1
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Prion infection modulates hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell fate through cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. Leukemia 2023; 37:877-887. [PMID: 36707620 PMCID: PMC10079512 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies of PrPC-derived prion disease generally focus on neurodegeneration. However, little is known regarding the modulation of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) that express PrPC in prion infection. Among bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) strongly express PrPC. A bioassay revealed the presence of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in BM cells derived from prion-infected mice; these BM cells demonstrated reproducible prion infectivity. At 5 months after infection with ME7, mice exhibited a significant decrease in the number of HSPCs. This decrease was mainly driven by increased apoptotic cell death, rather than cell cycle progression and senescence, in PrPC-positive but not PrPC-negative HSPC populations through a cell-autonomous mechanism. Notably, both PrPC-positive and PrPC-negative HSCs underwent cellular senescence, as indicated by high levels of senescence-associated factors and deficits in repopulation and self-renewal capacities at 7 months after infection. Senescence of HSCs occurred in the ME7-impaired BM microenvironment with aging phenotypes through non-cell autonomous mechanisms. These data provide novel evidence that prion infection differentially modulates HSC fate through both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
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2
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Wagner K, Pierce R, Gordon E, Hay A, Lessard A, Telling GC, Ballard JR, Moreno JA, Zabel MD. Tissue-specific biochemical differences between chronic wasting disease prions isolated from free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101834. [PMID: 35304100 PMCID: PMC9019250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal prion disease affecting cervid species worldwide. Prions can manifest as distinct strains that can influence disease pathology and transmission. CWD is profoundly lymphotropic, and most infected cervids likely shed peripheral prions replicated in lymphoid organs. However, CWD is a neurodegenerative disease, and most research on prion strains has focused on neurogenic prions. Thus, a knowledge gap exists comparing neurogenic prions to lymphogenic prions. In this study, we compared prions from the obex and lymph nodes of naturally exposed white-tailed deer to identify potential biochemical strain differences. Here, we report biochemical evidence of strain differences between the brain and lymph node from these animals. Conformational stability assays, glycoform ratio analyses, and immunoreactivity scanning across the structured domain of the prion protein that refolds into the amyloid aggregate of the infectious prion reveal significantly more structural and glycoform variation in lymphogenic prions than neurogenic prions. Surprisingly, we observed greater biochemical differences among neurogenic prions than lymphogenic prions across individuals. We propose that the lymphoreticular system propagates a diverse array of prions from which the brain selects a more restricted pool of prions that may be quite different than those from another individual of the same species. Future work should examine the biological and zoonotic impact of these biochemical differences and examine more cervids from multiple locations to determine if these differences are conserved across species and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Wagner
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robyn Pierce
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Arielle Hay
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Avery Lessard
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Ballard
- Research Division, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark D. Zabel
- Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,For correspondence: Mark D. Zabel
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3
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part I. a literature review. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:969-982. [PMID: 34470561 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well known for its pathogenic roles in prion diseases, several other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), and multiple types of cancer, but the beneficial aspects of PrPC and its cleavage products received much less attention. AREAS COVERED Here the authors will systematically review the literatures on the negative as well as protective aspects of PrPC and its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP). The authors will dissect the current findings on N1 and shed PrP, including evidence for their neuroprotective effects, the categories of PrPC cleavage, and numerous cleavage enzymes involved. The authors will also discuss the protective effects and therapeutic potentials of PrPC-rich exosomes. The cited articles were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles. EXPERT OPINION PrP and its N-terminal fragments have strong neuroprotective activities that should be explored for therapeutics and prophylactics development against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and a few other neurodegenerative diseases. The strategies to develop PrP-based therapeutics and prophylactics for these neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in a companion article (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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4
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Zhang B, Shen P, Yin X, Dai Y, Ding M, Cui L. Expression and functions of cellular prion proteins in immunocytes. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12854. [PMID: 31785109 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative processes caused by the accumulation of the pathological prion protein, PrPSc . While pathological lesions are limited to the central nervous system (CNS), disease-specific proteins accumulate and replicate in secondary lymphoid organs prior to neuroinvasion, and their replication there depends on the abundance of cellular prion protein (PrPC ). PrPC is expressed in both central and peripheral lymphoid tissues, and up- or downregulates innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to prion diseases, PrPC is also immunologically involved in other neurological disorders and infectious diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Herein, we summarize the expression and functions of PrPC in various immunocytes, as well as its immunological and pathological roles in neurodegeneration and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baizhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanyuan Dai
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxuan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Thellung S, Corsaro A, Bosio AG, Zambito M, Barbieri F, Mazzanti M, Florio T. Emerging Role of Cellular Prion Protein in the Maintenance and Expansion of Glioma Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111458. [PMID: 31752162 PMCID: PMC6912268 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a membrane-anchored glycoprotein representing the physiological counterpart of PrP scrapie (PrPSc), which plays a pathogenetic role in prion diseases. Relatively little information is however available about physiological role of PrPC. Although PrPC ablation in mice does not induce lethal phenotypes, impairment of neuronal and bone marrow plasticity was reported in embryos and adult animals. In neurons, PrPC stimulates neurite growth, prevents oxidative stress-dependent cell death, and favors antiapoptotic signaling. However, PrPC activity is not restricted to post-mitotic neurons, but promotes cell proliferation and migration during embryogenesis and tissue regeneration in adult. PrPC acts as scaffold to stabilize the binding between different membrane receptors, growth factors, and basement proteins, contributing to tumorigenesis. Indeed, ablation of PrPC expression reduces cancer cell proliferation and migration and restores cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. Conversely, PrPC overexpression in cancer stem cells (CSCs) from different tumors, including gliomas—the most malignant brain tumors—is predictive for poor prognosis, and correlates with relapses. The mechanisms of the PrPC role in tumorigenesis and its molecular partners in this activity are the topic of the present review, with a particular focus on PrPC contribution to glioma CSCs multipotency, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Thellung
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
| | - Alessia G. Bosio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
| | - Martina Zambito
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-01-0353-8806 (T.F.); +39-02-5031-4958 (M.M.)
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.); (A.G.B.); (M.Z.); (F.B.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-01-0353-8806 (T.F.); +39-02-5031-4958 (M.M.)
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6
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Hille MM, Jewell JE, Belden EL. Cellular distribution of the prion protein in palatine tonsils of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1586-1596. [PMID: 31548473 PMCID: PMC6895627 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects members of the Cervidae family, including deer (Odocoileus spp.), elk
(Cervus Canadensis spp.), and moose (Alces alces spp.). While CWD is a neurodegenerative disease, lymphoid accumulation of the abnormal isoform of the
prion protein (PrPSc) is detectable early in the course of infection. It has been shown that a large portion of the PrPSc lymphoid accumulation in infected mule deer
takes place on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). In mice, FDC expression of PrPC has been shown to be essential for PrPSc accumulation. FDCs have been
shown to normally express high levels of PrPC in mice and humans but this has not been examined in natural hosts for CWD. We used double immunofluorescent labeling and confocal
microscopy to determine the PrPC expression characteristics of B and T lymphocytes as well as FDCs in palatine tonsils of CWD-negative mule deer and elk. We detected substantial
PrPC colocalization with all cellular phenotypic markers used in this study, not just with FDC phenotypic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hille
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A.,Current address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0907, U.S.A
| | - Jean E Jewell
- Former affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A
| | - E Lee Belden
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, U.S.A
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7
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Siberchicot C, Gault N, Déchamps N, Barroca V, Aguzzi A, Roméo PH, Radicella JP, Bravard A, Bernardino-Sgherri J. Prion protein deficiency impairs hematopoietic stem cell determination and sensitizes myeloid progenitors to irradiation. Haematologica 2019; 105:1216-1222. [PMID: 31371412 PMCID: PMC7193476 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved among species and expressed in various types of cells, numerous roles have been attributed to the cellular prion protein (PrPC). In hematopoiesis, PrPC regulates hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal but the mechanisms involved in this regulation are unknown. Here we show that PrPC regulates hematopoietic stem cell number during aging and their determination towards myeloid progenitors. Furthermore, PrPC protects myeloid progenitors against the cytotoxic effects of total body irradiation. This radioprotective effect was associated with increased cellular prion mRNA level and with stimulation of the DNA repair activity of the Apurinic/pyrimidinic endonuclease 1, a key enzyme of the base excision repair pathway. Altogether, these results show a previously unappreciated role of PrPC in adult hematopoiesis, and indicate that PrPC-mediated stimulation of BER activity might protect hematopoietic progenitors from the cytotoxic effects of total body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Siberchicot
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Laboratory of Research in Genetic Instability (LRIG), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Gault
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Déchamps
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Vilma Barroca
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul-Henri Roméo
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - J Pablo Radicella
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Laboratory of Research in Genetic Instability (LRIG), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bravard
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France .,Laboratory of Research in Genetic Instability (LRIG), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Jacqueline Bernardino-Sgherri
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/Direction of Fundamental Research (DRF)/Institute of Biology François Jacob (IBFJ)/Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology (iRCM), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France .,Laboratory of Research in Genetic Instability (LRIG), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Inserm U967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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8
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Jeong JK, Lee JH, Kim SW, Hong JM, Seol JW, Park SY. Cellular prion protein regulates the differentiation and function of adipocytes through autophagy flux. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 481:84-94. [PMID: 30513342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of autophagy modulation in adipogenic differentiation and the possible autophagy modulators targeting adipogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether normal cellular prion protein (PrP<C>) is involved in the modulation of autophagy and affects adipogenic differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Surprisingly, autophagy flux signals were activated in the adipose tissue of prion protein-deficient mice and PrP<C>-deleted 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The activation of autophagy flux mediated by PrP<C> deletion was confirmed in the adipose tissue via transmission electron microscopy. Adipocyte differentiation factors were highly induced in prion protein-deficient adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, deletion of prion protein significantly increased visceral fat volume, body fat weight, adipocyte cell size, and body weight gain in Prnp-knockout mice and increased lipid accumulation in PrP<C> siRNA-transfected 3T3-L1 cells. However, the overexpression of prion protein using adenovirus inhibited the autophagic flux signals, lipid accumulation, and the PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α mRNA and protein expression levels in comparison to those in the control cells. Our results demonstrated that deletion of normal prion protein accelerated adipogenic differentiation and lipid accumulation mediated via autophagy flux activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyo Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hong
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wu GR, Mu TC, Gao ZX, Wang J, Sy MS, Li CY. Prion protein is required for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-triggered nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18747-18759. [PMID: 28900035 PMCID: PMC5704461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is required for the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrP remain ambiguous. Here, we identified PrP as being critical for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-triggered signaling in a human melanoma cell line, M2, and a pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma cell line, BxPC-3. In M2 cells, TNFα up-regulates the expression of p-IκB-kinase α/β (p-IKKα/β), p-p65, and p-JNK, but down-regulates the IκBα protein, all of which are downstream signaling intermediates in the TNF receptor signaling cascade. When PRNP is deleted in M2 cells, the effects of TNFα are no longer detectable. More importantly, p-p65 and p-JNK responses are restored when PRNP is reintroduced into the PRNP null cells. TNFα also activates NF-κB and increases TNFα production in wild-type M2 cells, but not in PrP-null M2 cells. Similar results are obtained in the BxPC-3 cells. Moreover, TNFα activation of NF-κB requires ubiquitination of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TNFα treatment increases the binding between PrP and the deubiquitinase tumor suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD), in these treated cells, binding of CYLD to RIP1 and TRAF2 is reduced. We conclude that PrP traps CYLD, preventing it from binding and deubiquitinating RIP1 and TRAF2. Our findings reveal that PrP enhances the responses to TNFα, promoting proinflammatory cytokine production, which may contribute to inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tian-Chen Mu
- the Department of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and
| | - Chao-Yang Li
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China, .,the Wuhan Brain Hospital, No. 5 Huiji Road, Jiang'an District, Wuhan 430010, China
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10
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Seong YJ, Sung PS, Jang YS, Choi YJ, Park BC, Park SH, Park YW, Shin EC. Activation of human natural killer cells by the soluble form of cellular prion protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:512-8. [PMID: 26159919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is widely expressed in various cell types, including cells of the immune system. However, the specific roles of PrP(C) in the immune system have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a soluble form of recombinant PrP(C) protein on human natural killer (NK) cells. Recombinant soluble PrP(C) protein was generated by fusion of human PrP(C) with the Fc portion of human IgG1 (PrP(C)-Fc). PrP(C)-Fc binds to the surface of human NK cells, particularly to CD56(dim) NK cells. PrP(C)-Fc induced the production of cytokines and chemokines and the degranulation of granzyme B from NK cells. In addition, PrP(C)-Fc facilitated the IL-15-induced proliferation of NK cells. PrP(C)-Fc induced phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and JNK in NK cells, and inhibitors of the ERK or the JNK pathways abrogated PrP(C)-Fc-induced cytokine production in NK cells. In conclusion, the soluble form of recombinant PrP(C)-Fc protein activates human NK cells via the ERK and JNK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jae Seong
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Hafis Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soon Jang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Chan Park
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Park
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Omatsu-Kanbe M, Nishino Y, Nozuchi N, Sugihara H, Matsuura H. Prion protein- and cardiac troponin T-marked interstitial cells from the adult myocardium spontaneously develop into beating cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7301. [PMID: 25466571 PMCID: PMC4252891 DOI: 10.1038/srep07301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypically-shaped cardiomyocytes (ACMs) constitute a novel subpopulation of beating heart cells found in the cultures of cardiac myocyte-removed crude fraction cells obtained from adult mouse cardiac ventricles. Although ~500 beating ACMs are observed under microscope in the cell cultures obtained from the hearts of either male or female mice, the origin of these cells in cardiac tissue has yet to be elucidated due to the lack of exclusive markers. In the present study, we demonstrate the efficacy of cellular prion protein (PrP) as a surface marker of ACMs. Cells expressing PrP at the plasma membrane in the culture of the crude fraction cells were found to develop into beating ACMs by themselves or fuse with each other to become larger multinuclear beating ACMs. Combining PrP with a cardiac-specific contractile protein cardiac troponin T (cTnT) allowed us to identify native ACMs in the mouse cardiac ventricles as either clustered or solitary cells. PrP- and cTnT-marked cells were also found in the adult, even aged, human cardiac ventricles. These findings suggest that interstitial cells marked by PrP and cTnT, native ACMs, exhibit life-long survival in the cardiac ventricles of both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Omatsu-Kanbe
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yuka Nishino
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Nozomi Nozuchi
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192 Japan
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12
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Martin-Lannerée S, Hirsch TZ, Hernandez-Rapp J, Halliez S, Vilotte JL, Launay JM, Mouillet-Richard S. PrP(C) from stem cells to cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:55. [PMID: 25364760 PMCID: PMC4207012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein PrP(C) was initially discovered as the normal counterpart of the pathological scrapie prion protein PrP(Sc), the main component of the infectious agent of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. While clues as to the physiological function of this ubiquitous protein were greatly anticipated from the development of knockout animals, PrP-null mice turned out to be viable and to develop without major phenotypic abnormalities. Notwithstanding, the discovery that hematopoietic stem cells from PrP-null mice have impaired long-term repopulating potential has set the stage for investigating into the role of PrP(C) in stem cell biology. A wealth of data have now exemplified that PrP(C) is expressed in distinct types of stem cells and regulates their self-renewal as well as their differentiation potential. A role for PrP(C) in the fate restriction of embryonic stem cells has further been proposed. Paralleling these observations, an overexpression of PrP(C) has been documented in various types of tumors. In line with the contribution of PrP(C) to stemness and to the proliferation of cancer cells, PrP(C) was recently found to be enriched in subpopulations of tumor-initiating cells. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role played by PrP(C) in stem cell biology and discuss how the subversion of its function may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, INSERM UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
| | - Théo Z Hirsch
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, INSERM UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
| | - Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, INSERM UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Sud 11, ED419 Biosigne Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Halliez
- U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- AP-HP Service de Biochimie, Fondation FondaMental, INSERM U942 Hôpital Lariboisière Paris, France ; Pharma Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, INSERM UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cellular Signaling, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
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13
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, He T, Zhang J, Li C. Prion protein and cancers. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:431-40. [PMID: 24681883 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein, PrP(C) is a highly conserved and widely expressed cell surface glycoprotein in all mammals. The expression of PrP is pivotal in the pathogenesis of prion diseases; however, the normal physiological functions of PrP(C) remain incompletely understood. Based on the studies in cell models, a plethora of functions have been attributed to PrP(C). In this paper, we reviewed the potential roles that PrP(C) plays in cell physiology and focused on its contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yang
- Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianlin He
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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14
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Miranda A, Ramos-Ibeas P, Pericuesta E, Ramirez MA, Gutierrez-Adan A. The role of prion protein in stem cell regulation. Reproduction 2013; 146:R91-9. [PMID: 23740082 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been well described as an essential partner of prion diseases due to the existence of a pathological conformation (PrP(Sc)). Recently, it has also been demonstrated that PrP(C) is an important element of the pluripotency and self-renewal matrix, with an increasing amount of evidence pointing in this direction. Here, we review the data that demonstrate its role in the transcriptional regulation of pluripotency, in the differentiation of stem cells into different lineages (e.g. muscle and neurons), in embryonic development, and its involvement in reproductive cells. Also highlighted are recent results from our laboratory that describe an important regulation by PrP(C) of the major pluripotency gene Nanog. Together, these data support the appearance of new strategies to control stemness, which could represent an important advance in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miranda
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro no. 12, Local 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
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15
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Misiewicz M, Déry MA, Foveau B, Jodoin J, Ruths D, LeBlanc AC. Identification of a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress response element regulated by XBP1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20378-91. [PMID: 23737521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms mediating PRNP gene expression is highly relevant to elucidating normal cellular prion protein (PrP) function(s) and the transmissibility of prion protein neurodegenerative diseases. Here, luciferase reporter assays showed that an endoplasmic reticulum stress element (ERSE)-like element, CCAAT-N26-CCACG in the human PRNP promoter, is regulated by ER stress and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) but not by activating transcription factor 6 α (ATF6α). Bioinformatics identified the ERSE-26 motif in 37 other human genes in the absence of canonical ERSE sites except for three genes. Several of these genes are associated with a synaptic function or are involved in oxidative stress. Brefeldin A, tunicamycin, and thapsigargin ER stressors induced gene expression of PRNP and four randomly chosen ERSE-26-containing genes, ERLEC1, GADD45B, SESN2, and SLC38A5, in primary human neuron cultures or in the breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line, although the level of the response depends on the gene analyzed, the genetic background of the cells, the cell type, and the ER stressor. Overexpression of XBP1 increased, whereas siRNA knockdown of XBP1 considerably reduced, PRNP and ERLEC1 mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these results identify a novel ER stress regulator, which implicates the ER stress response in previously unrecognized cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Misiewicz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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16
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A proautophagic antiviral role for the cellular prion protein identified by infection with a herpes simplex virus 1 ICP34.5 mutant. J Virol 2013; 87:5882-94. [PMID: 23487467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02559-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP) often plays a cytoprotective role by regulating autophagy in response to cell stress. The stress of infection with intracellular pathogens can stimulate autophagy, and autophagic degradation of pathogens can reduce their replication and thus help protect the infected cells. PrP also restricts replication of several viruses, but whether this activity is related to an effect on autophagy is not known. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) effectively counteracts autophagy through binding of its ICP34.5 protein to the cellular proautophagy protein beclin-1. Autophagy can reduce replication of an HSV-1 mutant, Δ68H, which is incapable of binding beclin-1. We found that deletion of PrP in mice complements the attenuation of Δ68H, restoring its capacity to replicate in the central nervous system (CNS) to wild-type virus levels after intracranial or corneal infection. Cultured primary astrocytes but not neurons derived from PrP(-/-) mice also complemented the attenuation of Δ68H, enabling Δ68H to replicate at levels equivalent to wild-type virus. Ultrastructural analysis showed that normal astrocytes exhibited an increase in the number of autophagosomes after infection with Δ68H compared with wild-type virus, but PrP(-/-) astrocytes failed to induce autophagy in response to Δ68H infection. Redistribution of EGFP-LC3 into punctae occurred more frequently in normal astrocytes infected with Δ68H than with wild-type virus, but not in PrP(-/-) astrocytes, corroborating the ultrastructural analysis results. Our results demonstrate that PrP is critical for inducing autophagy in astrocytes in response to HSV-1 infection and suggest that PrP positively regulates autophagy in the mouse CNS.
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17
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Bradford BM, Mabbott NA. Prion disease and the innate immune system. Viruses 2012; 4:3389-419. [PMID: 23342365 PMCID: PMC3528271 DOI: 10.3390/v4123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are a unique category of infectious protein-misfolding neurodegenerative disorders. Hypothesized to be caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein these disorders possess an infectious quality that thrives in immune-competent hosts. While much has been discovered about the routing and critical components involved in the peripheral pathogenesis of these agents there are still many aspects to be discovered. Research into this area has been extensive as it represents a major target for therapeutic intervention within this group of diseases. The main focus of pathological damage in these diseases occurs within the central nervous system. Cells of the innate immune system have been proven to be critical players in the initial pathogenesis of prion disease, and may have a role in the pathological progression of disease. Understanding how prions interact with the host innate immune system may provide us with natural pathways and mechanisms to combat these diseases prior to their neuroinvasive stage. We present here a review of the current knowledge regarding the role of the innate immune system in prion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) can be considered a pivotal molecule because it interacts with several partners to perform a diverse range of critical biological functions that might differ in embryonic and adult cells. In recent years, there have been major advances in elucidating the putative role of PrP in the basic biology of stem cells in many different systems. Here, we review the evidence indicating that PrP is a key molecule involved in driving different aspects of the potency of embryonic and tissue-specific stem cells in self-perpetuation and differentiation in many cell types. It has been shown that PrP is involved in stem cell self-renewal, controlling pluripotency gene expression, proliferation, and neural and cardiomyocyte differentiation. PrP also has essential roles in distinct processes that regulate tissue-specific stem cell biology in nervous and hematopoietic systems and during muscle regeneration. Results from our own investigations have shown that PrP is able to modulate self-renewal and proliferation in neural stem cells, processes that are enhanced by PrP interactions with stress inducible protein 1 (STI1). Thus, the available data reveal the influence of PrP in acting upon the maintenance of pluripotent status or the differentiation of stem cells from the early embryogenesis through adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene H Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Hedlin P, Taschuk R, Potter A, Griebel P, Napper S. Detection and control of prion diseases in food animals. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:254739. [PMID: 23738120 PMCID: PMC3658581 DOI: 10.5402/2012/254739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, represent a unique form of infectious disease based on misfolding of a self-protein (PrPC) into a pathological, infectious conformation (PrPSc). Prion diseases of food animals gained notoriety during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak of the 1980s. In particular, disease transmission to humans, to the generation of a fatal, untreatable disease, elevated the perspective on livestock prion diseases from food production to food safety. While the immediate threat posed by BSE has been successfully addressed through surveillance and improved management practices, another prion disease is rapidly spreading. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, has been confirmed in wild and captive populations with devastating impact on the farmed cervid industries. Furthermore, the unabated spread of this disease through wild populations threatens a natural resource that is a source of considerable economic benefit and national pride. In a worst-case scenario, CWD may represent a zoonotic threat either through direct transmission via consumption of infected cervids or through a secondary food animal, such as cattle. This has energized efforts to understand prion diseases as well as to develop tools for disease detection, prevention, and management. Progress in each of these areas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3 ; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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20
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Aude-Garcia C, Villiers C, Candéias SM, Garrel C, Bertrand C, Collin V, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E. Enhanced susceptibility of T lymphocytes to oxidative stress in the absence of the cellular prion protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:687-96. [PMID: 20717837 PMCID: PMC11114857 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion glycoprotein (PrP(C)) is ubiquitously expressed but its physiologic functions remain enigmatic, particularly in the immune system. Here, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that PrP(C) is involved in T lymphocytes response to oxidative stress. By monitoring the intracellular level of reduced glutathione, we show that PrP(-/-) thymocytes display a higher susceptibility to H(2)O(2) exposure than PrP(+/+) cells. Furthermore, we find that in mice fed with a restricted diet, a regimen known to increase the intracellular level of ROS, PrP(-/-) thymocytes are more sensitive to oxidative stress. PrP(C) function appears to be specific for oxidative stress, since no significant differences are observed between PrP(-/-) and PrP(+/+) mice exposed to other kinds of stress. We also show a marked evolution of the redox status of T cells throughout differentiation in the thymus. Taken together, our results clearly ascribe to PrP(C) a protective function in thymocytes against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Aude-Garcia
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, Laboratoire Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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21
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Seelig DM, Mason GL, Telling GC, Hoover EA. Pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in cervidized transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2785-97. [PMID: 20395435 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal, endemic prion disease of wild and captive cervids, including deer, elk, and moose. Typical of prion diseases, CWD is characterized by the conversion of the native, protease-sensitive protein PrP(C) to a protease-resistant isoform, denoted as PrP(RES). Here we have studied the expression of cervid PrP(C) and the pathogenesis of CWD infection in transgenic mice expressing the normal cervid prion protein (Tg[CerPrP] mice). Using tissue-based in situ immunohistochemistry protocols, we first identified cervid PrP(C) expression in the lymphoid, nervous, hemopoietic, endocrine, and certain epithelial tissues of Tg[CerPrP] mice. Tg[CerPrP] mice were then inoculated with CWD via one of four routes (intracerebral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or oral); all groups developed spongiform encephalopathy, although the oral route required a larger infecting dose. Incubation periods were 184 +/- 13, 218 +/- 15, 200 +/- 7, and 350 +/- 27 days after inoculation, respectively. In longitudinal studies, we tracked the appearance of PrP(RES) in the brain, spleen, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, pancreatic islets of Langerhans, bone marrow, and salivary glands of preclinical and terminal mice. In addition, we documented horizontal transmission of CWD from inoculated mice and to un-inoculated cohabitant cage-mates. This work documents the multiroute susceptibility, pathogenesis, and lateral transmission of CWD infection in Tg[CerPrP] mice, affirming this model as a robust system to study this cervid transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M Seelig
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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22
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Sadowski MJ, Pankiewicz J, Prelli F, Scholtzova H, Spinner DS, Kascsak RB, Kascsak RJ, Wisniewski T. Anti-PrP Mab 6D11 suppresses PrP(Sc) replication in prion infected myeloid precursor line FDC-P1/22L and in the lymphoreticular system in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:267-78. [PMID: 19385058 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of prion diseases is related to conformational transformation of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a toxic, infectious, and self-replicating conformer termed PrP(Sc). Following extracerebral inoculation, the replication of PrP(Sc) is confined for months to years to the lymporeticular system (LRS) before the secondary CNS involvement results in occurrence of neurological symptoms. Therefore, replication of PrP(Sc), in the early stage of infection can be targeted by therapeutic approaches, which like passive immunization have limited blood-brain-barrier penetration. In this study, we show that 6D11 anti-PrP monoclonal antibody (Mab) prevents infection on a FDC-P1 myeloid precursor cell line stably infected with 22L mouse adapted scrapie strain. Passive immunization of extracerebrally infected CD-1 mice with Mab 6D11 resulted in effective suppression of PrP(Sc) replication in the LRS. Although, a rebound of PrP(Sc) presence occurred when the Mab 6D11 treatment was stopped, passively immunized mice showed a prolongation of the incubation period by 36.9% (pb0.0001) and a significant decrease in CNS pathology compared to control groups receiving vehicle or murine IgG. Our results indicate that antibody-based therapeutic strategies can be used, even on a short-term basis, to delay or prevent disease in subjects accidentally exposed to prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA.
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23
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Peralta OA, Eyestone WH. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) expression in bovine somatic tissues. Prion 2009; 3:161-70. [PMID: 19806026 DOI: 10.4161/pri.3.3.9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an N-linked glycoprotein tethered to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Under certain conditions, PrP(C) can undergo conversion into a conformationally-altered isoform (PrP(Sc)) widely believed to be the pathogenic agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Understanding the tissue-specific expression of PrP(C) is crucial considering that cells expressing high levels of PrP(C) bear a risk for conversion and accumulation of PrP(Sc). In the present study, fifteen bovine somatic tissues were analyzed for PrP(C) expression by quantitative western blot and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative western blot analysis revealed highest expression of PrP(C) in cerebellum, obex and spinal cord. Intermediate levels were detected in thymus, intestine, nerve, heart and spleen, and lower levels in lung, muscle, kidney, lymph node, skin, pancreas and liver. Immunohistochemical analysis detected intense cellular-specific PrP(C) staining in neurons, thymocytes and lymphocytes. PrP(C) was also detected in the enteric wall, pancreatic islets of langerhans, myocardium, pulmonary alveolar sacs, renal glomeruli and dermal epithelial cells. This study demonstrated the quantitatively varied, wide-spread, tissue- and cell-specific expression pattern of PrP(C) in bovine somatic tissues. The importance of this study is to lay the foundation for understanding the tissue-specific expression of PrP(C) and to consider the potential participation of more bovine tissues in the transmission of BSE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Peralta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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24
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Ingram RJ, Isaacs JD, Kaur G, Lowther DE, Reynolds CJ, Boyton RJ, Collinge J, Jackson GS, Altmann DM. A role of cellular prion protein in programming T‐cell cytokine responses in disease. FASEB J 2009; 23:1672-84. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Ingram
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jeremy D. Isaacs
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Gurman Kaur
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel E. Lowther
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine J. Reynolds
- Lung Immunology GroupImmunology and InfectionNHLISir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Lung Immunology GroupImmunology and InfectionNHLISir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Graham S. Jackson
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseInstitute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Human Disease Immunogenetics GroupDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunityHammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Zabel M, Greenwood C, Thackray AM, Pulford B, Rens W, Bujdoso R. Perturbation of T-cell development by insertional mutation of a PrP transgene. Immunology 2008; 127:226-36. [PMID: 19143847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular form of the prion protein PrP(C) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell-surface glycoprotein expressed primarily by cells of the nervous and immune systems. There is evidence to suggest that PrP(C) is involved in cell signalling and cellular homeostasis. We have investigated the immune composition of peripheral lymphoid tissue in PrP-/-, wild-type, tg19 and tga20 strains of mice, which express 0, 1-, 3-5- and 4-7-fold higher levels of PrP(C), respectively, relative to wild-type mice. Our data show that tga20 mice have a reduced number of spleen T-cell receptor (TCR)-alphabeta(+) T cells and an increased number of TCR-gammadelta(+) T cells compared with wild-type mice. This was not seen in tg19 mice, which also express elevated levels of PrP(C). In addition, we have found that the Prnp transgene in the tga20 genome is located centrally on chromosome 17, in or around genes involved in T-cell development. Significantly, mRNA transcripts from pre-TCR-alpha (pTalpha), a T-cell development gene located on mouse chromosome 17, are drastically reduced in tga20 mice, indicative of a perturbation in pTalpha gene regulation. We propose that the immune cell phenotype of tga20 mice may be caused by the insertional mutation of the Prnp transgene into the pTalpha gene or its regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zabel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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26
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Tsutsui S, Hahn JN, Johnson TA, Ali Z, Jirik FR. Absence of the cellular prion protein exacerbates and prolongs neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1029-41. [PMID: 18815152 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological roles of the cellular prion protein (PrP C) remain to be fully elucidated, PrP C has been proposed to represent a potential regulator of cellular immunity. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the consequences of PrP C deficiency on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. Consistent with augmented proliferative responses and increased cytokine gene expression by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-primed Prnp-/- T cells, PrP C-deficient mice demonstrated more aggressive disease onset and a lack of clinical improvement during the chronic phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acutely, Prnp-/- spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain exhibited higher levels of leukocytic infiltrates and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, as well as increased spinal cord myelin basic protein and axonal loss. During the chronic phase, a remarkable persistence of leukocytic infiltrates was present in the forebrain and cerebellum, accompanied by an increase in interferon-gamma and interleukin-17 transcripts. Attenuation of T cell-dependent neuroinflammation thus represents a potential novel function of PrP C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsutsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Cordier-Dirikoc S, Zsürger N, Cazareth J, Ménard B, Chabry J. Expression profiles of prion and doppel proteins and of their receptors in mouse splenocytes. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2131-41. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Linden R, Martins VR, Prado MAM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Brentani RR. Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:673-728. [PMID: 18391177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), attributed to conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an abnormal conformer that accumulates in the brain. Understanding the pathogenesis of TSEs requires the identification of functional properties of PrP(C). Here we examine the physiological functions of PrP(C) at the systemic, cellular, and molecular level. Current data show that both the expression and the engagement of PrP(C) with a variety of ligands modulate the following: 1) functions of the nervous and immune systems, including memory and inflammatory reactions; 2) cell proliferation, differentiation, and sensitivity to programmed cell death both in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in various cell lines; 3) the activity of numerous signal transduction pathways, including cAMP/protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, as well as soluble non-receptor tyrosine kinases; and 4) trafficking of PrP(C) both laterally among distinct plasma membrane domains, and along endocytic pathways, on top of continuous, rapid recycling. A unified view of these functional properties indicates that the prion protein is a dynamic cell surface platform for the assembly of signaling modules, based on which selective interactions with many ligands and transmembrane signaling pathways translate into wide-range consequences upon both physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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29
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Isaacs JD, Garden OA, Kaur G, Collinge J, Jackson GS, Altmann DM. The cellular prion protein is preferentially expressed by CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Immunology 2008; 125:313-9. [PMID: 18462346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of prion disease, yet the normal function of the protein remains unclear. PrP(C) is expressed in lymphoid cells and is known to be a T-cell activation antigen. Further, transcription profiling studies of regulatory T cells have shown preferential overexpression of PrP(C), suggesting a possible role in regulatory function. We report that both the expression of PrP message and cell surface PrP(C) levels are increased in murine CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells compared with CD4(+) CD25(-) cells. However, PrP(0/0) mice do not show altered regulatory T-cell numbers or forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression levels, or impaired regulatory T-cell function in vitro. Nevertheless, the preferential expression of surface PrP(C) by regulatory T cells raises the possibility that therapeutic ligation of PrP(C) might alter immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Isaacs
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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30
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Zomosa-Signoret V, Arnaud JD, Fontes P, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Liautard JP. Physiological role of the cellular prion protein. Vet Res 2007; 39:9. [PMID: 18073096 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the normal function of the protein remains unclear. The cellular isoform (PrP(C)) is expressed most abundantly in the brain, but has also been detected in other non-neuronal tissues as diverse as lymphoid cells, lung, heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and mammary glands. Cell biological studies of PrP contribute to our understanding of PrP(C) function. Like other membrane proteins, PrP(C) is post-translationally processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi on its way to the cell surface after synthesis. Cell surface PrP(C) constitutively cycles between the plasma membrane and early endosomes via a clathrin-dependent mechanism, a pathway consistent with a suggested role for PrP(C) in cellular trafficking of copper ions. Although PrP(-/-) mice have been reported to have only minor alterations in immune function, PrP(C) is up-regulated in T cell activation and may be expressed at higher levels by specialized classes of lymphocytes. Furthermore, antibody cross-linking of surface PrP(C) modulates T cell activation and leads to rearrangements of lipid raft constituents and increased phosphorylation of signaling proteins. These findings appear to indicate an important but, as yet, ill-defined role in T cell function. Recent work has suggested that PrP(C) is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. PrP(C) is highly expressed in the central nervous system, and since this is the major site of prion pathology, most interest has focused on defining the role of PrP(C) in neurones. Although PrP(-/-) mice have a grossly normal neurological phenotype, even when neuronal PrP(C) is knocked out postnatally, they do have subtle abnormalities in synaptic transmission, hippocampal morphology, circadian rhythms, and cognition and seizure threshold. Other postulated neuronal roles for PrP(C) include copper-binding, as an anti- and conversely, pro-apoptotic protein, as a signaling molecule, and in supporting neuronal morphology and adhesion. The prion protein may also function as a metal binding protein such as copper, yielding cellular antioxidant capacity suggesting a role in the oxidative stress homeostasis. Finally, recent observations on the role of PrP(C) in long-term memory open a challenging field.
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Zabel MD, Heikenwalder M, Prinz M, Arrighi I, Schwarz P, Kranich J, von Teichman A, Haas KM, Zeller N, Tedder TF, Weis JH, Aguzzi A. Stromal Complement Receptor CD21/35 Facilitates Lymphoid Prion Colonization and Pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6144-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Li C, Wong P, Pan T, Xiao F, Yin S, Chang B, Kang SC, Ironside J, Sy MS. Normal cellular prion protein is a ligand of selectins: binding requires Le(X) but is inhibited by sLe(X). Biochem J 2007; 406:333-41. [PMID: 17497959 PMCID: PMC1948967 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The normal PrP(C) (cellular prion protein) contains sLe(X) [sialyl-Le(X) (Lewis X)] and Le(X). sLe(X) is a ligand of selectins. To examine whether PrP(C) is a ligand of selectins, we generated three human PrP(C)-Ig fusion proteins: one with Le(X), one with sLe(X), and the other with neither Le(X) nor sLe(X). Only Le(X)-PrP(C)-Ig binds E-, L- and P-selectins. Binding is Ca(2+)-dependent and occurs with nanomolar affinity. Removal of sialic acid on sLe(X)-PrP(C)-Ig enables the fusion protein to bind all selectins. These findings were confirmed with brain-derived PrP(C). The selectins precipitated PrP(C) in human brain in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Treatment of brain homogenates with neuraminidase increased the amounts of PrP(C) precipitated. Therefore the presence of sialic acid prevents the binding of PrP(C) in human brain to selectins. Hence, human brain PrP(C) interacts with selectins in a manner that is distinct from interactions in peripheral tissues. Alternations in these interactions may have pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Poki Wong
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Tao Pan
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Fan Xiao
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shaoman Yin
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Binggong Chang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shin-Chung Kang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - James Ironside
- †Division of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Room 5131, Wolstein Research Bldg, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, U.S.A. (email )
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Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the normal function of the protein remains unclear. The cellular isoform (PrP(C)) is expressed widely in the immune system, in haematopoietic stem cells and mature lymphoid and myeloid compartments in addition to cells of the central nervous system. It is up-regulated in T cell activation and may be expressed at higher levels by specialized classes of lymphocyte. Furthermore, antibody cross-linking of surface PrP modulates T cell activation and leads to rearrangements of lipid raft constituents and increased phosphorylation of signalling proteins. These findings appear to indicate an important but, as yet, ill-defined role in T cell function. Although PrP(-/-) mice have been reported to have only minor alterations in immune function, recent work has suggested that PrP is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Here, we consider the evidence for a distinctive role for PrP(C) in the immune system and what the effects of anti-prion therapeutics may be on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Isaacs
- Human Disease Immunogenetics Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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34
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Vana K, Zuber C, Nikles D, Weiss S. Novel Aspects of Prions, Their Receptor Molecules, and Innovative Approaches for TSE Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 27:107-28. [PMID: 17151946 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Prion diseases are a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), that affect both animals and humans and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. TSEs are usually rapidly progressive and clinical symptoms comprise dementia and loss of movement coordination due to the accumulation of an abnormal isoform (PrP(Sc)) of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP(c)). 2. This article reviews the current knowledge on PrP(c) and PrP(Sc), prion replication mechanisms, interaction partners of prions, and their cell surface receptors. Several strategies, summarized in this article, have been investigated for an effective antiprion treatment including development of a vaccination therapy and screening for potent chemical compounds. Currently, no effective treatment for prion diseases is available. 3. The identification of the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) and heparan sulfate as cell surface receptors for prions, however, opens new avenues for the development of alternative TSE therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vana
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Genzentrum, Institut für Biochemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, München, Germany
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35
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Li J, McMurray RW. Effects of estrogen receptor subtype-selective agonists on immune functions in ovariectomized mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1413-23. [PMID: 16846835 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens have multiple influences on immune functions. Estrogen receptors (ERs) have two distinct subtypes - alpha and beta. To explore the specific roles of each ER subtype in estrogen-mediated immunomodulation, we investigated the effects of ER subtype-selective agonists on immune functions in ovariectomized Balb/c mice. Treatment with ERalpha-selective agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) caused thymic atrophy and significant changes in thymic CD4/CD8 phenotypic profile. In contrast, ERbeta-selective agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) alone had no effect on thymic weight, cellularity or CD4/CD8 phenotype expression. When coadministered with PPT, DPN partially antagonized PPT-evoked decrease in thymic cellularity and also partially attenuated PPT-induced shifts in thymic T-cell phenotype. These results indicate that ERalpha plays a predominant role in estrogen-induced thymic atrophy and ERbeta activation may partially down-regulate ERalpha-mediated effects on thymic cellularity and T-cell phenotype expression. In addition, PPT administration induced a reduction in the percentage of mature B cells in the spleen, and enhanced IFN-gamma production but suppressed IL-6 production from in vitro Con A-stimulated splenocytes as estradiol (E(2)) did, whereas DPN treatment had no effects either alone or with PPT, suggesting ERalpha mediates these estrogen actions. Treatment with PPT or DPN did not augment anti-DNP antibody production after DNP-KLH immunization as E(2) did, implying that not merely one ER signaling pathway is involved in mediating estrogen's effects on specific humoral immune responses. Our study further indicates ER subtype-selective agonists provide a novel approach to explore each ER subtype-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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36
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Ballerini C, Gourdain P, Bachy V, Blanchard N, Levavasseur E, Grégoire S, Fontes P, Aucouturier P, Hivroz C, Carnaud C. Functional Implication of Cellular Prion Protein in Antigen-Driven Interactions between T Cells and Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7254-62. [PMID: 16751368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a host-encoded, GPI-anchored cell surface protein, expressed on a wide range of tissues including neuronal and lymphoreticular cells. PrPC may undergo posttranslational conversion, giving rise to scrapie PrP, the pathogenic conformer considered as responsible for prion diseases. Despite intensive studies, the normal function of PrPC is still enigmatic. Starting from microscope observations showing an accumulation of PrPC at the sites of contact between T cells and Ag-loaded dendritic cells (DC), we have studied the contribution of PrPC in alloantigen and peptide-MHC-driven T/DC interactions. Whereas the absence of PrPC on the DC results in a reduced allogeneic T cell response, its absence on the T cell partner has no apparent effect upon this response. Therefore, PrPC seems to fulfill different functions on the two cell partners forming the synapse. In contrast, PrPC mobilization by Ab reduces the stimulatory properties of DC and the proliferative potential of responding T cells. The contrasted consequences, regarding T cell function, between PrPC deletion and PrPC coating by Abs, suggests that the prion protein acts as a signaling molecule on T cells. Furthermore, our results show that the absence of PrPC has consequences in vivo also, upon the ability of APCs to stimulate proliferative T cell responses. Thus, independent of neurological considerations, some of the evolutionary constraints that may have contributed to the conservation of the Prnp gene in mammalians, could be of immunological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballerini
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6 and Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité (U)-712, Paris, France
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Mazzoni IE, Ledebur HC, Paramithiotis E, Cashman N. Lymphoid signal transduction mechanisms linked to cellular prion protein. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 83:644-53. [PMID: 16234853 DOI: 10.1139/o05-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrPC) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface protein that is expressed widely, including in lymphoid cells. We compared lectin-induced mitogenesis and selected cell signaling pathways in splenocytes from wild-type BALB/c mice and Zrch Prnp0/0 (PrP0/0) mice bred on a BALB/c background for more than 10 generations. 3H-thymidine incorporation induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly reduced in PrP0/0 splenocytes, most prominently early in activation (24 and 48 h). Con A activation in PrP0/0 splenocytes was associated with differences in the phosphorylation (P) patterns of protein kinase C (PKC alpha/beta, but not delta) and the PKC downstream effectors p44/42MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). P-PKC and P-MAPK profiles were similar in wild-type and PrP0/0 splenocytes following PMA treatment, indicating that the ability of these 2 enzymes to be phosphorylated is not impaired in the absence of PrPC. Con A-induced calcium fluxes, monitored by indo-1 fluorescence, were equivalent in PrP0/0 and PrP+/+ splenocytes, suggesting that calcium-dependent mechanisms are not directly implicated in the differential phosphorylation patterns or mitotic responses. Our data indicate that PrP0/0 splenocytes display defects in upstream or downstream mechanism(s) that modulate PKCalpha/beta phosphorylation, which in turn affects its capacity to regulate splenocyte mitosis, consistent with a role for PrPC in immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Mazzoni
- Caprion Pharmaceuticals, Montreal, QC H4S 2C8, Canada
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Jouvin-Marche E, Attuil-Audenis V, Aude-Garcia C, Rachidi W, Zabel M, Podevin-Dimster V, Siret C, Huber C, Martinic M, Riondel J, Villiers CL, Favier A, Naquet P, Cesbron JY, Marche PN. Overexpression of Cellular Prion Protein Induces an Antioxidant Environment Altering T Cell Development in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3490-7. [PMID: 16517717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein whose roles are still widely discussed, particularly in the field of immunology. Using TgA20- and Tg33-transgenic mice overexpressing PrP(C), we investigated the consequences of this overexpression on T cell development. In both models, overexpression of PrP(C) induces strong alterations at different steps of T cell maturation. On TgA20 mice, we observed that these alterations are cell autonomous and lead to a decrease of alphabeta T cells and a concomitant increase of gammadelta T cell numbers. PrP(C) has been shown to bind and chelate copper and, interestingly, under a copper supplementation diet, TgA20 mice presented a partial restoration of the alphabeta T cell development, suggesting that PrP(C) overexpression, by chelating copper, generates an antioxidant context differentially impacting on alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 548, Université J. Fourier, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
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Zhang CC, Steele AD, Lindquist S, Lodish HF. Prion protein is expressed on long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells and is important for their self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2184-9. [PMID: 16467153 PMCID: PMC1413720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510577103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the wild-type prion protein (PrP) is abundant and widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells, its physiological function(s) remain unknown, and PrP knockout mice do not exhibit overt and undisputed phenotypes. Here we showed that PrP is expressed on the surface of several bone marrow cell populations successively enriched in long-term (LT) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using flow cytometry analysis. Affinity purification of the PrP-positive and -negative fractions from these populations, followed by competitive bone marrow reconstitution assays, shows that all LT HSCs express PrP. HSCs from PrP-null bone marrow exhibited impaired self-renewal in serial transplantation of lethally irradiated mouse recipients both in the presence and absence of competitors. When treated with a cell cycle-specific myelotoxic agent, the animals reconstituted with PrP-null HSCs exhibit increased sensitivity to hematopoietic cell depletion. Ectopic expression of PrP in PrP-null bone marrow cells by retroviral infection rescued the defective hematopoietic engraftment during serial transplantation. Therefore, PrP is a marker for HSCs and supports their self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng Zhang
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Susan Lindquist
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Harvey F. Lodish
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Mick VE, Starr TK, McCaughtry TM, McNeil LK, Hogquist KA. The Regulated Expression of a Diverse Set of Genes during Thymocyte Positive Selection In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5434-44. [PMID: 15494490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A signal initiated by the newly formed Ag receptor is integrated with microenvironmental cues during T cell development to ensure positive selection of CD4+CD8+ progenitors into functionally mature CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. During this transition, a survival program is initiated, TCR gene recombination ceases, cells migrate into a new thymic microenvironment, the responsiveness of the Ag receptor is tuned, and the cells commit to a specific T lineage. To determine potential regulators of these processes, we used mRNA microarray analysis to compare gene expression changes in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes from TCR transgenic mice that have received a TCR selection signal with those that had not received a signal. We found 129 genes with expression that changed significantly during positive selection, the majority of which were not previously appreciated. A large number of these changes were confirmed by real-time PCR or flow cytometry. We have combined our findings with gene changes reported in the literature to provide a comprehensive report of the genes regulated during positive selection, and we attempted to assign these genes to positive selection process categories.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity E Mick
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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41
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Bainbridge J, Jones N, Walker B. Multiple antigenic peptides facilitate generation of anti-prion antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:298-304. [PMID: 15270846 PMCID: PMC1809119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated the ability of anti-prion antibodies to inhibit PrPSc propagation. Due to the relatively poor immunogenic properties of both PrPC and PrPSc, the generation of anti-prion antibodies still causes a significant problem in the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. This study examines the potential of multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) to raise an antibody response to prion derived sequences in mice. The MAP was constructed of a four spiked ring. Two spikes containing human or mouse derived prion amino acid sequences and two spikes containing the universally promiscuous tetanus toxoid sequence (aa 830-844) which was used to assist T-cell-dependent B-cell antibody production. Following vaccinations with the MAP or MAP plus adjuvant, sera were taken and antibody titres assessed. The MAP containing only the mouse sequence failed to elicit a significant antibody response. MAPs containing human prion sequences elicited antibody production to the corresponding prion sequence. Further analysis also demonstrated that these peptides were able to generate antibody responses that recognize conserved human and mouse sequences. These homologous sequences contain the heralded PrPSc specific sequence 'Tyr-Tyr-Arg' and therefore these MAPs may have some therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bainbridge
- Department of Immunobiology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
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42
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Liu T, Li R, Pan T, Liu D, Petersen RB, Wong BS, Gambetti P, Sy MS. Intercellular transfer of the cellular prion protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47671-8. [PMID: 12359724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. We investigated whether PrP(C) can move from one cell to another cell in a cell model. Little PrP(C) transfer was detected when a PrP(C) expressing human neuroblastoma cell line was cultured with the human erythroleukemia cells IA lacking PrP(C). Efficient transfer of PrP(C) was detected with the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C. Maximum PrP(C) transfer was observed when both donor and recipient cells were activated. Furthermore, PrP(C) transfer required the GPI anchor and direct cell to cell contact. However, intercellular protein transfer is not limited to PrP(C), another GPI-anchored protein, CD90, also transfers from the donor cells to acceptor cells after cellular activation. Therefore, this transfer process is GPI-anchor and cellular activation dependent. These findings suggest that the intercellular transfer of GPI-anchored proteins is a regulated process, and may have implications for the pathogenesis of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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43
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Ford MJ, Burton LJ, Morris RJ, Hall SM. Selective expression of prion protein in peripheral tissues of the adult mouse. Neuroscience 2002; 113:177-92. [PMID: 12123696 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The level of expression of normal cellular prion protein, PrP(c) (cellular prion protein), controls both the rate and the route of neuroinvasive infection, from peripheral entry portal to the CNS. Paradoxically, an overview of the distribution of PrP(c) within tissues outside the CNS is lacking. We have used novel antibodies that recognise cellular prion protein in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue (in order to optimise immunohistochemical labelling of this conformationally labile protein), in combination with in situ hybridisation, to examine the expression of PrP(c) in peripheral tissues of the adult mouse. We found that although prion protein is expressed in many tissues, it is expressed at high levels only in discrete subpopulations of cells. Prominent amongst these are elements of the "hardwired neuroimmune network" that integrate the body's immune defence and neuroendocrine systems under CNS control. These prion protein-expressing elements include small diameter afferent nerves in the skin and the lamina propria of the aerodigestive tract, sympathetic ganglia and nerves, antigen presenting and processing cells (both follicular and non-follicular dendritic cells) and sub-populations of lymphocytes particularly in skin, gut- and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues. Prion protein is also expressed in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems, in the dispersed neuroendocrine system, and in peripheral nervous system axons and their associated Schwann cells. This selective expression of cellular prion protein provides a variety of alternative routes for the propagation and transport of prion infection entering from peripheral sites, either naturally (via the aerodigestive tract or abraded skin) or experimentally (by intraperitoneal injection) to the brain. Key regulatory cells that express prion protein, and in particular enteroendocrine cells in the mucosal wall of the gut, and dendritic cells that convey pathogens from epithelial layers to secondary lymphoid organs, may be particularly important in the transmission of infection in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ford
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Hodgkin Building, King's College London Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
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44
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Kikuchi Y, Kakeya T, Yamazaki T, Takekida K, Nakamura N, Matsuda H, Takatori K, Tanimura A, Tanamoto KI, Sawada JI. G1-dependent prion protein expression in human glioblastoma cell line T98G. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:728-33. [PMID: 12081137 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human glioblastoma cell line T98G produced a cellular form of prion protein (PrP(C)), and we confirmed expression of PrP mRNA by RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysate revealed one major (35 kDa) and two faint bands (31, 25 kDa) that reacted with monoclonal anti-human PrP antibody 3F4. Cells treated with tunicamycin produced only a 25 kDa band, representing a deglycosylated form of PrP. Similarly, peptide: N-glycosidase F treatment of whole cell lysate altered the Asn-linked form to the deglycosylated form. When T98G cells were cultured for a longer period, the amount of PrP(C) per cell increased on Day 4 to 16 in a time-dependent manner. When the cells were cultured at high cell-density, the cells on Day 4 produced the same amount of PrP(C) as those on Day 16 of the usual culture. Moreover, in a serum-free medium, cells cultured at a low cell-density produced the same amount of PrP(C) as those cultured at the high cell-density. These results demonstrate that PrP(C) production in T98G cells was dependent on the phase of the cell cycle, probably the G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Barclay GR, Houston EF, Halliday SI, Farquhar CF, Turner ML. Comparative analysis of normal prion protein expression on human, rodent, and ruminant blood cells by using a panel of prion antibodies. Transfusion 2002; 42:517-26. [PMID: 12084159 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether variant CJD can be transmitted within the human population by blood transfusion. The expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) by different blood cell types may permit selective uptake and dissemination of infectivity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The normal distribution of PrPC on the major blood cell types of species known to be susceptible to natural or experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was studied. Blood from healthy humans, mice, hamsters, cattle, and sheep was examined by flow cytometry by using a large panel of antibodies with different prion protein (PrP) epitope specificities to maximize the detection of PrP variants across species and cell type. RESULTS PrP was detected on all major human blood cells types except eosinophils, but was not detected as ubiquitously or uniformly on major blood cell types of different animal species. CONCLUSION Different animal species have unique patterns of expression of PrPC on blood cell types, with none equivalent to the human pattern. This needs to be considered when extrapolating from animal models of blood-borne transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infectivity, particularly in regard to the risk assessment of potential variant CJD spread within the human population. The relationship between PrP distribution and infectivity distribution in blood needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Robin Barclay
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cell Therapy Group, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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46
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Tuo W, O'Rourke KI, Zhuang D, Cheevers WP, Spraker TR, Knowles DP. Pregnancy status and fetal prion genetics determine PrPSc accumulation in placentomes of scrapie-infected sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6310-5. [PMID: 11959902 PMCID: PMC122945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine scrapie is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that may be transmitted through exposure to infected uterine and placental tissues. Susceptibility to scrapie is primarily controlled by polymorphisms in the prion protein (PrP) gene. Scrapie in the U.S. Suffolk breed and in many breeds in Europe occurs in sheep homozygous for glutamine (171QQ), but rarely in sheep heterozygous for glutamine and arginine (171QR) or homozygous for arginine (171RR) at codon 171 of the PrP gene. This study demonstrated that accumulation of PrP(Sc) in uterine-placental epithelial cells in the placentome was determined by fetal PrP genotype and the pregnancy status of scrapie-infected ewes. PrP(Sc) was detected in 171QQ placentomes of infected ewes, but not in placentomes of infected ewes pregnant with 171QR conceptuses or in the non-pregnant uterus of infected ewes. The distribution of PrP(Sc) plaques in placentomes was temporally associated with stage of gestation. There was a tendency toward increased size and number of placentomal PrP(Sc) plaques from the endometrial stalk (maternal side) to chorionic plate (fetal side). These results indicate that accumulation of PrP(Sc) is eliminated or reduced to undetectable levels in reproductive and placental tissues if infected ewes are not pregnant or conceive conceptuses with a resistant PrP genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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47
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Behrens A, Aguzzi A. Small is not beautiful: antagonizing functions for the prion protein PrP(C) and its homologue Dpl. Trends Neurosci 2002; 25:150-4. [PMID: 11852147 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A conformational variant of the normal prion protein PrP(C) is believed to be identical to PrP(Sc), the agent that causes prion diseases. Recently, a novel protein, named Doppel (Dpl), was identified that shares significant biochemical and structural homology with PrP(C). In specific strains of PrP(C)-deficient mouse lines, Dpl is overexpressed and causes a neurological disease. Dpl neurotoxicity is counteracted and prevented by PrP(C), but the mechanism of antagonistic PrP(C)-Dpl interaction remains elusive. In contrast to its homologue PrP(C), initial studies suggest that Dpl is dispensable for prion disease progression and for the generation of PrP(Sc). Although we are only beginning to understand its function, the discovery of Dpl has already provided some answers to long-standing questions and is transforming our understanding of prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK1
| | - Moira E Bruce
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK1
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49
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Lainé J, Marc ME, Sy MS, Axelrad H. Cellular and subcellular morphological localization of normal prion protein in rodent cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:47-56. [PMID: 11488948 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal cellular prion protein, a necessary protagonist in fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases, was mapped in rodent cerebellum to establish its cellular and ultrastuctural localization. Existing morphological data about native prion protein distribution in brain tissues remain, indeed, contradictory and do not fit with biochemical and cell biological results. Using ultrastructural preembedding immunocytochemistry and a monoclonal anti-mouse prion protein antibody, this report shows that cellular prion protein is present in all cortico-cerebellar and deep nuclei neuronal cell types, as well as in all glial cell types. The heaviest expression appears on parallel fibres and astrocytic processes. The protein is exclusively located on the outer cell membrane and in Golgi and endosomal intracytoplasmic organelles, with no cytoplasmic or synaptic vesicle labelling. Most important, and in contrast with previous ultrastructural data, cellular prion protein is shown to be distributed on all portions of neurons, without any preferential synaptic targeting. The present morphological report shows, for the first time in vivo, that the cellular prion protein is present on the entire cell surface membrane of all neuronal and glial cell types of the rat cerebellum. This ubiquitous presence supports the notion that prion protein has a generalized cellular function in brain tissue rather than a specialized role restricted to synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lainé
- Laboratory of Cerebellar Neurobiology, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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