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Norden DM, Bethea JR, Jiang J. Impaired CD8 T cell antiviral immunity following acute spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:149. [PMID: 29776424 PMCID: PMC5960104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts essential neuroimmune communication, leading to severe immune depression. Previous studies confirmed immune dysfunction in mice with chronic SCI and following high thoracic level injury where sympathetic innervation of the spleen is disrupted. Here, we induced a mid-thoracic injury where integrity of the sympathetic response is maintained and investigated the antiviral T cell response to influenza virus after acute SCI. METHODS One week following a contusion SCI at thoracic level T9, mice were infected intranasally with influenza virus. Profiles of immune cell populations were analyzed before infection, and virus-specific CD8 T cell response was analyzed 7 days post-infection. RESULTS Following intranasal infection, injured mice had prolonged recovery and significant weight loss. Importantly, expansion and effector functions of virus-specific CD8 T cells were decreased in injured mice. The compromised CD8 T cell response was associated with inflammation and stress responses initiated after injury. Regulatory mechanisms, including increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) and upregulated PD-1/PD-L1, were induced following SCI. Furthermore, we show that increased corticosterone (CORT) levels can inhibit CD8 T cells and that blocking CORT in vivo following SCI enhances CD8 T cell antiviral responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that mice with mid-thoracic SCI have impaired CD8 T cell function during the acute stage of injury, indicating that impaired antiviral responses occur rapidly following SCI and is not dependent on injury level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Norden
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Rm 415, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Rm 415, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jiu Jiang
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Rm 415, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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2
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Bergot AS, Reeves PLS, Steptoe RJ. Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:118-25. [PMID: 27255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reestablishment of immune tolerance to the insulin-producing beta cells is the desired goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment and prevention. Immune tolerance to multiple islet antigens is defective in individuals with T1D, but the mechanisms involved are multifaceted and may involve loss of thymic and peripheral tolerance. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the varied mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance to islet antigens is maintained in healthy individuals where genetic protection from T1D is present and how this fails in those with genetic susceptibility to disease. Novel findings in regards to expression of neo-islet antigens, non-classical regulatory cell subsets and the impact of specific genetic variants on tolerance induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peta L S Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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3
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Morel PA. Dendritic cell subsets in type 1 diabetes: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2013; 4:415. [PMID: 24367363 PMCID: PMC3853773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by immune mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans. Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of T1D and are also used as immunotherapeutic agents. Plasmacytoid (p)DC have been shown to have both protective and pathogenic effects and a newly described merocytic DC population has been shown to break tolerance in the mouse model of T1D, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We have used DC populations to prevent the onset of T1D in NOD mice and clinical trials of DC therapy in T1D diabetes have been initiated. In this review we will critically examine the recent published literature on the role of DC subsets in the induction and regulation of the autoimmune response in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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4
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Jiang J, Fisher E, Murasko DM. Impaired specific CD8 T cell response with aging is not due to decreased expression of CD90 on TCR transgenic T cells. Immun Ageing 2013; 10:36. [PMID: 23957960 PMCID: PMC3765213 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD90 (Thy-1) is a small glycoprotein that is particularly abundant on the surface of mouse thymocytes and peripheral T cells, and is often used as a marker in adoptive transfer experiments to distinguish donor and recipient T cells with different CD90 subtypes. We have performed adoptive transfer experiments with T cell receptor transgenic (TCR Tg) mice to study the impaired CD8 T cell response with aging. FINDINGS After stimulation with a CD8 T cell epitope, HA518-524, the response of TCR Tg CD8 T cells from aged mice was decreased compared to the response of TCR Tg T cells from young mice. CD90 expression was also substantially decreased on the TCR Tg CD8 T cells of aged mice. However, the responses of CD90hi and CD90low CD8 T cells of the aged mice were similar in both early activation and proliferation, demonstrating that the impaired Tg T cell response with aging is not associated with the altered CD90 expression on CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS The impaired Tg CD8 T cell response in aged mice is not due to age-associated changes in CD90 expression on Tg CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Jiang
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erin Fisher
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donna M Murasko
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yi Z, Li L, Garland A, He Q, Wang H, Katz JD, Tisch R, Wang B. IFN-γ receptor deficiency prevents diabetes induction by diabetogenic CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012. [PMID: 22865049 PMCID: PMC3883988 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ is generally believed to be important in the autoimmune pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the development of spontaneous β-cell autoimmunity is unaffected in NOD mice lacking expression of IFN-γ or the IFN-γ receptor (IFNγR), bringing into question the role IFN-γ has in T1D. In the current study, an adoptive transfer model was employed to define the contribution of IFN-γ in CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T cell-mediated β-cell autoimmunity. NOD.scid mice lacking expression of the IFNγR β chain (NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null)) developed diabetes following transfer of β cell-specific CD8(+) T cells alone. In contrast, β cell-specific CD4(+) T cells alone failed to induce diabetes despite significant infiltration of the islets in NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null) recipients. The lack of pathogenicity of CD4(+) T-cell effectors was due to the resistance of IFNγR-deficient β cells to inflammatory cytokine-induced cell death. On the other hand, CD4(+) T cells indirectly promoted β-cell destruction by providing help to CD8(+) T cells in NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null) recipients. These results demonstrate that IFN-γR may play a key role in CD4(+) T cell-mediated β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alaina Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan D Katz
- Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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6
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Yi Z, Li L, Garland A, He Q, Wang H, Katz JD, Tisch R, Wang B. IFN-γ receptor deficiency prevents diabetes induction by diabetogenic CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2010-8. [PMID: 22865049 PMCID: PMC3883988 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ is generally believed to be important in the autoimmune pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the development of spontaneous β-cell autoimmunity is unaffected in NOD mice lacking expression of IFN-γ or the IFN-γ receptor (IFNγR), bringing into question the role IFN-γ has in T1D. In the current study, an adoptive transfer model was employed to define the contribution of IFN-γ in CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T cell-mediated β-cell autoimmunity. NOD.scid mice lacking expression of the IFNγR β chain (NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null)) developed diabetes following transfer of β cell-specific CD8(+) T cells alone. In contrast, β cell-specific CD4(+) T cells alone failed to induce diabetes despite significant infiltration of the islets in NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null) recipients. The lack of pathogenicity of CD4(+) T-cell effectors was due to the resistance of IFNγR-deficient β cells to inflammatory cytokine-induced cell death. On the other hand, CD4(+) T cells indirectly promoted β-cell destruction by providing help to CD8(+) T cells in NOD.scid.IFNγRB(null) recipients. These results demonstrate that IFN-γR may play a key role in CD4(+) T cell-mediated β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alaina Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan D Katz
- Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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7
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Surendran N, Zimmerman K, Seleem MN, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Hiltbold EM, Lawler H, Heid B, Witonsky SG. Ability of Brucella abortus rough vaccine strains to elicit DC and innate immunity in lung using a murine respiratory model. Vaccine 2010; 28:7009-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Yamada A, Ishimaru N, Arakaki R, Katunuma N, Hayashi Y. Cathepsin L inhibition prevents murine autoimmune diabetes via suppression of CD8(+) T cell activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12894. [PMID: 20877570 PMCID: PMC2943924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from defects in central and peripheral tolerance and characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of islet β cells. To determine whether specific lysosomal proteases might influence the outcome of a T cell–mediated autoimmune response, we examined the functional significance of cathepsin inhibition on autoimmune T1D-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Methods and Findings Here it was found that specific inhibition of cathepsin L affords strong protection from cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced insulitis and diabetes of NOD mice at the advanced stage of CD8+ T cell infiltration via inhibiting granzyme activity. It was discovered that cathepsin L inhibition prevents cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells in the pancreatic islets through controlling dipeptidyl peptidase I activity. Moreover, the gene targeting for cathepsin L with application of in vivo siRNA administration successfully prevented CY-induced diabetes of NOD mice. Finally, cathepsin L mRNA expression of peripheral CD8+ T cells from NOD mice developing spontaneous T1D was significantly increased compared with that from control mice. Conclusions Our results identified a novel function of cathepsin L as an enzyme whose activity is essential for the progression of CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes, and inhibition of cathepsin L as a powerful therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Katunuma
- Institute of Health Science, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Jiang J, Fisher E, Bennett AJ, Murasko DM. Enhancement of virus-specific expansion of transgenic CD8 T cells in aged mice by dendritic cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:580-3. [PMID: 20728463 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decreased CD8 T cell response to multiple antigens and to virus infection. Although both intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been shown to contribute to the decrease, the mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the age-associated decrease was examined. Influenza-specific TCR transgenic CD8 T cells of young mice demonstrated limited expansion in response to influenza infection when adoptively transferred to aged compared to young mice. This decreased response in aged mice could be significantly enhanced when DCs of young mice were co-transferred. Co-transfer of DCs had no impact in young recipient mice. Adoptive transfer of the DCs also increased the endogenous CD8 T cell response of intact aged mice, although to a lesser degree. These results suggest that the diminished CD8 T cell response to virus infection in aged mice is partially attributable to age-associated changes in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Jiang
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Driver JP, Serreze DV, Chen YG. Mouse models for the study of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a NOD to similarities and differences to human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:67-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jiang J, Bennett AJ, Fisher E, Williams-Bey Y, Shen H, Murasko DM. Limited expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells in the aged environment. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 130:713-21. [PMID: 19744506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the diminished immune response seen with aging are unclear. In this study, we investigate the contributions of alterations in the lymphoid microenvironment to this decrease. Using adoptive transfer of virus-specific transgenic CD8 T cells, we demonstrate that the aged environment inhibits the clonal expansion of specific CD8 T cells from young mice during virus infection. Transferred specific CD8 T cells from young mice demonstrated a response reflecting the CD8 T cell response of the intact aged host: the CD8 T cells expand more slowly and have a decreased maximal expansion in an aged compared to a young environment. While isolated DCs (MHC II(+) CD11c(+)) of aged mice maintain their ability to support CD8 T cell Ag-specific expansion in vitro, splenocytes demonstrated an age-associated decrease in this ability. Since the percentages of various populations of DCs in splenocytes demonstrate no significant alteration with age, this diminished APC activity of splenocytes of aged mice may reflect inhibitory activity of other cell populations. The results of this study demonstrate that elements of the aged environment play an important role in the alteration of T cell response to virus infection in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Jiang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Pang S, Zhang L, Wang H, Yi Z, Li L, Gao L, Zhao J, Tisch R, Katz JD, Wang B. CD8(+) T cells specific for beta cells encounter their cognate antigens in the islets of NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2716-24. [PMID: 19658094 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play a key role in the initiation of insulitis. However, the site(s) where naive CD8(+) T cells encounter beta-cell antigens and the mechanism(s) by which beta-cell autoimmunity is initiated remain to be determined. In the current study, an adoptive transfer model was employed assessing the initial site of priming and the nature of antigen recognition by naive beta-cell-specific CD8(+) T cells. Temporal analysis demonstrated that unlike CD4(+) T cells that are primed in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes, initial proliferation of transferred CD8(+) T cells was detected in the islets. These results indicate that in our model, naive beta-cell-specific CD8(+) T cells encounter beta-cell antigens in the islets. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CD80 by beta cells accelerated the onset of insulitis mediated by beta-cell-specific CD8(+) T cells, but had no effect on CD4(+) T-cell-mediated diabetes, suggesting an antigenic interaction between beta cells and naive CD8(+) T cells. However, it remains to be determined whether the initiation of insulitis in spontaneous diabetes is the result of a cognate interaction between naive CD8(+) T cells and islet beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Pang
- Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Martinez X, Clark J, Howlett S, Hunter KM, Rainbow DB, Wen L, Shlomchik MJ, Katz JD, Beilhack GF, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Expression of diabetes-associated genes by dendritic cells and CD4 T cells drives the loss of tolerance in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1533-41. [PMID: 19592648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans and NOD mice, defects in immune tolerance result in the spontaneous development of type-1-diabetes. Recent studies have ascribed a breakdown in tolerance to dysfunction in regulatory T cells that is secondary to reduced IL-2 production by T cells having the NOD diabetes susceptibility region insulin-dependent diabetes 3 (Idd3). In this study, we demonstrate a peripheral tolerance defect in the dendritic cells of NOD mice that is independent of regulatory T cells. NOD CD8 T cells specific for islet Ags fail to undergo deletion in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Deletion was promoted by expression of the protective alleles of both Idd3 (Il2) and Idd5 in dendritic cells. We further identify a second tolerance defect that involves endogenous CD4 T cell expression of the disease-promoting NOD alleles of these genetic regions. Pervasive insulitis can be reduced by expression of the Idd3 and Idd5 protective alleles by either the Ag-presenting cell or lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Selective delivery of beta cell antigen to dendritic cells in vivo leads to deletion and tolerance of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6374-9. [PMID: 18430797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802644105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from defects in central and peripheral tolerance and characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of islet beta cells. Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, reactive to beta cell antigens, are required for T1D development in the NOD mouse model of the disease, and CD8(+) T cells specific for beta cell antigens can be detected in the peripheral blood of T1D patients. It has been evident that in nonautoimmune-prone mice, dendritic cells (DCs) present model antigens in a tolerogenic manner in the steady state, e.g., in the absence of infection, and cause T cells to proliferate initially but then to be deleted or rendered unresponsive. However, this fundamental concept has not been evaluated in the setting of a spontaneous autoimmune disease. To do so, we delivered a mimotope peptide, recognized by the diabetogenic CD8(+) T cell clone AI4, to DCs in NOD mice via the endocytic receptor DEC-205. Proliferation of transferred antigen-specific T cells was initially observed, but this was followed by deletion. Tolerance was achieved because rechallenge of mice with the mimotope peptide in adjuvant did not induce an immune response. Thus, targeting of DCs with beta cell antigens leads to deletion of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells even in the context of ongoing autoimmunity in NOD mice with known tolerance defects. Our results provide support for the development of DC targeting of self antigens for treatment of chronic T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Anticapsid immunity level, not viral persistence level, correlates with the progression of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease in viral P1-transgenic mice. J Virol 2008; 82:5606-17. [PMID: 18353953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02442-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial infection of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces demyelination and a neurological disease in susceptible SJL/J (SJL) mice that resembles multiple sclerosis. While the virus is cleared from the central nervous system (CNS) of resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, it persists in SJL mice. To investigate the role of viral persistence and its accompanying immune responses in the development of demyelinating disease, transgenic mice expressing the P1 region of the TMEV genome (P1-Tg) were employed. Interestingly, P1-Tg mice with the B6 background showed severe reductions in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to capsid epitopes, while P1-Tg mice with the SJL background displayed transient reductions following viral infection. Reduced antiviral immune responses in P1-Tg mice led to >100- to 1,000-fold increases in viral persistence at 120 days postinfection in the CNS of mice with both backgrounds. Despite the increased CNS TMEV levels in these P1-Tg mice, B6 P1-Tg mice developed neither neuropathological symptoms nor demyelinating lesions, and SJL P1-Tg mice developed significantly less severe TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. These results strongly suggest that viral persistence alone is not sufficient to induce disease and that the level of T-cell immunity to viral capsid epitopes is critical for the development of demyelinating disease in SJL mice.
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16
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Li M, Peterson S, Husney D, Inaba M, Guo K, Terada E, Morita T, Patil K, Kappas A, Ikehara S, Abraham NG. Interdiction of the diabetic state in NOD mice by sustained induction of heme oxygenase: possible role of carbon monoxide and bilirubin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:855-63. [PMID: 17508911 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to assess whether sustained HO-1 expression could moderate or prevent diabetes in an animal model of the disease and, if so, to examine the possible mechanisms involved. Our results showed that HO-1 expression and HO activity were upregulated in the pancreas of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by the weekly administration of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP). Blood glucose levels in CoPPtreated mice decreased to normal, but continuously increased in untreated controls. Beta-cell numbers were preserved in the islets of CoPP-treated mice, whereas no beta cells were found in untreated diabetic mice. The number of CD11c(+) dendritic cells was significantly decreased in the pancreas of CoPP-treated NOD mice, but this effect was reversed by the inhibition of HO activity. Increased levels of HO-1 produced a new pancreatic phenotype, as reflected by increases in phosphorylated AKT, BcL-xL and RSK levels, and decreases in O(2)- and 3-NT levels. These novel findings provide a link between the increase in HO-1 activity, with its concurrent enhanced production of carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin, a decrease in infiltrated CD11c(+) dendritic cells and an increase in anti-apoptotic proteins, including RSK and BcL-xL, in the interdiction of the diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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17
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Martinez X, Lyman M, Hunter K, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. The use of idd congenic mice to identify checkpoints of peripheral tolerance to islet antigen. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1103:118-27. [PMID: 17376833 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1394.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs because of lack of T cell tolerance to islet antigens. We hypothesized that critical genetic susceptibility loci that control progression to T1D, designated as insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci, would be responsible for preventing CD8 T cell tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we have used two different congenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that are highly protected from the occurrence of T1D because they express protective alleles at Idd3 and Idd5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (Idd3/5 mice), or at Idd9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 (Idd9 mice). By examining the CD8 T response to two different islet-expressed antigens, we have determined that CD8 T tolerance is restored in both strains of mice. However, tolerance occurs at different checkpoints in each strain. In Idd3/5 mice, islet-antigen-specific CD8 T cells are eliminated in the pancreatic lymph nodes, where they are first activated by cross-presented islet antigens. In contrast, in Idd9 mice autoreactive CD8 T cells accumulate at this site and are not tolerized until after they enter the pancreas. We are currently identifying the cell types and mechanisms that are critical for tolerance induction at each checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Serreze DV, Osborne MA, Chen YG, Chapman HD, Pearson T, Brehm MA, Greiner DL. Partial versus Full Allogeneic Hemopoietic Chimerization Is a Preferential Means to Inhibit Type 1 Diabetes as the Latter Induces Generalized Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6675-84. [PMID: 17082580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In both humans and NOD mice, particular combinations of MHC genes provide the primary risk factor for development of the autoreactive T cell responses causing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Conversely, other MHC variants can confer dominant T1D resistance, and previous studies in NOD mice have shown their expression on hemopoietically derived APC is sufficient to induce disease protection. Although allogeneic hemopoietic chimerization can clearly provide a means for blocking T1D development, its clinical use for this purpose has been obviated by a requirement to precondition the host with what would be a lethal irradiation dose if bone marrow engraftment is not successful. There have been reports in which T1D-protective allogeneic hemopoietic chimerization was established in NOD mice that were preconditioned by protocols not including a lethal dose of irradiation. In most of these studies, virtually all the hemopoietic cells in the NOD recipients eventually converted to donor type. We now report that a concern about such full allogeneic chimeras is that they are severely immunocompromised potentially because their T cells are positively selected in the thymus by MHC molecules differing from those expressed by the APC available in the periphery to activate T cell effector functions. However, this undesirable side effect of generalized immunosuppression is obviated by a new protocol that establishes without a lethal preconditioning component, a stable state of mixed allogeneic hemopoietic chimerism sufficient to inhibit T1D development and also induce donor-specific tolerance in NOD recipients.
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19
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Chen YG, Chen J, Osborne MA, Chapman HD, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Leiter EH, Wilson SB, Serreze DV. CD38 Is Required for the Peripheral Survival of Immunotolerogenic CD4+Invariant NK T Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2939-47. [PMID: 16920929 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated autoimmune type-1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice partly results from this strain's numerical and functional defects in invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. T1D is inhibited in NOD mice treated with the iNKT cell superagonist alpha-galactosylceramide through a process involving enhanced accumulation of immunotolerogenic dendritic cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. Conversely, T1D is accelerated in NOD mice lacking CD38 molecules that play a role in dendritic cell migration to inflamed tissues. Unlike in standard NOD mice, alpha-galactosylceramide pretreatment did not protect the CD38-deficient stock from T1D induced by an adoptively transferred pancreatic beta cell-autoreactive CD8 T cell clone (AI4). We found that in the absence of CD38, ADP-ribosyltransferase 2 preferentially activates apoptotic deletion of peripheral iNKT cells, especially the CD4+ subset. Therefore, this study documents a previously unrecognized role for CD38 in maintaining survival of an iNKT cell subset that preferentially contributes to the maintenance of immunological tolerance.
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20
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Abstract
Autoantibodies have been used as good markers for the prediction of future development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but are not thought to be pathogenic in this disease. The role of B cells that produce autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of human T1DM is largely unknown. In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, it has been shown that B cells may contribute multifariously to the pathogenesis of the disease. Some aspects of deficiencies of B cell tolerance may lead to the circulation of autoreactive B cells. In addition, the antigen-presenting function of autoantigen specific B cells is likely to be particularly important, and autoantibodies are also considered to play a critical role. This review discusses the possible aspects of B cells involved in the development of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Susan Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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21
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Wicker LS, Clark J, Fraser HI, Garner VES, Gonzalez-Munoz A, Healy B, Howlett S, Hunter K, Rainbow D, Rosa RL, Smink LJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB. Type 1 diabetes genes and pathways shared by humans and NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl:29-33. [PMID: 16257508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of causative genes for the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and candidate genes in the NOD mouse has made significant progress in recent years. In addition to sharing structural aspects of the MHC class II molecules that confer susceptibility or resistance to T1D, genes and pathways contributing to autoimmune pathogenesis are held in common by the two species. There are data demonstrating a similar need to establish central tolerance to insulin. Gene variants for the interacting molecules IL2 and CD25, members of a pathway that is essential for immune homeostasis, are present in mice and humans, respectively. Variation of two molecules that negatively regulate T cells, CTLA-4 and the tyrosine phosphatase LYP/PEP, are associated with susceptibility to human and NOD T1D. These observations underscore the value of the NOD mouse model for mechanistic studies on human T1D-associated molecular and cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.
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22
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Jiang W, Anderson MS, Bronson R, Mathis D, Benoist C. Modifier loci condition autoimmunity provoked by Aire deficiency. J Exp Med 2005; 202:805-15. [PMID: 16172259 PMCID: PMC2212943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy patients and mutant mice lead to autoimmune manifestations that segregate as a monogenic trait, but with wide variation in the spectrum of organs targeted. To investigate the cause of this variability, the Aire knockout mutation was backcrossed to mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. The background loci strongly influenced the pattern of organs that were targeted (stomach, eye, pancreas, liver, ovary, thyroid, and salivary gland) and the severity of the targeting (particularly strong on the nonobese diabetic background, but very mild on the C57BL/6 background). Autoantibodies mimicked the disease pattern, with oligoclonal reactivity to a few antigens that varied between Aire-deficient strains. Congenic analysis and a whole genome scan showed that autoimmunity to each organ had a distinctive pattern of genetic control and identified several regions that controlled the pattern of targeting, including the major histocompatibility complex and regions of Chr1 and Chr3 previously identified in controlling type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jiang
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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23
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Serreze DV, Chen YG. Of mice and men: use of animal models to identify possible interventions for the prevention of autoimmune type 1 diabetes in humans. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:603-7. [PMID: 16140038 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal model and clinical studies indicate that type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. This review discusses the knowledge gained from animal models about the nature of the autoreactive T cells that cause T1D and the possible basis for their development. Based on this information, the possible positive and negative aspects of various antigen-specific and non-specific immunotherapies, which could potentially prevent the onset of T1D in at risk individuals, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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24
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Martinez X, Kreuwel HTC, Redmond WL, Trenney R, Hunter K, Rosen H, Sarvetnick N, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. CD8+ T Cell Tolerance in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Restored by Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Resistance Alleles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1677-85. [PMID: 16034108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although candidate genes controlling autoimmune disease can now be identified, a major challenge that remains is defining the resulting cellular events mediated by each locus. In the current study we have used NOD-InsHA transgenic mice that express the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) as an islet Ag to compare the fate of HA-specific CD8+ T cells in diabetes susceptible NOD-InsHA mice with that observed in diabetes-resistant congenic mice having protective alleles at insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) 3, Idd5.1, and Idd5.2 (Idd3/5 strain) or at Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3 (Idd9 strain). We demonstrate that protection from diabetes in each case is correlated with functional tolerance of endogenous islet-specific CD8+ T cells. However, by following the fate of naive, CFSE-labeled, islet Ag-specific CD8+ (HA-specific clone-4) or CD4+ (BDC2.5) T cells, we observed that tolerance is achieved differently in each protected strain. In Idd3/5 mice, tolerance occurs during the initial activation of islet Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes where CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) effectively prevent their accumulation. In contrast, resistance alleles in Idd9 mice do not prevent the accumulation of islet Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes, indicating that tolerance occurs at a later checkpoint. These results underscore the variety of ways that autoimmunity can be prevented and identify the elimination of islet-specific CD8+ T cells as a common indicator of high-level protection.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martinez
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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Ercolini AM, Ladle BH, Manning EA, Pfannenstiel LW, Armstrong TD, Machiels JPH, Bieler JG, Emens LA, Reilly RT, Jaffee EM. Recruitment of latent pools of high-avidity CD8(+) T cells to the antitumor immune response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1591-602. [PMID: 15883172 PMCID: PMC2212915 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier to successful antitumor vaccination is tolerance of high-avidity T cells specific to tumor antigens. In keeping with this notion, HER-2/neu (neu)-targeted vaccines, which raise strong CD8+ T cell responses to a dominant peptide (RNEU420-429) in WT FVB/N mice and protect them from a neu-expressing tumor challenge, fail to do so in MMTV-neu (neu-N) transgenic mice. However, treatment of neu-N mice with vaccine and cyclophosphamide-containing chemotherapy resulted in tumor protection in a proportion of mice. This effect was specifically abrogated by the transfer of neu-N–derived CD4+CD25+ T cells. RNEU420-429-specific CD8+ T cells were identified only in neu-N mice given vaccine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy which rejected tumor challenge. Tetramer-binding studies demonstrated that cyclophosphamide pretreatment allowed the activation of high-avidity RNEU420-429-specific CD8+ T cells comparable to those generated from vaccinated FVB/N mice. Cyclophosphamide seemed to inhibit regulatory T (T reg) cells by selectively depleting the cycling population of CD4+CD25+ T cells in neu-N mice. These findings demonstrate that neu-N mice possess latent pools of high-avidity neu-specific CD8+ T cells that can be recruited to produce an effective antitumor response if T reg cells are blocked or removed by using approaches such as administration of cyclophosphamide before vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, erbB-2/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ercolini
- Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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26
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Kwon H, Jun HS, Yang Y, Mora C, Mariathasan S, Ohashi PS, Flavell RA, Yoon JW. Development of autoreactive diabetogenic T cells in the thymus of NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:11-23. [PMID: 15725572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells by beta cell-specific autoreactive T cells in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Defects in thymic negative selection are thought to result in failure to delete potential beta cell-reactive T cells, contributing to the development of autoimmune diabetes. We investigated this possibility by comparing the deletion profile of double-positive (DP) thymocytes in NOD mice with diabetes-resistant strains of mice after anti-CD3 Ab treatment to trigger the TCR-mediated signaling pathway. We found that immature NOD CD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes have a lower activation threshold than C57BL/6 and Balb/c thymocytes. This was confirmed by showing that NOD DP thymocytes have a higher level of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. The low activation threshold of immature thymocytes resulted in rapid deletion of strongly activated immature DP thymocytes by negative selection, whereas weakly activated immature thymocytes differentiated more efficiently into CD69+CD3high DP thymocytes by positive selection. SP thymocytes, particularly CD4-CD8+ T cells that were efficiently generated from activated DP thymocytes, could induce severe insulitis and diabetes in NOD.scid mice. We conclude that the development of autoreactive diabetogenic T cells results from inordinate positive selection due to the low activation threshold of DP thymocytes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokjoon Kwon
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
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27
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Chen YG, Choisy-Rossi CM, Holl TM, Chapman HD, Besra GS, Porcelli SA, Shaffer DJ, Roopenian D, Wilson SB, Serreze DV. Activated NKT Cells Inhibit Autoimmune Diabetes through Tolerogenic Recruitment of Dendritic Cells to Pancreatic Lymph Nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1196-204. [PMID: 15661873 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NKT cell activation by alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) inhibits autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, in part by inducing recruitment to pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) of mature dendritic cells (DCs) with disease-protective effects. However, how activated NKT cells promote DC maturation, and what downstream effect this has on diabetogenic T cells was unknown. Activated NKT cells were found to produce a soluble factor(s) inducing DC maturation. Initially, there was a preferential accumulation of mature DCs in the PLNs of alpha-GalCer-treated NOD mice, followed by a substantial increase in T cells. Adoptive transfer of a diabetogenic CD8 T cell population (AI4) induced a high rate of disease (75%) in PBS-treated NOD recipients, but not in those pretreated with alpha-GalCer (8%). Significantly, more AI4 T cells accumulated in PLNs of alpha-GalCer than PBS-treated recipients, while no differences were found in mesenteric lymph nodes from each group. Compared with those in mesenteric lymph nodes, AI4 T cells entering PLNs underwent greater levels of apoptosis, and the survivors became functionally anergic. NKT cell activation enhanced this process. Hence, activated NKT cells elicit diabetes protection in NOD mice by producing a soluble factor(s) that induces DC maturation and accumulation in PLNs, where they subsequently recruit and tolerize pathogenic T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Galactosylceramides/therapeutic use
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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28
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Gordon EJ, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Serreze DV, Markees TG, Shultz LD, Rossini AA, Greiner DL, Mordes JP. Autoimmune diabetes and resistance to xenograft transplantation tolerance in NOD mice. Diabetes 2005; 54:107-15. [PMID: 15616017 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade induces prolonged rat islet and skin xenograft survival in C57BL/6 mice. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which are used to model human autoimmune diabetes, are resistant to costimulation blockade-induced allograft tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that NOD mice would also be resistant to costimulation blockade-induced rat xenograft tolerance. We report that rat islet xenograft survival is short in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice treated with a tolerizing regimen of donor-specific transfusion and anti-CD154 antibody. Rat islet xenograft survival is only marginally longer in chemically diabetic NOD mice treated with costimulation blockade but is prolonged further in NOD Idd congenic mice bearing C57-derived chromosome 3 loci. Reciprocally, the presence of NOD-derived chromosome 3 loci shortens islet xenograft survival in tolerized C57BL/6 mice. Islet xenograft survival is longer in tolerized NOD.CD4a(-/-) and (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice than in NOD mice but still much shorter than in C57BL/6 mice. Skin xenograft survival in (NOD x C57BL/6)F1 mice treated with costimulation blockade is short, suggesting a strong genetic resistance to skin xenograft tolerance induction. We conclude that the resistance of NOD mice to xenograft tolerance induction involves some mechanisms that also participate in the expression of autoimmunity and other mechanisms that are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel J Gordon
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, 373 Plantation St., Biotech 2, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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29
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Wang X, Wang JP, Maughan MF, Lachman LB. Alphavirus replicon particles containing the gene for HER2/neu inhibit breast cancer growth and tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:R145-55. [PMID: 15642163 PMCID: PMC1064108 DOI: 10.1186/bcr962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Overexpression of the HER2/neu gene in breast cancer is associated with an increased incidence of metastatic disease and with a poor prognosis. Although passive immunotherapy with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) has shown some effect, a vaccine capable of inducing T-cell and humoral immunity could be more effective. Methods Virus-like replicon particles (VRP) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus containing the gene for HER2/neu (VRP-neu) were tested by an active immunotherapeutic approach in tumor prevention models and in a metastasis prevention model. Results VRP-neu prevented or significantly inhibited the growth of HER2/neu-expressing murine breast cancer cells injected either into mammary tissue or intravenously. Vaccination with VRP-neu completely prevented tumor formation in and death of MMTV-c-neu transgenic mice, and resulted in high levels of neu-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and serum IgG. Conclusion On the basis of these findings, clinical testing of this vaccine in patients with HER2/neu+ breast cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lawrence B Lachman
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Yopp AC, Krieger NR, Ochando JC, Bromberg JS. Therapeutic manipulation of T cell chemotaxis in transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:571-7. [PMID: 15342001 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell migration and trafficking are regulated by the well defined cellular processes of rolling, activation, tight adhesion, arrest and diapedesis. These processes are, in turn, controlled by molecular events involving integrins, selectins, chemokines and chemokine receptors. Recent studies have shown that sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and their ligands are also important molecular modulators of migration and trafficking. Many of these molecules are appropriate targets for preventing allograft rejection or for achieving tolerance. Studies of migration and trafficking have also shown that the anatomic choreography of alloantigen presentation and T cell encounter with alloantigen and immunosuppression, are over-riding determinants of T cell priming versus tolerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Yopp
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1104, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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31
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Choisy-Rossi CM, Holl TM, Pierce MA, Chapman HD, Serreze DV. Enhanced Pathogenicity of Diabetogenic T Cells Escaping a Non-MHC Gene-Controlled Near Death Experience. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3791-800. [PMID: 15356126 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For unknown reasons, the common MHC class I variants encoded by the H2g7 haplotype (Kd, Db) aberrantly elicit autoreactive CD8 T cell responses essential to type 1 diabetes development when expressed in NOD mice, but not other strains. In this study, we show that interactive non-MHC genes allow a NOD-derived diabetogenic CD8 T cell clonotype (AI4) to be negatively selected at far greater efficiency in C57BL/6 mice congenically expressing H2g7 (B6.H2g7). However, the few AI4 T cells escaping negative selection in B6.H2g7 mice are exported from the thymus more efficiently, and are more functionally aggressive than those of NOD origin. This provides mechanistic insight to previous findings that resistant mouse strains carry some genes conferring greater diabetes susceptibility than the corresponding NOD allele. In the B6.H2g7 stock, non-MHC gene-controlled elevations in TCR expression are associated with both enhanced negative selection of diabetogenic CD8 T cells and increased aggressiveness of those escaping this process. An implication of this finding is that the same phenotype, in this case relatively high TCR expression levels, could have double-edged sword effects, contributing to type 1 diabetes resistance at one level of T cell development, but at another actually promoting pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/physiology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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32
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Silveira PA, Dombrowsky J, Johnson E, Chapman HD, Nemazee D, Serreze DV. B cell selection defects underlie the development of diabetogenic APCs in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5086-94. [PMID: 15067092 PMCID: PMC3792717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism whereby B cells contribute to type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is as a subset of APCs that preferentially presents MHC class II-bound pancreatic beta cell Ags to autoreactive CD4 T cells. This results from their ability to use cell surface Ig to specifically capture beta cell Ags. Hence, we postulated a diabetogenic role for defects in the tolerance mechanisms normally blocking the maturation and/or activation of B cells expressing autoreactive Ig receptors. We compared B cell tolerance mechanisms in NOD mice with nonautoimmune strains by using the IgHEL and Ig3-83 transgenic systems, in which the majority of B cells recognize one defined Ag. NOD- and nonautoimmune-prone mice did not differ in ability to delete or receptor edit B cells recognizing membrane-bound self Ags. However, in contrast to the nonautoimmune-prone background, B cells recognizing soluble self Ags in NOD mice did not undergo partial deletion and were also not efficiently anergized. The defective induction of B cell tolerance to soluble autoantigens is most likely responsible for the generation of diabetogenic APC in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David V. Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. David V. Serreze, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.
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33
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of immunological tolerance entails both central and peripheral mechanisms. The latter have been highlighted in the past several years, mostly because of great interest in the activities of regulatory T cells. However, an important role for central tolerance mechanisms has been reemphasized by recent results on human autoimmune diseases, including APECED and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Mathis
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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34
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic b cells and absolute insulin deficiency. Even when treated well, control is imperfect and complications inevitable. Advances in immunosuppressive drugs and preparation of donor islets have recently made curative islet transplantation a reality for type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, short-term side effects and long-term health risks of lifelong systemic immunosuppression compromise the otherwise extraordinary benefits that accrue from a successful graft. Our current goal is to obviate the need for immunosuppression and achieve islet graft tolerance. New protocols based on costimulation blockade have brought us close to that goal, inducing states of both peripheral and central transplantation tolerance. These have overcome both allograft rejection and recurrent autoimmunity, but potentially detrimental effects of environmental agents on tolerance are not yet fully understood. Studies of the underlying mechanisms have provided new insights into the nature of both tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Seung
- Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Two Biotech, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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35
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Pearson T, Markees TG, Serreze DV, Pierce MA, Marron MP, Wicker LS, Peterson LB, Shultz LD, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Genetic disassociation of autoimmunity and resistance to costimulation blockade-induced transplantation tolerance in nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:185-95. [PMID: 12816997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Curing type 1 diabetes by islet transplantation requires overcoming both allorejection and recurrent autoimmunity. This has been achieved with systemic immunosuppression, but tolerance induction would be preferable. Most islet allotransplant tolerance induction protocols have been tested in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and most have failed. Failure has been attributed to the underlying autoimmunity, assuming that autoimmunity and resistance to transplantation tolerance have a common basis. Out of concern that NOD biology could be misleading in this regard, we tested the hypothesis that autoimmunity and resistance to transplantation tolerance in NOD mice are distinct phenotypes. Unexpectedly, we observed that (NOD x C57BL/6)F(1) mice, which have no diabetes, nonetheless resist prolongation of skin allografts by costimulation blockade. Further analyses revealed that the F(1) mice shared the dendritic cell maturation defects and abnormal CD4(+) T cell responses of the NOD but had lost its defects in macrophage maturation and NK cell activity. We conclude that resistance to allograft tolerance induction in the NOD mouse is not a direct consequence of overt autoimmunity and that autoimmunity and resistance to costimulation blockade-induced transplantation tolerance phenotypes in NOD mice can be dissociated genetically. The outcomes of tolerance induction protocols tested in NOD mice may not accurately predict outcomes in human subjects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Homozygote
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intravenous
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Pearson
- Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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36
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Arreaza G, Salojin K, Yang W, Zhang J, Gill B, Mi QS, Gao JX, Meagher C, Cameron M, Delovitch TL. Deficient activation and resistance to activation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is associated with defective peripheral tolerance in nonobese diabetic mice. Clin Immunol 2003; 107:103-15. [PMID: 12763479 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is a mechanism of homeostasis that limits the clonal expansion of autoreactive T cells and regulates central and peripheral tolerance. In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, defects in central and peripheral tolerance are associated with a proliferative hyporesponsiveness of thymocytes and peripheral T cells elicited upon TCR activation. We investigated whether these defects in tolerance induction and hyporesponsiveness of NOD T cells manifest in an altered susceptibility to TCR-induced AICD. TCR-activated NOD splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are more resistant to AICD than control strain C57BL/6, BALB/c, and NOR T cells. NOR CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells are resistant to TCR-induced AICD. Whereas c-FLIP expression is reduced in activated T cells from control strains, it persists in activated NOD CD8+ T cells and is accompanied by diminished activity of caspase-3 and -8. IL-4 reduces this c-FLIP expression and increases caspase-3 and -8 activity in activated NOD CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IL-4 and CD28 costimulation restores the susceptibility of NOD CD8+ T cells to AICD, and this is associated with increased expression of CD25, CD95, CD95L, and TNFR2. Thus, deficient activation of CD8+ T cells and their greater resistance to TCR-induced AICD may mediate defective peripheral tolerance and the development of T1D in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Arreaza
- Autoimmunity/Diabetes Group, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, NG6 2V4, London, ON, Canada
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37
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Pearson T, Markees TG, Wicker LS, Serreze DV, Peterson LB, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. NOD congenic mice genetically protected from autoimmune diabetes remain resistant to transplantation tolerance induction. Diabetes 2003; 52:321-6. [PMID: 12540603 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The loss of self-tolerance leading to autoimmune type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model involves at least 19 genetic loci. In addition to their genetic defects in self-tolerance, NOD mice resist peripheral transplantation tolerance induced by costimulation blockade using donor-specific transfusion and anti-CD154 antibody. Hypothesizing that these two abnormalities might be related, we investigated whether they could be uncoupled through a genetic approach. Diabetes-resistant NOD and C57BL/6 stocks congenic for various reciprocally introduced Idd loci were assessed for their ability to be tolerized. Surprisingly, in NOD congenic mice that are almost completely protected from diabetes, costimulation blockade failed to prolong skin allograft survival. In reciprocal C57BL/6 congenic mice with NOD-derived Idd loci, skin allograft survival was readily prolonged by costimulation blockade. These data indicate that single or multiple combinations of evaluated Idd loci that dramatically reduce diabetes frequency do not correct resistance to peripheral transplantation tolerance induced by costimulation blockade. We suggest that mechanisms controlling autoimmunity and transplantation tolerance in NOD mice are not completely overlapping and are potentially distinct, or that the genetic threshold for normalizing the transplantation tolerance defect is higher than that for preventing autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Pearson
- Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA
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38
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Lesage S, Hartley SB, Akkaraju S, Wilson J, Townsend M, Goodnow CC. Failure to censor forbidden clones of CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1175-88. [PMID: 12417628 PMCID: PMC2194101 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes and other organ-specific autoimmune diseases often cluster together in human families and in congenic strains of NOD (nonobese diabetic) mice, but the inherited immunoregulatory defects responsible for these diseases are unknown. Here we track the fate of high avidity CD4 T cells recognizing a self-antigen expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells using a transgenic mouse model. T cells of identical specificity, recognizing a dominant peptide from the same islet antigen and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presenting molecule, were followed on autoimmune susceptible and resistant genetic backgrounds. We show that non-MHC genes from the NOD strain cause a failure to delete these high avidity autoreactive T cells during their development in the thymus, with subsequent spontaneous breakdown of CD4 cell tolerance to the islet antigen, formation of intra-islet germinal centers, and high titre immunoglobulin G1 autoantibody production. In mixed bone marrow chimeric animals, defective thymic deletion was intrinsic to T cells carrying diabetes susceptibility genes. These results demonstrate a primary failure to censor forbidden clones of self-reactive T cells in inherited susceptibility to organ-specific autoimmune disease, and highlight the importance of thymic mechanisms of tolerance in organ-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lesage
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Lab, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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39
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Nicolls MR, Coulombe M, Beilke J, Gelhaus HC, Gill RG. CD4-dependent generation of dominant transplantation tolerance induced by simultaneous perturbation of CD154 and LFA-1 pathways. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4831-9. [PMID: 12391193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD154 and LFA-1 (CD11a) represent conceptually distinct pathways of receptor/ligand interactions (costimulation and adhesion/homing, respectively) that have been effectively targeted to induce long-term allograft acceptance and tolerance. In the current study, we determined the relative efficacy and nature of tolerance induced by mAbs specific for these pathways. In vitro analysis indicated that simultaneous targeting of CD154 and LFA-1 resulted in profound inhibition of alloreactivity, suggesting that combined anti-CD154/anti-LFA-1 therapy could be highly effective in vivo. Thus, we evaluated combining mAb therapies targeting CD154 and LFA-1 for inducing transplantation tolerance to pancreatic islet allografts. Monotherapy with either anti-CD154 or anti-LFA-1 was partially effective for inducing long-term allograft survival, whereas the combination resulted in uniform allograft acceptance in high-responder C57BL/6 recipients. This combined therapy was not lymphocyte depleting and did not require the long-term deletion of donor-reactive T lymphocytes to maintain allograft survival. Importantly, combined anti-CD154/anti-LFA therapy uniquely resulted in "dominant" transplantation tolerance. Therefore, simultaneous perturbation of CD154 and LFA-1 molecules can result in profound tolerance induction not accomplished through individual monotherapy approaches. Furthermore, results show that such regulatory tolerance can coexist with the presence of robust anti-donor reactivity, suggesting that active tolerance does not require a corresponding deletion of donor-reactive T cells. Interestingly, although the induction of this regulatory state was highly CD4 dependent, the adoptive transfer of tolerance was less CD4 dependent in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/physiology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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40
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Yang S, Linette GP, Longerich S, Haluska FG. Antimelanoma activity of CTL generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with melanoma gp100 peptide G209-2M is correlated to TCR avidity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:531-9. [PMID: 12077285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anchor residue-modified peptides derived from tumor-associated Ag have demonstrated success in engendering immune responses in clinical studies. However, tumor regression does not always correlate with immune responses. One hypothesis to explain this is that CTL resulting from such immunization approaches are variable in antitumor potency. In the present study, we evaluated this hypothesis by characterizing the activity of tumor-associated Ag-specific CTL. We chose an anchor residue-modified peptide from gp100, G209-2M, and used peptide-pulsed dendritic cells to generate CTL from PBMC of HLA-A2(+) normal donors. The specificities and avidities of the resulting CTL were evaluated. The results demonstrate that CTL generated by G209-2M can be classified into three categories: G209-2M-specific CTL which are cytotoxic only to G209-2M-pulsed targets; peptide-specific CTL which recognize both G209 and G209-2M peptides but not melanomas; and melanoma-reactive CTL which recognize peptide-pulsed targets as well as HLA-A2(+)gp100(+) melanomas. CTL that kill only peptide-pulsed targets require a higher peptide concentration to mediate target lysis, whereas CTL that lyse melanomas need a lower peptide concentration. Increasing peptide density on melanomas by loading exogenous G209 peptide enhances their sensitivity to peptide-specific CTL. High avidity CTL clones also demonstrate potent antimelanoma activity in melanoma model in nude mice. Injection of G209 peptide around transplanted tumors significantly enhances the antitumor activity of low avidity CTL. These results suggest that peptide stimulation causes expansion of T cell populations with a range of avidities. Successful immunotherapy may require selective expansion of the higher-avidity CTL and intratumor injection of the peptide may enhance the effect of peptide vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/administration & dosage
- Neoplasm Proteins/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Yang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, O'Brien B, Trudeau J, Tan R, Santamaria P, Dutz JP. In situ beta cell death promotes priming of diabetogenic CD8 T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1466-72. [PMID: 11801690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CTLs are important mediators of pancreatic beta cell destruction in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Cross-presentation of Ag is one means of priming CTLs. The death of Ag-bearing cells has been implicated in facilitating this mode of priming. The role of beta cell death in facilitating the onset of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes is unknown. Here, we used an adoptive transfer system to determine the time course of islet-derived Ag presentation to naive beta cell-specific CD8 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice and to test the hypothesis that beta cell death enhances the presentation of beta cell autoantigen. We have determined that beta cell death enhances autoantigen presentation. Priming of diabetogenic CD8 T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes was negligible before 4 wk, progressively increased until 8 wk of age, and was not influenced by gender. Administration of multiple low doses of the beta cell toxin streptozotocin augmented in situ beta cell apoptosis and accelerated the onset and magnitude of autoantigen presentation to naive CD8 T cells. Increasing doses of streptozotocin resulted in both increased pancreatic beta cell death and significantly enhanced T cell priming. These results indicate that in situ beta cell death facilitates autoantigen-specific CD8 T cell priming and can contribute to both the initiation and the ongoing amplification of an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, British Columbia Research Institute of Children and Women's Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Rosmalen JGM, van Ewijk W, Leenen PJM. T-cell education in autoimmune diabetes: teachers and students. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:40-6. [PMID: 11801453 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a classical example of a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Several aberrations in immune regulation have been described in both human diabetes patients and animal models of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we summarize how proposed immune defects might be implicated in the loss of T-cell tolerance towards self in autoimmune diabetes in humans, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and Biobreeding (BB) rats. For this purpose, we will discuss the tolerance-inducing mechanisms that an autoreactive T cell should encounter from its genesis to its pathogenic role in the pancreas, in order of appearance. These comprise central tolerance mechanisms (i.e. positive and negative selection in the thymus) and those mechanisms operative in the periphery (i.e. activation-induced cell death and regulatory T cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G M Rosmalen
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
Autoimmunity can be viewed as the price we pay in order to have a highly diverse TCR repertoire. This is not to say that every effort isn't made by the immune system to prevent autoimmune disease. During thymic development, and later in the periphery, the TCR repertoire is continuously purged of cells that are activated by self-antigens. Other lymphocytes are recruited to join a legion of T regulatory cells that assist in preventing 'friendly fire'. Recent studies continue to reveal the importance of the composition of the T cell repertoire in predisposing an individual to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Kreuwel
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, IMM-15, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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