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Coffman-D'Annibale K, Myojin Y, Monge C, Xie C, Hrones DM, Wood BJ, Levy EB, Kleiner D, Figg WD, Steinberg SM, Redd B, Greten TF. VB-111 (ofranergene obadenovec) in combination with nivolumab in patients with microsatellite stable colorectal liver metastases: a single center, single arm, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008079. [PMID: 38184304 PMCID: PMC10773432 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite stable colorectal liver metastases (MSS CLM) maintain an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Historically, immune-based approaches have been ineffective. VB-111 (ofranergene obadenovec) is a genetically-modified adenoviral vector targeting the TME; its unique dual mechanism induces an immune response and disrupts neovascularization. Checkpoint inhibition may synergize the immune response induced by viral-mediated anti-angiogenic gene therapy. We aimed to examine the safety and antitumor activity of VB-111 and nivolumab in patients with refractory MSS CLM and to characterize immunological treatment-response. METHODS This was a phase II study of adult patients with histologically-confirmed MSS CLM who progressed on prior therapy. A priming dose of VB-111 1×1013 viral particles was given intravenously 2 weeks prior to starting biweekly nivolumab 240 mg and continued every 6 weeks. The combination continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objectives were overall response rate and safety/tolerability. Secondary objectives included median overall survival and progression-free survival. Correlative studies were performed on paired tumor biopsies and blood. RESULTS Between August 2020 and December 2021, 14 patients were enrolled with median age 50.5 years (40-75), and 14% were women. Median follow-up was 5.5 months. Of the 10 evaluable patients, the combination of VB-111 and nivolumab failed to demonstrate radiographic responses; at best, 2 patients had stable disease. Median overall survival was 5.5 months (95% CI: 2.3 to 10.8), and median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95% CI: 1.4 to 1.9). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were fever/chills, influenza-like symptoms, and lymphopenia. No treatment-related deaths were reported. Qualitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining of paired tumor biopsies did not demonstrate significant immune infiltration after treatment, except for one patient who had exceptional survival (26.0 months). Immune analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed an increase of PD-1highKi67highCD8+ T cells and HLA-DRhigh T cells after VB-111 priming dose. Plasma cytokines interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α increased after treatment with both drugs. CONCLUSION In patients with MSS CLM, VB-111 and nivolumab did not improve overall response rate or survival but were tolerated with minimal toxicities. While challenging to distinguish between antiviral or antitumor, correlative studies demonstrated an immune response with activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells systemically that was poorly sustained. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04166383.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Coffman-D'Annibale
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Myojin
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecilia Monge
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Changqing Xie
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna Mabry Hrones
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elliot B Levy
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Douglas Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadette Redd
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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In Silico Model Estimates the Clinical Trial Outcome of Cancer Vaccines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113048. [PMID: 34831269 PMCID: PMC8616443 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 30 years after the first cancer vaccine clinical trial (CT), scientists still search the missing link between immunogenicity and clinical responses. A predictor able to estimate the outcome of cancer vaccine CTs would greatly benefit vaccine development. Published results of 94 CTs with 64 therapeutic vaccines were collected. We found that preselection of CT subjects based on a single matching HLA allele does not increase immune response rates (IRR) compared with non-preselected CTs (median 60% vs. 57%, p = 0.4490). A representative in silico model population (MP) comprising HLA-genotyped subjects was used to retrospectively calculate in silico IRRs of CTs based on the percentage of MP-subjects having epitope(s) predicted to bind ≥ 1–4 autologous HLA allele(s). We found that in vitro measured IRRs correlated with the frequency of predicted multiple autologous allele-binding epitopes (AUC 0.63–0.79). Subgroup analysis of multi-antigen targeting vaccine CTs revealed correlation between clinical response rates (CRRs) and predicted multi-epitope IRRs when HLA threshold was ≥ 3 (r = 0.7463, p = 0.0004) but not for single HLA allele-binding epitopes (r = 0.2865, p = 0.2491). Our results suggest that CRR depends on the induction of broad T-cell responses and both IRR and CRR can be predicted when epitopes binding to multiple autologous HLAs are considered.
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Dang N, Waer M, Sprangers B, Lin Y. Improved Anti-Tumour Adaptive Immunity Can Overcome the Melanoma Immunosuppressive Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111694. [PMID: 31683642 PMCID: PMC6895810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical benefits obtained from checkpoint blockade regimens demonstrate the importance of overcoming the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) in cancer immunotherapy. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of B16 melanoma cells (H-2Kb) leads to lethal disseminated pulmonary metastasis in Balb/c recipients (H-2Kd). This lack of immune control is related to low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression on B16 cells which is associated with delayed and decreased anti-tumour adaptive immune responses (e.g., alloantibody formation) as: (i) other tumour types with normal H-2Kb expression are rejected with concomitant antibody production; (ii) preincubation of B16 with IFN-gamma to upregulate H-2Kb expression resulted in improved antibody production and anti-tumour activity. The delayed/decreased anti-tumour adaptive immune responses induced by B16 inoculation is not able to interrupt progression of primary metastases, while it is able to effectively eliminate secondary inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) B16 cells from progression. This is due to the presence of an immunosuppressive TME within the primary metastases characterized by increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) and an increased T helper cells (Th) 2/1 profile. These tumour-induced immunosuppressive T cell populations are counteracted by improved adaptive immunity via active and passive immunization, resulting in effective elimination of the TME, destruction of the metastatic tumour and a reversal of Th2/1 profile in a time-sensitive manner. Thus, we here demonstrate that the TME is not irreversible and adaptive immunity is able to eradicate established solid tumour and its immunosuppressive TME. This study will help design treatments to overcome the immunosuppressive effect of the TME and improve efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Dang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mark Waer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yuan Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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van Duikeren S, Arens R. Predicting the efficacy of cancer vaccines by evaluating T-cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22616. [PMID: 23482345 PMCID: PMC3583929 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a preclinical experimental model of human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced cervical carcinoma, we have shown that the efficacy of cancer vaccines can be predicted by the evaluation of vaccine-induced T-cell responses in healthy subjects. We argue that such knowledge can be used to screen candidates for vaccination, which in turn may accelerate the development and increase the overall efficacy of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van Duikeren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Back to the future: learning from cancer vaccine trials in Cardiff. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 21:110-5. [PMID: 23417073 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182811612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The early 1990s saw the first clinical testing of several therapeutic cancer vaccines. There was great optimism that these vaccines could be used as an alternative therapy for patients who had failed to respond to conventional cancer therapies. This article provides a personal perspective on the cancer vaccine field after being involved with a series of clinical trials in the United Kingdom (Cardiff) starting in the mid 1990s. It will also review the developments in technology and improved knowledge of the immune system that have informed the design of a new generation of cancer vaccine trials that will start in Cardiff in 2012.
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Zumla A, Maeurer M. Rational Development of Adjunct Immune-Based Therapies for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Hypotheses and Experimental Designs. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 Suppl 2:S335-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Rettig L, Seidenberg S, Parvanova I, Samaras P, Knuth A, Pascolo S. Gemcitabine depletes regulatory T-cells in human and mice and enhances triggering of vaccine-specific cytotoxic T-cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:832-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The immunosuppressive tumor environment is the major impediment to successful therapeutic vaccination in Neu transgenic mice. J Immunother 2010; 33:482-91. [PMID: 20463599 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181d756bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We earlier showed that therapeutic vaccination of FVB/N mice with alphaviral replicon particles expressing rat neuET-VRP induced regression of established neu-expressing tumors. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of neuET-VRPs in a tolerant mouse model using mice with transgenic expression of neu. Using the same approach that induced regression of 70 mm(2) tumors in FVB/N mice, we were unable to inhibit tumor growth in tolerant neu-N mice, despite showing neu-specific B-cell and T-cell responses post vaccination. As neu-N mice have a limited T-cell repertoire specific to neu, we hypothesized that the absence of these T cells led to differences in the vaccine response. However, transfer of neu-specific T cells from vaccinated FVB/N mice was not effective in inducing tumor regression, as these cells did not proliferate in the tumor-draining lymph node. Vaccination given with low-dose cyclophosphamide to deplete regulatory T cells delayed tumor growth but did not result in tumor regression. Finally, we showed that T cells given with vaccination were effective in inhibiting tumor growth, if administered with approaches to deplete myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Our data show that both central deletion of lymphocytes and peripheral immunosuppressive mechanisms are present in neu-N mice. However, the major impediment to successful vaccination is the peripheral tumor-induced immune suppression.
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Kitamura H, Sedlik C, Jacquet A, Zaragoza B, Dusseaux M, Premel V, Sastre-Garau X, Lantz O. Long Peptide Vaccination Can Lead to Lethality through CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Cytokine Storm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:892-901. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Analysis of vaccine-induced T cells in humans with cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:178-88. [PMID: 20795549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, progress in the field of tumor immunology has lead to advances in active immunotherapy and vaccination as a means ofeliciting tumor-specific immune responses to mediate tumor regression and clearance. Developing vaccines targeted against cancer became an important focus as a therapy following the success of viral vaccines in preventing infection and disease. In humans with cancer, similar to viral infections, the host immune system is capable of recognizing antigens expressed on tumor cells. This similarity allows the immunological framework of the viral vaccine to be adapted to the cancer setting in hopes of enhancing human T-cell reactivity against tumor. It is generally believed that a requirement for tumor destruction to occur is the induction of sufficient levels of immune cells with high avidity for recognition of tumor antigens. Moreover, the cells must be targeted to the tumor site and be capable of infiltrating tumor stroma.2 Several tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been identified in the melanoma model which has allowed for immunization trials to evaluate therapeutic potential of tumor-specific T-cell induction. Some clinical trials reported limited success ofT-cell mediated tumor rejection, reportingpartial or complete regression in 10 to 30% of patients. Although tumor regression was not observed following active immunization in vivo, ex vivo assays evaluating TAA-specific T cells demonstrated tumor recognition and subsequent T-cell activation suggesting that tumor-specific T-cell induction indeed occurs but alone is not adequate to induce tumor regression. Recently, the usefulness and success of active-specific immunization (ASI) against TAAs as a means ofeliciting a tumor-specific immune response leading to tumor regression and clearance has been a topic of debate and discussion.
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Abstract
Cell-based cancer vaccines are a highly attractive alternative to standard cancer therapies. They theoretically have the capability of inciting a multitargeted therapeutic response that functions by reshaping the host-tumor interaction, tipping the balance in favor of tumor rejection. Due to the polyclonal immune response induced, they are less likely to result in therapeutic escape than most cancer treatments in use today. Their immune-based mechanism of action offers a unique approach to management that should not be limited by traditional modes of drug resistance. Their favorable side-effect profile further identifies them as a potential treatment modality of choice. Despite these positive features, a number of hurdles must be overcome in order for cancer vaccines to take their place in the clinic as part of standard cancer therapy. Vaccine protocols must be optimized both to induce a high-quality antitumor T-cell response and to abrogate established mechanisms of immune tolerance that actively function to shut antitumor T cells down. By applying basic knowledge of the molecular features of T-cell biology and immune tolerance to the design of trials that combine tumor vaccines with targeted immunomodulatory drugs, potent strategies for inducing effective antitumor immunity can be developed. The first of these combinatorial trials have already been reported and offer a tantalizing glimpse of the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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12
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Liu Y, Peng Y, Mi M, Guevara-Patino J, Munn DH, Fu N, He Y. Lentivector immunization stimulates potent CD8 T cell responses against melanoma self-antigen tyrosinase-related protein 1 and generates antitumor immunity in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5960-9. [PMID: 19414747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant lentivector immunization has been demonstrated to induce potent CD8 T cell responses in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether lentivector delivering a self/tumor Ag, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), could stimulate effective antitumor T cell responses. We found that immunization with lentivector expressing mutated TRP1 Ag elicited potent CD8 T cell responses against multiple TRP1 epitopes. Importantly, the activated CD8 T cells effectively recognize wild-type TRP1 epitopes. At peak times, as many as 10% of CD8 T cells were effector cells against TRP1 Ag. These cells killed wild-type TRP1 peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo and produced IFN-gamma after ex vivo stimulation. The CD8 T cell responses were long-lasting (3-4 wk). Immunized mice were protected from B16 tumor cell challenge. In a therapeutic setting, lentivector immunization induced potent CD8 T cell responses in tumor bearing mice. The number of infiltrating T cells and the ratio of CD8/CD4 were dramatically increased in the tumors of immunized mice. The tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells were functional and produced IFN-gamma. The potent CD8 T cell responses stimulated by lentivector immunization eliminated small 3-day s.c. B16 tumors and strongly inhibited the growth of more established 5-day tumors. These studies demonstrate that genetic immunization with lentivector expressing mutated self/tumor Ag can generate potent CD8 T cell immune responses and antitumor immunity that prevent and inhibit B16 tumor growth, suggesting that lentivector immunization has the potential for tumor immunotherapy and immune prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Immunology/Immunotherapy Program, Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Abstract
The immune response to cancer has been long recognized, including both innate and adaptive responses, showing that the immune system can recognize protein products of genetic and epigenetic changes in transformed cells. The accumulation of antigen-specific T cells within the tumor, the draining lymph node, and the circulation, either in newly diagnosed patients or resultant from experimental immunotherapy, proves that tumors produce antigens and that priming occurs. Unfortunately, just as obviously, tumors grow, implying that anti-tumor immune responses are either not sufficiently vigorous to eliminate the cancer or that anti-tumor immunity is suppressed. Both possibilities are supported by current data. In experimental animal models of cancer and also in patients, systemic immunity is usually not dramatically suppressed, because tumor-bearing animals and patients develop T-cell-dependent immune responses to microbes and to either model antigens or experimental cancer vaccines. However, inhibition of specific anti-tumor immunity is common, and several possible explanations of tolerance to tumor antigens or tumor-induced immunesuppression have been proposed. Inhibition of effective anti-tumor immunity results from the tumor or the host response to tumor growth, inhibiting the activation, differentiation, or function of anti-tumor immune cells. As a consequence, anti-tumor T cells cannot respond productively to developmental, targeting, or activation cues. While able to enhance the number and phenotype of anti-tumor T cells, the modest success of immunotherapy has shown the necessity to attempt to reverse tolerance in anti-tumor T cells, and the vanguard of experimental therapy now focuses on vaccination in combination with blockade of immunosuppressive mechanisms. This review discusses several potential mechanisms by which anti-tumor T cells may be inhibited in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Monitoring of vaccine-specific gamma interferon induction in genital mucosa of mice by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:757-64. [PMID: 18367582 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00392-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of T-cell responses in genital mucosa has remained a major challenge because of the absence of lymphoid aggregates and the low abundance of T cells. Here we have adapted to genital tissue a sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR (TaqMan) method to measure induction of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mRNA transcription after 3 h of antigen-specific activation of CD8 T cells. For this purpose, we vaccinated C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously with human papillomavirus type 16 L1 virus-like particles and monitored the induction of CD8 T cells specific to the L1(165-173) H-2D(b)-restricted epitope. Comparison of the responses induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph nodes (LN) by L1-specific IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay and TaqMan determination of the relative increase in L1-specific IFN-gamma mRNA induction normalized to the content of CD8b mRNA showed a significant correlation, despite the difference in the readouts. Most of the cervicovaginal tissues could be analyzed by the TaqMan method if normalization to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA was used and a significant L1-specific IFN-gamma induction was found in one-third of the immunized mice. This local response did not correlate with the immune responses measured in the periphery, with the exception of the sacral LN, an LN draining the genital mucosa, where a significant correlation was found. Our data show that the TaqMan method is sensitive enough to detect antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses in the genital mucosa of individual mice, and this may contribute to elaborate effective vaccines against genital pathogens.
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Perosa F, Favoino E, Vicenti C, Merchionne F, Dammacco F. Identification of an antigenic and immunogenic motif expressed by two 7-mer rituximab-specific cyclic peptide mimotopes: implication for peptide-based active immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7967-74. [PMID: 18025245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two 7-mer cyclic peptides-Rp15-C and Rp13-C-which bear the antigenic motif recognized by the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab, but have different motif-surrounding amino acids, show a comparable avidity for rituximab and inhibit the binding of rituximab to raft-associated CD20 and rituximab-induced membrane ceramide on human lymphoid Daudi cells. Their immunogenic profiles differed: Abs recognizing CD20 were induced in two and five of five BALB/c mice immunized with Rp15-C and Rp13-C, respectively. Analysis of immunogenic motif, performed by panning a 7-mer phage-display peptide library with purified anti-peptide IgGs, showed that the motif defined by anti-Rp15-C mostly included amino acids surrounding the rituximab-specific antigenic motif <aNPS>, whereas that defined by anti-Rp13-C was <NPS>. These data indicate that their motif-surrounding amino acids can markedly influence the specificity of Abs, even when elicited with a short 7-mer peptide. Because these anti-peptide Abs are of IgG isotype, their specificity is likely to reflect how peptides are processed at the T cell level and suggest that, within a short peptide, the motifs defined by T cells during the initial phase and upon their stimulation may be different. Our findings may account for the failure of most forms of peptide-based immunotherapy in cancer and autoimmune diseases in which anti-mimotope Abs are expected to play a relevant therapeutic effect. They also suggest strategies to implement the specificity of peptide-induced Abs against the target Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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Rice J, Ottensmeier CH, Stevenson FK. DNA vaccines: precision tools for activating effective immunity against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:108-20. [PMID: 18219306 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination has suddenly become a favoured strategy for inducing immunity. The molecular precision offered by gene-based vaccines, together with the facility to include additional genes to direct and amplify immunity, has always been attractive. However, the apparent failure to translate operational success in preclinical models to the clinic, for reasons that are now rather obvious, reduced initial enthusiasm. Recently, novel delivery systems, especially electroporation, have overcome this translational block. Here, we assess the development, current performance and potential of DNA vaccines for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rice
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton,SO16 6YD, UK
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Emens LA. Chemotherapy and tumor immunity: an unexpected collaboration. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:249-57. [PMID: 17981543 DOI: 10.2741/2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy directly targets the transformed tumor cell, and has long been a key component of therapy for most early and advanced cancers. However, its utility is ultimately limited by unavoidable toxicity to normal tissues, and by drug resistance pathways deeply embedded within the biology of the tumor cell itself. These limitations strongly argue for innovative strategies to treat and manage cancer. Engaging the power of the patient's own immune system is a highly attractive way to complement the activity of standard cancer treatment. Tumor vaccines offer the potential for preventing cancer in those at high risk for disease development, preventing relapse in those diagnosed with early cancer, and treating advanced disease. Notably, the barriers to tumor vaccine efficacy are distinct from the limitations of combination chemotherapy. The ability of vaccines to induce a response robust enough to mediate tumor rejection is limited by the extent of disease burden, the suppressive effect of the local tumor micronenvironment, and multiple layers of systemic immune tolerance established to keep the immune response turned off. Chemotherapy can be used with tumor vaccines in unexpected ways, breaking down these barriers and unleashing the full potential of the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 4M90, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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Kaufmann AM, Nieland JD, Jochmus I, Baur S, Friese K, Gabelsberger J, Gieseking F, Gissmann L, Glasschröder B, Grubert T, Hillemanns P, Höpfl R, Ikenberg H, Schwarz J, Karrasch M, Knoll A, Küppers V, Lechmann M, Lelle RJ, Meissner H, Müller RT, Pawlita M, Petry KU, Pilch H, Walek E, Schneider A. Vaccination trial with HPV16 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles in women suffering from high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3). Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2794-800. [PMID: 17721997 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLP) has demonstrated efficacy in prophylaxis but lacks therapeutic potential. HPV16 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles (CVLP) consist of a carboxy-terminally truncated HPV16L1 protein fused to the amino-terminal part of the HPV16 E7 protein and self-assemble by recombinant expression of the fusion protein. The CVLP are able to induce L1- and E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have performed a first clinical trial to gain information about the safety and to generate preliminary data on the therapeutic potential of the CVLP in humans. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial has been conducted in 39 HPV16 mono-infected high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients (CIN 2/3). Two doses (75 mug or 250 mug) of CVLP were applied. The duration of the study was 24 weeks with 2 optional visits after another 12 and 24 weeks. The vaccine showed a very good safety profile with only minor adverse events attributable to the immunization. Antibodies with high titers against HPV16 L1 and low titers against HPV16 E7 as well as cellular immune responses against both proteins were induced. Responses were equivalent for both vaccine concentrations. A trend for histological improvement to CIN 1 or normal was seen in 39% of the patients receiving the vaccine and only 25% of the placebo recipients. Fifty-six percent of the responders were also HPV16 DNA-negative by the end of the study. Therefore, we demonstrated evidence for safety and a nonsignificant trend for the clinical efficacy of the HPV16 L1E7 CVLP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Kaufmann
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Bachstrasse 18, 07740 Jena, Germany
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19
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Kochenderfer JN, Gress RE. A comparison and critical analysis of preclinical anticancer vaccination strategies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007; 232:1130-41. [PMID: 17895521 DOI: 10.3181/0702-mr-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines have been extensively studied in animal models and in clinical trials. While vaccination can lead to tumor protection in numerous murine models, objective tumor regressions after anticancer vaccination in clinical trials have been rare. B16 is a poorly immunogenic murine melanoma that has been extensively used in anticancer vaccination experiments. Because B16 has been widely used, different vaccination strategies can be compared. We reviewed the results obtained when B16 was treated with five common vaccine types: recombinant viral vaccines, DNA vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, whole-tumor vaccines, and peptide vaccines. We also reviewed the results obtained when B16 was treated with vaccines combined with adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T cells. We found several characteristics of vaccination regimens that were associated with antitumor efficacy. Many vaccines that incorporated xenogeneic antigens exhibited more potent anticancer activity than vaccines that were identical except that they incorporated the syngeneic version of the same antigen. Interleukin-2 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of several vaccines. Finally, several effective regimens generated large numbers of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Identification of vaccine characteristics that are associated with antitumor efficacy may aid in the development of more effective anticancer vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Kochenderfer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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20
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Panelli MC, Wang E, Monsurrò V, Jin P, Zavaglia K, Smith K, Ngalame Y, Marincola FM. Overview of melanoma vaccines and promising approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2007; 6:414-20. [PMID: 15291987 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-004-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to envision anything better than melanoma vaccines to exemplify the effectiveness of modern biotechnology in developing biologically rational therapeutics. Melanoma vaccines can reproducibly induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses better than any other anticancer therapy. Anticancer vaccines have been labeled by some as ineffective for the simple reason that they only rarely lead to cancer regression. This oxymoron stems from the naïve expectation that CTLs are all that is needed to reject cancer. Little is known about requirements for CTL localization and effector function within the tumor microenvironment. In the future, more attention should be given to events downstream of immunization (afferent arm of immune response) to identify combination therapies likely to facilitate localization and activation of CTL at the receiving end (efferent arm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Panelli
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, R-1C711, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Salazar LG, Coveler AL, Swensen RE, Gooley TA, Goodell V, Schiffman K, Disis ML. Kinetics of tumor-specific T-cell response development after active immunization in patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing cancers. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:275-80. [PMID: 17913588 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a cancer vaccine to elicit a specific measurable T-cell response is increasingly being used to prioritize immunization strategies for therapeutic development. Knowing the optimal time during a vaccine regimen to measure the development of tumor-specific immunity would greatly facilitate the assessment of T-cell responses. The purpose of this study was to overview the kinetics of HER-2/neu-specific T-cell immunity evolution during and after the administration of HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccination in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, we questioned whether the presence of preexistent HER-2/neu T-cell immunity or the timing of immunity development over the course of active immunization influenced the intensity of the elicited HER-2/neu-specific T-cell immunity. Our findings demonstrate that maximal tumor-specific immune responses may occur toward the end of the vaccination regimen or even after the scheduled vaccines have been completed. Additionally, the presence of tumor antigen-specific immunity prior to vaccination is associated with greater magnitude immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe G Salazar
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, USA.
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22
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Näslund TI, Uyttenhove C, Nordström EKL, Colau D, Warnier G, Jondal M, Van den Eynde BJ, Liljeström P. Comparative prime-boost vaccinations using Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and ALVAC vectors demonstrate differences in the generation of a protective central memory CTL response against the P815 tumor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6761-9. [PMID: 17513723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific Ags are potential target molecules in the therapeutic treatment of cancer. One way to elicit potent immune responses against these Ags is to use recombinant viruses, which activate both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system. In this study, we have compared Semliki Forest virus (SFV), adenovirus, and ALVAC (poxvirus) vectors for their capacity to induce CD8(+) T cell responses against the P1A tumor Ag and to elicit protection against subsequent challenge injection of P1A-expressing P815 tumor cells in DBA/2 mice. Both homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimens were studied. In most cases, both higher CD8(+) T cell responses and better tumor protections were observed in mice immunized with heterologous prime-boost regimens, suggesting that the combination of different viral vectors is beneficial for the induction of an effective immune response. However, homologous immunization with SFV provided potent tumor protection despite a rather moderate primary CD8(+) T cell response as compared with mice immunized with recombinant adenovirus. SFV-immunized mice showed a rapid and more extensive expansion of P1A-specific CD8(+) T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node after tumor challenge and had a higher frequency of CD62L(+) P1A-specific T cells in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes as compared with adenoimmunized mice. Our results indicate that not only the magnitude but in particular the quality of the CD8(+) T cell response correlates with tumor protection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Canarypox virus/genetics
- Canarypox virus/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Leukemia L1210/immunology
- Leukemia L1210/mortality
- Leukemia L1210/prevention & control
- Mastocytoma/immunology
- Mastocytoma/mortality
- Mastocytoma/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Semliki forest virus/genetics
- Semliki forest virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja I Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Kochenderfer JN, Chien CD, Simpson JL, Gress RE. Maximizing CD8+ T cell responses elicited by peptide vaccines containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:119-30. [PMID: 17584532 PMCID: PMC1995015 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the ability of several factors to increase the size of tumor-antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses elicited by vaccines incorporating peptides and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). Neither granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) nor an immunogenic MHC class II-presented "helper" peptide increased the size of epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses elicited by peptide+CpG-containing vaccines. In contrast, low-dose subcutaneous interleukin (IL)-2 dramatically increased the size of splenic and peripheral blood epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses generated by peptide+CpG-containing vaccines. Moreover, peptide+CpG-containing vaccines plus low-dose IL-2 mediated anti-tumor immunity. A prime-boost vaccination schedule elicited larger CD8(+) T cell responses than a weekly vaccination schedule. Including larger doses of peptide in vaccines led to larger vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T cell responses. Clinical trials of CpG-containing peptide vaccines are ongoing. These findings suggest strategies to increase the size of CD8(+) T cell responses generated by CpG-containing peptide vaccines that could be tested in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kochenderfer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health 10 Center Drive CRC 3-3288 Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Hansson L, Abdalla AO, Moshfegh A, Choudhury A, Rabbani H, Nilsson B, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. Long-term Idiotype Vaccination Combined with Interleukin-12 (IL-12), or IL-12 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, in Early-Stage Multiple Myeloma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1503-10. [PMID: 17332295 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-eight patients with immunoglobulin G myeloma stages I to II were immunized i.d. over 110 weeks with autologous M protein combined with interleukin-12 (IL-12; n = 15) or with IL-12 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; n = 13). Idiotype-specific T-cell responses were assessed by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. RESULTS Based on these three assays, idiotype-specific immune responses were noted in 5 of 15 (33%) patients in the IL-12 group and in 11 of 13 (85%) patients in the GM-CSF/IL-12 group (P < 0.01). Immune response was seen only in patients with M-component concentration of <50 g/L. Three of 16 (19%) responders showed a gradually increasing idiotype-specific T-cell response, whereas 11 of 16 (69%) patients showed initial response, which then disappeared rapidly; the latter pattern was frequently associated with subsequent progressive disease. Immune nonresponse was associated with an increase in the numbers of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells (regulatory T cells), which was absent in responding patients. Median time to progression for immune responders (n = 16) was 108 weeks compared with 26 weeks for nonresponders (n = 12; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that idiotype immunization of myeloma patients with GM-CSF and IL-12 may induce specific T-cell response more frequently than with IL-12 alone and that immune response may correlate with time to progression and nonresponse with increased numbers of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Hansson
- Department of Haematology, CancerCentre Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
The cornerstone of the concept of immunosurveillance in cancer should be the experimental demonstration of immune responses able to alter the course of in vivo spontaneous tumor progression. Elegant genetic manipulation of the mouse immune system has proved this tenet. In parallel, progress in understanding human T cell mediated immunity has allowed to document the existence in cancer patients of naturally acquired T cell responses to molecularly defined tumor antigens. Various attributes of cutaneous melanoma tumors, notably their adaptability to in vitro tissue culture conditions, have contributed to convert this tumor in the prototype for studies of human antitumor immune responses. As a consequence, the first human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined tumor antigen and numerous others have been identified using lymphocyte material from patients bearing this tumor, detailed analyses of specific T cell responses have been reported and a relatively large number of clinical trials of vaccination have been performed in the last 15 years. Thus, the "melanoma model" continues to provide valuable insights to guide the development of clinically effective cancer therapies based on the recruitment of the immune system. This chapter reviews recent knowledge on human CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to melanoma antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Zirlik KM, Zahrieh D, Neuberg D, Gribben JG. Cytotoxic T cells generated against heteroclitic peptides kill primary tumor cells independent of the binding affinity of the native tumor antigen peptide. Blood 2006; 108:3865-70. [PMID: 16902144 PMCID: PMC1895467 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-014415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroclitic peptide modifications increase immunogenicity, allowing generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against weakly immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). A critical issue is whether T cells generated against heteroclitic peptides retain the ability to recognize and kill tumor cells expressing the original weak TAAs, and whether there is a lower threshold of binding affinity of the native peptides, below which such CTLs can still kill primary tumor cells. To examine this we used a model examining the ability of native and heteroclitic immunoglobulin (Ig)-derived peptides to generate CTLs that can kill chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. We demonstrate that CTLs generated against heteroclitic peptides have enhanced killing of CD40-activated B cells pulsed with either heteroclitic (P < .001) or native peptide (P = .04) and primary CLL cells (P = .01). The novel finding reported here is that the rate-limiting factor appears to be the ability to generate CTLs and that once generated, CTL lysis of primary tumor cells is independent of the binding affinity of the native peptide. These findings have implications for vaccination strategies in malignancies and are currently being further examined in vivo in murine models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Peptides/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Mauerer Zirlik
- Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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27
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Radcliffe JN, Roddick JS, Friedmann PS, Stevenson FK, Thirdborough SM. Prime-Boost with Alternating DNA Vaccines Designed to Engage Different Antigen Presentation Pathways Generates High Frequencies of Peptide-Specific CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6626-33. [PMID: 17082574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The route for presentation of Ag to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells following DNA vaccination is critical for determining outcome, but the pathways involved are unclear. In this study, we compare two different DNA vaccine designs aimed to elicit CD8+ T cell responses against a specific peptide-epitope either by direct- or cross-presentation. Each carries sequences from tetanus toxin (TT) to provide essential CD4+ T cell help. In the first already proven design, the peptide-epitope is fused to the N-terminal domain of fragment C from TT. This appears to act mainly by cross-presentation. In the second design, the peptide-epitope is encoded by a minigene, with induction of Th responses mediated by coexpression of a hybrid invariant chain molecule, incorporating a single determinant from TT (p30) in exchange for class II-associated invariant chain peptide. This design appears to act mainly via direct presentation from transfected APCs. Both vaccines mediated Th-dependent priming of CD8+ T cells in mice, but the kinetics and level of the responses differed markedly, consistent with engagement of distinct pathways of Ag presentation. Importantly, the vaccines could be combined in an alternating prime-boost regime, in either order, generating substantially expanded memory CD8+ T cells, with potent effector function. Taken together, these results demonstrate that vaccination protocols involving different modes of Ag presentation at prime and boost can significantly improve the effectiveness of immunization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Tetanus Toxin/administration & dosage
- Tetanus Toxin/genetics
- Tetanus Toxin/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/chemical synthesis
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna N Radcliffe
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence that the human immune system can keep in check the growth of autologous tumors. Yet, this phenomenon is rare and most often tumors survive striking a balance with the host's immune system. The well-documented coexistence of immune cells that can recognize cancer and their targets within the same host is reminiscent of chronic allograft rejection well-controlled by immune suppression or of a lingering tissue-specific autoimmune reaction. In this review, we argue that autologous tumor rejection represents a distinct form of tissue-specific rejection similar to acute allograft rejection or to flares of autoimmunity. Here we discuss similarities within the biology of these phenomena that may converge into a common immunological constant of rejection. The purpose is to simplify the basis of immune rejection to its bare bones critically dissecting the significance of those components proposed by experimental models as harbingers of this final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, The Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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29
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Tomasi TB, Magner WJ, Khan ANH. Epigenetic regulation of immune escape genes in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1159-84. [PMID: 16680460 PMCID: PMC11031009 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
According to the concept of immune surveillance, the appearance of a tumor indicates that it has earlier evaded host defenses and subsequently must have escaped immunity to evolve into a full-blown cancer. Tumor escape mechanisms have focused mainly on mutations of immune and apoptotic pathway genes. However, data obtained over the past few years suggest that epigenetic silencing in cancer may be as frequent a cause of gene inactivation as are mutations. Here, we discuss the evidence that tumor immune evasion is mediated by non-mutational epigenetic events involving chromatin and that epigenetics collaborates with mutations in determining tumor progression. Since epigenetic changes are potentially reversible, the relative contribution of mutations and epigenetics, to the gene defects in any given tumor, may be a factor in determining the efficacy of treatments. We review new developments in basic chromatin mechanisms and in this context describe the rationale for the current use of epigenetic agents in cancer therapy and for a novel epigenetically generated tumor vaccine model. We emphasize that epigenetic cancer treatments are currently a 'blunt-sword' and suggest future directions for designing chromatin-based programs of potential value in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Tomasi
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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30
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Wobser M, Keikavoussi P, Kunzmann V, Weininger M, Andersen MH, Becker JC. Complete remission of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer under vaccination with a HLA-A2 restricted peptide derived from the universal tumor antigen survivin. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1294-8. [PMID: 16315030 PMCID: PMC11031112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As prognosis of advanced pancreatic cancer remains gloomy, novel therapeutic modalities have to be developed. Immunotherapy, which targets tumor-associated antigens of tumor cells or tumor stroma, is currently under investigation. As survivin is expressed by neoplastic and tumor endothelial cells, but rarely by normal cells, this antigen appears as an intriguing target molecule. METHODS A 72-year old patient, suffering from pancreatic cancer refractory to gemcitabine therapy, received the survivin-based peptide vaccinations consisting of 100 mug of a modified HLA-A2 restricted survivin(96-104) epitope in Montanide(R). Each visit the patient was assessed for adverse events, quality of life and immunological response. Immuno-monitoring was performed by IFN-gamma-ELISPOT analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clinical outcome was evaluated by repetitive computed tomography. RESULTS Under vaccination with survivin peptides the patient initially underwent partial remission of liver metastasis which proceeded after 6 months into a complete remission with a duration of 8 months. Immunological monitoring revealed strong vaccine-induced immune-reactivity against survivin. Unfortunately, after the patient was weaned from vaccination in state of no evidence of disease, he developed recurrent disease. CONCLUSION T-cell responses against survivin-expressing cells of the tumor itself and tumor endothelium should impact tumor growth and metastasis. The presented patient with pancreatic cancer is the first example of a successful application of a survivin-based vaccination in the clinical setting. An ongoing phase I/II trial with HLA-A1, -A2 and -B35 restricted survivin peptides for patients with advanced cancer will provide further information towards this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wobser
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Building 13, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Keikavoussi
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Building 13, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Kunzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Weininger
- Department of Radiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mads H. Andersen
- Tumor immunology group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juergen C. Becker
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Building 13, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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31
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Rosato A, Zoso A, Dalla Santa S, Milan G, Del Bianco P, De Salvo GL, Zanovello P. Predicting tumor outcome following cancer vaccination by monitoring quantitative and qualitative CD8+ T cell parameters. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1999-2006. [PMID: 16424232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of reliable surrogate predictors for evaluation of cancer vaccine efficacy is a critical issue in immunotherapy. We analyzed quantitative and qualitative CD8+ T cell parameters in a large pool of BALB/c mice that were DNA-vaccinated against P1A self tumor-specific Ag. After immunization, mice were splenectomized and kept alive for a subsequent tumor challenge to correlate results of immune monitoring assays with tumor regression or progression in each individual animal, and to assess the prognostic value of the assays. The parameters tested were 1) percentage of in vivo vaccine-induced tumor-specific CD8+ T cells; 2) results of ELISPOT tests from fresh splenocytes; 3) percentage of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in culture after in vitro restimulation; 4) in vitro increase of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell population expressed as fold of expansion; and 5) antitumor lytic activity of restimulated cultures. Except for the ELISPOT assay, each parameter tested was shown by univariate statistical analysis to correlate with tumor regression. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only in vitro percentage of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells was an independent prognostic factor that predicted tumor outcome. These findings should be considered in the design of new immune monitoring systems used in cancer immunotherapy studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/statistics & numerical data
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/statistics & numerical data
- Female
- Lymphocyte Count/statistics & numerical data
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Monitoring, Immunologic/methods
- Monitoring, Immunologic/statistics & numerical data
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosato
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Xia D, Moyana T, Xiang J. Combinational adenovirus-mediated gene therapy and dendritic cell vaccine in combating well-established tumors. Cell Res 2006; 16:241-59. [PMID: 16541123 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in tumor immunology and biotechnology have made cancer gene therapy and immunotherapy feasible. The current efforts for cancer gene therapy mainly focus on using immunogenes, chemogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Central to all these therapies is the development of efficient vectors for gene therapy. By far, adenovirus (AdV)-mediated gene therapy is one of the most promising approaches, as has confirmed by studies relating to animal tumor models and clinical trials. Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient, specialized antigen-presenting cells, and DC-based tumor vaccines are regarded as having much potential in cancer immunotherapy. Vaccination with DCs pulsed with tumor peptides, lysates, or RNA, or loaded with apoptotic/necrotic tumor cells, or engineered to express certain cytokines or chemokines could induce significant antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and antitumor immunity. Although both AdV-mediated gene therapy and DC vaccine can both stimulate antitumor immune responses, their therapeutic efficiency has been limited to generation of prophylactic antitumor immunity against re-challenge with the parental tumor cells or to growth inhibition of small tumors. However, this approach has been unsuccessful in combating well-established tumors in animal models. Therefore, a major strategic goal of current cancer immunotherapy has become the development of novel therapeutic strategies that can combat well-established tumors, thus resembling real clinical practice since a good proportion of cancer patients generally present with significant disease. In this paper, we review the recent progress in AdV-mediated cancer gene therapy and DC-based cancer vaccines, and discuss combined immunotherapy including gene therapy and DC vaccines. We underscore the fact that combined therapy may have some advantages in combating well-established tumors vis-a-vis either modality administered as a monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Xia
- Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, 20 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4H4, Canada
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Lou Q, Conway TF, Egilmez NK, Loyall JL, Bernstein SH, Kelleher RJ, Bankert RB. B cell tumor vaccine enhanced by covalent attachment of immunoglobulin to surface proteins on dendritic cells. Clin Immunol 2006; 118:66-76. [PMID: 16185929 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein antigens have been covalently linked randomly to surface proteins on immature dendritic cells (DC). This has been achieved under physiological conditions using a heterobifunctional reagent that couples antigens to free thiol groups expressed on DC surface proteins. This results in a significant increase in the amount of antigen that is bound to DC, and the antigen/membrane protein complexes that are formed are rapidly internalized. DC, loaded covalently with either beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) or a tumor-associated immunoglobulin (Ig) when injected into mice, induce a beta-gal- or Ig-specific T cell response, and a protective anti-tumor immunity for tumors expressing either beta-gal or the targeted Ig. This response is shown here to be significantly greater than that which is induced by DC that are loaded with these antigens via the conventional antigen pulse protocol. These results establish a novel, safe, and viable approach of enhancing the effectiveness of DC-based vaccination strategies for B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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34
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Sabel MS, Hess SD, Egilmez NK, Conway TF, Chen FA, Bankert RB. CTLA-4 blockade augments human T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of lung tumor xenografts in SCID mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:944-52. [PMID: 15846492 PMCID: PMC11032930 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies by others using transplantable murine tumor models have demonstrated that the administration of antibodies that block CTLA-4 interaction with B7 can provoke the elimination of established tumors, and that the tumor suppression is mediated by T-cells and/or cells expressing NK1.1. Studies from our lab have established in a human/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse chimeric model that autologous peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) can suppress the growth of tumor xenografts in a PBL dose-dependent fashion, and that this suppression is dependent upon the patient's T and NK cells. Using this human/mouse chimeric model, we sought to determine whether an antibody blockade of CTLA-4 would enhance the anti-tumor response of a patient's PBL. It was first important to determine whether the tumor suppression observed in the SCID model was dependent upon CD28/B7 co-stimulation. Blockade of B7 with a human CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein completely abrogated the lymphocyte-mediated tumor suppression, confirming in this model that tumor suppression is dependent upon a CD28/B7 co-stimulation. Using two different CTLA-4 specific monoclonal antibodies, we observed that CTLA-4 blockade significantly enhanced the human lymphocyte-mediated tumor suppression in mice co-engrafted with PBL and tumor cells. This enhancement was observed in both an allogeneic setting (in which the PBL were allogeneic with respect to the tumor) and an autologous setting (in which the PBL and tumor were from the same patient). These results sustain the notion that human anti-tumor immune response can be augmented (in vivo) by blocking the interaction between CTLA-4 and B7.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/immunology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- Department of Surgery, 3304 Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Engaging the power of the patient's own immune system to actively seek out and destroy transformed cells holds great promise for cancer therapy. Tumor vaccines offer the potential for preventing cancer in high-risk individuals, preventing disease relapse after diagnosis and initial therapy, and shifting the balance of the host-tumor interaction to mitigate the progression of advanced cancers. The therapeutic activity of tumor vaccines is limited by the sheer physical burden of the cancer itself, pathways of local immune tolerance and escape active within the tumor microenvironment, and superimposed potent systemic mechanisms of immune tolerance. In this review, we describe how cytotoxic chemotherapy can be integrated with tumor vaccines using unique doses and schedules to break down these barriers, releasing the full potential of the antitumor immune response to eradicate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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36
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Maecker HT, Moon J, Bhatia S, Ghanekar SA, Maino VC, Payne JK, Kuus-Reichel K, Chang JC, Summers A, Clay TM, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, DeLaRosa C, Ankerst DP, Disis ML. Impact of cryopreservation on tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and ELISPOT. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16026627 PMCID: PMC1190174 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryopreservation of PBMC and/or overnight shipping of samples are required for many clinical trials, despite their potentially adverse effects upon immune monitoring assays such as MHC-peptide tetramer staining, cytokine flow cytometry (CFC), and ELISPOT. In this study, we compared the performance of these assays on leukapheresed PBMC shipped overnight in medium versus cryopreserved PBMC from matched donors. Results Using CMV pp65 peptide pool stimulation or pp65 HLA-A2 tetramer staining, there was significant correlation between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay (p ≤ 0.001). The differences in response magnitude between cryopreserved and shipped PBMC specimens were not significant for most antigens and assays. There was significant correlation between CFC and ELISPOT assay using pp65 peptide pool stimulation, in both shipped and cryopreserved samples (p ≤ 0.001). Strong correlation was observed between CFC (using HLA-A2-restricted pp65 peptide stimulation) and tetramer staining (p < 0.001). Roughly similar sensitivity and specificity were observed between the three assays and between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay. Conclusion We conclude that all three assays show concordant results on shipped versus cryopreserved specimens, when using a peptide-based readout. The assays are also concordant with each other in pair wise comparisons using equivalent antigen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Moon
- Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Summers
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Timothy M Clay
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Departments of Surgery, Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Corazon DeLaRosa
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Donna P Ankerst
- Southwest Oncology Group Statistical Center at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Coulie PG, Connerotte T. Human tumor-specific T lymphocytes: does function matter more than number? Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:320-5. [PMID: 15886124 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several clinical trials have involved the vaccination of cancer patients with tumor-specific antigens that are recognized by T lymphocytes. Anti-vaccine T-cell responses in these patients have been monitored on the assumption that their magnitude would correlate with clinical efficacy. Although analysis of these data show that such a correlation is emerging, detailed analyses of the few patients who benefit clinically from the vaccinations suggest that the function of the anti-vaccine T cells might be more important than their number. Recent studies show that in cancer patients numerous tumor-specific T cells appear to be quiescent in the presence of the tumor. Understanding how an efficient vaccine interferes with this coexistence is one of the current challenges of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre G Coulie
- Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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38
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Han B, Serra P, Amrani A, Yamanouchi J, Marée AFM, Edelstein-Keshet L, Santamaria P. Prevention of diabetes by manipulation of anti-IGRP autoimmunity: high efficiency of a low-affinity peptide. Nat Med 2005; 11:645-52. [PMID: 15908957 DOI: 10.1038/nm1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen therapy may hold great promise for the prevention of autoimmunity; however, most clinical trials have failed, suggesting that the principles guiding the choice of treatment remain ill defined. Here, we examine the antidiabetogenic properties of altered peptide ligands of CD8+ T cells recognizing an epitope of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP206-214), a prevalent population of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune diabetes. We show that islet-associated CD8+ T cells in nonobese diabetic mice recognize numerous IGRP epitopes, and that these cells have a role in the outcome of protocols designed to induce IGRP206-214-specific tolerance. Ligands targeting IGRP206-214-reactive T cells prevented disease, but only at doses that spared low-avidity clonotypes. Notably, near complete depletion of the IGRP206-214-reactive T-cell pool enhanced the recruitment of subdominant specificities and did not blunt diabetogenesis. Thus, peptide therapy in autoimmunity is most effective under conditions that foster occupation of the target organ lymphocyte niche by nonpathogenic, low-avidity clonotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingye Han
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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39
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Luo W, Hsu JCF, Tsao CY, Ko E, Wang X, Ferrone S. Differential Immunogenicity of Two Peptides Isolated by High Molecular Weight-Melanoma-Associated Antigen-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies with Different Affinities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7104-10. [PMID: 15905554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimics isolated from phage display peptide libraries by panning with self-tumor-associated Ag (TAA)-specific mAbs are being evaluated as immunogens to implement active specific immunotherapy. Although TAA-specific mAb are commonly used to isolate peptide mimics, no information is available regarding the Ab characteristics required to isolate immunogenic TAA peptide mimics. To address this question, we have used mAb 763.74 and mAb GH786, which recognize the same or spatially close antigenic determinant(s) of the human high m.w.-melanoma-associated Ag (HMW-MAA), although with different affinity. mAb 763.74 affinity is higher than that of mAb GH786. Panning of phage display peptide libraries with mAb 763.74 and mAb GH786 resulted in the isolation of peptides P763.74 and PGH786, respectively. When compared for their ability to induce HMW-MAA-specific immune responses in BALB/c mice, HMW-MAA-specific Ab titers were significantly higher in mice immunized with P763.74 than in those immunized with PGH786. The HMW-MAA-specific Ab titers were markedly increased by a booster with HMW-MAA-bearing melanoma cells, an effect that was significantly higher in mice primed with P763.74 than in those primed with PGH786. Lastly, P763.74, but not PGH786, induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to HMW-MAA-bearing melanoma cells. These findings suggest that affinity for TAA is a variable to take into account when selecting mAb to isolate peptide mimics from a phage display peptide library.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Inovirus/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Molecular Weight
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Library
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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40
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Panelli MC, Wang E, Monsurrò V, Jin P, Zavaglia K, Smith K, Ngalame Y, Marincola FM. Vaccination with T cell-defined antigens. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:697-707. [PMID: 15155161 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.5.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunology encompasses a broad array of biological phenomena including interactions between neoplastic cells and the innate and adaptive immune response. Among immune cells, T cells have taken the centre stage because they can be easily demonstrated to specifically recognise autologous cancer cells. As most tumour-associated antigens are intracellular proteins, T cells appear to be the most suitable tool for cancer-specific attack, as antibodies do not cross the cell membrane and the innate immune response lacks the same level of specificity. Finally, the relative ease in which T cells can be educated through antigen-specific immunisation to recognise cancer cells has elevated them to an even higher stature. In this review, it will be argued that T cells represent a unique anticancer agent, characterised by absolute specificity. Although other therapeutic modalities (antibody-based) have been effectively implemented, a comparison of T cell-based approaches with other modalities goes beyond the purposes of this review and will not be included in the discussion. However, it is obvious that the role of the T cell is limited and other components of the immune response (effector mononuclear phagocytes, natural killer cells, cytokines, chemokines, soluble factors), genetic background and tumour heterogeneity are likely to be necessary for the completion of cancer rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Panelli
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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41
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Wysocki PJ, Karczewska-Dzionk A, Mackiewicz-Wysocka M, Mackiewicz A. Human cancer gene therapy with cytokine gene-modified cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1595-607. [PMID: 15461571 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.10.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines can impede tumour growth and activate innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to elimination of cancer cells. For many years, it was believed that systemic administration of recombinant cytokines might become a standard treatment of different cancer types. However, due to a high toxicity of therapeutic doses and a low efficacy, even in combination with chemotherapy, this strategy is generally not accepted. On the other hand, cancer gene therapy approaches utilising cells modified with cytokine genes seem to represent a novel promising approach. For the last decade, numerous Phase I and II clinical trials evaluating different therapies based on cytokine gene-modified cells have been carried out. In the early studies, several strategies have been shown to improve clinical outcomes and induce strong antitumour immune responses. Recently, a few prospective, randomised, Phase III clinical trials have been initiated in order to finally determine the efficacy of particular cancer immunogene therapy strategies. This article reviews the present status and perspectives of clinical trials of cancer immunotherapies utilising cytokine gene-modified cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Wysocki
- University of Medical Sciences at GreatPoland Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Immunology, UL. Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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42
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Wang E, Panelli MC, Marincola FM. Understanding the response to immunotherapy in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:105-17. [PMID: 15666150 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Whether the efforts of the last decade aimed at the development of vaccines against tumor-specific antigens encountered success or failure is a matter of expectations. On the bright side, we could optimistically observe that anti-cancer-vaccines stand as an outstanding example of the successful implementation of modern biotechnology tools for the development of biologically sound therapeutics. In particular, vaccines against melanoma (the prototype model of tumor immunology in humans) can reproducibly induce cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses exquisitely specific for cancer cells. This achievement trespasses the specificity of any other anti-cancer therapy. The skeptics, on the other end, might point out that immunization only rarely leads to cancer regression, labeling, therefore, this approach is ineffective. In our opinion this judgment stems from the naïve expectation that CTL induction is sufficient for an effective immune response. Here we propose that more needs to be understood about the mechanisms required for the induction of a therapeutically relevant immune response in humans. In particular, we will discuss the variables related to cancer heterogeneity, the weight of individual patients' polymorphism(s), the role of the T cell activation and differentiation and, finally, the complex relationship between immune and cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
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43
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Emens LA, Reilly RT, Jaffee EM. Cancer vaccines in combination with multimodality therapy. Cancer Treat Res 2005; 123:227-45. [PMID: 16211873 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27545-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 4M90 Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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44
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Vantomme V, Dantinne C, Amrani N, Permanne P, Gheysen D, Bruck C, Stoter G, Britten CM, Keilholz U, Lamers CHJ, Marchand M, Delire M, Guéguen M. Immunologic analysis of a phase I/II study of vaccination with MAGE-3 protein combined with the AS02B adjuvant in patients with MAGE-3-positive tumors. J Immunother 2004; 27:124-35. [PMID: 14770084 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200403000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a phase I/II study, patients with solid metastatic MAGE-3-positive tumors, mainly melanoma, were vaccinated with recombinant MAGE-3 protein combined with the immunologic adjuvant AS02B comprised of MPL and QS21 in an oil-in-water emulsion. The recombinant MAGE-3 protein was made up of a partial sequence of the protein D (ProtD) antigen of Haemophilus influenzae fused to the MAGE-3 sequence. The vaccine was given intramuscularly at 3-week intervals. Patients whose tumors stabilized or regressed after 4 vaccinations received 2 additional vaccinations at 6-week intervals. MAGE-3 and ProtD antibody and cellular immune responses were monitored after vaccination. Ninety-six percent (23/24) of the patients vaccinated with MAGE-3 protein in AS02B adjuvant elicited a significant anti-MAGE-3 IgG antibody response after 4 vaccinations, and all developed anti-ProtD IgG antibodies. For the detection of T-cell activity, total peripheral blood mononuclear cells were restimulated in vitro with MAGE-3- or ProtD-loaded autologous mature dendritic cells. In 30% of the evaluable patients vaccinated with the adjuvanted recombinant protein, IFNgamma production was increased in response to MAGE-3, and 2 patients (14% of evaluable patients) had a concomitant increase in IL-5 production. In 37% and 43% of the patients, respectively, IFNgamma or IL-5 production was increased in response to ProtD. It is concluded that vaccination of advanced cancer patients with MAGE-3 self-antigen in AS02B adjuvant is able to elicit MAGE-3-specific antibody and a T-cell response.
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45
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van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RIJM, Rothbarth J, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJK. A systemic antitumor immune response prevents outgrowth of lung tumors after i.v. rechallenge but is not able to prevent growth of experimental liver tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:13-8. [PMID: 15065598 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000017162.35708.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a systemic antitumor immune response by antibodies or T cells is often detected in cancer patients, this response mostly does not result in tumor rejection. The beneficial effect of tumor vaccination on survival rates is limited as tumor response is low. In contrast to solid tumors, circulating tumor cells may be more easily accessible and therefore destroyed by the immune system and thus prevent metastases. This discrepancy is further clarified in our study, by assessing the effect of a systemic immune response on established liver tumors and circulating tumor cells. Male Wag/Rij rats were inoculated with CC531 colorectal tumor cells subcapsulary in the liver, with or without immune suppression (60 mg/kg cyclophosphamide). To study the effect of a systemic immune response, rats received CC531 tumor cells intravenously and three weeks later the number of lung tumors was assessed. Presence of specific anti-CC531 antibodies in serum was determined by flow cytometric analysis at times of inoculation, i.v. tumor cell administration and sacrifice. Rats with liver tumors and subsequent rechallenge produced anti-CC531 IgG antibodies and did not develop lung tumors, whereas without existing liver tumors, rats developed lung tumors upon i.v. administration of CC531 tumor cells. Liver tumors in rats with and without i.v. CC531 tumor cell administration were equal in size. These results showed that a systemic immune response, induced upon liver tumor induction and rechallenge, prevented formation of lung tumors but did not affect tumor growth in the liver. Possibly the immune response lacked the ability to penetrate the protective extracellular matrix surrounding the established liver tumors, which prevented the tumor cells from recognition by and contact with cells of the immune system.
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46
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Basak SK, Kiertscher SM, Harui A, Roth MD. Modifying Adenoviral Vectors for Use as Gene-Based Cancer Vaccines. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:182-96. [PMID: 15279698 DOI: 10.1089/0882824041310603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has produced significant advances in our understanding of antigen-presenting cells, tumor antigens, and other components of the immune response to cancer. Gene-based vaccination is emerging as one of the more promising approaches for loading dendritic cells (DC) with tumor-associated antigens. In this respect, it is proposed that adenoviral (AdV) vectors can deliver high antigen concentrations, promote effective processing and MHC expression, and stimulate potent cell-mediated immunity. While AdV vectors have performed well in pre-clinical vaccine models, their application to patient care has limitations. The in vivo administration of AdV vectors is associated with both innate and adaptive host responses that result in tissue inflammation and injury, viral neutralization, and premature clearance of AdV-transduced cells. A variety of strategies have been developed to address these limitations. The ideal vaccine would avoid vector-related immune responses, have relative specificity for transducing DC, and induce high levels of transgene expression. This review describes the range of host responses to AdV vaccines, identifies strategies to reduce viral recognition and enhance transgene antigen expression, and suggests future approaches to vector development and administration. There is every reason to believe that safer and more effective forms of AdV-based vaccines can be developed and applied to patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Basak
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA
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Gross DA, Graff-Dubois S, Opolon P, Cornet S, Alves P, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Faure O, Guillaume P, Firat H, Chouaib S, Lemonnier FA, Davoust J, Miconnet I, Vonderheide RH, Kosmatopoulos K. High vaccination efficiency of low-affinity epitopes in antitumor immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2004. [PMID: 14755339 DOI: 10.1172/jci200419418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the human tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) characterized thus far are derived from nonmutated "self"-proteins. Numerous strategies have been developed to break tolerance to TAAs, combining various forms of antigens with different vectors and adjuvants. However, no study has yet determined how to select epitopes within a given TAA to induce the highest antitumor effector response. We addressed this question by evaluating in HLA-A*0201-transgenic HHD mice the antitumor vaccination efficacy of high- and low-affinity epitopes from the naturally expressed murine telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT). Immunity against low-affinity epitopes was induced with heteroclitical variants. We show here that the CTL repertoire against high-affinity epitopes is partially tolerized, while that against low-affinity epitopes is composed of frequent CTLs with high avidity. The high-affinity p797 and p545 mTERT epitopes are not able to protect mice from a lethal challenge with the mTERT-expressing EL4-HHD tumor. In contrast, mice developing CTL responses against the p572 and p988 low-affinity epitopes exhibit potent antitumor immunity and no sign of autoimmune reactivity against TERT-expressing normal tissues. Our results strongly argue for new TAA epitope selection and modification strategies in antitumor immunotherapy applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 487, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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48
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Gross DA, Graff-Dubois S, Opolon P, Cornet S, Alves P, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Faure O, Guillaume P, Firat H, Chouaib S, Lemonnier FA, Davoust J, Miconnet I, Vonderheide RH, Kosmatopoulos K. High vaccination efficiency of low-affinity epitopes in antitumor immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:425-33. [PMID: 14755339 PMCID: PMC324537 DOI: 10.1172/jci19418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the human tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) characterized thus far are derived from nonmutated "self"-proteins. Numerous strategies have been developed to break tolerance to TAAs, combining various forms of antigens with different vectors and adjuvants. However, no study has yet determined how to select epitopes within a given TAA to induce the highest antitumor effector response. We addressed this question by evaluating in HLA-A*0201-transgenic HHD mice the antitumor vaccination efficacy of high- and low-affinity epitopes from the naturally expressed murine telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT). Immunity against low-affinity epitopes was induced with heteroclitical variants. We show here that the CTL repertoire against high-affinity epitopes is partially tolerized, while that against low-affinity epitopes is composed of frequent CTLs with high avidity. The high-affinity p797 and p545 mTERT epitopes are not able to protect mice from a lethal challenge with the mTERT-expressing EL4-HHD tumor. In contrast, mice developing CTL responses against the p572 and p988 low-affinity epitopes exhibit potent antitumor immunity and no sign of autoimmune reactivity against TERT-expressing normal tissues. Our results strongly argue for new TAA epitope selection and modification strategies in antitumor immunotherapy applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 487, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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Storni T, Ruedl C, Schwarz K, Schwendener RA, Renner WA, Bachmann MF. Nonmethylated CG Motifs Packaged into Virus-Like Particles Induce Protective Cytotoxic T Cell Responses in the Absence of Systemic Side Effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1777-85. [PMID: 14734761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA rich in nonmethylated CG motifs (CpGs) greatly facilitates induction of immune responses against coadministered Ags. CpGs are therefore among the most promising adjuvants known to date. Nevertheless, CpGs are characterized by two drawbacks. They have unfavorable pharmacokinetics and may exhibit systemic side effects, including splenomegaly. We show in this study that packaging CpGs into virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the hepatitis B core Ag or the bacteriophage Qbeta is a simple and attractive method to reduce these two problems. CpGs packaged into VLPs are resistant to DNase I digestion, enhancing their stability. In addition, and in contrast to free CpGs, packaging CpGs prevents splenomegaly in mice, without affecting their immunostimulatory capacity. In fact, vaccination with CpG-loaded VLPs was able to induce high frequencies of peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells (4-14%), protected from infection with recombinant vaccinia viruses, and eradicated established solid fibrosarcoma tumors. Thus, packaging CpGs into VLPs improves both their immunogenicity and pharmacodynamics.
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MESH Headings
- Allolevivirus/genetics
- Allolevivirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CpG Islands/genetics
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Fibrosarcoma/immunology
- Fibrosarcoma/prevention & control
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hepatitis B Core Antigens/administration & dosage
- Hepatitis B Core Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B Core Antigens/immunology
- Liposomes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Thionucleotides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thionucleotides/toxicity
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virus Assembly/genetics
- Virus Assembly/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazio Storni
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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