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Wang J, Zhou X, Li X, Guo W, Zhu Q, Zhu B, Lu Y, Zheng X, Yang D, Wang B. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alters the Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:844132. [PMID: 35601099 PMCID: PMC9114794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.844132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of mice to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection depends on their genetic background. The gut microbiota modulates the antiviral immune response in the liver and plays a protective role against HBV infection. However, whether HBV infection outcomes depend on the gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the gut microbiota composition in naïve BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota in BALB/c mice was depleted using broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) and then reconstituted with fecal microbiota from naïve BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice to evaluate the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the outcomes of and immune response to HBV infection. We found that HBV infection outcomes and the gut microbiota composition differed between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Commensal bacteria from the fecal microbiota selectively colonized the guts of ABX-treated BALB/c mice. Mice receiving fecal microbiota from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice displayed different HBV infection outcomes. The fecal microbiota from C57BL/6 mice induced immune tolerance in the liver and prolonged HBV infection. In conclusion, HBV infection outcomes in mice are determined by the host genetic background and gut microbiota composition. Reconstitution of the gut microbiota by FMT can alter the susceptibility to HBV infection in mice.
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Chiale C, Marchese AM, Furuya Y, Robek MD. Virus-based vaccine vectors with distinct replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate dendritic cells. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34811393 PMCID: PMC8608815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism by which many virus-based vectors activate immune responses remains unknown. Dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in priming T cell responses and controlling virus replication, but their functions in generating protective immunity following vaccination with viral vectors are not always well understood. We hypothesized that highly immunogenic viral vectors with identical cell entry pathways but unique replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate DCs to promote antigen presentation and activation of distinctive antigen-specific T cell responses. To evaluate differences in replication mechanisms, we utilized a rhabdovirus vector (vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV) and an alphavirus-rhabdovirus hybrid vector (virus-like vesicles; VLV), which replicates like an alphavirus but enters the cell via the VSV glycoprotein. We found that while virus replication promotes CD8+ T cell activation by VLV, replication is absolutely required for VSV-induced responses. DC subtypes were differentially infected in vitro with VSV and VLV, and displayed differences in activation following infection that were dependent on vector replication but were independent of interferon receptor signaling. Additionally, the ability of the alphavirus-based vector to generate functional CD8+ T cells in the absence of replication relied on cDC1 cells. These results highlight the differential activation of DCs following infection with unique viral vectors and indicate potentially discrete roles of DC subtypes in activating the immune response following immunization with vectors that have distinct replication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony M Marchese
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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3
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Chiale C, Yarovinsky TO, Mason SW, Madina BR, Menon M, Krady MM, Moshkani S, Chattopadhyay Pal A, Almassian B, Rose JK, Robek MD, Nakaar V. Modified Alphavirus-Vesiculovirus Hybrid Vaccine Vectors for Homologous Prime-Boost Immunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020279. [PMID: 32517032 PMCID: PMC7349932 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like vesicles (VLV) are hybrid vectors based on an evolved Semliki Forest virus (SFV) RNA replicon and the envelope glycoprotein (G) from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Previously, we showed that VLV can be used to express protein antigens and generate protective antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. This report describes VLV vectors designed for enhanced protein expression and immunogenicity. Expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) middle S antigen (MHBs) from VLV using a dual subgenomic promoter significantly increased MHBs-specific CD8+ T cell and antibody production in mice. Furthermore, envelope glycoprotein switch from VSV Indiana to the glycoprotein of Chandipura virus enabled prime-boost immunization and further increased responses to MHBs. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of chronic HBV infection initiated by HBV delivery with adeno-associated virus. Mice with lower or intermediate HBV antigen levels demonstrated a significant and sustained reduction of HBV replication following VLV prime-boost immunization. However, mice with higher HBV antigen levels showed no changes in HBV replication, emphasizing the importance of HBV antigenemia for implementing immunotherapies. This report highlights the potential of VLV dual promoter vectors to induce effective antigen-specific immune responses and informs the further development and evaluation of hybrid viral vaccine platforms for preventative and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (C.C.); (S.M.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Timur O. Yarovinsky
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (A.C.P.); (J.K.R.)
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.O.Y.); (V.N.)
| | - Stephen W. Mason
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Bhaskara R. Madina
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Manisha Menon
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Marie M. Krady
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Safiehkhatoon Moshkani
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (C.C.); (S.M.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Anasuya Chattopadhyay Pal
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (A.C.P.); (J.K.R.)
| | - Bijan Almassian
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
| | - John K. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (A.C.P.); (J.K.R.)
| | - Michael D. Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (C.C.); (S.M.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Valerian Nakaar
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; (S.W.M.); (B.R.M.); (M.M.); (M.M.K.); (B.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.O.Y.); (V.N.)
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Yarovinsky TO, Mason SW, Menon M, Krady MM, Haslip M, Madina BR, Ma X, Moshkani S, Chiale C, Pal AC, Almassian B, Rose JK, Robek MD, Nakaar V. Virus-like Vesicles Expressing Multiple Antigens for Immunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B. iScience 2019; 21:391-402. [PMID: 31704650 PMCID: PMC6889364 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can initiate chronic hepatitis and liver injury, causing more than 600,000 deaths each year worldwide. Current treatments for chronic hepatitis B are inadequate and leave an unmet need for immunotherapeutic approaches. We designed virus-like vesicles (VLV) as self-amplifying RNA replicons expressing three HBV antigens (polymerase, core, and middle surface) from a single vector (HBV-VLV) to break immune exhaustion despite persistent HBV replication. The HBV-VLV induces HBV-specific T cells in naive mice and renders them resistant to acute challenge with HBV. Using a chronic model of HBV infection, we demonstrate efficacy of HBV-VLV priming in combination with DNA booster immunization, as 40% of treated mice showed a decline of serum HBV surface antigen below the detection limit and marked reduction in liver HBV RNA accompanied by induction of HBsAg-specific CD8 T cells. These results warrant further evaluation of HBV-VLV for immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Yarovinsky
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianyong Ma
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Safiehkhatoon Moshkani
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | | | - John K Rose
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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A Highly Attenuated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine Platform Controls Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Mouse Models of Hepatitis B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01586-18. [PMID: 30541859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01586-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines may be an important component of a treatment regimen for curing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We previously demonstrated that recombinant wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the HBV middle surface glycoprotein (MHBs) elicits functional immune responses in mouse models of HBV replication. However, VSV has some undesirable pathogenic properties, and the use of this platform in humans requires further viral attenuation. We therefore generated a highly attenuated VSV that expresses MHBs and contains two attenuating mutations. This vector was evaluated for immunogenicity, pathogenesis, and anti-HBV function in mice. Compared to wild-type VSV, the highly attenuated virus displayed markedly reduced pathogenesis but induced similar MHBs-specific CD8+ T cell and antibody responses. The CD8+ T cell responses elicited by this vector in naive mice prevented HBV replication in animals that were later challenged by hydrodynamic injection or transduction with adeno-associated virus encoding the HBV genome (AAV-HBV). In mice in which persistent HBV replication was first established by AAV-HBV transduction, subsequent immunization with the attenuated VSV induced MHBs-specific CD8+ T cell responses that corresponded with reductions in serum and liver HBV antigens and nucleic acids. HBV control was associated with an increase in the frequency of intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cells and a transient elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase activity. The ability of VSV to induce a robust multispecific T cell response that controls HBV replication combined with the improved safety profile of the highly attenuated vector suggests that this platform offers a new approach for HBV therapeutic vaccination.IMPORTANCE A curative treatment for chronic hepatitis B must eliminate the virus from the liver, but current antiviral therapies typically fail to do so. Immune-mediated resolution of infection occurs in a small fraction of chronic HBV patients, which suggests the potential efficacy of therapeutic strategies that boost the patient's own immune response to the virus. We modified a safe form of VSV to express an immunogenic HBV protein and evaluated the efficacy of this vector in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection in mouse models. Our results show that this vector elicits HBV-specific immune responses that prevent the establishment of HBV infection and reduce viral proteins in the serum and viral DNA/RNA in the liver of mice with persistent HBV replication. These findings suggest that highly attenuated and safe virus-based vaccine platforms have the potential to be utilized for the development of an effective therapeutic vaccine against chronic HBV infection.
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He M, Su D, Liu Q, Gao W, Kang Y. Mushroom lectin overcomes hepatitis B virus tolerance via TLR6 signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5814. [PMID: 28724955 PMCID: PMC5517594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a serious public health problem in the world. Recombinant HBV vaccine, as a preventive strategy against HBV infection, generates high antibody level, but it is not effective to activate innate and cellular immunity for chronic HBV infection therapy. Lectins from mushroom are natural and active proteins which have been shown important biological functions. However, little is known about the immunological mechanism engaged by mushroom lectins. Here we report that, lectin from Pleurotus ostreatus (POL) stimulated innate response by activating Toll-like receptor 6 signal pathway of dendritic cells. Subsequently POL enhanced HBV specific antibody level and follicular helper T cells response which overcame HBV tolerance in transgenic mice. This study suggests a novel mechanism for POL acting on immune response and a therapeutic approach to break HBV tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina He
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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7
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An ELISPOT-Based Assay to Measure HBV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Responses in Immunocompetent Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1540:237-247. [PMID: 27975322 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6700-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite some important limitations, immunocompetent mouse models of HBV replication remain an essential tool for studying cellular and humoral immunity to the virus. CD8+ T cells are a critical component of the immune response to HBV due to their ability to both kill virus-infected hepatocytes and produce cytokines such as IFN-γ that non-cytopathically inhibit virus replication. A number of techniques can be used to measure the magnitude, specificity, and functionality of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, each having its own unique advantages. We describe here the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)-based assay, which, compared to other methods, is sensitive, cost-effective, and rapid and requires relatively little optimization, specialized training, or equipment.
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8
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Backes S, Jäger C, Dembek CJ, Kosinska AD, Bauer T, Stephan AS, Dišlers A, Mutwiri G, Busch DH, Babiuk LA, Gasteiger G, Protzer U. Protein-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector-boost vaccination overcomes tolerance in high-antigenemic HBV-transgenic mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:923-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Iannacone M, Guidotti LG. Mouse Models of Hepatitis B Virus Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021477. [PMID: 26292984 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The host range of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is limited to humans and chimpanzees. As discussed in the literature, numerous studies in humans and chimpanzees have generated a great deal of information on the mechanisms that cause viral clearance, viral persistence, and disease pathogenesis during acute or chronic HBV infection. Relevant pathogenetic studies have also been performed in those few species representing natural hosts of hepadnaviruses that are related to HBV, such as the woodchuck hepatitis virus and the duck hepatitis virus. Further insight has been gained from multidisciplinary studies in transgenic or humanized chimeric mouse models expressing and/or replicating HBV to varying degrees. We provide here a concise summary of the available HBV mouse models as well as of the contributions of these models to our understanding of HBV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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10
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Virus-Like Vesicle-Based Therapeutic Vaccine Vectors for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:10407-15. [PMID: 26246574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01184-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED More than 500,000 people die each year from the liver diseases that result from chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Therapeutic vaccines, which aim to elicit an immune response capable of controlling the virus, offer a potential new treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis B. Recently, an evolved, high-titer vaccine platform consisting of Semliki Forest virus RNA replicons that express the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) has been described. This platform generates virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that contain VSV G but no other viral structural proteins. We report here that the evolved VLV vector engineered to additionally express the HBV middle surface envelope glycoprotein (MHBs) induces functional CD8 T cell responses in mice. These responses were greater in magnitude and broader in specificity than those obtained with other immunization strategies, including recombinant protein and DNA. Additionally, a single immunization with VLV-MHBs protected mice from HBV hydrodynamic challenge, and this protection correlated with the elicitation of a CD8 T cell recall response. In contrast to MHBs, a VLV expressing HBV core protein (HBcAg) neither induced a CD8 T cell response in mice nor protected against challenge. Finally, combining DNA and VLV-MHBs immunization led to induction of HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses in a transgenic mouse model of chronic HBV infection. The ability of VLV-MHBs to induce a multispecific T cell response capable of controlling HBV replication, and to generate immune responses in a tolerogenic model of chronic infection, indicates that VLV vaccine platforms may offer a unique strategy for HBV therapeutic vaccination. IMPORTANCE HBV infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, treatments for chronic infection are suboptimal and rarely result in complete elimination of the virus. Therapeutic vaccines represent a unique approach to HBV treatment and have the potential to induce long-term control of infection. Recently, a virus-based vector system that combines the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus with the VSV glycoprotein has been described. In this study, we used this system to construct a novel HBV vaccine and demonstrated that the vaccine is capable of inducing virus-specific immune responses in mouse models of acute and chronic HBV replication. These findings highlight the potential of this new vaccine system and support the idea that highly immunogenic vaccines, such as viral vectors, may be useful in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
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Churin Y, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Hepatitis B virus large surface protein: function and fame. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:1-10. [PMID: 25713800 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.12.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HBV life cycle begins with viral attachment to hepatocytes, mediated by the large HBV surface protein (LHBs). Identification of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a HBV receptor has revealed a suitable target for viral entry inhibition. Analysis of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level is a non-invasive diagnostic parameter that improves HBV treatment opportunities. Furthermore, HBsAg plays an important role in manipulation of host immune response by HBV. However, observations in patients with chronic hepatitis B under conditions of immune suppression and in transgenic mouse models of HBV infection suggest, that in absence of adaptive immune responses cellular mechanisms induced by HBV may also lead to the development of liver diseases. Thus, the multifaceted pathological aspects of HBsAg predetermine the design of new therapeutical options modulating associated biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Immunization with adenovirus LIGHT-engineered dendritic cells induces potent T cell responses and therapeutic immunity in HBV transgenic mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:4565-4570. [PMID: 24951859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT, a TNF superfamily member (TNFSF14), is a type II transmembrane protein expressed on activated T cells and immature dendritic cells (DCs). However, the expression of LIGHT on mature DCs is down-regulated. Recent studies demonstrated that LIGHT provides potent costimulatory activity for T cells, enhancing proliferation and the production of Th1 cytokines independently of the B7-CD28 pathway. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of peptide-pulsed DC-mediated antiviral immunity in HBV transgenic mice and the immunoadjuvant effect of LIGHT. The bone marrow-derived DCs were modified in vitro with an adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing mouse LIGHT (Ad-LIGHT), the expression of costimulatory molecules was up-regulated and the secretion of cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ increased. LIGHT-modified DCs enhanced allostimulation for T cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). HBV peptide-pulsed DCs elicited HBV specific CD8+ T cell response and reduced the level of HBsAg and HBV DNA in sera of HBV transgenic mice. Importantly, LIGHT-modified DCs could induce stronger antiviral immunity. These results support the concept that genetic modification of DCs with a recombinant LIGHT adenovirus vector may be a useful strategy for antiviral immunotherapy.
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Zeng Z, Kong X, Li F, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. IL-12-based vaccination therapy reverses liver-induced systemic tolerance in a mouse model of hepatitis B virus carrier. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4184-93. [PMID: 24048897 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver-induced systemic immune tolerance that occurs during chronic hepadnavirus infection is the biggest obstacle for effective viral clearance. Immunotherapeutic reversal of this tolerance is a promising strategy in the clinic but remains to be explored. In this study, using a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-carrier mouse model, we report that IL-12-based vaccination therapy can efficiently reverse systemic tolerance toward HBV. HBV-carrier mice lost responsiveness to hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) vaccination, and IL-12 alone could not reverse this liver-induced immune tolerance. However, after IL-12-based vaccination therapy, the majority of treated mice became HBsAg(-) in serum; hepatitis B core Ag was also undetectable in hepatocytes. HBV clearance was dependent on HBsAg vaccine-induced anti-HBV immunity. Further results showed that IL-12-based vaccination therapy strongly enhanced hepatic HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses, including proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Systemic HBV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses were also restored in HBV-carrier mice, leading to the arousal of HBsAg-specific follicular Th-germinal center B cell responses and anti-hepatitis B surface Ag Ab production. Recovery of HBsAg-specific responses also correlated with both reduced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell frequency and an enhanced capacity of effector T cells to overcome inhibition by regulatory T cells. In conclusion, IL-12-based vaccination therapy may reverse liver-induced immune tolerance toward HBV by restoring systemic HBV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses, eliciting robust hepatic HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses, and facilitating the generation of HBsAg-specific humoral immunity; thus, this therapy may become a viable approach to treating patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhutian Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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14
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Mothé BR, Southwood S, Sidney J, English AM, Wriston A, Hoof I, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Sette A. Peptide-binding motifs associated with MHC molecules common in Chinese rhesus macaques are analogous to those of human HLA supertypes and include HLA-B27-like alleles. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:371-86. [PMID: 23417323 PMCID: PMC3633659 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese rhesus macaques are of particular interest in simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/HIV) research as these animals have prolonged kinetics of disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), compared to their Indian counterparts, suggesting that they may be a better model for HIV. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism(s) accounting for these kinetics remains unclear. The study of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their MHC/peptide-binding motifs, provides valuable information for measuring cellular immune responses and deciphering outcomes of infection and vaccine efficacy. In this study, we have provided detailed characterization of six prevalent Chinese rhesus macaque MHC class I alleles, yielding a combined phenotypic frequency of 29 %. The peptide-binding specificity of two of these alleles, Mamu-A2*01:02 and Mamu-B*010:01, as well as the previously characterized allele Mamu-B*003:01 (and Indian rhesus Mamu-B*003:01), was found to be analogous to that of alleles in the HLA-B27 supertype family. Specific alleles in the HLA-B27 supertype family, including HLA-B*27:05, have been associated with long-term nonprogression to AIDS in humans. All six alleles characterized in the present study were found to have specificities analogous to HLA supertype alleles. These data contribute to the concept that Chinese rhesus macaque MHC immunogenetics is more similar to HLA than their Indian rhesus macaque counterparts and thereby warrants further studies to decipher the role of these alleles in the context of SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Mothé
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Moffat JM, Cheong WS, Villadangos JA, Mintern JD, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B virus-like particles access major histocompatibility class I and II antigen presentation pathways in primary dendritic cells. Vaccine 2013; 31:2310-6. [PMID: 23473776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent high density displays of viral proteins that efficiently trigger immunity. VLPs composed of the small hepatitis B virus envelope protein (HBsAgS) are useful vaccine platforms that induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Notably, however, some studies suggest HBsAgS VLPs impair dendritic cell (DC) function. Here we investigated HBsAgS VLP interaction with DC subsets and antigen access to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigen presentation pathways in primary DCs. HBsAgS VLPs impaired plasmacytoid DC (pDC) interferon alpha (IFNα) production in response to CpG in vitro, but did not alter conventional DC (cDC) or pDC phenotype when administered in vivo. To assess cellular immune responses, HBsAgS VLPs were generated containing the ovalbumin (OVA) model epitopes OVA(257-264) and OVA(323-339) to access MHCI and MHCII antigen presentation pathways, respectively; both in vitro and following immunisation in vivo. HBsAgS VLP-OVA(257-264) elicited CTL responses in vivo that were not enhanced by inclusion of an additional MHCII helper epitope. HBsAgS VLP-OVA(257-264) administered in vivo was cross-presented by CD8(+) DCs, but not CD8(-) DCs. Therefore, HBsAgS VLPs can deliver antigen to both MHCI and MHCII antigen presentation pathways in primary DCs and promote cytotoxic and helper T cell priming despite their suppressive effect on pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Moffat
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Hepatitis B surface antigen could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 2013:935295. [PMID: 23401786 PMCID: PMC3562682 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various findings concerning the clinical significance of quantitative changes in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the acute and chronic phase of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have been reported. In addition to being a biomarker of HBV-replication activity, it has been reported that HBsAg could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of HBV persistent infection. Moreover, HBsAg could become an attractive target for immune therapy, since the cellular and humeral immune response against HBsAg might be able to control the HBV replication and life cycle. However, several reports have described the immune suppressive function of HBsAg. HBsAg might suppress monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), and natural killer T (NK-T) cells by direct interaction. On the other hand, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T (Th) cells were exhausted by high amounts of HBsAg. In this paper, we focused on the immunological aspects of HBsAg, since better understanding of the interaction between HBsAg and immune cells could contribute to the development of an immune therapy as well as a biomarker of the state of HBV persistent infection.
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17
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A vesicular stomatitis virus-based therapeutic vaccine generates a functional CD8 T cell response to hepatitis B virus in transgenic mice. J Virol 2012; 87:2969-73. [PMID: 23269785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02111-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising therapeutic vaccine platform. Using a transgenic mouse model of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of a VSV vector expressing the HBV middle surface envelope glycoprotein (MS). VSV-MS immunization generated HBV-specific CD8 T cell and antibody responses in transgenic mice that express low HBV antigen levels. These findings support the further development of VSV as a therapeutic vaccine vector for chronic HBV.
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18
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Singh P, Goel H, Husain M, Lan X, Mikulak J, Malthotra A, Teichberg S, Schmidtmayerova H, Singhal PC. Tubular cell HIV-entry through apoptosed CD4 T cells: a novel pathway. Virology 2012; 434:68-77. [PMID: 23040891 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that HIV-1 may enter tubular cells by phagocytosis of apoptotic fragments of HIV-1-infected T cells infiltrating tubular interstitium. The study was designed to evaluate the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors on CD4 T cells and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tubular cells (HK2 and HRPTEC, primary tubular cells). Co-cultivation of HIV-1 infected lymphocytes (HIV-LY) with HK2s/HRPTECs resulted in T cell apoptosis, uptake of the apoptosed HIV-LY by HK2s/HRPTECs, tubular cell activation and HIV expression. Cytochalasin-B inhibited tubular cell HIV-LY uptake and anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibited HIV-LY apoptosis and tubular cell HIV-LY uptake, activation and HIV expression. These observations do indicate induction of apoptosis of T cells due to interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 upon co-cultivation and subsequent phygocytosis of HIV-laden apoptotic bodies by tubular cells and thus the transfer of HIV-1 into tubular cells. These findings identify a novel pathway that facilitates HIV-1 entry into tubular cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Center for Excellence for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish Medical School, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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19
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The immune response to a vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector is independent of particulate antigen secretion and protein turnover rate. J Virol 2012; 86:4253-61. [PMID: 22345454 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05991-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a highly cytopathic virus being developed as a vaccine vector due to its ability to induce strong protective T cell and antibody responses after a single dose. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the potent immune responses elicited by VSV. We previously generated a VSV vector expressing the hepatitis B virus middle envelope surface glycoprotein (MS) that induces strong MS-specific T cell and antibody responses in mice. After synthesis in the cytoplasm, the MS protein translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it forms subviral particles that are secreted from the cell. To better understand the contributions of secreted and intracellular protein to the VSV-induced immune response, we produced a vector expressing a secretion-deficient MS mutant (MS(C69A)) and compared the immunogenicity of this vector to that of the wild-type VSV-MS vector in mice. As expected, the MS(C69A) protein was not secreted from VSV-infected cells and displayed enhanced proteasome-mediated degradation. Surprisingly, despite these differences in intracellular protein processing, the T cell and antibody responses generated to MS(C69A) were comparable to those elicited by virus expressing wild-type MS protein. Therefore, when it is expressed from VSV, the immune responses to MS are independent of particulate antigen secretion and the turnover rate of cytoplasmic protein. These results are consistent with a model in which the immune responses to VSV are strongly influenced by the replication cycle of the vector and demonstrate that characteristics of the vector have the capacity to affect vaccine efficacy more than do the properties of the antigen itself.
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20
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Cheong WS, Hyakumura M, Yuen L, Warner N, Locarnini S, Netter HJ. Modulation of the immunogenicity of virus-like particles composed of mutant hepatitis B virus envelope subunits. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:209-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Ochoa-Callejero L, Otano I, Vales A, Olagüe C, Sarobe P, Lasarte JJ, Prieto J, Menne S, González-Aseguinolaza G. Identification of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes of woodchuck hepatitis virus core and surface antigens in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2010; 28:5323-31. [PMID: 20665977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A therapeutic vaccine against chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires the development of a strong and multispecific Th1 cell immune response. Woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) closely resemble HBV infection and represent the best animal model for this hepadnavirus-induced disease. Using the BIMAS "HLA Peptide Binding Predictions" program, we have identified and further characterized novel H-2 d-restricted CD8+ epitopes within the WHV core (peptides C#12-21, C#18-32, C#19-27, C#61-69) and surface antigens (peptides preS2#10-18, preS2#27-35, S#76-84, S#133-140 and S#257-265), respectively. These peptides bind to H-2 d with high efficiency and upon immunization of mice with peptide and Freund's adjuvant they induce the development of IFN-gamma producing T cells. More importantly, WHV core peptides C#19-27 and C#61-69 and WHV surface peptides S#133-140 and S#257-265 were also recognized by CD8+ T cells after immunization of mice with DNA/PEI nanoparticles. Direct stimulation of splenocytes obtained from such DNA-immunized mice with peptides C#18-32, S#76-84, and S#257-265 resulted in significant production of IFN-gamma. Thus, we have identified T cell determinants in mice from WHV core and surface antigens that have important value for designing and evaluating an effective vaccine against hepadnavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ochoa-Callejero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy of Viral Hepatitis, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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22
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Kosinska AD, Zhang E, Lu M, Roggendorf M. Therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:817580. [PMID: 21188201 PMCID: PMC3003998 DOI: 10.1155/2010/817580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-α and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to a satisfactory result. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunotherapies may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients did not result in effective control of HBV infection, suggesting that new formulations of therapeutic vaccines are needed. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a useful preclinical model for developing the new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments with nucleos(t)ide analogues, DNA vaccines, and protein vaccines were tested in the woodchuck model. In this paper we summarize the available data concerning therapeutic immunization and gene therapy using recombinant viral vectors approaches in woodchucks, which show encouraging results. In addition, we present potential innovations in immunomodulatory strategies to be evaluated in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
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23
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A vesicular stomatitis virus-based hepatitis B virus vaccine vector provides protection against challenge in a single dose. J Virol 2010; 84:7513-22. [PMID: 20504927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00200-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the world's most common infectious diseases, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious worldwide public health problem, with HBV-associated liver disease accounting for more than half a million deaths each year. Although there is an effective prophylactic vaccine currently available to prevent infection, it has a number of characteristics that are suboptimal: multiple doses are needed to induce long-lasting immunity, immunity declines over time, it does not elicit protection in some individuals, and it is not effective therapeutically. We produced a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine vector expressing the HBV middle envelope surface protein (MS) and found that this vector was able to efficiently generate a strong HBs-specific antibody response following a single immunization in mice. A single immunization with the VSV-MS vector also induced robust CD8 T-cell activation. The CD8 T-cell response was greater in magnitude and broader in specificity than the response generated by a vaccinia virus-based vaccine vector or by recombinant protein immunization. Furthermore, a single VSV-MS immunization provided protection against virus challenge in mice. Given the similar antibody titers and superior T-cell responses elicited from a single immunization, a VSV-based HBV vaccine may have advantages over the current recombinant protein vaccine.
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24
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Wieland A, Riedl P, Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. Silencing an immunodominant epitope of hepatitis B surface antigen reveals an alternative repertoire of CD8 T cell epitopes of this viral antigen. Vaccine 2009; 28:114-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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The immunogenicity of adenovirus vectors limits the multispecificity of CD8 T-cell responses to vector-encoded transgenic antigens. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1609-16. [PMID: 18612271 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the immunogenicity of antigens delivered by recombinant E1-deleted adenovirus (Ad) is impaired by the concomitant priming of specific immunity to protein antigens of the vector. A comparative evaluation of the immunogenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg or S) or ovalbumin (OVA) was carried out in mice injected with either the antigen-encoding Ad vector or a corresponding plasmid DNA vaccine. Recombinant Ad, but not the plasmid DNA vaccine, induced long lasting, specific CD8 T-cell immunity to immunodominant epitopes of the two antigens. In contrast, the HBsAg-encoding pCI/S DNA, but not the Ad/S vaccine, was shown to prime CD8 T-cell responses to subdominant HBsAg epitopes. Ad/S-primed CD8 T-cell responses to immunodominant epitopes of vector-encoded or capsid-delivered Ad proteins apparently suppressed CD8 T-cell priming to subdominant HBsAg epitopes. In B-cell-deficient mice, the established, Ad-specific T-cell immunity induced by vaccination with an irrelevant Ad vector impaired the priming of HBsAg-specific CD8 T-cell responses by Ad/S. It is clear, therefore, that a T-cell immunity specific for Ad proteins (either delivered with the Ad capsid or transcribed from the Ad genome) is efficiently primed by vaccination with Ad vectors, and can limit the immunogenicity (particularly of subdominant epitopes) of Ad vector-encoded transgenic antigens.
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26
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Ito H, Ando K, Ishikawa T, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Saito K, Imawari M, Moriwaki H, Yokochi T, Kakumu S, Seishima M. Role of Valpha14+ NKT cells in the development of Hepatitis B virus-specific CTL: activation of Valpha14+ NKT cells promotes the breakage of CTL tolerance. Int Immunol 2008; 20:869-79. [PMID: 18487227 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLs are thought to be major effectors for clearing viruses in acute infections including hepatitis B virus (HBV). Persistent HBV infection is characterized by a lack of or a weak CTL response to HBV, which is thought to reflect tolerance to HBV antigens. In the present study, we found that alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a ligand for Valpha14-positive NKT cells, strongly enhanced the induction and proliferation of HBV-specific CTLs by HBsAg. In HBsAg transgenic mice, which are thought to be tolerant to HBV-encoded antigens, administration of HBsAg or alpha-GalCer alone failed to induce HBsAg-specific CTLs, but they were induced by co-administration of both compounds. Furthermore, by limiting dilution analysis, we confirmed the existence of HBsAg-specific CTL precursors in the HBsAg transgenic mice immunized with HBsAg and alpha-GalCer. A blocking experiment using antibodies to cytokines and CD40 ligand showed that IL-2 and CD40-CD40L interaction mediate the enhancement of CTL induction caused by alpha-GalCer through NKT cell activation. Our results may open up a new method for clearing the virus from patients with persistent HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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27
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Depla E, Van der Aa A, Livingston BD, Crimi C, Allosery K, De Brabandere V, Krakover J, Murthy S, Huang M, Power S, Babé L, Dahlberg C, McKinney D, Sette A, Southwood S, Philip R, Newman MJ, Meheus L. Rational design of a multiepitope vaccine encoding T-lymphocyte epitopes for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infections. J Virol 2008; 82:435-50. [PMID: 17942551 PMCID: PMC2224390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01505-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein sequences from multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates were analyzed for the presence of amino acid motifs characteristic of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes with the goal of identifying conserved epitopes suitable for use in a therapeutic vaccine. Specifically, sequences bearing HLA-A1, -A2, -A3, -A24, -B7, and -DR supertype binding motifs were identified, synthesized as peptides, and tested for binding to soluble HLA. The immunogenicity of peptides that bound with moderate to high affinity subsequently was assessed using HLA transgenic mice (CTL) and HLA cross-reacting H-2(bxd) (BALB/c x C57BL/6J) mice (HTL). Through this process, 30 CTL and 16 HTL epitopes were selected as a set that would be the most useful for vaccine design, based on epitope conservation among HBV sequences and HLA-based predicted population coverage in diverse ethnic groups. A plasmid DNA-based vaccine encoding the epitopes as a single gene product, with each epitope separated by spacer residues to enhance appropriate epitope processing, was designed. Immunogenicity testing in mice demonstrated the induction of multiple CTL and HTL responses. Furthermore, as a complementary approach, mass spectrometry allowed the identification of correctly processed and major histocompatibility complex-presented epitopes from human cells transfected with the DNA plasmid. A heterologous prime-boost immunization with the plasmid DNA and a recombinant MVA gave further enhancement of the immune responses. Thus, a multiepitope therapeutic vaccine candidate capable of stimulating those cellular immune responses thought to be essential for controlling and clearing HBV infection was successfully designed and evaluated in vitro and in HLA transgenic mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/genetics
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Depla
- GENimmune NV (Innogenetics NV), Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped, hepatotrophic, oncogenic hepadnavirus that is noncytopathic for hepatocytes. HBV infection results in a variety of outcomes that are determined by the quality, quantity, and kinetics of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. Whether HBV infection is cleared or persists as a progressive or nonprogressive liver disease is determined by both viral and host factors. Replicative intermediates can persist in the liver under immunologic control after resolution of acute or chronic hepatitis B, conferring a risk for reactivation following a course of immunosuppression or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Vierling
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden, Suite 1500, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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29
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Dikici B, Dagli A, Ucmak H, Bilici M, Ece A. Efficacy of vitamin E in children with immunotolerant-phase chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr Int 2007; 49:603-7. [PMID: 17875084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2007.02419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the efficacy of vitamin E in children with immunotolerant-phase chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection. METHODS Fifty-eight immunotolerant children were prospectively and randomly recruited into two groups. Group 1 (study group) included 30 patients who received vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/day throughout 3 months; group 2 (control group) contained 28 patients who did not receive any medication. Comparison of serological, virologic, and biochemical response ratios were done at the end of the therapy and after 6 months of vitamin E discontinuation. RESULTS Mean alanine transaminase (ALT) values in group 1 at the beginning of the therapy, 3 months after the therapy initiation and 6 months after discontinuation were 30.4 +/- 7.3 IU/L, 31.3 +/- 7.8 IU/L and 32.1 +/- 8.5 IU/L, respectively. The mean hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA load of group 1 at onset, and at the third and ninth months of the treatment were 3106 +/- 718 pg/mL, 3530 +/- 137 pg/mL and 3364 +/- 1246 pg/mL, respectively. These changes in both ALT and HBV-DNA values did not reach significant levels (P > 0.05). In group 2, mean ALT values at the beginning of therapy, and at the third and ninth months were 28.0 +/- 1.8 IU/L, 34.6 +/- 8.1 IU/L, and 34.1 +/- 7.0 IU/L, respectively (P > 0.05), and mean viral load of HBV-DNA was 4227 +/- 1435 pg/mL, 3368 +/- 2673 pg/mL, and 3018 +/- 2814 pg/mL, respectively (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 2 at the third and ninth months in the mean ALT values and viral load of HBV-DNA (P > 0.05). Hepatitis B s antigen and hepatitis B e antigen clearance or hepatitis B s antibody and hepatitis B e antibody seroconversion were not observed in either group. CONCLUSION As a first study investigating the effect of vitamin E in children with immunotolerant CHB infection, no beneficial effect could be demonstrated. Different immunomodulator protocols should be considered for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyamin Dikici
- Department of Pediatrics, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Duzce Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey.
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30
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Jiang WZ, Fan Y, Liu X, Zhang YL, Wen JJ, Hao WL, Qian M. Therapeutic potential of dendritic cell-based immunization against HBV in transgenic mice. Antiviral Res 2007; 77:50-5. [PMID: 17897731 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice that express HBV envelope proteins represent a model of chronic HBV infection suitable for the development of therapeutic immunization strategies. To address immunologically therapeutic effects induced by peptide-pulsed DCs, HBV transgenic mice were immunized with peptide-pulsed DCs, and the mice were killed after three times of immunization and the splenocytes were stimulated in vitro and detected by IFN-gamma ELISPOT and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. The data demonstrated that HBV-specific CD8+ T cell response could be induced and CD8+ T cells had specific CTL activity. Furthermore, ELISA and fluorescent quantitative PCR were performed to detect the level of serum HBsAg and HBV DNA and the results demonstrated that HBV-specific peptide-pulsed DCs could significantly reduce the concentration of serum HBsAg and HBV DNA. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured and no significant differences were observed between the different groups, which indicated that no hepatocellular injury occurred. Taken together, the data strongly demonstrated that CD8+ T cell responses and antiviral immunity were elicited in HBV transgenic mice, suggesting that peptide-pulsed DCs could elicit an effective antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zheng Jiang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Maier H, Isogawa M, Freeman GJ, Chisari FV. PD-1:PD-L1 interactions contribute to the functional suppression of virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in the liver. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2714-20. [PMID: 17312113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms contributing to the development of chronic viral infections, including chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, are not well understood. We have shown recently that production of IFN-gamma, an important antiviral cytokine, by HBV-specific CTLs is rapidly induced when they enter the liver of HBV transgenic mice, and then rapidly suppressed, despite the continued presence of Ag. Suppression of IFN-gamma production by the CTLs coincides with the up-regulation of programmed cell death (PD)-1, a cell surface signaling molecule known to inhibit T cell function. To determine whether PD-1 plays a role in the functional suppression of IFN-gamma secretion by CTLs, we treated HBV transgenic mice with blocking Abs specific for PD ligand (PD-L)1, the most widely expressed PD-1 ligand, and adoptively transferred HBV-specific CTLs. Treatment with anti-PD-L1 Abs resulted in a delay in the suppression of IFN-gamma-producing CTLs and a concomitant increase in the absolute number of IFN-gamma-producing CTLs in the liver. These results indicate that PD-1:PD-L1 interactions contribute to the suppression of IFN-gamma secretion observed following Ag recognition in the liver. Blockade of inhibitory pathways such as PD-1:PD-L1 may reverse viral persistence and chronic infection in cases in which the CTL response is suppressed by this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Maier
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Yang BF, Zhao HL, Xue C, Xiong XH, Zhang W, Yao XQ, Liu ZM. Recombinant heat shock protein 65 carrying hepatitis B core antigen induces HBcAg-specific CTL response. Vaccine 2007; 25:4478-86. [PMID: 17467856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have provided evidence that heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) can elicit potent specific cellular adaptive immune responses (e.g. CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell effectors or classic CTLs) based on their ability to chaperone antigenic peptides. Hsp65 is thus an effective carrier for heterologous peptide epitopes for therapeutic vaccines against cancer or chronic infectious diseases. The core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBcAg) is extremely immunogenic, and functions as both a T-cell-dependent and a T-cell-independent antigen. Therefore, HBcAg may be a promising candidate target for therapeutic vaccine control of chronic HBV infection. Here, a chimeric protein, Hsp65Bc, was created by fusing the HBcAg sequence to the carboxyl terminus of the Hsp65 sequence in E. coli. Analysis of its antigenicity and immunogenicity revealed that HBc epitopes are surface accessible. Hsp65Bc induced moderate anti-HBc immune responses as well as a strong specific T-cell response in BALB/c mice. These results indicate that Hsp65Bc may have potential as a vaccine for treatment of HBV chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-fen Yang
- Department of Microbiological Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdaije Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
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33
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Shouval D. Adoptive transfer of immunity to HBV in liver transplant patients: a step forward toward the proof of concept for therapeutic vaccination or a transient immunologic phenomenon? Liver Transpl 2007; 13:14-7. [PMID: 17192904 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Bourne EJ, Dienstag JL, Lopez VA, Sander TJ, Longlet JM, Hall JG, Kwiatkowski RW, Wright T, Lai CL, Condreay LD. Quantitative analysis of HBV cccDNA from clinical specimens: correlation with clinical and virological response during antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14:55-63. [PMID: 17212645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to investigate changes in various forms of intrahepatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA during antiviral therapy have been hampered by limitations in technologies and scarcity of adequate tissue for analysis. We used a sensitive, specific assay to detect and quantitate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from total intrahepatic HBV DNA in clinical liver specimens. Total HBV DNA and cccDNA from 21 needle-biopsy specimens were quantified, with levels ranging from 0.1 to 9.8 copies/cell and 0.3 to 491.0 copies/cell, respectively. Then, we performed the same determinations on baseline and week-52 liver needle-biopsy specimens from eight patients enrolled in a clinical trial and evaluated the association between intrahepatic HBV DNA levels and serological and virological endpoints. In most patients, levels of intrahepatic HBV DNA, including cccDNA, decreased over the 52-week study, regardless of therapy or serological outcome. Higher ratios of cccDNA to total HBV DNA were detected at week 52 than at baseline indicating a shift in predominance of nonreplicating virus in posttreatment specimens. In patients who achieved treatment-related or spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) responses, including those harbouring tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate-mutant HBV, levels of intrahepatic and serum HBV DNA suppression were greater than those in patients without HBeAg responses. In conclusion, this pilot study of intrahepatic HBV replicative forms in patients with chronic hepatitis B indicated that total intrahepatic and, specifically, cccDNA levels are not static but change as a reflection of serological and virological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bourne
- Discovery Virology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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35
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Xing HQ, Xin SJ, Zhang X, Chen LM, Zhao JM, You SL, Zhao J, Wang Y. Clinical status and hepatic pathology of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in immune tolerant phase. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1425-1429. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i14.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the characteristics of the clinical status and hepatic pathology of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in immune tolerant phase.
METHODS: Three hundred and eighty patients with chronic HBV infection of different phases were involved in this study. The data about the ages of patients, vertival transmission, family history of HBV infection, hepatocytic expression of HBsAg and HBCAg and hepatic pathology were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: It was found that 61.8% of patients in immune tolerant stage were less than 16 years old, and 46.6% with a family history of HBV infection. Vertival transmission covered a percentage of 55% and in patients of immune tolerant stage. Of 89 patients in immune tolerant stage, the ratio of HBcAg expression was 78.7%. The ratios above were significantly higher than the corresponding ones in patients of immune active stage or non-active status (χ2 = 38.73, 49.08, 17.2, 31.69, respectively, all P < 0.01). For the patients less than 16 years old, the ratios of hepatocytic expression of HBSAg and HBCAg were 64.3% (45/75) and 72.9% (51/79), respectively, in immune tolerant stage which were obviously higher than those in immune active stage or non-active status (χ2 = 17.51, 31.17, both P < 0.001). For the patients more than 16 years old, the ratios of hepatocytic HBSAg and HBCAg expression were 35.7% (25/75) and 27.1% (19/70), respectively, in immune tolerant stage, which were markedly lower than those in immune active stage or non-active status (χ2 = 17.51, χ2 = 31.17, both P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Vertival transmission and family history of HBV infection have higher proportions in chronic HBV infection patients less than 16 years old in immune tolerant stage. HBV replicates most in patients of immune tolerant stage, especially in those less than 16 years old.
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Riedl P, Bertoletti A, Lopes R, Lemonnier F, Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. Distinct, Cross-Reactive Epitope Specificities of CD8 T Cell Responses Are Induced by Natural Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Variants of Different Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4003-11. [PMID: 16547235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the specific and cross-reactive CD8 T cell immunity to three natural variants (of different geno/serotype) of the small hepatitis B surface Ag (or S protein). The D(d)-binding variants of the S(201-209) epitope showed different immunogenicity. The loss of the consensus C-terminal (P9) anchor abrogated its immunogenicity. In contrast, a conservative (serine vs asparagine) exchange at P7 primed cross-reactive CD8 T cells that preferentially recognized the priming variant. Cross-reactive CD8 T cell responses to a variant could be primed in mice tolerant to an alternative variant of the D(d)-binding S(201-209) peptide. Loss of the C-terminal (P10) anchor in S(185-194) eliminated its immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201(A2)-transgenic mice but two conservative exchanges (leucine vs valine in P2, and leucine vs isoleucine in P6) in S(208-216) generated cross-reactive CD8 T cell responses with strong preference for the priming variant. Similar cross-reactive recognition of variant envelope epitopes were also found in S(208-216)-specific CD8 T cells from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. Distinct CD8 T cell populations cross-reactive to natural variants of class I-restricted HBV epitopes can be primed by vaccination (of mice) or natural infection (of humans), and they may play a role in the "spontaneous remission" or the specific immunotherapy of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Riedl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany
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37
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Yang JY, Cao DY, Liu WC, Zhang HM, Teng ZH, Ren J. Dendritic cell generated from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors can be transfected with adenovirus containing gene of HBsAg and induce antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. Cell Immunol 2006; 240:14-21. [PMID: 16875681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that are being considered as potential immunotherapeutic agents to promote host immune responses against tumor antigens. The use of such modified antigen-presenting cells for research or therapeutic have been limited by several factors, including maintaining DCs in a highly activated state, efficient transduction and expression, stable expression, identification of appropriate tumor-associated antigens, and absence of unintended functional changes or cytotoxicity. In this study, the feasibility of using CD34-DCs for tumor immunotherapy after transduction with a recombinant adenovirus containing HBsAg gene (AdVHBsAg), an HCC-associated antigen, was investigated. The gene transfer with recombinant adenovirus vectors (AdV) can obtained high levels of stable expression of HBsAg and its efficiency was increased in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner. Moreover, the AdVHBsAg infection had no appreciable effect on apoptosis of DCs compared with that of mock-infected DCs. The T cell lines, primed by the recombinant AdVHBsAg-infected DCs in vitro, recognized HBsAg-expressing tumor cell lines in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted manner, and evoked a higher CTL response, which indicated that high potent and specific antitumor immune response could be induced by AdVHBsAg DC vaccine. It may be a promising the therapeutic modality for the treatment of HBsAg-expressing tumors, and will be a foundation for further study on DC vaccines and gene therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
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38
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Hattotuwagama CK, Doytchinova IA, Flower DR. In silico prediction of peptide binding affinity to class I mouse major histocompatibility complexes: a comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) study. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:1415-23. [PMID: 16180918 DOI: 10.1021/ci049667l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for the in silico identification of T cell epitopes (which form the basis of many vaccines, diagnostics, and reagents) rely on the accurate prediction of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) affinity. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) for the prediction of peptide binding to class I MHC molecules was established using the comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) method. Three MHC alleles were studied: H2-D(b), H2-K(b), and H2-K(k). Models were produced for each allele. Each model consisted of five physicochemical descriptors-steric bulk, electrostatic potentials, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen-bond donor and hydrogen-bond acceptor abilities. The models have an acceptable level of predictivity: cross-validation leave-one-out statistical terms q2 and SEP (standard error of prediction) ranged between 0.490 and 0.679 and between 0.525 and 0.889, respectively. The non-cross-validated statistical terms r2 and SEE (standard error of estimate) ranged between 0.913 and 0.979 and between 0.167 and 0.248, respectively. The use of coefficient contour maps, which indicate favored and disfavored areas for each position of the MHC-bound peptides, allowed the binding specificity of each allele to be identified, visualized, and understood. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of CoMSIA as a method for studying peptide-MHC interactions. The peptides used in this study are available on the Internet (http://www.jenner.ac.uk/AntiJen). The partial least-squares method is available commercially in the SYBYL molecular modeling software package.
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39
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Isogawa M, Furuichi Y, Chisari FV. Oscillating CD8(+) T cell effector functions after antigen recognition in the liver. Immunity 2005; 23:53-63. [PMID: 16039579 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are adoptively transferred into HBV transgenic mice, they enter the liver, recognize antigen, secrete interferon gamma (IFNgamma), inhibit viral replication, and kill their target cells, causing hepatitis. In the current study, we examined the impact of antigen recognition on the evolution of the activation phenotype, antiviral effector functions, expansion and contraction kinetics, and compartmentalization of the transferred CTLs. The results reveal that noncytolytic and cytolytic effector functions and expansion-contraction kinetics of the CTLs are regulated asynchronously and in an oscillatory manner as a consequence of antigen recognition in the liver and in association with PD-1 upregulation. We suggest that such oscillations maximize viral clearance and minimize tissue injury during HBV infection and that poor coordination of these events could lead to viral persistence and chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Li X, Yang X, Jiang Y, Liu J. A novel HBV DNA vaccine based on T cell epitopes and its potential therapeutic effect in HBV transgenic mice. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1293-302. [PMID: 16113237 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccination represents a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recently, some HBV DNA vaccines have been used in the preliminary clinical trials and exhibited exciting results in chronic HBV carriers. But these vaccines only encoded the single viral antigen, the S or the PreS2/S antigen. In this study, we designed a polytope DNA vaccine encoding multiple T cell epitopes. We found that it induced stronger CTL responses than the vaccine encoding the single antigen in H-2d and H-2b mice, although the CTL response to Ld-restricted epitope suppressed the CTLs to other epitopes in H-2d-restricted mice. Interestingly, heat shock protein 70 as an adjuvant not only enhanced CTL response to the viral antigen but also overcame this epitope suppression. Furthermore, the polytope DNA vaccine resulted in a long-term down-regulation of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and inhibition of HBV DNA replication in a HBV transgenic mouse model. Therefore, our research indicates that it is practicable and feasible to design a polytope DNA vaccine for chronic hepatitis B immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/prevention & control
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/genetics
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
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41
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Chen A, Wang L, Zhang J, Zou L, Jia Z, Zhou W, Wan Y, Wu Y. H-2 Kd-restricted hepatitis B virus-derived epitope whose specific CD8+ T lymphocytes can produce gamma interferon without cytotoxicity. J Virol 2005; 79:5568-76. [PMID: 15827171 PMCID: PMC1082734 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5568-5576.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to evaluate the cytokine secretion status of CD8+ T lymphocytes and elucidate the factors influencing cytokine secretion, because the secretion of cytokines is also an important feature of CD8+ T lymphocytes, and the cytokines usually play critical roles in the outcome of diseases. We showed here that peptide AYRPPNAPI, derived from the core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV), could bind to H-2 Kd and induce primed splenocytes from HBcAg expression plasmid-immunized mice to produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in H-2 Kd- and CD8-dependent manners instead of in a CD4-dependent manner. The induced cells were mainly CD3 and CD8 positive but had no cytotoxic effect on the corresponding target cells. When administered into HBV transgenic mice, these cells can decrease the serum HBV load without causing liver damage. These results suggest that this peptide is a special kind of CD8+ T-cell epitope, for which specific CD8+ T cells can produce IFN-gamma when antigenic stimulation is encountered but which have no cytotoxic effect on the corresponding target cells both in vitro and in HBV transgenic mice. This phenomenon indicates initially that the functional mechanisms of CD8+ T cells can be determined by their epitope specificity, which may be associated with the development of epitope-based immunotherapeutic approaches for infectious diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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42
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Peters B, Sidney J, Bourne P, Bui HH, Buus S, Doh G, Fleri W, Kronenberg M, Kubo R, Lund O, Nemazee D, Ponomarenko JV, Sathiamurthy M, Schoenberger SP, Stewart S, Surko P, Way S, Wilson S, Sette A. The design and implementation of the immune epitope database and analysis resource. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:326-36. [PMID: 15895191 PMCID: PMC4780685 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes are defined as parts of antigens interacting with receptors of the immune system. Knowledge about their intrinsic structure and how they affect the immune response is required to continue development of techniques that detect, monitor, and fight diseases. Their scientific importance is reflected in the vast amount of epitope-related information gathered, ranging from interactions between epitopes and major histocompatibility complex molecules determined by X-ray crystallography to clinical studies analyzing correlates of protection for epitope based vaccines. Our goal is to provide a central resource capable of capturing this information, allowing users to access and connect realms of knowledge that are currently separated and difficult to access. Here, we portray a new initiative, "The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource." We describe how we plan to capture, structure, and store this information, what query interfaces we will make available to the public, and what additional predictive and analytical tools we will provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Phil Bourne
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, P.O.Box 85608 San Diego, CA, 92186-5608, USA
| | - Huynh-Hoa Bui
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Soeren Buus
- University of Copenhagen, Panum Building 18.3.22, Bleadamsvei 3, 220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grace Doh
- SH Grace Consulting, A-402 Hannam Riverhill, 390 Hannam-dong, Youngsan-ku, Seoul, 140-210, South Korea
| | - Ward Fleri
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Mitch Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Ralph Kubo
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Ole Lund
- BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-29, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Muthu Sathiamurthy
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | - Scott Stewart
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Pamela Surko
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Scott Way
- Science Applications International Corporation, 9455 Towne Center Drive, MS-W2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Steve Wilson
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
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43
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Mancini-Bourgine M, Michel ML. Traitement des infections chroniques dues au virus de l’hépatite B par vaccination thérapeutique. Therapie 2005; 60:257-65. [PMID: 16128268 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2005033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are among the most serious human health problems in highly endemic regions. Despite the existence for many years of effective vaccines against HBV, more than 370 million people remain persistently infected with HBV today. Currently available therapies fail to provide long-term control of viral replication in most patients. Viral persistence has been associated with a defect in the development of HBV-specific cell-mediated immunity. Strategies to boost or to broaden the weak virus-specific T-cell response of patients with chronic hepatitis B have been proposed as a means of terminating this persistent infection. The immunogenicity of HBV envelope- or capsid-based vaccines, new formulations for recombinant vaccines as well as DNA-based vaccines are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Although improvements are still required, vaccination would be the therapeutic procedure with the lowest cost and the potentially greatest benefit.
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44
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Fissolo N, Riedl P, Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. DNA vaccines prime CD8+ T?cell responses to epitopes of viral antigens produced from overlapping reading frames of a single coding sequence. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:117-27. [PMID: 15593127 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A hepatitis B virus (HBV)-derived sequence that encodes the 832-residue polymerase (Pol) protein of HBV in the primary open reading frame (ORF), and the three (large, middle and small) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) variants in an alternative ORF was used. This sequence was cloned into expression vectors in which Pol was expressed under heterologous (HCMV, SV40 or metallothionin) promoter control. Some Pol-encoding vectors coexpressed Pol as well as readily detectable amounts of HBsAg. Efficient HBsAg expression depended on endogenous HBV promoter sequences but was apparently also facilitated by heterologous promoter sequences located upstream of the HBV Pol sequence. DNA immunization of mice efficiently coprimed CD8(+) T cell responses to epitopes of Pol and HBsAg. Over expression of Pol (using an hsp73-facilitated expression system) did not correlate with the immunogenicity of the K(d)/Pol(140-148) epitope. Immunodominant L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses to HBsAg down-modulated priming of CD8(+) T cell responses to other HBsAg epitopes but not to the K(d)/Pol(140-148) epitope. Different antigens transcribed from alternative reading frames of a single sequence in a DNA vaccine can thus efficiently prime multispecific T cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, pol/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, pol/genetics
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- Genome, Viral
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/genetics
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/pharmacology
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fissolo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, D-89081Ulm, Germany
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45
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Dikopoulos N, Riedl P, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Novel peptide-based vaccines efficiently prime murine "help"-independent CD8+ T cell responses in the liver. Hepatology 2004; 40:300-9. [PMID: 15368434 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic immunization against hepatotropic pathogens (e.g., hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus) should establish long-lasting, specific antiviral effector/memory CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver. We describe a novel peptide-based vaccine in which antigenic major histocompatibility complex Class I-binding peptides are fused to a cationic (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus tat-derived) domain and complexed to immune-stimulating oligonucleotides. This vaccine formulation efficiently primes liver-homing, Class I-restricted CD8+ effector/memory T cell responses. In different antigen systems, this formulation was more potent in priming liver-homing CD8+ T cell responses than DNA-based vaccines delivering the same epitopes. CD8+ T cell priming was independent of CD4+ T cell "help" but submitted to regulatory control by CD25+ CD4+ T cells. The vaccine efficiently primed memory/effector CD8+ T cells detectable in the liver for more than 3 months after a single injection. With increasing time after priming, the phenotype of these specific memory CD8+ T cells shifted from an effector memory to a central memory type. The vaccine could override T cell tolerance in mice expressing the relevant antigen from a transgene in the liver. The CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver primed by this peptide formulation could be boosted by challenge injections. In conclusion, we describe a simple and potent vaccine formulation that has the potential to generate or reconstitute specific CD8+ T cell immunity to hepatotropic pathogens in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Dikopoulos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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46
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Shi TD, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Zou LY, Zhou W. Therapeutic polypeptides based on HBV core 18-27 epitope can induce CD 8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in HLA-A2 + human PBMCs. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1902-6. [PMID: 15222033 PMCID: PMC4572227 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i13.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore how to improve the immunogenicity of HBcAg CTL epitope based polypeptides and to trigger an HBV-specific HLA I-restricted CD8+ T cell response in vitro.
METHODS: A new panel of mimetic therapeutic peptides based on the immunodominant B cell epitope of HBV PreS2 18-24 region, the CTL epitope of HBcAg18-27 and the universal T helper epitope of tetanus toxoid (TT) 830-843 was designed using computerized molecular design method and synthesized by Merrifield’s solid-phase peptide synthesis. Their immunological properties of stimulating activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, of inducing TH1 polarization, CD8+ T cell magnification and HBV-specific CD8+ CTL mediated cytotoxicity were investigated in vitro using HLA-A2+ human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and chronic hepatitis B patients.
RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the therapeutic polypeptides based on immunodominant HBcAg18-27 CTL, PreS2 B- and universal TH epitopes could stimulate the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, induce specifically and effectively CD8+ T cell expansion and vigorous HBV-specific CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in human PBMCs.
CONCLUSION: It indicated that the introduction of immunodominant T helper plus B-epitopes with short and flexible linkers could dramatically improve the immunogenicity of short CTL epitopes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Dong Shi
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Shi TD, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Zhou W, Zou LY. Therapeutic polypeptides based on HBcAg 18-27 CTL epitope can induce antigen-specific CD 8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1222-6. [PMID: 15069731 PMCID: PMC4656366 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i8.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore how to trigger an HLAI-restricted CD8+ T cell response to exogenously synthesized polypeptides in vivo.
METHODS: Three mimetic therapeutic polypeptides based on the immunodominant CTL epitope of HBcAg, the B- epitope of HBV PreS2 region and a common T helper sequence of tetanus toxoid were designed and synthesized with Merrifield’s solid-phase peptide synthesis method. Their immunological properties of inducing TH1 polarization, CD8+ HBV-specific CTL expansion and CD8+ T cell mediated cytotoxicity were investigated in HLA-A2 transgenic mice.
RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the mimetic polypeptides comprised of the immunodominant CTL, B-, and T helper epitopes could trigger specifically and effectively vigorous CD8+ HBV-specific CTL-mediated cytotoxicity and TH1 polarization of T cells in HLA-A2 transgenic mice.
CONCLUSION: A designed universal T helper plus B-epitopes with short and flexible linkers could dramatically improve the immunogenicity of CTL epitopes in vivo. And that the mimetic therapeutic peptides based on the reasonable match of the above CTL, B- and T helper epitopes could be a promising therapeutic peptide vaccine candidate against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Dong Shi
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Dikopoulos N, Jomantaite I, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Specific, functional effector/memory CD8+ T cells are found in the liver post-vaccination. J Hepatol 2003; 39:910-7. [PMID: 14642605 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver efficiently eliminates activated CD8+ T blasts. It is unknown if vaccine-primed CD8+ T blasts migrate to and establish functional CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver post-immunization. AIMS We tested, if functional CD8+ T cell populations can be detected in the liver post-vaccination. METHODS Murine CD8+ T cells with different epitope/restriction specificities were primed by intramuscular injection of protein- or DNA-based vaccines. The kinetics of appearance in the liver, as well as the surface phenotype and functional competence of intrahepatic, specific CD8+ T cell populations was tested. RESULTS High numbers of specific CD8+ T cells appear in the liver after vaccination that are activated (CD69+ CD44+), express effector functions (CD27lo/CD28lo phenotype, interferon gamma secretion, specific cytolytic reactivity), but show no evidence of apoptosis (annexin V-, B220lo, similar numbers/kinetics in primed, congenic lpr/lpr mice). Specific CD8+ T cells from the liver adoptively transferred into a naïve, syngeneic host successfully reconstitute specific CD8+ T cell immunity. CONCLUSIONS Specific, functionally competent CD8+ effector/memory T cell populations are established in the liver for months post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Dikopoulos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1802-1804. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i11.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Schirmbeck R, Fissolo N, Chaplin P, Reimann J. Enhanced priming of multispecific, murine CD8+ T cell responses by DNA vaccines expressing stress protein-binding polytope peptides. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1240-6. [PMID: 12874211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A polytope DNA vaccine (pCI/pt10) was used that encodes within a 106-residue sequence 10-well characterized epitopes binding MHC class I molecules encoded by the K, D, or L locus (of H-2(d), H-2(b), and H-2(k) haplotype mice). The pCI/pt10 DNA vaccine efficiently primed all four K(b)/D(b)-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses in H-2(b) mice, but was deficient in stimulating most CD8(+) T cell responses in H-2(d) mice. Comparing CD8(+) T cell responses elicited with the pCI/pt10 DNA vaccine in L(d+) BALB/c and L(d-) BALB/c(dm2) (dm2) mice revealed that L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses down-regulated copriming of CD8(+) T cell responses to other epitopes regardless of their restriction or epitope specificity. Although the pt10 vaccine could thus efficiently co prime multispecific CD8(+) T cell responses, this priming was impaired by copriming L(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses. When the pt10 sequence was fused to a 77-residue DnaJ-homologous, heat shock protein 73-binding domain (to generate a 183-residue cT(77)-pt10 fusion protein), expression and immunogenicity (for CD8(+) T cells) of the chimeric Ag were greatly enhanced. Furthermore, priming of multispecific CD8(+) T cell responses was readily elicited even under conditions in which the suppressive, L(d)-dependent immunodominance operated. The expression of polytope vaccines as chimeric peptides that endogenously capture stress proteins during in situ production thus facilitates copriming of CD8(+) T cell populations with a diverse repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/administration & dosage
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Chickens
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Schirmbeck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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