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Mongellaz C, Vicente R, Noroski LM, Noraz N, Courgnaud V, Chinen J, Faria E, Zimmermann VS, Taylor N. Combined immunodeficiency caused by pathogenic variants in the ZAP70 C-terminal SH2 domain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155883. [PMID: 37313400 PMCID: PMC10258307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction ZAP-70, a protein tyrosine kinase recruited to the T cell receptor (TCR), initiates a TCR signaling cascade upon antigen stimulation. Mutations in the ZAP70 gene cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by low or absent CD8+ T cells and nonfunctional CD4+ T cells. Most deleterious missense ZAP70 mutations in patients are located in the kinase domain but the impact of mutations in the SH2 domains, regulating ZAP-70 recruitment to the TCR, are not well understood. Methods Genetic analyses were performed on four patients with CD8 lymphopenia and a high resolution melting screening for ZAP70 mutations was developed. The impact of SH2 domain mutations was evaluated by biochemical and functional analyses as well as by protein modeling. Results and discussion Genetic characterization of an infant who presented with pneumocystis pneumonia, mycobacterial infection, and an absence of CD8 T cells revealed a novel homozygous mutation in the C-terminal SH2 domain (SH2-C) of the ZAP70 gene (c.C343T, p.R170C). A distantly related second patient was found to be compound heterozygous for the R170C variant and a 13bp deletion in the ZAP70 kinase domain. While the R170C mutant was highly expressed, there was an absence of TCR-induced proliferation, associated with significantly attenuated TCR-induced ZAP-70 phosphorylation and a lack of binding of ZAP-70 to TCR-ζ. Moreover, a homozygous ZAP-70 R192W variant was identified in 2 siblings with combined immunodeficiency and CD8 lymphopenia, confirming the pathogenicity of this mutation. Structural modeling of this region revealed the critical nature of the arginines at positions 170 and 192, in concert with R190, forming a binding pocket for the phosphorylated TCR-ζ chain. Deleterious mutations in the SH2-C domain result in attenuated ZAP-70 function and clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mongellaz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Vicente
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Lenora M. Noroski
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nelly Noraz
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Chinen
- Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emilia Faria
- Immunoallergy Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie S. Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Luo X, Liu Q, Zhou L, Tang X, Zhao X, Zhang Z. Two patients with ZAP-70 deficiency in China present with a different genetic, immunological, and clinical phenotype. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:195. [PMID: 37101133 PMCID: PMC10131425 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeta(ζ)-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disease. Little is known about this disease. In this study, we report two patients to extend the range of clinical phenotypes and immunophenotypes associated with ZAP-70 mutations. We describe the clinical, genetic, and immunological phenotypes of two patients with ZAP-70 deficiency in China, and the data are also compared with the literature. Case 1 presented with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency with low to the absence of CD8 + T cells, while case 2 suffered from a recurrent respiratory infection and had a past medical history of non-EBV-associated Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP-70 of these patients. Case 2 is the second ZAP-70 patient presenting a normal CD8 + T cell number. These two cases have been treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Selective CD8 + T cell loss is an essential feature of the immunophenotype of ZAP-70 deficiency patients, but there are exceptions. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can provide excellent long-term immune function and resolution of clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianze Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Damen H, Tebid C, Viens M, Roy DC, Dave VP. Negative Regulation of Zap70 by Lck Forms the Mechanistic Basis of Differential Expression in CD4 and CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935367. [PMID: 35860252 PMCID: PMC9289233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck and Zap70, two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, play a crucial role in the regulation of membrane proximal TCR signaling critical for thymic selection, CD4/CD8 lineage choice and mature T cell function. Signal initiation upon TCR/CD3 and peptide/MHC interaction induces Lck-mediated phosphorylation of CD3 ITAMs. This is necessary for Zap70 recruitment and its phosphorylation by Lck leading to full Zap70 activation. In its native state Zap70 maintains a closed conformation creating an auto-inhibitory loop, which is relieved by Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319. Zap70 is differentially expressed in thymic subsets and mature T cells with CD8 T cells expressing the highest amount compared to CD4 T cells. However, the mechanistic basis of differential Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Zap70 is degraded relatively faster in DP and mature CD4 T cells compared to CD8 T cells, and inversely correlated with relative level of activated Zap70. Importantly, we found that Zap70 expression is negatively regulated by Lck activity: augmented Lck activity resulting in severe diminution in total Zap70. Moreover, Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319 was essential for Zap70 degradation. Together, these data shed light on the underlying mechanism of Lck-mediated differential modulation of Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Damen
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Tebid
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Viens
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
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Li J, Liang W, Li K, Jiao X, Ai K, Zhang Y, Wei X, Yang J. ZAP70 activation is an early event of T cell immunity that involved in the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104177. [PMID: 34153283 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ZAP70 is essential for initiating the early events of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling cascade to ensure proper T cell activation and function. However, whether this molecule takes part in the T cell immune response of early vertebrates remains unclear. In the present study, using a teleost model Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), we investigated the potential involvement of ZAP70 in the T cell activation and adaptive immunity of fish species. Both primary and tertiary structures of O. niloticus ZAP70 (On-ZAP70) are highly conserved with those from other vertebrates. On-ZAP70 protein was widely expressed in lymphoid tissues, and with the highest level in thymus. Once Nile tilapia was infected by Aeromonas hydrophila, mRNA of On-ZAP70 in spleen lymphocytes was induced on day 5 and 8 after infection; meanwhile, phosphorylation of On-ZAP70 was also enhanced, suggesting that On-ZAP70 potentially participated in primary adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. Furthermore, the frequency of ZAP70 positive lymphocytes was increased during the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response. More importantly, when spleen lymphocytes were activated by T cell specific mitogen PHA, a dramatical augment of On-ZAP70 could be observed at transcription, phosphorylation and cellular level, indicating the involvement of this molecule in T cells activation of Nile tilapia. Altogether, our results demonstrated that ZAP70 activation is an early event of T cell immunity that involved in the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia, and thus provided a new evidence to understand the evolution of the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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5
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Sharifinejad N, Jamee M, Zaki-Dizaji M, Lo B, Shaghaghi M, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Shaghaghi S, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Azizi G. Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in 49 Patients With ZAP-70 Deficiency: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:831. [PMID: 32431715 PMCID: PMC7214800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zeta-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70) deficiency is a rare combined immunodeficiency (CID) caused by recessive homozygous/compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the ZAP70 gene. Patients with ZAP-70 deficiency present with a variety of clinical manifestations, particularly recurrent respiratory infections and cutaneous involvements. Therefore, a systematic review of ZAP-70 deficiency is helpful to achieve a comprehensive view of this disease. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for all reported ZAP-70 deficient patients and screened against the described eligibility criteria. A total of 49 ZAP-70 deficient patients were identified from 33 articles. For all patients, demographic, clinical, immunologic, and molecular data were collected. Results: ZAP-70 deficient patients have been reported in the literature with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including recurrent respiratory infections (81.8%), cutaneous involvement (57.9%), lymphoproliferation (32.4%), autoimmunity (19.4%), enteropathy (18.4%), and increased risk of malignancies (8.1%). The predominant immunologic phenotype was low CD8+ T cell counts (97.9%). Immunologic profiling showed defective antibody production (57%) and decreased lymphocyte responses to mitogenic stimuli such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (95%). Mutations of the ZAP70 gene were located throughout the gene, and there was no mutational hotspot. However, most of the mutations were located in the kinase domain. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was applied as the major curative treatment in 25 (51%) of the patients, 18 patients survived transplantation, while two patients died and three required a second transplant in order to achieve full remission. Conclusion: Newborns with consanguineous parents, positive family history of CID, and low CD8+ T cell counts should be considered for ZAP-70 deficiency screening, since early diagnosis and treatment with HSCT can lead to a more favorable outcome. Based on the current evidence, there is no genotype-phenotype correlation in ZAP-70 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Sharifinejad
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Alborz Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Jamee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Alborz Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bernice Lo
- Sidra Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammadreza Shaghaghi
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shiva Shaghaghi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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7
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Chhabra A. Inherent Immunogenicity or Lack Thereof of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Implications for Cell Replacement Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:993. [PMID: 28868053 PMCID: PMC5563324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer opportunities for personalized cell replacement therapeutic approaches due to their unlimited self-renewal potential and ability to differentiate into different somatic cells. A significant progress has been made toward generating iPSC lines that are free of integrating viral vectors, development of xeno-free culture conditions, and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into functional somatic cell lineages. Since donor-specific iPSC lines are genetically identical to the individual, they are expected to be immunologically matched and these iPSC lines and their cellular derivatives are not expected to be immunologically rejected. However, studies in mouse models, utilizing rejection of teratomas as a model, have claimed that syngenic iPSC lines, especially the iPSC lines derived with integrating viral vectors, could be inherently immunogenic. This manuscript reviews current understanding of inherent immunogenicity of PSC lines, especially that of the human iPSC lines and their cellular derivatives, and strategies to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center (UCONN Health), Farmington, CT, United States
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Stortz JA, Raymond SL, Mira JC, Moldawer LL, Mohr AM, Efron PA. Murine Models of Sepsis and Trauma: Can We Bridge the Gap? ILAR J 2017; 58:90-105. [PMID: 28444204 PMCID: PMC5886315 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and trauma are both leading causes of death in the United States and represent major public health challenges. Murine models have largely been used in sepsis and trauma research to better understand the pathophysiological changes that occur after an insult and to develop potential life-saving therapeutic agents. Mice are favorable subjects for this type of research given the variety of readily available strains including inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains. In addition, they are relatively easy to maintain and have a high fecundity. However, pharmacological therapies demonstrating promise in preclinical mouse models of sepsis and trauma often fail to demonstrate similar efficacy in human clinical trials, prompting considerable criticism surrounding the capacity of murine models to recapitulate complex human diseases like sepsis and traumatic injury. Fundamental differences between the two species include, but are not limited to, the divergence of the transcriptomic response, the mismatch of temporal response patterns, differences in both innate and adaptive immunity, and heterogeneity within the human population in comparison to the homogeneity of highly inbred mouse strains. Given the ongoing controversy, this narrative review aims to not only highlight the historical importance of the mouse as an animal research model but also highlight the current benefits and limitations of the model as it pertains to sepsis and trauma. Lastly, this review will propose future directions that may promote further use of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Stortz
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Steven L. Raymond
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Juan C. Mira
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Alicia M. Mohr
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Philip A. Efron
- Julie A. Stortz, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Steven L. Raymond, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Juan C. Mira, MD, is a research fellow at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida. Lyle L. Moldawer, PhD, is the Robert H. and Kathleen M. Axline Basic Science Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Alicia M. Mohr, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, FL. Philip A. Efron, MD, is an Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine and Medical Director for the surgical intensive care unit at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
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9
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Morpholino-based correction of hypomorphic ZAP70 mutation in an adult with combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1688-1692.e10. [PMID: 28216435 PMCID: PMC7126384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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10
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Liu Q, Wang YP, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Chen XM, Xue XH, Zhou LN, Ding Y, Tang XM, Zhao XD, Zhang ZY. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 in a Chinese patient with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:199-209. [PMID: 28124082 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the complete lack of tyrosine kinase ZAP70 function results in combined immunodeficiency (CID), with abnormal thymic development and defective T cell receptor (TCR) signaling of peripheral T cells, characterized by the selective absence of CD8+ T cells. So far, 15 unique ZAP70 mutations have been identified in approximately 20 patients with CID, with variable clinical presentations. Herein, we report the first case from China of novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 (c.598-599delCT, p.L200fsX28; c.847 C>T, R283H). The patient suffered from early-onset and recurrent infections, but showed normal growth and development without signs of failure to thrive, thus presenting as leaky SCID. The patient also had clinical manifestations of autoimmunity, such as eczematous skin lesion, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and intractable diarrhea, suggesting compromised T cell tolerogenic functions. Residual ZAP70 expression was identified. Immunological analysis revealed the selective absence of CD8+ T cells in the periphery and the presence of CD4+ T cells that failed to respond to phytohemagglutinin. Stimulation with lectin from pokeweed mitogen also failed to stimulate B cell proliferation in the patient. The frequency of Tfhs and Tregs in the patient was lower compared with the normal reference. Compared with the age-matched healthy control, the level of IL-17 was higher and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-21 were lower. Infants with selected CD8 deficiency and severe autoimmune disorders or exaggerated inflammation should be screened for ZAP70 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Xue
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Li-Na Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Tang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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11
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T Cell Immune Deficiency in zap70 Mutant Zebrafish. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2868-2876. [PMID: 27601584 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00281-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP70 [zeta-chain (TCR)-associated protein kinase, 70-kDa], is required for T cell activation. ZAP70 deficiencies in humans and null mutations in mice lead to severe combined immune deficiency. Here, we describe a zap70 loss-of-function mutation in zebrafish (zap70 y442 ) that was created using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). In contrast to what has been reported for morphant zebrafish, zap70 y442 homozygous mutant zebrafish displayed normal development of blood and lymphatic vasculature. Hematopoietic cell development was also largely unaffected in mutant larvae. However, mutant fish had reduced lck:GFP + thymic T cells by 5 days postfertilization that persisted into adult stages. Morphological analysis, RNA sequencing, and single-cell gene expression profiling of whole kidney marrow cells of adult fish revealed complete loss of mature T cells in zap70 y442 mutant animals. T cell immune deficiency was confirmed through transplantation of unmatched normal and malignant donor cells into zap70 y442 mutant zebrafish, with T cell loss being sufficient for robust allogeneic cell engraftment. zap70 mutant zebrafish show remarkable conservation of immune cell dysfunction as found in mice and humans and will serve as a valuable model to study zap70 immune deficiency.
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Shirkani A, Shahrooei M, Azizi G, Rokni-Zadeh H, Abolhassani H, Farrokhi S, Frans G, Bossuyt X, Aghamohammadi A. Novel Mutation of ZAP-70-related Combined Immunodeficiency: First Case from the National Iranian Registry and Review of the Literature. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:70-79. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1214962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Cuvelier GDE, Rubin TS, Wall DA, Schroeder ML. Long-Term Outcomes of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for ZAP70 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:713-24. [PMID: 27438785 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ZAP70 deficiency is a rare T + B + NK+ combined immunodeficiency with limited outcome data to help guide decisions around hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We sought to understand the long-term clinical and immunologic outcomes of both conditioned and unconditioned HSCT for ZAP70 deficiency following transplant from a variety of graft sources. We performed a retrospective, single center review of all cases of HSCT for genetically confirmed ZAP70 deficiency since 1992. At a median of 13.5-year post-HSCT, 8/8 (100 %) patients are alive. Three received unconditioned bone marrow transplants from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched siblings and achieved stable mixed donor-recipient T cell chimerism but low B cell (4-9 %) and absent to near-absent myeloid donor engraftment. Despite this, all three have normal immunoglobulin levels, have developed specific protective antibody responses to post-HSCT vaccinations, and have discontinued immunoglobulin replacement. Five patients received myeloablative conditioning (three T cell-depleted haploidentical and two unrelated cord blood) and have full donor chimerism for T and B cells and myeloid lineages. One patient experienced primary graft failure after serotherapy only. CD8 T cell count is normal in 5/8, high in 1/8, and low in 2/8. Infectious complications in 5/5 and autoimmune thrombocytopenia in one patient resolved post-HSCT. Mitogen proliferation to phytohemagglutinin was normal after HSCT in 8/8 patients. In total, seven have discontinued immunoglobulin replacement. In conclusion, HSCT using a variety of graft sources and approaches, including unconditioned matched sibling donor transplant, is a life-saving therapy for ZAP70 deficiency, providing excellent long-term immune function and resolution of clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D E Cuvelier
- Manitoba Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,CancerCare Manitoba, ON2011-675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Tamar S Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna A Wall
- Manitoba Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marlis L Schroeder
- Manitoba Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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14
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Azizi G, Ghanavatinejad A, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Rezaei N, Mirshafiey A, Aghamohammadi A. Autoimmunity in primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:989-1006. [PMID: 27063703 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1177458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogeneous group of more than 270 disorders that affect distinct components of both humoral and cellular arms of the immune system. Primary T cell immunodeficiencies affect subjects at the early age of life. In most cases, T-cell PIDs become apparent as combined T- and B-cell deficiencies. Patients with T-cell PID are prone to life-threatening infections. On the other hand, non-infectious complications such as lymphoproliferative diseases, cancers and autoimmunity seem to be associated with the primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune disorders of all kinds (organ specific or systemic ones) could be subjected to this class of PIDs; however, the most frequent autoimmune disorders are immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of autoimmunity and review the literature reported on autoimmune disorder in each type of primary T-cell immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanavatinejad
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- e Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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15
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Chan AY, Punwani D, Kadlecek TA, Cowan MJ, Olson JL, Mathes EF, Sunderam U, Fu SM, Srinivasan R, Kuriyan J, Brenner SE, Weiss A, Puck JM. A novel human autoimmune syndrome caused by combined hypomorphic and activating mutations in ZAP-70. J Exp Med 2016; 213:155-65. [PMID: 26783323 PMCID: PMC4749924 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chan et al. describe a combination of alleles with hypomorphic and activating mutations in the T cell signaling molecule ZAP-70 in a patient with autoimmunity. A brother and sister developed a previously undescribed constellation of autoimmune manifestations within their first year of life, with uncontrollable bullous pemphigoid, colitis, and proteinuria. The boy had hemophilia due to a factor VIII autoantibody and nephrotic syndrome. Both children required allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), which resolved their autoimmunity. The early onset, severity, and distinctive findings suggested a single gene disorder underlying the phenotype. Whole-exome sequencing performed on five family members revealed the affected siblings to be compound heterozygous for two unique missense mutations in the 70-kD T cell receptor ζ-chain associated protein (ZAP-70). Healthy relatives were heterozygous mutation carriers. Although pre-HCT patient T cells were not available, mutation effects were determined using transfected cell lines and peripheral blood from carriers and controls. Mutation R192W in the C-SH2 domain exhibited reduced binding to phosphorylated ζ-chain, whereas mutation R360P in the N lobe of the catalytic domain disrupted an autoinhibitory mechanism, producing a weakly hyperactive ZAP-70 protein. Although human ZAP-70 deficiency can have dysregulated T cells, and autoreactive mouse thymocytes with weak Zap-70 signaling can escape tolerance, our patients’ combination of hypomorphic and activating mutations suggested a new disease mechanism and produced previously undescribed human ZAP-70–associated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Divya Punwani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jean L Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Erin F Mathes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143 Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Uma Sunderam
- Innovation Labs, Tata Consulting Services, Hyderabad 50019, Telangana, India
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Rajgopal Srinivasan
- Innovation Labs, Tata Consulting Services, Hyderabad 50019, Telangana, India
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Steven E Brenner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim Engleman Rheumatology Research Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
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16
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Hauck F, Blumenthal B, Fuchs S, Lenoir C, Martin E, Speckmann C, Vraetz T, Mannhardt-Laakmann W, Lambert N, Gil M, Borte S, Audrain M, Schwarz K, Lim A, Schamel WW, Fischer A, Ehl S, Rensing-Ehl A, Picard C, Latour S. SYK expression endows human ZAP70-deficient CD8 T cells with residual TCR signaling. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:103-9. [PMID: 26187144 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive human ZAP70 deficiency is a rare cause of combined immunodeficiency (CID) characterized by defective CD4 T cells and profound CD8 T cell lymphopenia. Herein, we report two novel patients that extend the molecular genetics, the clinical and functional phenotypes associated with the ZAP70 deficiency. The patients presented as infant-onset CID with severe infections caused by varicella zoster virus and live vaccines. Retrospective TCR excision circle newborn screening was normal in both patients. One patient carried a novel non-sense mutation (p.A495fsX75); the other a previously described misense mutation (p.A507V). In contrast to CD4 T cells, the majority of the few CD8 T cells showed expression of the ZAP70-related tyrosine kinase SYK that correlated with residual TCR signaling including calcium flux and degranulation. Our findings highlight the differential requirements of ZAP70 and SYK during thymic development, peripheral homeostasis as well as effector functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hauck
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Britta Blumenthal
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christelle Lenoir
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vraetz
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilma Mannhardt-Laakmann
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Mainz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lambert
- Study Center of Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marine Gil
- Study Center of Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Stephan Borte
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL), St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Audrain
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm and Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annick Lim
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alain Fischer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France; Unité d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France; Study Center of Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut IMAGINE, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France.
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17
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Vickrey AI, Domyan ET, Horvath MP, Shapiro MD. Convergent Evolution of Head Crests in Two Domesticated Columbids Is Associated with Different Missense Mutations in EphB2. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2657-64. [PMID: 26104009 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head crests are important display structures in wild bird species and are also common in domesticated lineages. Many breeds of domestic rock pigeon (Columba livia) have crests of reversed occipital feathers, and this recessive trait is associated with a nonsynonymous coding mutation in the intracellular kinase domain of EphB2 (Ephrin receptor B2). The domestic ringneck dove (Streptopelia risoria) also has a recessive crested morph with reversed occipital feathers, and interspecific crosses between crested doves and pigeons produce crested offspring, suggesting a similar genetic basis for this trait in both species. We therefore investigated EphB2 as a candidate for the head crest phenotype of ringneck doves and identified a nonsynonymous coding mutation in the intracellular kinase domain that is significantly associated with the crested morph. This mutation is over 100 amino acid positions away from the crest mutation found in rock pigeons, yet both mutations are predicted to negatively affect the function of ATP-binding pocket. Furthermore, bacterial toxicity assays suggest that "crest" mutations in both species severely impact kinase activity. We conclude that head crests are associated with different mutations in the same functional domain of the same gene in two different columbid species, thereby representing striking evolutionary convergence in morphology and molecules.
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Abstract
Immunodeficiencies with nonfunctional T cells comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by altered function of T lymphocytes in spite of largely preserved T cell development. Some of these forms are due to hypomorphic mutations in genes causing severe combined immunodeficiency. More recently, advances in human genome sequencing have facilitated the identification of novel genetic defects that do not affect T cell development, but alter T cell function and homeostasis. Along with increased susceptibility to infections, these conditions are characterized by autoimmunity and higher risk of malignancies. The study of these diseases, and of corresponding animal models, has provided fundamental insights on the mechanisms that govern immune homeostasis.
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Structural basis for activation of ZAP-70 by phosphorylation of the SH2-kinase linker. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2188-201. [PMID: 23530057 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01637-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial activation of the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP-70 initiates signaling downstream of the T cell receptor. We previously reported the structure of an autoinhibited ZAP-70 variant in which two regulatory tyrosine residues (315 and 319) in the SH2-kinase linker were replaced by phenylalanine. We now present a crystal structure of ZAP-70 in which Tyr 315 and Tyr 319 are not mutated, leading to the recognition of a five-residue sequence register error in the SH2-kinase linker of the original crystallographic model. The revised model identifies distinct roles for these two tyrosines. As seen in a recently reported structure of the related tyrosine kinase Syk, Tyr 315 of ZAP-70 is part of a hydrophobic interface between the regulatory apparatus and the kinase domain, and the integrity of this interface would be lost upon engagement of doubly phosphorylated peptides by the SH2 domains. Tyr 319 is not necessarily dislodged by SH2 engagement, which activates ZAP-70 only ∼5-fold in vitro. In contrast, phosphorylation by Lck activates ZAP-70 ∼100-fold. This difference is due to the ability of Tyr 319 to suppress ZAP-70 activity even when the SH2 domains are dislodged from the kinase domain, providing stringent control of ZAP-70 activity downstream of Lck.
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20
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Shapiro MD, Kronenberg Z, Li C, Domyan ET, Pan H, Campbell M, Tan H, Huff CD, Hu H, Vickrey AI, Nielsen SCA, Stringham SA, Hu H, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Yandell M, Zhang G, Wang J. Genomic diversity and evolution of the head crest in the rock pigeon. Science 2013; 339:1063-7. [PMID: 23371554 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The geographic origins of breeds and the genetic basis of variation within the widely distributed and phenotypically diverse domestic rock pigeon (Columba livia) remain largely unknown. We generated a rock pigeon reference genome and additional genome sequences representing domestic and feral populations. We found evidence for the origins of major breed groups in the Middle East and contributions from a racing breed to North American feral populations. We identified the gene EphB2 as a strong candidate for the derived head crest phenotype shared by numerous breeds, an important trait in mate selection in many avian species. We also found evidence that this trait evolved just once and spread throughout the species, and that the crest originates early in development by the localized molecular reversal of feather bud polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a group of disorders that are fatal owing to genetic defects that abrogate T cell development. Numerous related defects have recently been identified that allow T cell development but that compromise T cell function by affecting proximal or distal steps in intracellular signaling. These functional T cell immunodeficiencies are characterized by immune dysregulation and increased risk of malignancies, in addition to infections. The study of patients with these rare conditions, and of corresponding animal models, illustrates the importance of intracellular signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Identification of a novel mutation in ZAP70 and prenatal diagnosis in a Turkish family with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Gene 2013; 512:189-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Thymus, innate immunity and autoimmune arthritis: Interplay of gene and environment. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3633-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Roifman CM, Dadi H, Somech R, Nahum A, Sharfe N. Characterization of ζ-associated protein, 70 kd (ZAP70)–deficient human lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1226-33.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Wang H, Kadlecek TA, Au-Yeung BB, Goodfellow HES, Hsu LY, Freedman TS, Weiss A. ZAP-70: an essential kinase in T-cell signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a002279. [PMID: 20452964 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the events involved in initiating T-cell responses by the antigen receptor. Here we review the structure of ZAP-70, its regulation, its role in development and in disease. We also describe a model experimental system in which ZAP-70 function can be interrupted by a small chemical inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Fischer A, Picard C, Chemin K, Dogniaux S, le Deist F, Hivroz C. ZAP70: a master regulator of adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Weiss A. TCR signal transduction: opening the black box. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4821-7. [PMID: 19801506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0990083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Hypomorphic mutation ofZAP70in human results in a late onset immunodeficiency and no autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1966-76. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Au-Yeung BB, Deindl S, Hsu LY, Palacios EH, Levin SE, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. The structure, regulation, and function of ZAP-70. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:41-57. [PMID: 19290920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine ZAP-70 (zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa) kinase plays a critical role in activating many downstream signal transduction pathways in T cells following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. The importance of ZAP-70 is evidenced by the severe combined immunodeficiency that occurs in ZAP-70-deficient mice and humans. In this review, we describe recent analyses of the ZAP-70 crystal structure, revealing a complex regulatory mechanism of ZAP-70 activity, the differential requirements for ZAP-70 and spleen tyrosine kinase (SyK) in early T-cell development, as well as the role of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity. Thus, the critical importance of ZAP-70 in TCR signaling and its predominantly T-cell-restricted expression pattern make ZAP-70 an attractive drug target for the inhibition of pathological T-cell responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
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Turul T, Tezcan I, Artac H, de Bruin-Versteeg S, Barendregt BH, Reisli I, Sanal O, van Dongen JJM, van der Burg M. Clinical heterogeneity can hamper the diagnosis of patients with ZAP70 deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:87-93. [PMID: 18509675 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs), which is caused by a genetic defect in the signal transduction pathways involved in T-cell activation, is the ZAP70 deficiency. Mutations in ZAP70 lead to both abnormal thymic development and defective T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling of peripheral T-cells. In contrast to the lymphopenia in most SCID patients, ZAP70-deficient patients have lymphocytosis, despite the selective absence of CD8+ T-cells. The clinical presentation is usually before 2 years of age with typical findings of SCID. Here, we present three new ZAP70-deficient patients who vary in their clinical presentation. One of the ZAP70-deficient patients presented as a classical SCID, the second patient presented as a healthy looking wheezy infant, whereas the third patient came to clinical attention for the eczematous skin lesions simulating atopic dermatitis with eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE), similar to the Omenn syndrome. This study illustrates that awareness of the clinical heterogeneity of ZAP70 deficiency is of utmost importance for making a fast and accurate diagnosis, which will contribute to the improvement of the adequate treatment of this severe immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Turul
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Congenital disease SNPs target lineage specific structural elements in protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9011-6. [PMID: 18579784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802403105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic domain of protein kinases harbors a large number of disease-causing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and common or neutral SNPs that are not known or hypothesized to be associated with any disease. Distinguishing these two types of polymorphisms is critical in accurately predicting the causative role of SNPs in both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. In this study, we have analyzed the structural location of common and disease-associated SNPs in the catalytic domain of protein kinases and find that, although common SNPs are randomly distributed within the catalytic core, known disease SNPs consistently map to regulatory and substrate binding regions. In particular, a buried side-chain network that anchors the flexible activation loop to the catalytic core is frequently mutated in disease patients. This network was recently shown to be absent in distantly related eukaryotic-like kinases, which lack an exaggerated activation loop and, presumably, are not regulated by phosphorylation.
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32
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Amin S, Parker A, Mann J. ZAP70 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1654-8. [PMID: 17625948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase zeta-chain associated protein kinase (ZAP70), normally expressed in T cells and a subset of B cells, is solely expressed in poor prognosis chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and implicated in enhanced B cell receptor signalling. As a result, the expression of this protein provides an ideal prognostic marker for the disease. A previous study has shown differential CpG methylation of a 5' region of ZAP70 in leukaemic lymphoid cells, although no further epigenetic studies have been reported. Further investigation into the expression of ZAP70 may therefore provide targets for therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/chemistry
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Amin
- Cell Signalling, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor Catherine Cookson Building, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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33
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Grunebaum E, Sharfe N, Roifman CM. Human T cell immunodeficiency: when signal transduction goes wrong. Immunol Res 2006; 35:117-26. [PMID: 17003514 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:1:117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that are invariably fatal in infancy unless treated by hematopoietic stem cell replacement. For many years we have worked to better manage patients affected by SCID through rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by treatment aimed at achieving long-lasting immune reconstitution. By extensive immunological, biochemical, and genetic studies of patient samples, and with the realization of differences between human and murine T cell development, we have successfully been able to identify some of the molecular defects causing SCID. Among these discoveries, we described the first mutated signal transduction protein in T cells (ZAP-70); the first genetic defect leading to SCID and autoimmune phenomena (IL2R alpha); and, recently, the critical importance of CD3delta in the development of T cells. Our efforts have significantly advanced the understanding of the role of some of the signal-transducing proteins in T cell maturation and function. This review summarizes several of these discoveries and some of their impact on our understanding of T cells development, function, and homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology/Allergy and the Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, The Research Institute and The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Crespo M, Villamor N, Giné E, Muntañola A, Colomer D, Marafioti T, Jones M, Camós M, Campo E, Montserrat E, Bosch F. ZAP-70 expression in normal pro/pre B cells, mature B cells, and in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:726-34. [PMID: 16467082 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ZAP-70 gene is normally expressed in T and natural killer cells, where it is required for the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. More recently, it has been described that ZAP-70 contributes to the B-cell development at early stages of B-cell differentiation in mice. The purpose was to investigate the presence of ZAP-70 in normal pro/pre B cells and mature B cells and in tumoral cells from B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ZAP-70 expression was ascertained by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Analysis of ZAP-70 and other signaling proteins of the pre-TCR/TCR was done by Western blot. RESULTS ZAP-70 was expressed in pro/pre B cells but not in normal mature B cells derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or tonsil. Among tumoral cells, ZAP-70 was expressed in 56% of B-ALLs with pro/pre B-cell phenotype and in 4 of 6 Burkitt/ALL lymphomas. In B-ALL cells, expression of CD38 protein correlated with ZAP-70 expression (P = 0.05). Mutational analysis of the ZAP-70 gene revealed the absence of mutations in cases lacking ZAP-70 expression. Moreover, other elements of the pre-TCR/TCR signaling pathway, like LAT and Lck, were also found in B-ALL cells. CONCLUSIONS Among normal B-cell subsets, ZAP-70 was found expressed in normal pro/pre B cells but not in a significant proportion of normal B cells with mature phenotype. Moreover, the presence of ZAP-70 in B-ALLs probably reflects their cellular origin. The lack of ZAP-70 expression in normal mature B cells suggests that its expression in mature-derived neoplasms with different cellular origin, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, might be due to an aberrant phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Crespo
- Department of Hematology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Roscioli T, Cliffe ST, Bloch DB, Bell CG, Mullan G, Taylor PJ, Sarris M, Wang J, Donald JA, Kirk EP, Ziegler JB, Salzer U, McDonald GB, Wong M, Lindeman R, Buckley MF. Mutations in the gene encoding the PML nuclear body protein Sp110 are associated with immunodeficiency and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Nat Genet 2006; 38:620-2. [PMID: 16648851 DOI: 10.1038/ng1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe mutations in the PML nuclear body protein Sp110 in the syndrome veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder of severe hypogammaglobulinemia, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, absent lymph node germinal centers, absent tissue plasma cells and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. This is the first report of the involvement of a nuclear body protein in a human primary immunodeficiency and of high-penetrance genetic mutations in hepatic veno-occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Roscioli
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Abstract
ZAP-70 has emerged as a protein of potential prognostic importance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) following gene expression profiling which compared the 2 well established prognostic sub-sets, those with unmutated and mutated IgVH genes. This protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), known to be of importance in T and NK cell signaling but absent in normal peripheral B cells, is expressed in the majority of the poorer prognosis unmutated CLL and absent in most cases with mutated IgVH genes. ZAP-70 has been shown to be functionally important in the CLL cases in which it is expressed; it is also important in B cell development in mice and there is preliminary evidence for its expression in human B cell progenitors and activated B cells. Whether its expression in a sub-set of CLL cases is a result of a more activated cell type or a reflection of the stage of maturation of the transforming event(s) in CLL is open to debate. ZAP-70 is expressed in a minority of other B cell tumors but correlation with IgVH gene mutational status is lacking. The problems with ZAP-70 measurement, which has yet to be standardized, are reviewed together with its current status as a prognostic marker in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Orchard
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
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37
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Abstract
The ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase has been described more than ten years ago. Its key role in thymocytes development and mature T lymphocytes activation has been illustrated by the characterization of several human immunodeficiencies presenting with mutations in the zap-70 gene resulting in the absence of ZAP-70 expression. More recently, it has been shown that deregulation of ZAP-70 activity can induce autoimmune diseases. Finally, ZAP-70 expression has been shown in some B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and correlated with bad prognosis of the disease. The diversity of pathologies associated with deregulation of ZAP-70 demonstrates its key role in immune responses. Research aiming at deciphering the different signalling pathways regulated by ZAP-70 will not only shed some lights on these pathologies, but will also help finding new pharmacological tools, targeting ZAP-70, designed to induce immunosuppression or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hivroz
- Inserm U.365, Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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38
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Sheppard KA, Fitz LJ, Lee JM, Benander C, George JA, Wooters J, Qiu Y, Jussif JM, Carter LL, Wood CR, Chaudhary D. PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70/CD3zeta signalosome and downstream signaling to PKCtheta. FEBS Lett 2004; 574:37-41. [PMID: 15358536 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the immunoinhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1) attenuates T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation of IL-2 production and T-cell proliferation. Here, we demonstrate that PD-1 modulation of T-cell function involves inhibition of TCR-mediated phosphorylation of ZAP70 and association with CD3zeta. In addition, PD-1 signaling attenuates PKCtheta activation loop phosphorylation in a cognate TCR signal. PKCtheta has been shown to be required for T-cell IL-2 production. A phosphorylated PD-1 peptide, corresponding to the C-terminal immunoreceptor tyrosine-switch motif (ITSM), acts as a docking site in vitro for both SHP-2 and SHP-1, while the phosphorylated peptide containing the N-terminal PD-1 immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motif (ITIM) associates only with SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly-Ann Sheppard
- Inflammation Department, Wyeth Research, 87 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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39
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Steinberg M, Adjali O, Swainson L, Merida P, Di Bartolo V, Pelletier L, Taylor N, Noraz N. T-cell receptor–induced phosphorylation of the ζ chain is efficiently promoted by ZAP-70 but not Syk. Blood 2004; 104:760-7. [PMID: 15059847 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEngagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) results in the activation of Lck/Fyn and ZAP-70/Syk tyrosine kinases. Lck-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling motifs (ITAMs) in the CD3-ζ subunits of the TCR is an initial step in the transduction of signaling cascades. However, ζ phosphorylation is also promoted by ZAP-70, as TCR-induced ζ phosphorylation is defective in ZAP-70–deficient T cells. We show that this defect is corrected by stable expression of ZAP-70, but not Syk, in primary and transformed T cells. Indeed, these proteins are differentially coupled to the TCR with a 5- to 10-fold higher association of ZAP-70 with ζ as compared to Syk. Low-level Syk-ζ binding is associated with significantly less Lck coupled to the TCR. Moreover, diminished coupling of Lck to ζ correlates with a poor phosphorylation of the positive regulatory tyr352 residue of Syk. Thus, recruitment of Lck into the TCR complex with subsequent ζ chain phosphorylation is promoted by ZAP-70 but not Syk. Importantly, the presence of ZAP-70 positively regulates the TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk. The interplay between Syk and ZAP-70 in thymocytes, certain T cells, and B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, in which they are coexpressed, will therefore modulate the amplitude of antigen-mediated receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Steinberg
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherches 5535/Institut Fédératife de Recherche, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France
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40
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Mestas J, Hughes CCW. Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2731-8. [PMID: 14978070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2499] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice are the experimental tool of choice for the majority of immunologists and the study of their immune responses has yielded tremendous insight into the workings of the human immune system. However, as 65 million years of evolution might suggest, there are significant differences. Here we outline known discrepancies in both innate and adaptive immunity, including: balance of leukocyte subsets, defensins, Toll receptors, inducible NO synthase, the NK inhibitory receptor families Ly49 and KIR, FcR, Ig subsets, the B cell (BLNK, Btk, and lambda5) and T cell (ZAP70 and common gamma-chain) signaling pathway components, Thy-1, gammadelta T cells, cytokines and cytokine receptors, Th1/Th2 differentiation, costimulatory molecule expression and function, Ag-presenting function of endothelial cells, and chemokine and chemokine receptor expression. We also provide examples, such as multiple sclerosis and delayed-type hypersensitivity, where complex multicomponent processes differ. Such differences should be taken into account when using mice as preclinical models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mestas
- Center for Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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41
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Fagioli F, Biasin E, Berger M, Nesi F, Saroglia EH, Miniero R, Martino S, Tovo PA. Successful unrelated cord blood transplantation in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31:133-6. [PMID: 12621496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe the successful unrelated cord blood transplantation in two patients affected by a Zap-70 deficiency and an Omenn-like syndrome, respectively. The patients were hospitalised for recurrent infections at the age of 13 and 2 months, respectively. An unrelated cord blood unit was found for each. The conditioning regimen was cyclophosphamide, busulfan and antithymocyte globulin. The total number of infused cells was 15.1 x 10(7)/kg and 17 x 10(7)/kg, respectively. Neutrophil engraftment was achieved on days +15 and +23, and platelet count >50 x 10(9)/l was achieved on days +21 and +52, respectively. One patient presented acute Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grade I and the other grade III. Chimerism was mixed and full donor. Normal lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and alloantigens was detectable at 6 months for both. No chronic GVHD was observed in either. The patients are alive and well at 53 and 15 months after transplantation. In conclusion, umbilical cord blood represents a valid alternative source of haemopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fagioli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Italy
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42
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Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Ambrozak DR, Chatterji M, Betts MR, Davis LS, Koup RA. Expansion of activated human naïve T-cells precedes effector function. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:432-40. [PMID: 12452833 PMCID: PMC1906565 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T-cells divide and mature, both functionally and phenotypically, upon stimulation through the T-cell receptor. Although much is known about the overall changes that occur in naïve cells upon TCR stimulation, and the different memory/effector populations that arise following stimulation, the relationship between cell division and functional and phenotypical changes that occur after activation is poorly understood. Here, we examine the early stages of human naïve and antigen-experienced T-cell activation, and the relationship between cell division and acquisition of effector function during the transition from resting antigen-experienced or naïve T-cells into effector cells. Stimulated naïve T-cells proliferate prior to acquisition of effector function, as measured by cytokine production and expression of effector-associated cell surface molecules. Additionally, we show that interlukin-7 (IL-7) can drive proliferation of naïve T-cells without TCR:MHC peptide interactions. IL-7 alone does not, however, drive the proliferation of antigen-experienced T-cells. Memory T-cells will divide in response to exogenous IL-7 but only in the presence of naïve T-cells and IL-2. This study contributes to the current understanding of the mechanistic differences between naïve and memory T-cell responses by defining the functional and phenotypic changes that occur to T-cells after stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brenchley
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID and Department of Experimental Transplantation and Immunology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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43
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Werlen G, Palmer E. The T-cell receptor signalosome: a dynamic structure with expanding complexity. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:299-305. [PMID: 11973126 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction in T cells is a dynamic process involving a large number of membrane and cytosolic proteins. The TCR macromolecular complex (signalosome) is initiated by receptor occupancy and becomes more elaborate over time. This review describes how 'vertical' displacement mechanisms and lateral coalescence of lipid-raft-associated scaffold proteins combine to form distinct signalosomes, which control signal specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Werlen
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Research, University Hospital-Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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