1
|
Sigdel TK, Fields PA, Liberto J, Damm I, Kerwin M, Hood J, Towfighi P, Sirota M, Robins HS, Sarwal MM. Perturbations of the T-cell immune repertoire in kidney transplant rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012042. [PMID: 36466928 PMCID: PMC9709472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of mapping the T-cell repertoire in kidney transplant recipients, we have investigated and validated T-cell clonality, immune repertoire chronology at rejection, and contemporaneous allograft biopsy quantitative tissue injury, to better understand the pathobiology of acute T-cell fraction, T-cell repertoire and antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection. To follow the dynamic evolution of T-cell repertoire changes before and after engraftment and during biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, we sequenced 323 peripheral blood samples from 200 unique kidney transplant recipients, with (n=100) and without (n=100) biopsy-confirmed acute rejection. We report that patients who develop acute allograft rejection, have lower (p=0.01) T-cell fraction even before transplantation, followed by its rise after transplantation and at the time of acute rejection accompanied by high TCR repertoire turnover (p=0.004). Acute rejection episodes occurring after the first 6 months post-transplantation, and those with a component of antibody-mediated rejection, had the highest turnover; p=0.0016) of their T-cell repertoire. In conclusion, we validated that detecting repertoire changes in kidney transplantation correlates with post-transplant rejection episodes suggesting that T-cell receptor sequencing may provide recipient pre-transplant and post-transplant predictors of rejection risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara K. Sigdel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Juliane Liberto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Izabella Damm
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maggie Kerwin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jill Hood
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Parhom Towfighi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Minnie M. Sarwal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Multi Organ Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chenouard A, Chesneau M, Bui Nguyen L, Le Bot S, Cadoux M, Dugast E, Paul C, Malard-Castagnet S, Ville S, Guérif P, Soulillou JP, Degauque N, Danger R, Giral M, Brouard S. Renal Operational Tolerance Is Associated With a Defect of Blood Tfh Cells That Exhibit Impaired B Cell Help. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1490-1501. [PMID: 27888555 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal operationally tolerant patients (TOL) display a defect in B cell differentiation, with a deficiency in plasma cells. Recently described, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a critical role in B cell differentiation. We analyzed blood Tfh subsets in TOL and transplanted patients with stable graft function under immunosuppression (STA). We observed a reduced proportion of blood activated and highly functional Tfh subsets in TOL, without affecting Tfh absolute numbers. Functionally, Tfh cells from TOL displayed a modified gene expression profile, failed to produce interleukin-21, and were unable to induce IgG production by naive B cells. This Tfh defect is linked to a low incidence of postgraft de novo donor-specific antibody (dnDSA) immunization, suggesting that the lack of Tfh cells in TOL may induce a protolerogenic environment with reduced risk of developing dnDSA. Finally, we showed that elevated Tfh in STA precedes the occurrence of dnDSA during an alloresponse. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms of antibody response in operational tolerance. Disrupted homeostasis and impaired Tfh function in TOL could lead to a reduced risk of developing dnDSA and suggest a predictive role of blood Tfh cells on the occurrence of dnDSA in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chenouard
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - M Chesneau
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Bui Nguyen
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Le Bot
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Cadoux
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - E Dugast
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Paul
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - S Malard-Castagnet
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire HLA, Etablissement Français du Sang Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - S Ville
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - P Guérif
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France
| | - J-P Soulillou
- LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM
| | - N Degauque
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium VISICORT
| | - R Danger
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Giral
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM
| | - S Brouard
- INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU Consortium BIO-DrIM.,EU Consortium VISICORT.,Immunotherapy Graft Oncology, LabEx IGO, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A novel method for analysis of human T cell repertoires by real-time PCR. J Immunol Methods 2014; 412:24-34. [PMID: 24983878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte responses to challenges with multiple pathogens depend on the diversity of their T cell receptors (TcRs) that are heteroduplexes of alpha and beta chains. The regions of alpha and beta chains that define TcR specificity are encoded by rearranged variable (V) and joining (J) genes that are separated by variable numbers of nucleotides that encode the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3). The assumption that a "healthy" T cell compartment exhibits broad TcR and CDR3 diversity has driven development of methods to evaluate diversity of TcR beta transcripts expressed by T lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in inflammatory sites and human malignancies. To that end, we have developed the BV:BJ matrix assay that uniquely generates a single statistic that describes TcR repertoire diversity and improves identification of beta transcripts expressed by expanded T cell clonotypes. The BV:BJ matrix uses rigorously selected primers specific for individual V and J genes to amplify beta transcripts in real-time PCRs driven by 533 BV:BJ primer pairs. The quantitative control of real-time PCRs produces Shannon entropy estimates of diversity that are reproducible over a range of template amounts and amenable to statistical analyses that have been difficult to perform with existing methods of repertoire analysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
de Almeida PE, Meyer EH, Kooreman NG, Diecke S, Dey D, Sanchez-Freire V, Hu S, Ebert A, Odegaard J, Mordwinkin NM, Brouwer TP, Lo D, Montoro DT, Longaker MT, Negrin RS, Wu JC. Transplanted terminally differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells are accepted by immune mechanisms similar to self-tolerance. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3903. [PMID: 24875164 PMCID: PMC4075468 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact nature of the immune response elicited by autologous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) progeny is still not well understood. Here we show in murine models that autologous iPSC-derived endothelial cells (iECs) elicit an immune response that resembles the one against a comparable somatic cell, the aortic endothelial cell (AEC). These cells exhibit long-term survival in vivo and prompt a tolerogenic contexture of intra-graft characterized by elevated IL-10 expression. In contrast, undifferentiated iPSCs elicit a very different immune response with high lymphocytic infiltration and elevated IFN-γ, granzyme-B, and perforin intra-graft. Furthermore, the clonal structure of infiltrating T cells from iEC grafts is statistically indistinguishable from that of AECs, but is different from that of undifferentiated iPSC grafts. Taken together, our results indicate that the differentiation of iPSCs results in a loss of immunogenicity and leads to the induction of tolerance, despite expected antigen expression differences between iPSC-derived versus original somatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [4]
| | - Everett H Meyer
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2]
| | - Nigel G Kooreman
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [4]
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Devaveena Dey
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Veronica Sanchez-Freire
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Shijun Hu
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Antje Ebert
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Justin Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mordwinkin
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Thomas P Brouwer
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - David Lo
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Daniel T Montoro
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- 1] Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [2] Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Six A, Mariotti-Ferrandiz ME, Chaara W, Magadan S, Pham HP, Lefranc MP, Mora T, Thomas-Vaslin V, Walczak AM, Boudinot P. The past, present, and future of immune repertoire biology - the rise of next-generation repertoire analysis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:413. [PMID: 24348479 PMCID: PMC3841818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T and B cell repertoires are collections of lymphocytes, each characterized by its antigen-specific receptor. We review here classical technologies and analysis strategies developed to assess immunoglobulin (IG) and T cell receptor (TR) repertoire diversity, and describe recent advances in the field. First, we describe the broad range of available methodological tools developed in the past decades, each of which answering different questions and showing complementarity for progressive identification of the level of repertoire alterations: global overview of the diversity by flow cytometry, IG repertoire descriptions at the protein level for the identification of IG reactivities, IG/TR CDR3 spectratyping strategies, and related molecular quantification or dynamics of T/B cell differentiation. Additionally, we introduce the recent technological advances in molecular biology tools allowing deeper analysis of IG/TR diversity by next-generation sequencing (NGS), offering systematic and comprehensive sequencing of IG/TR transcripts in a short amount of time. NGS provides several angles of analysis such as clonotype frequency, CDR3 diversity, CDR3 sequence analysis, V allele identification with a quantitative dimension, therefore requiring high-throughput analysis tools development. In this line, we discuss the recent efforts made for nomenclature standardization and ontology development. We then present the variety of available statistical analysis and modeling approaches developed with regards to the various levels of diversity analysis, and reveal the increasing sophistication of those modeling approaches. To conclude, we provide some examples of recent mathematical modeling strategies and perspectives that illustrate the active rise of a "next-generation" of repertoire analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Six
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC-BTi Biotherapy , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Maria Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Wahiba Chaara
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, CIC-BTi Biotherapy , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Susana Magadan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Hang-Phuong Pham
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System®, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR CNRS 1142, Université Montpellier 2 , Montpellier , France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, UMR8550, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure , Paris , France
| | - Véronique Thomas-Vaslin
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France ; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU), Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B) , Paris , France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, UMR8549, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure , Paris , France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hedlund G, Eriksson H, Sundstedt A, Forsberg G, Jakobsen BK, Pumphrey N, Rödström K, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Björk P. The tumor targeted superantigen ABR-217620 selectively engages TRBV7-9 and exploits TCR-pMHC affinity mimicry in mediating T cell cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79082. [PMID: 24194959 PMCID: PMC3806850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The T lymphocytes are the most important effector cells in immunotherapy of cancer. The conceptual objective for developing the tumor targeted superantigen (TTS) ABR-217620 (naptumomab estafenatox, 5T4Fab-SEA/E-120), now in phase 3 studies for advanced renal cell cancer, was to selectively coat tumor cells with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) target structures functionally similar to natural CTL pMHC target molecules. Here we present data showing that the molecular basis for the anti-tumor activity by ABR-217620 resides in the distinct interaction between the T cell receptor β variable (TRBV) 7-9 and the engineered superantigen (Sag) SEA/E-120 in the fusion protein bound to the 5T4 antigen on tumor cells. Multimeric but not monomeric ABR-217620 selectively stains TRBV7-9 expressing T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood similar to antigen specific staining of T cells with pMHC tetramers. SEA/E-120 selectively activates TRBV7-9 expressing T lymphocytes resulting in expansion of the subset. ABR-217620 selectively triggers TRBV7-9 expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill 5T4 positive tumor cells. Furthermore, ABR-217620 activates TRBV7-9 expressing T cell line cells in the presence of cell- and bead-bound 5T4 tumor antigen. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that ABR-217620 binds to 5T4 with high affinity, to TRBV7-9 with low affinity and to MHC class II with very low affinity. The T lymphocyte engagement by ABR-217620 is constituted by displaying high affinity binding to the tumor cells (KD approximately 1 nM) and with the mimicry of natural productive immune TCR-pMHC contact using affinities of around 1 µM. This difference in kinetics between the two components of the ABR-217620 fusion protein will bias the binding towards the 5T4 target antigen, efficiently activating T-cells via SEA/E-120 only when presented by the tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Rödström
- Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viallard JF, Ruiz C, Guillet M, Pellegrin JL, Moreau JF. Perturbations of the CD8(+) T-cell repertoire in CVID patients with complications. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:122-8. [PMID: 24600567 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A higher chronic expansion of effector cytotoxic CD8(+)DR(+) T-lymphocytes has been reported in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients with complications such as splenomegaly, autoimmune disease and/or granulomatous disease. In order to document the features associated with this T cell activation involving the CD8(+) T-compartment, we examined the diversity of the alpha/beta TCR repertoire of the patient's CD8(+) T-lymphocytes using the qualitative analysis of the CDR3 lengths (Immunoscope). Ten CIVD patients were enrolled in this study, four without complications (Group 1), six with complications (Group 2). All patients exhibited non-gaussian altered CDR3 length distributions, albeit to different extent within the different Vβ families. CVID patients with activated CD8(+) T-cells show a reduction of their TCR repertoire diversity which is more severe in patients with complications. Viral reactivations such as CMV are suspected to be part of the mechanisms underlying immunosenescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Viallard
- University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France ; Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Pellegrin
- University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France ; Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France ; Laboratory of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ; The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5164, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maier DA, Brennan AL, Jiang S, Binder-Scholl GK, Lee G, Plesa G, Zheng Z, Cotte J, Carpenito C, Wood T, Spratt SK, Ando D, Gregory P, Holmes MC, Perez EE, Riley JL, Carroll RG, June CH, Levine BL. Efficient clinical scale gene modification via zinc finger nuclease-targeted disruption of the HIV co-receptor CCR5. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:245-58. [PMID: 23360514 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since HIV requires CD4 and a co-receptor, most commonly C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), for cellular entry, targeting CCR5 expression is an attractive approach for therapy of HIV infection. Treatment of CD4(+) T cells with zinc-finger protein nucleases (ZFNs) specifically disrupting chemokine receptor CCR5 coding sequences induces resistance to HIV infection in vitro and in vivo. A chimeric Ad5/F35 adenoviral vector encoding CCR5-ZFNs permitted efficient delivery and transient expression following anti-CD3/anti-CD28 costimulation of T lymphocytes. We present data showing CD3/CD28 costimulation substantially improved transduction efficiency over reported methods for Ad5/F35 transduction of T lymphocytes. Modifications to the laboratory scale process, incorporating clinically compatible reagents and methods, resulted in a robust ex vivo manufacturing process capable of generating >10(10) CCR5 gene-edited CD4+ T cells from healthy and HIV+ donors. CD4+ T-cell phenotype, cytokine production, and repertoire were comparable between ZFN-modified and control cells. Following consultation with regulatory authorities, we conducted in vivo toxicity studies that showed no detectable ZFN-specific toxicity or T-cell transformation. Based on these findings, we initiated a clinical trial testing the safety and feasibility of CCR5 gene-edited CD4+ T-cell transfer in study subjects with HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sainz-Perez A, Lim A, Lemercier B, Leclerc C. The T-cell receptor repertoire of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T lymphocytes is skewed toward public sequences. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3557-69. [PMID: 22573714 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of CD4(+) T regulatory cells (Treg) in tumor tissue is a widely described phenomenon in mouse models and in human cancer patients. Understanding the mechanisms by which Treg migrate and accumulate in tumors is important because they strongly influence the potential efficacy of many immunotherapies. In this study, we used immunoscope technology to analyze the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of tumor-infiltrating T cells in non-TCR transgenic mice. Both tumor-infiltrating Tregs and T effector cells (Teff) displayed sequence profiles in the CDR3 region that were characteristic of biased repertoires seen during clonal cell expansions, implying that strong T-cell responses have occurred within the tumor tissue. By comparing the TCR sequences of tumor-infiltrating Tregs, we obtained evidence of the presence of so-called public TCR sequences that are common to many individuals yet were tumor-specific in nature. Such comparisons also suggested that the Treg-Teff conversion process is not an active process at the tumor site or tumor-draining lymph nodes. Our findings strongly suggest that Treg infiltration of tumor tissue is followed by marked proliferation of a few dominant T-cell clones in the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sainz-Perez
- Institut Pasteur, Immune Regulation and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Immune responses elicited in tertiary lymphoid tissues display distinctive features. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11398. [PMID: 20613979 PMCID: PMC2894881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic inflammation, immune effectors progressively organize themselves into a functional tertiary lymphoid tissue (TLT) within the targeted organ. TLT has been observed in a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions but its pathophysiological significance remains unknown. We used the rat aortic interposition model in which a TLT has been evidenced in the adventitia of chronically rejected allografts one month after transplantation. The immune responses elicited in adventitial TLT and those taking place in spleen and draining lymph nodes (LN) were compared in terms of antibody production, T cell activation and repertoire perturbations. The anti-MHC humoral response was more intense and more diverse in TLT. This difference was associated with an increased percentage of activated CD4+ T cells and a symmetric reduction of regulatory T cell subsets. Moreover, TCR repertoire perturbations in TLT were not only increased and different from the common pattern observed in spleen and LN but also “stochastic,” since each recipient displayed a specific pattern. We propose that the abnormal activation of CD4+ T cells promotes the development of an exaggerated pathogenic immune humoral response in TLT. Preliminary findings suggest that this phenomenon i) is due to a defective immune regulation in this non-professional inflammatory-induced lymphoid tissue, and ii) also occurs in human chronically rejected grafts.
Collapse
|
11
|
Berthelot L, Miqueu P, Pettré S, Guillet M, Moynard J, Wiertlewski S, Lefrère F, Brouard S, Soulillou JP, Laplaud DA. Failure of glatiramer acetate to modify the peripheral T cell repertoire of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:33-42. [PMID: 20116333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a random copolymer used as an immunomodulatory treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and several hypotheses have been put forward, the majority of which rely on in vitro studies. It has been hypothesised that further to processing by APC, GA could provide a large number of different epitopes with a possible sequence similarity to auto-antigens, which are able to stimulate a large proportion of T cells. Given that in a previous study we showed that the circulating T cells of MS patients present more alterations of the Vbeta T cell receptor (TCR) usage than normal individuals, we explored the possible effect of GA on the ex vivo T cell repertoire of MS patients. Here we used quantitative PCR and electrophoresis to longitudinally analyse (and without any ex vivo stimulation), the CDR3 length distribution (LD) and the amount of Vbeta TCR, as well as various cytokines, in the blood T cells of 10 RR-MS patients before and after 3 months and 2 years of GA treatment. In addition, we also determined the status of responder and non-responder patients after 24 months of GA treatment based on clinical and radiological criteria. We found no significant modification of cytokine production, Vbeta TCR mRNA accumulation or CDR3-LD in the patients after short-term and long-term treatment. In addition, we did not observe any difference in CDR3-LD in the GA responder patients (n=6) compared to non-responder patients (n=4). Focusing our study on responder patients, we performed TCR repertoire analysis in the CD4+ and CD8+ compartment. Alterations of CDR3-LD were predominantly found in the CD8+ compartment, without any significant influence of GA treatment. Finally, the T cell repertoire variations in MS patients treated with GA and healthy controls were equivalent. Collectively, our data suggest that GA therapy does not induce significant variations in cytokine production or TCR usage in MS patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Velásquez SY, Arias LF, García LF, Alvarez CM. T cell receptor beta chain (TCR-Vbeta) repertoire of circulating CD4(+) CD25(-), CD4(+) CD25(low) and CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells in patients with long-term renal allograft survival. Transpl Int 2009; 23:54-63. [PMID: 19694999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying maintenance of renal allografts in humans under minimal or conventional immunosuppression are poorly understood. There is evidence that CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells and clonal deletion, among other mechanisms of tolerance, could play a key role in clinical allograft survival. Twenty-four TCR-Vbeta families were assessed in CD4(+) CD25(-), CD4(+) CD25(low) and CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells from patients with long-term renal allograft survival (LTS), patients exhibiting chronic rejection (ChrRx), patients on dialysis (Dial) and healthy controls (HC) by flow cytometry. LTS patients presented a higher variability in their TCR-Vbeta repertoire, such decreased percentage of Vbeta2(+), Vbeta8a(+) and Vbeta13(+) in CD4(+) CD25(low) and (high) compared with CD4(+) CD25(-) subset and increased Vbeta4 and Vbeta7 families in CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells exclusively. Additionally, LTS patients, particularly those that were not receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), had increased percentages of CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells when compared with Dial (P < 0.05) and ChrRx (P < 0.05) patients. Our results suggest that a differential expression of particular TCR-Vbeta families and high levels of circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) T cells in long-term surviving renal transplant patients could contribute to an active and specific state of immunologic suppression. However, the increase in this T cell subset with regulatory phenotype can be affected by CNI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Y Velásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cantaert T, Brouard S, Thurlings RM, Pallier A, Salinas GF, Braud C, Klarenbeek PL, de Vries N, Zhang Y, Soulillou JP, Tak PP, Baeten D. Alterations of the synovial T cell repertoire in anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1944-56. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
14
|
Liu D, Shen XD, Zhai Y, Lam W, Liao J, Busuttil RW, Ghobrial RM. Intragraft selection of the T cell receptor repertoire by class I MHC sequences in tolerant recipients. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6076. [PMID: 19562081 PMCID: PMC2700265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft tolerance of ACI (RT1(a)) recipients to WF (RT1(u)) hearts can be induced by allochimeric class I MHC molecules containing donor-type (RT1A(u)) immunogenic epitopes displayed on recipient-type (RT1A(a)) sequences. Here, we sought the mechanisms by which allochimeric sequences may affect responding T cells through T cell receptor (TCA) repertoire restriction. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The soluble [alpha(1h) (u)]-RT1.A(a) allochimeric molecule was delivered into ACI recipients of WF hearts in the presence of sub-therapeutic dose of cyclosporine (CsA). The TCR Vbeta spectrotyping of the splenocytes and cardiac allografts showed that the Vbeta gene families were differentially expressed within the TCR repertoire in allochimeric- or high-dose CsA-treated tolerant recipients at day +5 and +7 of post-transplantation. However, at day 30 of post-transplantation the allochimeric molecule-treated rats showed the restriction of TCR repertoire with altered dominant size peaks representing preferential clonal expansion of Vbeta7, Vbeta11, Vbeta13, Vbeta 14, and Vbeta15 genes. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between the alteration of Vbeta profile, restriction of TCR repertoire, and the establishment of allograft tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that presentation of allochimeric MHC class I sequences that partially mimic donor and recipient epitopes may induce unique tolerant state by selecting alloresponsive Vbeta genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Liu
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiu-Da Shen
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuan Zhai
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wengsi Lam
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jingying Liao
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wettstein P, Strausbauch M, Therneau T, Borson N. The application of real-time PCR to the analysis of T cell repertoires. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e140. [PMID: 18835849 PMCID: PMC2588499 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of T-cell populations is determined by the spectrum of antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are heterodimers of alpha and beta subunits encoded by rearranged combinations of variable (AV and BV), joining (AJ and BJ), and constant region genes (AC and BC). We have developed a novel approach for analysis of beta transcript diversity in mice with a real-time PCR-based method that uses a matrix of BV- and BJ-specific primers to amplify 240 distinct BV-BJ combinations. Defined endpoints (Ct values) and dissociation curves are generated for each BV-BJ combination and the Ct values are consolidated in a matrix that characterizes the beta transcript diversity of each RNA sample. Relative diversities of BV-BJ combinations in individual RNA samples are further described by estimates of scaled entropy. A skin allograft system was used to demonstrate that dissection of repertoires into 240 BV-BJ combinations increases efficiency of identifying and sequencing beta transcripts that are overrepresented at inflammatory sites. These BV-BJ matrices should generate greater investigation in laboratory and clinical settings due to increased throughput, resolution and identification of overrepresented TCR transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wettstein
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lair D, Degauque N, Miqueu P, Jovanovic V, Guillet M, Mérieau E, Moreau A, Soulillou JP, Brouard S. Functional compartmentalization following induction of long-term graft survival with pregraft donor-specific transfusion. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:538-49. [PMID: 17217443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-term survival is achieved in rat recipients by pre-graft donor-specific blood transfusion. We characterized the immune compartments in long-term survivors and analyzed them for capacity to transfer tolerance and protect against chronic rejection. Splenocytes and spleen T cells from treated recipients transferred long-term graft survival to 100% of secondary recipients. In contrast, blood transferred graft survival to only 50% of recipients whereas blood T cells had no effect. An unaltered TCR repertoire, an increase in suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells, a decrease in antidonor T-cell proliferative response and normal perforin-granzyme levels were the hallmarks of the spleen T cells. Blood T cells were characterized by a strongly altered CD8+ repertoire, normal CD4+CD25+ T cell number with unchanged antidonor T-cell proliferative response, an activated T-cell phenotype and an increase in perforin-granzyme levels. However, following the transfer of blood or spleen cells into secondary recipients, all grafts displayed chronic rejection. These findings provide evidence that distinct compartments play critical roles in DST recipients. Regulatory cells do not accumulate in blood, which appears to be a reservoir for cytotoxic T cells. Spleen T cells, which display a regulatory-like profile and transfer graft survival, are not able to prevent chronic rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lair
- INSERM U643, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Wieërs G, Gras J, Bourdeaux C, Truong DQ, Latinne D, Reding R. Monitoring tolerance after human liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2006; 17:83-93. [PMID: 17306738 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The validation of reliable, non-invasive immunological assays evaluating anti-donor responsiveness in allograft recipients would provide a clinically relevant tool for the early detection of ongoing rejection process as well as for the identification of operational tolerance in the long term. A sequential approach towards immunological monitoring of allografts is proposed in this review: (i) investigations exploring the initial donor-recipient alloresponses, including the analysis of the cytokine network; (ii) investigations regarding graft acceptance and operational tolerance in long-term transplant patients, consisting in the analysis of regulatory T cells and of circulating precursors of dendritic cells, in the measurement of T cell alloreactivity as well as in the study of T cell receptor repertoires. Beside the conventional in vivo and in vitro immunological techniques, the potential applications of molecular imaging in transplantation also deserve further exploration, with particular respect to allograft immune monitoring. Enforced collaboration between transplant clinicians and immunologists will be required to develop the translational research protocols required for the development of immunological monitoring, within an international multicentric network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Wieërs
- Pediatric Liver Transplant Program, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hervé C, Le Berre L, Miqueu P, Degauque N, Ruiz C, Brouard S, Guillet M, Soulillou JP, Dantal J. Blood T-cell repertoire in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome recurrence following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2144-51. [PMID: 16930396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroid resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (CR-INS) is a glomerulopathy that recurs after kidney transplantation in 30-50% of patients, suggesting the involvement of systemic albuminuric factors, probably produced by activated T cells. We investigated peripheral T-cell selection and expansion before and after transplantation to identify and characterize T-lymphocyte patterns potentially associated with INS recurrence. We used a combined qualitative and quantitative assessment of Vbeta mRNA alterations at the level of the complementary determining region 3-length distribution (CDR3-LD) of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 18 CR-INS patients (8 with recurrence and 10 without recurrence) on the day of transplantation as well as at 1 month, 1 year and 5 years after transplantation, and Vbeta transcriptomes were analyzed. Our data show that blood T cells from patients with INS recurrence display a TCR repertoire that is stable in time and has a similar level of CDR3-LD alterations as the T-cell repertoire of control patients, both before and after transplantation. These results suggest that the process of INS recurrence does not involve TCR activation or specific clonal expansion of T cells. However, these results do not exclude a role for T cells in the production of an albuminuric factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hervé
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale and Nantes University, Unité Mixte 643: Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantations, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation CHU Hôtel Dieu, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in organ transplant recipients relies primarily on non-antigen-specific immunosuppression, with all its associated potential hazards and costs. Currently, the status of the recipient immune response is measured by monitoring pharmacologic drug levels and clinical/pathologic evaluation of graft function. Development of reliable assays that can measure accurately the status of the immune response not only would help clinicians customize the prescription of immunosuppressive drugs in individual patients but also may allow their complete withdrawal in some patients with immunologic tolerance. Furthermore, these assays would facilitate the safe evaluation of novel tolerogenic regimens. Achieving this goal has proved to be very difficult because it requires both a more in-depth understanding of complex mechanisms of tolerance and also identification of transplant patients with acquired tolerance to an allograft that can be studied. This review discusses the current understanding of tolerance mechanisms and outlines the unique and specific challenges in development of tolerance/monitoring assays in the field of transplantation. In addition, several of the most promising candidate assays are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guille M, Andrieu M, Braudeau C, Ruiz C, Daniel N, Pallier A, Charmeteau B, Veziers J, Oden N, Bonilla N, Brouard S, Guillet JG, Soulillou JP. Serial evolution of TCR beta chain transcript mobilization in HIV type-1-infected patients following vaccine immune stimulation and HAART interruption. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:648-56. [PMID: 16831089 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we studied the T cell receptor (TCR)beta chain transcript mobilization in peripheral blood lymphocytes harvested from HIV-1-infected patients before and after vaccination with a mixture of six lipopeptides and at the moment and serially after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) interruption. This study was performed by using a combined qualitative and quantitative assessment of Vbeta mRNA alterations at the level of complementary determining region 3 length distribution (CDR3-LD) of the TCR. Whereas healthy individuals displayed both stable CDR3-LD profiles and Vbeta transcript accumulations over time, the four HIV-1-infected patients in a quiescent disease phase under HAART have a highly significantly biased CDR3-LD. In addition, they displayed a significant further increase of alterations of their beta CDR3-LD profile after vaccination and both a more altered CDR3-LD (p < 0.05) and an increased transcript accumulation of some Vbeta families after HAART interruption. These modifications mostly concerned the CD8(+ve) T cells. Such a global approach of TCR alterations may help to follow the immune response of these patients and allow targeting of more complex in vivo studies by identifying the T cells with a selected repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guille
- TcLand, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Distinguishing transplant recipients who will benefit from a reduction in, or even the withdrawal of, immunosuppression from those who require intensive, lifelong immunosuppression will be dependent on developing strategies for immune monitoring. Currently, no assays have been shown to accurately predict the development or presence of donor-specific tolerance in humans after transplantation. In this overview we describe and discuss those assays that we believe may be useful for identifying tolerant transplant recipients. Validation of "tolerance" assays will be critical for the safe development of tolerance regimens in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Newell
- The Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30345, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reding R, Gras J, Truong DQ, Wieërs G, Latinne D. The immunological monitoring of alloreactive responses in liver transplant recipients: a review. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:373-83. [PMID: 16498661 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge in the field of immunological monitoring of allogenic responsiveness in clinical liver transplantation. When compared to other solid-organ transplants, liver allografts are considered as immunologically privileged, and, accordingly, constitute a favorable setting to develop experimental as well as clinical strategies for minimization of immunosuppression and even induction of operational tolerance. The validation of simple, reliable, noninvasive assays exploring antidonor alloreactivity will constitute a crucial step toward implementing such approaches in the clinic. In contrast to research in rodents claiming the development of donor-specific tolerance in case of graft survivals of over 100 days without immunosuppression, it is impractical to confirm tolerance induction in this way in humans. Promising candidate assays include the detection of post-transplant immune deviation, of circulating precursors of dendritic cells subtypes, and of regulatory T cells. A conceptual framework for the development of tolerance assays in clinical liver transplantation is also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Reding
- Pediatric Liver Transplant Program, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Duplan V, Beriou G, Heslan JM, Bruand C, Dutartre P, Mars LT, Liblau RS, Cuturi MC, Saoudi A. LF 15-0195 Treatment Protects against Central Nervous System Autoimmunity by Favoring the Development of Foxp3-Expressing Regulatory CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:839-47. [PMID: 16393967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an instructive model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Lewis (LEW) rats immunized with myelin-basic protein (MBP) develop EAE characterized by a single episode of paralysis, from which they recover spontaneously and become refractory to a second induction of disease. LF 15-0195 is a novel molecule that has potent immunosuppressive effects in several immune-mediated pathological manifestations, including EAE. In the present study, we show that a 30-day course of LF 15-0195 treatment not only prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from developing EAE but also preserves their refractory phase to reinduction of disease. This effect is Ag driven since it requires priming by the autoantigen during the drug administration. In contrast to other immunosuppressive drugs, short-term treatment with this drug induces a persistent tolerance with no rebound of EAE up to 4 mo after treatment withdrawal. This beneficial effect of LF 15-0195 on EAE does not result from the deletion of MBP-specific Vbeta8.2 encephalitogenic T cells. In contrast, this drug favors the differentiation of MBP-specific CD4 T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells that, upon adoptive transfer in syngeneic recipients, prevent the development of actively induced EAE. Finally, we demonstrate that the tolerance induced by LF 15-0195 treatment is not dependent on the presence of TGF-beta. Together, these data demonstrate that short-term treatment with LF 15-0195 prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from EAE by favoring the development of Foxp-3-expressing regulatory CD4 T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- DNA/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Duplan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, Institut Fédératif de recherche 30, and Université Paul Sabatier, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heslan JM, Beriou G, Le Luduec JB, Guillonneau C, Anegon I, Soulillou JP, Cuturi MC, Chiffoleau E. Accumulation of T Cells with Potent Regulatory Properties and Restricted Vβ7-TCR Rearrangements in Tolerated Allografts. Transplantation 2005; 80:1476-84. [PMID: 16340794 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000185198.07663.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that a short-course treatment with LF15-0195, a 15-deoxyspergualin analogue, induces donor-specific tolerance of cardiac allografts in rats and expansion of splenic CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. METHODS To further characterize long-term tolerance in this model, we have analyzed the phenotype, regulatory properties and TCR-Vbeta usage of the T cells infiltrating the tolerated allografts. RESULTS We demonstrate that the tolerated allografts express high levels of FoxP3 transcripts and contain a large number of CD4 T cells, half of which express CD25. Moreover, T cells from these tolerated allografts are very powerful at transferring tolerance to a subsequent allograft recipient, demonstrating the presence of potent regulatory T cells at the site of the graft. Interestingly, the T cells infiltrating the tolerated allografts systematically display restricted Vbeta7 TCR rearrangements. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate in this model of tolerance, a specific accumulation of T cells with potent regulatory properties and exhibiting restricted Vbeta7-TCR rearrangements at the graft site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Heslan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 643 (INSERM U643) and Institut de Transplantation Et de Recherche en Transplantation, CHU Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roussey-Kesler G, Brouard S, Ballet C, Moizant F, Moreau A, Guillet M, Smit H, Usal C, Soulillou JP. Exhaustive Depletion of Graft Resident Dendritic Cells: Marginally Delayed Rejection but Strong Alteration of Graft Infiltration. Transplantation 2005; 80:506-13. [PMID: 16123726 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000168367.39204.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor dendritic cells (DDC) are believed to sustain direct recognition leading to acute allograft rejection. However, DDC are also required for tolerance induction in various models. METHODS We studied the effect of DDC depletion on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched rat heart allografts in a strain combination characterized by a DDC-dependant tolerance induction. Grafts were depleted of DDC either by pretreating donors with cyclophosphamide (CyP) or by being parked in an intermediate recipient treated with cyclosporine A (CsA). RESULTS CyP depleted 95% of resident DC and no specific donor MHC class II staining was observed in parked grafts. Parked grafts survived significantly but only moderately longer than untreated grafts (10.8+/-1.9 days vs. 6.5+/-0.5 days; P<0.05). Compared to unmodified grafts, on day 5 after transplantation, the magnitude of the graft infiltrate was dramatically decreased in DDC-depleted grafts, with IgG deposition within the grafts at the time of rejection. In parallel, the cytokine transcript levels were also lower in these grafts on day 5, but reached levels similar to those of unmodified grafts by day 7, indicating a delayed pattern of rejection. CONCLUSIONS Taken collectively, these data suggest that DDC depletion has a greater effect on the capacity of tolerance induction than the rejection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Roussey-Kesler
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 643, Immunointervention dans les Allo et xenotransplantations and Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Melchior B, Nérrière-Daguin V, Degauque N, Brouard S, Guillet M, Soulillou JP, Brachet P. Compartmentalization of TCR repertoire alteration during rejection of an intrabrain xenograft. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:373-83. [PMID: 15755555 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenograft rejections of embryonic pig neural cells implanted into the adult rat striatum occurs within 3-4 weeks, following a dramatic T cell infiltration. Little is known about the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues which results in this recruitment and lymphocyte homing. To better characterize the dynamics of the T cell response against xenogeneic neural cells implanted into the brain parenchyma, we used both qualitative and quantitative methods to follow the alterations of the CDR3 length distribution (CDR3-LD) of the TCR (T cell receptor) beta chain in the transplanted striatum and compared this response to that observed in the deep cervical lymph nodes, spleen, and blood. Data showed that the T cell repertoire diversity was highly altered in the recipient brain during xenograft rejection. Comparison of the alterations of the CDR3-LD between several animals revealed a single public alteration in the Vbeta20 family, and many private alterations of the CDR3-LD which differed from one infiltrated brain to another. Alterations of the T cell repertoire were also observed in lymphocytes homed into the deep cervical lymph nodes. However, they differed from the alterations detected in the infiltrated brains. Conversely, no significant alteration of the CDR3-LD was detected in the spleen or in the blood. These data suggest that the deep cervical lymph nodes play an active role in the process of xenograft recognition or/and rejection. However, they also indicate that the fate of T cells homed in the brain and deep cervical lymph nodes differs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Melchior
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 44093 Nantes, Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alvarez CM, Opelz G, Giraldo MC, Pelzl S, Renner F, Weimer R, Schmidt J, Arbeláez M, García LF, Süsal C. Evaluation of T-cell receptor repertoires in patients with long-term renal allograft survival. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:746-56. [PMID: 15760398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying long-term acceptance of kidney allografts in humans under minimal or no maintenance immunosuppression are poorly understood. We analyzed the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in circulating T cells of patients with long-term (> or = 9 years) renal allograft survival with (LTS-IS) and without immunosuppression (LTS-NoIS). T cells of LTS patients exhibited strongly altered TCR Vss usage, including an increased frequency of oligoclonality and a decreased frequency of polyclonality. All 3 LTS-NoIS and 12 of 16 LTS-IS patients demonstrated oligoclonality in at least three or more TCR V beta families, and the frequency of oligoclonality in these patients was significantly higher as compared to patients with well-functioning grafts at 3 years (p < 0.005 both), an uncomplicated course during the first year (p < 0.0001, both), acute rejection (p < 0.0001, both), chronic allograft nephropathy at 7 (p < 0.0001, both) or 13 years (p < 0.0001, both), dialysis patients (p < 0.0001, both) or healthy controls (p < 0.0001, both). In contrast to LTS patients, all other studied patient groups exhibited a polyclonal TCR repertoire. Our data indicate that TCR alteration is a common feature of long-term allograft outcome, which might be explained by clonal deletion, exhaustion of alloreactive T cells or predominant expression of particular T-cell subpopulations, such as regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiam M Alvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brouard S, Dupont A, Giral M, Louis S, Lair D, Braudeau C, Degauque N, Moizant F, Pallier A, Ruiz C, Guillet M, Laplaud D, Soulillou JP. Operationally tolerant and minimally immunosuppressed kidney recipients display strongly altered blood T-cell clonal regulation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:330-40. [PMID: 15643993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most kidney transplant recipients who discontinue immunosuppression reject their graft. Nevertheless, a small number do not, suggesting that allogeneic tolerance state (referred to operational tolerance) is achievable in humans. So far, however, the rarity of such patients has limited their study. Because operational tolerance could be linked to anergy, ignorance or to an active regulatory mechanism, we analyzed the blood T-cell repertoire usage of these patients. We report on comparison of T-cell selection in drug-free operationally tolerant kidney recipients (or with minimal immunosuppression), recipients with stable graft function, chronic rejection and healthy individuals. The blood T cells of operationally tolerant patients display two major characteristics: an unexpected strongly altered T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta usage and high TCR transcript accumulation in selected T cells. The cytokine transcriptional patterns of sorted T cells with altered TCR usage show no accumulation of cytokine transcripts (IL10, IL2, IL13, IFN-gamma), suggesting a state of hyporesponsiveness in these patients. Identification of such a potential surrogate pattern of operational tolerance in transplant recipients under life-long immunosuppression may provide a new basis and rationale for exploration of tolerance state. However, these data obtained in a limited number of patients require further confirmation on larger series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brouard
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 643: Immunointervention dans les Allo-et Xénotransplantations and Institut de Transplantation Et de Recherche en Transplantation, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
TCR Analyses. ANALYZING T CELL RESPONSES 2005. [PMCID: PMC7120667 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3623-x_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
T-cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance against transformed cells and intracellular infections; they are involved in auto-immune reactions. They recognize their targets, i.e. MHC / peptide complexes, trough the T-cell receptor. TCR usage determines the molecular interaction of the immune system with biologically relevant MHC/peptide molecules. The TCR coding genes (variable, diversity and junctional) determine the molecular composition of the TCR alpha and beta heterodimer. The random association of the VDJ genes constitutes the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) responsible for antigen recognition and TCR specificity. The molecular composition of a T-cell population can be objectively defined by measuring the CDR3 region. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the TCR composition in different anatomic compartments, or longitudinally over time, allow to asses the entire TCR repertoire. This methodology can be supplemented with functional T-cell based assays and aids to objectively describe any alteration in the T-cell pool. TCR CDR3 analysis is useful in immunomonitoring, e.g. examining patients after BMT or solid organ transplantation, patients with HAART therapy, or patients receiving molecularly defined vaccines.
Collapse
|
31
|
Guillet M, Gagne K, Lair D, Heslan JM, Doré JC, Soulillou JP, Brouard S. Different patterns of TCR beta chain regulation following allo- and xeno-transplantation. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:315-22. [PMID: 15196125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the concordant hamster-to-rat cardiac xenograft model, recipients treated with cobra venom factor for the first 10 days following transplantation and daily with Cyclosporine A (CsA) do not reject their grafts. However, when CsA is withdrawn on day 40, an acute cellular rejection occurs within 4 +/- 1 days. Allografts performed in the same conditions are rejected within 18 +/- 4 days. METHODS In this model, we have compared graft infiltrating T cells through both a quantitative (number of Vbeta transcripts) and qualitative (CDR3 length distribution) assessment of the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain transcriptome in allo- and xeno-transplantations. RESULTS We report striking differences in TCR usage at day 15 following allo- and xeno-transplantation as well as during rejection following CsA withdrawal. The number of Vbeta transcripts was high in both rejected allo- and xenografts. However, whereas in xenografts acute rejection occurred without skewing of Vbeta CDR3 length distribution, T cells infiltrating allografts during rejection after CsA interruption had a highly altered CDR3 length distribution pattern. In addition, using a correspondence factor analysis of the beta chain transcriptome, we show that some families can clusterize and can discriminate allo- or xeno-patterns at the level of both the number of Vbeta transcripts and the CDR3 length distribution. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, in vivo, even in the hamster-to-rat concordant combination, the anti-xenograft T cell response is strong and will likely represent another challenge for xenotransplantation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cricetinae
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Kinetics
- Male
- Multigene Family/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guillet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Unité 437: Immunointervention dans les Allo- et les Xénotransplantations, Institut de Transplantation Et de Recherche en Transplantation (I.T.E.R.T.), Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Degauque N, Schadendorf D, Brouard S, Guillet M, Sébille F, Höhn H, Pallier A, Ruiz C, Dupont A, Chapin S, Hofmann U, Maeurer M, Soulillou JP. Blood T-cell Vbeta transcriptome in melanoma patients. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:721-9. [PMID: 15146562 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-cells have been shown to elicit MHC-restricted and antigen-specific T-cell responses. In this article, we used a new approach to study T-cell responses in tumor-bearing patients based on a global representation of the Vbeta-transcriptome, making it possible to grade CDR3-length distribution (CDR3-LD) alterations. Six patients with advanced melanoma disease, from whom blood samples were taken before and serially after tyrosinase-A peptide vaccination, were studied. The PBMC from patients displayed highly significant Vbeta transcriptome alterations as compared to healthy individuals. Similar Vbeta alterations could be detected both in PBMCs and at the tumor site. After vaccination, Vbeta alterations could also be observed by gauging individually their transcript level but not their cell-surface expression. Some Vbeta families exhibited high Vbeta/HPRT transcript ratios (e.g., Vbeta1), which represented up to 44% of the whole transcriptome, a situation that was not reflected by an increase in the percentage of T cells that expressed the corresponding protein and was not observed in normal individuals. In several instances, CDR3-LD altered T cells exhibited MHC-restricted and tumor-specific IFNgamma or GM-CSF production. Finally, we show that the presence of a tumor and probably vaccination can affect Vbeta transcriptome patterns and induce specific clones reactive to autologous tumor or vaccinating peptides. In combination with other methods, such an approach should help in identifying the clones actually involved in the response against the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Unité 437: Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantations and Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sumpter TL, Wilkes DS. Role of autoimmunity in organ allograft rejection: a focus on immunity to type V collagen in the pathogenesis of lung transplant rejection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L1129-39. [PMID: 15136293 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00330.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only definitive treatment modality for many forms of end-stage lung disease. However, the lung is rejected more often than any other type of solid organ allograft due to chronic rejection known as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Indeed, BO is the primary reason why the 5- and 7-yr survival rates are worse for the lung than for any other transplanted organ. Alloimmunity to donor antigens is established as the primary mechanism that mediates rejection responses. However, newer immunosuppressive regimens designed to abrogate alloimmune activation have not improved survival. Therefore, these data suggest that other antigens, unrelated to donor transplantation antigens, are involved in rejection. Utilizing human and rodent studies of lung transplantation, our laboratory has documented that a native collagen, type V collagen [col(V)], is a target of the rejection response. Col(V) is highly conserved; therefore, these data indicate that transplant rejection involves both alloimmune and autoimmune responses. The role of col(V) in lung transplant rejection is described in this review article. In addition, the potential role of regulatory T cells that are crucial to modulating autoimmunity and alloimmunity is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medicine Center, 1481 W. 10th St. 111P, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|