, Keubler LM, Becker C, Bleich A. CD14 Plays a Protective Role in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1106-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Su BC, Lin WC, Huang HN, Chen JY. Recombinant expression of Epinephelus lanceolatus serum amyloid A (ElSAA) and analysis of its macrophage modulatory activities. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:276-286. [PMID: 28323212 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein that plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response. In this study, we identified an SAA homolog from Epinephelus lanceolatus (ElSAA). Molecular characterization revealed that ElSAA contains a fibronectin-like motif that is typical of SAAs. Recombinant ElSAA protein (rElSAA) was produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified as a soluble protein. To analyze its biological activity, mouse Raw264.7 macrophage cells were treated with various concentrations of rElSAA. Expression of several inflammation-related cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, was induced by rElSAA. This protein also triggered macrophage differentiation, as evidenced by increases in cell size and complexity. To determine whether rElSAA regulates macrophage polarization, we assessed gene expression of M1 and M2 markers. The results demonstrated that rElSAA induced the expression of both M1 and M2 markers, suggesting that it promotes the differentiation of macrophages into a mixed M1/M2 phenotype. To evaluate whether rElSAA enhances phagocytosis via an opsonization-dependent mechanism, GFP-labeled E. coli cells were pretreated with rElSAA, followed by incubation with Raw264.7 cells. Flow cytometry was used to monitor the phagocytic uptake of GFP-labeled E. coli by macrophages. Surprisingly, incubating E. coli with rElSAA did not enhance bacterial uptake by macrophages. However, preincubating Raw264.7 cells with various concentrations of rElSAA, followed by infection with E. coli (multiplicity of infection = 20 or 40), resulted in a clear enhancement of macrophage phagocytic capacity. In conclusion, we have identified SAA from E. lanceolatus and have demonstrated that rElSAA promotes inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage differentiation. In addition, rElSAA enhances phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages via an opsonization-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ning Huang
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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25
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Blednov YA, Black M, Benavidez JM, Da Costa A, Mayfield J, Harris RA. Sedative and Motor Incoordination Effects of Ethanol in Mice Lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4, or MyD88. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:531-540. [PMID: 28160299 PMCID: PMC5332292 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our companion article, we examined the role of MyD88-dependent signaling in ethanol (EtOH) consumption in mice lacking key components of this inflammatory pathway and observed differential effects on drinking. Here, we studied the role of these same signaling components in the acute sedative, intoxicating, and physiological effects of EtOH. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been reported to strongly reduce the duration of EtOH-induced sedation, although most studies do not support its direct involvement in EtOH consumption. We examined TLR4 and other MyD88 pathway molecules to determine signaling specificity in acute EtOH-related behaviors. We also studied other GABAergic sedatives to gauge the EtOH specificity and potential role for GABA in EtOH's sedative and intoxicating effects in the mutant mice. METHODS Loss of righting reflex (LORR) and recovery from motor incoordination were studied following acute injection of EtOH or other sedative drugs in male and female control C57BL/6J mice versus mice lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4 (C57BL/10ScN), or MyD88. We also examined EtOH-induced hypothermia and blood EtOH clearance in these mice. RESULTS Male and female mice lacking TLR4 or MyD88 showed reduced duration of EtOH-induced LORR and faster recovery from EtOH-induced motor incoordination in the rotarod test. MyD88 knockout mice had slightly faster recovery from EtOH-induced hypothermia compared to control mice. None of the mutants differed from control mice in the rate of blood EtOH clearance. All of the mutants showed similar decreases in the duration of gaboxadol-induced LORR, but only mice lacking TLR4 were less sensitive to the sedative effects of pentobarbital. Faster recovery from diazepam-induced motor impairment was observed in CD14, TLR4, and MyD88 null mice of both sexes. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and MyD88 were key mediators of the sedative and intoxicating effects of EtOH and GABAergic sedatives, indicating a strong influence of TLR4-MyD88 signaling on GABAergic function. Despite the involvement of TLR4 in EtOH's acute behaviors, it did not regulate EtOH consumption in any drinking model as shown in our companion article. Collectively, our studies demonstrate differential effects of TLR-MyD88 components in the acute versus chronic actions of EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mendy Black
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jillian M Benavidez
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana Da Costa
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jody Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Blednov YA, Black M, Chernis J, Da Costa A, Mayfield J, Harris RA. Ethanol Consumption in Mice Lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4, or MyD88. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:516-530. [PMID: 28146272 PMCID: PMC5332291 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular and behavioral studies support a role for innate immune proinflammatory pathways in mediating the effects of alcohol. Increased levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been observed in animal models of alcohol consumption and in human alcoholics, and many of these TLRs signal via the MyD88-dependent pathway. We hypothesized that this pathway is involved in alcohol drinking and examined some of its key signaling components. METHODS Different ethanol (EtOH)-drinking paradigms were studied in male and female control C57BL/6J mice versus mice lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4 (C57BL/10ScN), or MyD88. We studied continuous and intermittent access 2-bottle choice (2BC) and 1-bottle and 2BC drinking-in-the-dark (DID) tests as well as preference for saccharin, quinine, and NaCl. RESULTS In the 2BC continuous access test, EtOH intake decreased in male TLR2 knockout (KO) mice, and we previously reported reduced 2BC drinking in male and female CD14 KO mice. In the intermittent access 2BC test, EtOH intake decreased in CD14 KO male and female mice, whereas drinking increased in MyD88 KO male mice. In the 2BC-DID test, EtOH drinking decreased in male and female mice lacking TLR2, whereas drinking increased in MyD88 KO male mice. In the 1-bottle DID test, EtOH intake decreased in female TLR2 KO mice. TLR2 KO and CD14 KO mice did not differ in saccharin preference but showed reduced preference for NaCl. MyD88 KO mice showed a slight reduction in preference for saccharin. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of key components of the MyD88-dependent pathway produced differential effects on EtOH intake by decreasing (TLR2 KO and CD14 KO) or increasing (MyD88 KO) drinking, while deletion of TLR4 had no effect. Some of the drinking effects depended on the sex of the mice and/or the EtOH-drinking model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mendy Black
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Julia Chernis
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana Da Costa
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jody Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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27
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Li J, Ahmet F, O'Keeffe M, Lahoud MH, Heath WR, Caminschi I. CD14 is not involved in the uptake of synthetic CpG oligonucleotides. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:52-58. [PMID: 27974262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that DEC205, a surface receptor expressed at high levels on CD8+DC, is able to capture synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) and is required for optimal responsiveness. However, even in the absence of DEC205, CD8+DC are able to respond to CpG ODN, albeit suboptimally. This suggested that additional receptors might contribute to the uptake of CpG ODN. CD14 represented an ideal candidate as it is expressed by DC and has been shown to bind and facilitate the uptake of CpG ODN. However, when CD14-deficient (CD14-/-) mice and normal B6 mice were injected with CpG ODN, CD8+DC were equivalently activated as assessed by the upregulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80. Furthermore, the level of serum IL-6 and IL-12 produced in response to CpG ODN was comparable in CD14-/- and B6 mice. Importantly, mice deficient in both DEC205 and CD14 had comparable responses to mice lacking DEC205 alone, both in terms of cytokine production and DC activation, arguing that CD14 did not contribute to responses to CpG ODN. For CD14 to act as an uptake receptor for CpG ODN, it must first capture CpG ODN. To this end we assessed the capacity of cell surface CD14 to bind CpG ODN. Although we unequivocally confirmed that CD14 is required for the binding of its known ligand LPS, CD14 was not required for binding or responses to A-, B-, and C- Class CpG ODN. Our studies dispute the claim that CD14 is involved in CpG ODN capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fatma Ahmet
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Medvedev AE, Sabroe I, Hasday JD, Vogel SN. Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many host cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, initiate the first line of defense against infection by sensing conserved microbial structures through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recognition of microbial ligands by TLRs induces their oligomerization and triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of the fine molecular mechanisms that tightly control TLR signaling may lead to hyperactivation of host cells by microbial products and septic shock. A prior exposure to bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may result in a transient state of refractoriness to subsequent challenge that has been referred to as `tolerance'. Tolerance has been postulated as a protective mechanism limiting excessive inflammation and preventing septic shock. However, tolerance may compromise the host's ability to counteract subsequent bacterial challenge since many septic patients exhibit an increased incidence of recurrent bacterial infection and suppressed monocyte responsiveness to LPS, closely resembling the tolerant phenotype. Thus, by studying mechanisms of microbial tolerance, we may gain insights into how normal regulatory mechanisms are dysregulated, leading ultimately to microbial hyporesponsivess and life-threatening disease. In this review, we present current theories of the molecular mechanisms that underlie induction and maintenance of `microbial tolerance', and discuss the possible relevance of tolerance to several infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey D. Hasday
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Bernheiden M, Heinrich JM, Minigo G, Schütt C, Stelter F, Freeman M, Golenbock D, Jack RS. LBP, CD14, TLR4 and the murine innate immune response to a peritoneal Salmonella infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519010070060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In mice, defense against an intraperitoneal Salmonella infection depends on a vigorous innate immune response. Mutations which lead to an inadequate early response to the pathogen thus identify genes involved in innate immunity. The best studied host resistance factor, NRAMP-1, is an endosomal membrane protein whose loss leads to an inability of the animals to hold the infection in check. However, innate defense against Salmonella is not restricted to mechanisms which directly attack the pathogen within macrophages. Here we have examined the contribution of the LBP, CD14 and TLR4 gene products to innate defense against Salmonella. To this end, we have generated mice which carry a wild-type allele of NRAMP-1, but which are deficient for the LBP, CD14 or TLR4 genes. Loss of any of these genes leads to a susceptibility to Salmonella as dramatic as that seen in animals lacking functional NRAMP-1 protein. This indicates that LBP, CD14 and TLR4 are all critical elements required in the proper induction of this innate defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bernheiden
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Heinrich
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Schütt
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Stelter
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mason Freeman
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Douglas Golenbock
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert S. Jack
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Greifswald, Germany
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Wilks J, Lien E, Jacobson AN, Fischbach MA, Qureshi N, Chervonsky AV, Golovkina TV. Mammalian Lipopolysaccharide Receptors Incorporated into the Retroviral Envelope Augment Virus Transmission. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:456-62. [PMID: 26468748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The orally transmitted retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) requires the intestinal microbiota for persistence. Virion-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), stimulating production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and MMTV evasion of host immunity. However, the mechanisms by which MMTV associates with LPS remain unknown. We find that the viral envelope contains the mammalian LPS-binding factors CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, which, in conjunction with LPS-binding protein (LBP), bind LPS to the virus and augment transmission. MMTV isolated from infected mice lacking these LBPs cannot engage LPS or stimulate TLR4 and have a transmission defect. Furthermore, MMTV incorporation of a weak agonist LPS from Bacteroides, a prevalent LPS source in the gut, significantly enhances the ability of this LPS to stimulate TLR4, suggesting that MMTV intensifies these immunostimulatory properties. Thus, an orally transmitted retrovirus can capture, modify, and exploit mammalian receptors for bacterial ligands to ensure successful transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wilks
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Egil Lien
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Amy N Jacobson
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nilofer Qureshi
- Shock and Trauma Research Center, Medical School, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | | | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Treatment of dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis by adoptive transfer of peritoneal cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16760. [PMID: 26565726 PMCID: PMC4643275 DOI: 10.1038/srep16760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of the natural regulatory B cells and macrophages should be a useful treatment for inflammation and autoimmune disease. However, it is usually difficult to isolate these cells from the tissues and expand them. Here, we investigated the feasibility of adoptively transferring peritoneal cells (PCs) as a treatment for DSS-induced colitis. We found that peritoneal cavity can provide an easily accessible site for harvesting enough number of PCs, namely, two-dose PCs for the treatment from a mouse in one operation. Adoptive therapy of these cells from healthy mice or those with disease is effectively in reducing the disease activity score. The natural B cells and macrophages of the infused PCs can selectively migrate to lesion sites and regulate the expression of Stat3, NF−κB, Smad3 and Smad7. Additionally, PCs exert dual activity of IL-10 and TGF-β secreted spontaneously by both peritoneal B cells and macrophages, which in turn enhance the induction of regulatory B cells and Macrophages in microenvironment of inflammation. Moreover, PCs can re-establish immunological tolerance in the OVA-immunized mice. Thus, our findings provide a new strategy for colitis therapy and could be of importance in additional exploration of other inflammation and autoimmune diseases therapy.
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Pore-formation by adenylate cyclase toxoid activates dendritic cells to prime CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:322-33. [PMID: 26437769 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis is a bi-functional leukotoxin. It penetrates myeloid phagocytes expressing the complement receptor 3 and delivers into their cytosol its N-terminal adenylate cyclase enzyme domain (~400 residues). In parallel, ~1300 residue-long RTX hemolysin moiety of CyaA forms cation-selective pores and permeabilizes target cell membrane for efflux of cytosolic potassium ions. The non-enzymatic CyaA-AC(-) toxoid, has repeatedly been successfully exploited as an antigen delivery tool for stimulation of adaptive T-cell immune responses. We show that the pore-forming activity confers on the CyaA-AC(-) toxoid a capacity to trigger Toll-like receptor and inflammasome signaling-independent maturation of CD11b-expressing dendritic cells (DC). The DC maturation-inducing potency of mutant toxoid variants in vitro reflected their specifically enhanced or reduced pore-forming activity and K(+) efflux. The toxoid-induced in vitro phenotypic maturation of DC involved the activity of mitogen activated protein kinases p38 and JNK and comprised increased expression of maturation markers, interleukin 6, chemokines KC and LIX and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor secretion, prostaglandin E2 production and enhancement of chemotactic migration of DC. Moreover, i.v. injected toxoids induced maturation of splenic DC in function of their cell-permeabilizing capacity. Similarly, the capacity of DC to stimulate CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo was dependent on the pore-forming activity of CyaA-AC(-). This reveals a novel self-adjuvanting capacity of the CyaA-AC(-) toxoid that is currently under clinical evaluation as a tool for delivery of immunotherapeutic anti-cancer CD8(+) T-cell vaccines into DC.
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Carey AJ, Sullivan MJ, Duell BL, Crossman DK, Chattopadhyay D, Brooks AJ, Tan CK, Crowley M, Sweet MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Engages CD14-Dependent Signaling to Enable Bladder-Macrophage-Dependent Control of Acute Urinary Tract Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:659-68. [PMID: 26324782 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD14, a coreceptor for several pattern recognition receptors and a widely used monocyte/macrophage marker, plays a key role in host responses to gram-negative bacteria. Despite the central role of CD14 in the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and other microbial products and in the dissemination of bacteria in some infections, the signaling networks controlled by CD14 during urinary tract infection (UTI) are unknown. METHODS We used uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and Cd14(-/-) mice and RNA sequencing to define the CD14-dependent transcriptional signature and the role of CD14 in host defense against UTI in the bladder. RESULTS UPEC induced the upregulation of Cd14 and the monocyte/macrophage-related genes Emr1/F4/80 and Csf1r/c-fms, which was associated with lower UPEC burdens in WT mice, compared with Cd14(-/-) mice. Exacerbation of infection in Cd14(-/-) mice was associated with the absence of a 491-gene transcriptional signature in the bladder that encompassed multiple host networks not previously associated with this receptor. CD14-dependent pathways included immune cell trafficking, differential cytokine production in macrophages, and interleukin 17 signaling. Depletion of monocytes/macrophages in the bladder by administration of liposomal clodronate led to higher UPEC burdens. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies new host protective and signaling roles for CD14 in the bladder during UPEC UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - David K Crossman
- Heflin Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute
| | - Chee K Tan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Michael Crowley
- Heflin Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Shim DW, Heo KH, Kim YK, Sim EJ, Kang TB, Choi JW, Sim DW, Cheong SH, Lee SH, Bang JK, Won HS, Lee KH. Anti-Inflammatory Action of an Antimicrobial Model Peptide That Suppresses the TRIF-Dependent Signaling Pathway via Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Endocytosis in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126871. [PMID: 26017270 PMCID: PMC4446091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defense peptides, particularly those with amphipathic helical structures, are emerging as target molecules for therapeutic development due to their immunomodulatory properties. Although the antimicrobial activity of AMPs is known to be exerted primarily by permeation of the bacterial membrane, the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory activity remains to be elucidated. We report potent anti-inflammatory activity of WALK11.3, an antimicrobial model peptide with an amphipathic helical conformation, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This peptide inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, INF-β, and TNF-α. Although WALK11.3 did not exert a major effect on all downstream signaling in the MyD88-dependent pathway, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- mediated pro-inflammatory signals were markedly attenuated in the TRIF-dependent pathway due to inhibition of the phosphorylation of STAT1 by attenuation of IRF3 phosphorylation. WALK11.3 specifically inhibited the endocytosis of TLR4, which is essential for triggering TRIF-mediated signaling in macrophage cells. Hence, we suggest that specific interference with TLR4 endocytosis could be one of the major modes of the anti-inflammatory action of AMPs. Our designed WALK11 peptides, which possess both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, may be promising molecules for the development of therapies for infectious inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Wan Shim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyuck Heo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wan Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HW); (KL)
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HW); (KL)
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Gianni T, Campadelli-Fiume G. The epithelial αvβ3-integrin boosts the MYD88-dependent TLR2 signaling in response to viral and bacterial components. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004477. [PMID: 25375272 PMCID: PMC4223072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR2 is a cell surface receptor which elicits an immediate response to a wide repertoire of bacteria and viruses. Its response is usually thought to be proinflammatory rather than an antiviral. In monocytic cells TLR2 cooperates with coreceptors, e.g. CD14, CD36 and αMβ2-integrin. In an earlier work we showed that αvβ3-integrin acts in concert with TLR2 to elicit an innate response to HSV, and to lipopolysaccharide. This response is characterized by production of IFN-α and -β, a specific set of cytokines, and NF-κB activation. We investigated the basis of the cooperation between αvβ3-integrin and TLR2. We report that β3-integrin participates by signaling through Y residues located in the C-tail, known to be involved in signaling activity. αvβ3-integrin boosts the MYD88-dependent TLR2 signaling and IRAK4 phosphorylation in 293T and in epithelial, keratinocytic and neuronal cell lines. The replication of ICP0minus HSV is greatly enhanced by DN versions of MYD88, of Akt – a hub of this pathway, or by β3integrin-silencing. αvβ3-integrin enables the recruitment of TLR2, MAL, MYD88 at lipid rafts, the platforms from where the signaling starts. The PAMP of the HSV-induced innate response is the gH/gL virion glycoprotein, which interacts with αvβ3-integrin and TLR2 independently one of the other, and cross-links the two receptors. Given the preferential distribution of αvβ3-integrin to epithelial cells, we propose that αvβ3-integrin serves as coreceptor of TLR2 in these cells. The results open the possibility that TLR2 makes use of coreceptors in a variety of cells to broaden its spectrum of activity and tissue specificity. In an earlier work we showed that a relevant contribution to the overall IFN-based antiviral response of the cell to herpes simplex virus is exerted by αvβ3-integrin which acts in concert with TLR2 in eliciting this response. Major characteristics of this branch of the innate response are the secretion of IFN-α and -β, of a specific set of cytokines, and the activation of NF-κB. The response is elicited also by LPS, indicating that the αvβ3-integrin TLR2 sentinels sense both bacteria and viruses. The IFN response is usually thought to be elicited by the endosomal and cytoplasmic sensors. Here we have investigated the basis of the αvβ3-integrin–TLR2 response, and found that αvβ3-integrin acts through its signaling C-tail, and boosts the MYD88- IRAK4-dependent TLR2 response. This is seen also in epithelial and neuronal cells which exemplify targets of HSV infection. Altogether, the results argue that αvβ3-integrin may serve as a coreceptor of TLR2 in epithelial cells. A point of novelty is that the TLR2 coreceptors known to date - CD14, CD36 and αMβ2-integrins - are typical of monocytic-derived cells (macrophages, DCs). To our knowledge a TLR2 coreceptor for epithelial cells was not known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kuriakose T, Rada B, Watford WT. Tumor progression locus 2-dependent oxidative burst drives phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase during TLR3 and 9 signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36089-100. [PMID: 25378393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction via NFκB and MAP kinase cascades is a universal response initiated upon pathogen recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). How activation of these divergent signaling pathways is integrated to dictate distinct immune responses to diverse pathogens is still incompletely understood. Herein, contrary to current perception, we demonstrate that a signaling pathway defined by the inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), MAP3 kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2/MAP3K8), and MAP kinase ERK is differentially activated by TLRs. TLRs 2, 4, and 7 directly activate this inflammatory axis, inducing immediate ERK phosphorylation and early TNFα secretion. In addition to TLR adaptor proteins, IKKβ-Tpl2-ERK activation by TLR4 is regulated by the TLR4 co-receptor CD14 and the tyrosine kinase Syk. Signals from TLRs 3 and 9 do not initiate early activation of IKKβ-Tpl2-ERK pathway but instead induce delayed, NADPH-oxidase-dependent ERK phosphorylation and TNFα secretion via autocrine reactive oxygen species signaling. Unexpectedly, Tpl2 is an essential regulator of ROS production during TLR signaling. Overall, our study reveals distinct mechanisms activating a common inflammatory signaling cascade and delineates differences in MyD88-dependent signaling between endosomal TLRs 7 and 9. These findings further confirm the importance of Tpl2 in innate host defense mechanisms and also enhance our understanding of how the immune system tailors pathogen-specific gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Balázs Rada
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Wendy T Watford
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ishida A, Akita K, Mori Y, Tanida S, Toda M, Inoue M, Nakada H. Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor-4 signaling through the binding of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, CD14, with the sialic acid-binding lectin, CD33. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25341-50. [PMID: 25059667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
When monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (imDCs) were stimulated with LPS in the presence of anti-CD33/Siglec-3 mAb, the production of IL-12 and phosphorylation of NF-κB decreased significantly. The cell surface proteins of imDCs were chemically cross-linked, and CD33-linked proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. It was CD14 that was found to be cross-linked with CD33. A proximity ligation assay also indicated that CD33 was colocalized with CD14 on the cell surface of imDCs. Sialic acid-dependent binding of CD33 to CD14 was confirmed by a plate assay using recombinant CD33 and CD14. Three types of cells (HEK293T cells expressing the LPS receptor complex (Toll-like receptor (TLR) cells), and the LPS receptor complex plus either wild-type CD33 (TLR/CD33WT cells) or mutated CD33 without sialic acid-binding activity (TLR/CD33RA cells)) were prepared, and then the binding and uptake of LPS were investigated. Although the level of LPS bound on the cell surface was similar among these cells, the uptake of LPS was reduced in TLR/CD33WT cells. A higher level of CD14-bound LPS and a lower level of TLR4-bound LPS were detected in TLR/CD33WT cells compared with the other two cell types, probably due to reduced presentation of LPS from CD14 to TLR4. Phosphorylation of NF-κB after stimulation with LPS was also compared. Wild-type CD33 but not mutated CD33 significantly reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB. These results suggest that CD14 is an endogenous ligand for CD33 and that ligation of CD33 with CD14 modulates with the presentation of LPS from CD14 to TLR4, leading to down-regulation of TLR4-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishida
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Akita
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yugo Mori
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanida
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Munetoyo Toda
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Mizue Inoue
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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Ingham V, Williams A, Bate C. Glimepiride reduces CD14 expression and cytokine secretion from macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:115. [PMID: 24952384 PMCID: PMC4080699 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activated microglia are associated with deposits of aggregated proteins within the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases. Since the cytokines secreted from activated microglia are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases, compounds that suppress cytokine production have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. CD14 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored protein that is part of a receptor complex that mediates microglial responses to peptides that accumulate in prion disease (PrP82-146), AD (amyloid-β (Aβ)42) and PD (α-synuclein (αSN)). As some GPI-anchored proteins are released from cells by treatment with glimepiride, a sulphonylurea used for the treatment of diabetes, the effects of glimepiride upon CD14 expression and cytokine production from cultured macrophages were studied. Methods RAW 264 cells and microglial cells were treated with glimepiride or phosphatidylinositol (PI)-phospholipase C (PLC) and the expression of cell receptors was analysed by ELISA and immunoblot. Treated cells were subsequently incubated with Aβ42, αSN, PrP82-146 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the amounts of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 measured. Results Glimepiride released CD14 from RAW 264 cells and microglial cells. Pre-treatment with glimepiride significantly reduced TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 secretion from RAW 264 and microglial cells incubated with LPS, Aβ42, αSN and PrP82-146. Glimepiride also reduced the LPS, Aβ42, αSN and PrP82-146-induced translocation of TLR-4 into membrane rafts that is associated with cell activation. These effects of glimepiride were also seen after digestion of RAW 264 cells with PI-phospholipase C (PLC). In addition, the effects of glimepiride were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of GPI-PLC. The cytokine production was CD14-dependent; it was reduced in microglia from CD14 knockout mice and was blocked by antiserum to CD14. Conclusions RAW 264 and microglial cell responses to Aβ1–42, αSN, PrP82-146 and LPS are dependent upon CD14 expression. Glimepiride induced the shedding of CD14 from cells by activation of GPI-PLC and consequently reduced cytokine production in response to Aβ42, αSN, PrP82-146 and LPS. These results suggest that glimepiride acts as a novel anti-inflammatory agent that could modify the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clive Bate
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, London, UK.
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Hayashi T, Crain B, Yao S, Caneda CD, Cottam HB, Chan M, Corr M, Carson DA. Novel synthetic toll-like receptor 4/MD2 ligands attenuate sterile inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:330-40. [PMID: 24893985 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation has been implicated as a major contributor to chronic inflammation. Among these receptors, TLR4 has been described as a key regulator of endogenous inflammation and has been proposed as a therapeutic target. Previously, we discovered by high-throughput screening a group of substituted pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles that activated a nuclear factor-κB reporter in THP-1 human monocytic cells. A biologically active hit compound was resynthesized, and derivatives were prepared to assess structure-activity relationships. The derived compounds activated cells in a TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2)-dependent and CD14-independent manner, using the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 and Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β pathways. Two lead compounds, 1Z105 and 1Z88, were selected for further analysis based on favorable biologic properties and lack of toxicity. In vivo pharmacokinetics indicated that 1Z105 was orally bioavailable, whereas 1Z88 was not. Oral or parenteral doses of 1Z105 and 1Z88 induced undetectable or negligible levels of circulating cytokines and did not induce hepatotoxicity when administered to galactosamine-conditioned mice, indicating good safety profiles. Both compounds were very effective in preventing lethal liver damage in lipopolysaccharide treated galatosamine-conditioned mice. Orally administered 1Z105 and parenteral 1Z88 prevented arthritis in an autoantibody-driven murine model. Hence, these low molecular weight molecules that target TLR4/MD2 were well tolerated and effective in reducing target organ damage in two different mouse models of sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hayashi
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Brian Crain
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Christa D Caneda
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Michael Chan
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Maripat Corr
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center (T.H., B.C., S.Y., H.B.C., M.Ch., D.A.C.) and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.D.C., M.Co.)
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41
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Bursopentin (BP5) from chicken bursa of fabricius attenuates the immune function of dendritic cells. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1763-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Tanimura N, Saitoh SI, Ohto U, Akashi-Takamura S, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Shimizu T, Miyake K. The attenuated inflammation of MPL is due to the lack of CD14-dependent tight dimerization of the TLR4/MD2 complex at the plasma membrane. Int Immunol 2013; 26:307-14. [PMID: 24380872 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR4/MD-2 senses lipid A, activating the MyD88-signaling pathway on the plasma membrane and the TRIF-signaling pathway after CD14-mediated TLR4/MD-2 internalization into endosomes. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified derivative of lipid A, is weaker than lipid A in activating the MyD88-dependent pathway. Little is known, however, about mechanisms underlying the attenuated activation of MyD88-dependent pathways. We here show that MPL was impaired in induction of CD14-dependent TLR4/MD-2 dimerization compared with lipid A. Impaired TLR4/MD-2 dimerization decreased CD14-mediated TNFα production. In contrast, MPL was comparable to lipid A in CD14-independent MyD88-dependent TNFα production and TRIF-dependent responses including cell surface CD86 up-regulation and IFNβ induction. Although CD86 up-regulation is dependent on TRIF signaling, it was induced by TLR4/MD-2 at the plasma membrane. These results revealed that the attenuated MPL responses were due to CD14-initiated responses at the plasma membrane, but not just to responses initiated by MyD88, that is, MPL was specifically unable to induce CD14-dependent TLR4/MD-2 dimerization that selectively enhances MyD88-mediated responses at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Tanimura
- Division of Innate Immunity, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- Division of Innate Immunity, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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43
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Cighetti R, Ciaramelli C, Sestito SE, Zanoni I, Kubik Ł, Ardá-Freire A, Calabrese V, Granucci F, Jerala R, Martín-Santamaría S, Jiménez-Barbero J, Peri F. Modulation of CD14 and TLR4·MD-2 activities by a synthetic lipid A mimetic. Chembiochem 2013; 15:250-8. [PMID: 24339336 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharide lipid A mimetics based on a glucosamine core linked to two fatty acid chains and bearing one or two phosphate groups have been synthesized. Compounds 1 and 2, each with one phosphate group, were practically inactive in inhibiting LPS-induced TLR4 signaling and cytokine production in HEK-blue cells and murine macrophages, but compound 3, with two phosphate groups, was found to be active in efficiently inhibiting TLR4 signal in both cell types. The direct interaction between compound 3 and the MD-2 coreceptor was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling/docking analysis. This compound also interacts directly with the CD14 receptor, stimulating its internalization by endocytosis. Experiments on macrophages show that the effect on CD14 reinforces the activity on MD-2·TLR4 because compound 3's activity is higher when CD14 is important for TLR4 signaling (i.e., at low LPS concentration). The dual targeting of MD-2 and CD14, accompanied by good solubility in water and lack of toxicity, suggests the use of monosaccharide 3 as a lead compound for the development of drugs directed against TLR4-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cighetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano (Italy)
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44
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Accessory molecules for Toll-like receptors in Teleost fish. Identification of TLR4 interactor with leucine-rich repeats (TRIL). Mol Immunol 2013; 56:745-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Gautron L, Rutkowski JM, Burton MD, Wei W, Wan Y, Elmquist JK. Neuronal and nonneuronal cholinergic structures in the mouse gastrointestinal tract and spleen. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:3741-67. [PMID: 23749724 PMCID: PMC4081472 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that acetylcholine can directly modulate immune function in peripheral tissues including the spleen and gastrointestinal tract. However, the anatomical relationships between the peripheral cholinergic system and immune cells located in these lymphoid tissues remain unclear due to inherent technical difficulties with currently available neuroanatomical methods. In this study, mice with specific expression of the tdTomato fluorescent protein in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing cells were used to label preganglionic and postganglionic cholinergic neurons and their projections to lymphoid tissues. Notably, our anatomical observations revealed an abundant innervation in the intestinal lamina propria of the entire gastrointestinal tract principally originating from cholinergic enteric neurons. The aforementioned innervation frequently approached macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes located in the lamina propria and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes in the interfollicular areas of Peyer's patches. In addition to the above innervation, we observed labeled epithelial cells in the gallbladder and lower intestines, as well as Microfold cells and T-cells within Peyer's patches. In contrast, we found only a sparse innervation in the spleen consisting of neuronal fibers of spinal origin present around arterioles and in lymphocyte-containing areas of the white pulp. Lastly, a small population of ChAT-expressing lymphocytes was identified in the spleen including both T- and B-cells. In summary, this study describes the variety of cholinergic neuronal and nonneuronal cells in a position to modulate gastrointestinal and splenic immunity in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
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46
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Almeida PE, Roque NR, Magalhães KG, Mattos KA, Teixeira L, Maya-Monteiro C, Almeida CJ, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Bozza PT. Differential TLR2 downstream signaling regulates lipid metabolism and cytokine production triggered by Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:97-107. [PMID: 24120921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARγ acts as a key modulator of lipid metabolism, inflammation and pathogenesis in BCG-infected macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PPARγ expression and functions during infection are not completely understood. Here, we investigate signaling pathways triggered by TLR2, the involvement of co-receptors and lipid rafts in the mechanism of PPARγ expression, lipid body formation and cytokine synthesis in macrophages during BCG infection. BCG induces NF-κB activation and increased PPARγ expression in a TLR2-dependent manner. Furthermore, BCG-triggered increase of lipid body biogenesis was inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, but not by the NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23. In contrast, KC/CXCL1 production was largely dependent on NF-κB but not on PPARγ. BCG infection induced increased expression of CD36 in macrophages in vitro. Moreover, CD36 co-immunoprecipitates with TLR2 in BCG-infected macrophages, suggesting its interaction with TLR2 in BCG signaling. Pretreatment with CD36 neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited PPARγ expression, lipid body formation and PGE2 production induced by BCG. Involvement of CD36 in lipid body formation was further confirmed by decreased BCG-induced lipid body formation in CD36 deficient macrophages. Similarly, CD14 and CD11b/CD18 blockage also inhibited BCG-induced lipid body formation, whereas TNF-α synthesis was not affected. Disruption of rafts recapitulates the latter result, inhibiting lipid body formation, but not TNF-α synthesis in BCG-infected macrophages. In conclusion, our results suggest that CD36-TLR2 cooperation and signaling compartmentalization within rafts, divert host response signaling through PPARγ-dependent and NF-κB-independent pathways, leading to increased macrophage lipid accumulation and down-modulation of macrophage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia E Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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47
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Bystrom J, Thomson SJ, Johansson J, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Gilroy DW, Smith AM, Bishop-Bailey D. Inducible CYP2J2 and its product 11,12-EET promotes bacterial phagocytosis: a role for CYP2J2 deficiency in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease? PLoS One 2013; 8:e75107. [PMID: 24058654 PMCID: PMC3772848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epoxygenase CYP2J2 has an emerging role in inflammation and vascular biology. The role of CYP2J2 in phagocytosis is not known and its regulation in human inflammatory diseases is poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of CYP2J2 in bacterial phagocytosis and its expression in monocytes from healthy controls and Crohns disease patients. CYP2J2 is anti-inflammatory in human peripheral blood monocytes. Bacterial LPS induced CYP2J2 mRNA and protein. The CYP2J2 arachidonic acid products 11,12-EET and 14,15-EET inhibited LPS induced TNFα release. THP-1 monocytes were transformed into macrophages by 48h incubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Epoxygenase inhibition using a non-selective inhibitor SKF525A or a selective CYP2J2 inhibitor Compound 4, inhibited E. coli particle phagocytosis, which could be specifically reversed by 11,12-EET. Moreover, epoxygenase inhibition reduced the expression of phagocytosis receptors CD11b and CD68. CD11b also mediates L. monocytogenes phagocytosis. Similar, to E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis, epoxygenase inhibition also reduced intracellular levels of L. monocytogenes, which could be reversed by co-incubation with 11,12-EET. Disrupted bacterial clearance is a hallmark of Crohn’s disease. Unlike macrophages from control donors, macrophages from Crohn’s disease patients showed no induction of CYP2J2 in response to E. coli. These results demonstrate that CYP2J2 mediates bacterial phagocytosis in macrophages, and implicates a defect in the CYP2J2 pathway may regulate bacterial clearance in Crohn’s disease.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- Cell Line
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/metabolism
- Crohn Disease/microbiology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2J2
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Monocytes/enzymology
- Monocytes/microbiology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Phagocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J. Thomson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew L. Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek W. Gilroy
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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48
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Lee W, Lee SH, Ahn DG, Cho H, Sung MH, Han SH, Oh JW. The antiviral activity of poly-γ-glutamic acid, a polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp., through induction of CD14-dependent type I interferon responses. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9700-8. [PMID: 24016850 PMCID: PMC7112489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an anionic polypeptide secreted by Bacillus sp. that has been shown to activate immune cells through interactions with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, its ability to induce the type I interferon (IFN) response has not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that γ-PGA induces type I IFN signaling pathway via the TLR4 signaling pathway. The induction required both myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and the pattern-recognition receptor CD14, which are two TLR4-associated accessory proteins. The γ-PGA with high molecular weights (2000 and 5000 kDa) was able to activate the subsequent signals through TLR4/MD2 to result in dimerization of IRF-3, a transcription factor required for IFN gene expression, leading to increases in mRNA levels of the type I IFN-response genes, 2′–5′ OAS and ISG56. Moreover, γ-PGA (2000 kDa) displayed an antiviral activity against SARS coronavirus and hepatitis C virus. Our results identify high-molecular weight γ-PGA as a TLR4 ligand and demonstrate that γ-PGA requires both CD14 and MD2 for the activation of type I IFN responses. Our results suggest that the microbial biopolymer γ-PGA may have therapeutic potential against a broad range of viruses sensitive to type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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49
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Nontransformed, GM-CSF-dependent macrophage lines are a unique model to study tissue macrophage functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2191-8. [PMID: 23708119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302877110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are diverse cell types in the first line of antimicrobial defense. Only a limited number of primary mouse models exist to study their function. Bone marrow-derived, macrophage-CSF-induced cells with a limited life span are the most common source. We report here a simple method yielding self-renewing, nontransformed, GM-CSF/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-dependent macrophages (Max Planck Institute cells) from mouse fetal liver, which reflect the innate immune characteristics of alveolar macrophages. Max Planck Institute cells are exquisitely sensitive to selected microbial agents, including bacterial LPS, lipopeptide, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cord factor, and adenovirus and mount highly proinflammatory but no anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses. They show a unique pattern of innate responses not yet observed in other mononuclear phagocytes. This includes differential LPS sensing and an unprecedented regulation of IL-1α production upon LPS exposure, which likely plays a key role in lung inflammation in vivo. In conclusion, Max Planck Institute cells offer an useful tool to study macrophage biology and for biomedical science.
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50
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Liposomal lipopolysaccharide initiates TRIF-dependent signaling pathway independent of CD14. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60078. [PMID: 23565187 PMCID: PMC3615118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by CD14 with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and initiates 2 major pathways of TLR4 signaling, the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways. The MyD88-dependent pathway induces inflammatory responses such as the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 via the activation of NFκB and MAPK. The TRIF-dependent pathway induces the production of type-I IFN, and RANTES via the activation of IRF-3 and NFκB, and is also important for the induction of adaptive immune responses. CD14 plays a critical role in initiating the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway response to LPS, to support the internalization of LPS via endocytosis. Here, we clearly demonstrate that intracellular delivery of LPS by LPS-formulated liposomes (LPS-liposomes) initiate only TRIF-dependent signaling via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, independent of CD14. In fact, LPS-liposomes do not induce the production of TNF-α and IL-6 but induce RANTES production in peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, LPS-liposomes could induce adaptive immune responses effectively in CD14-deficient mice. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that LPS-liposomes are useful as a TRIF-dependent signaling-based immune adjuvant without inducing unnecessary inflammation.
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