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Kandasamy K, Johana NB, Tan LG, Tan Y, Yeo JSL, Yusof NNB, Li Z, Koh J, Ginhoux F, Chan JKY, Choolani M, Mattar CNZ. Maternal dendritic cells influence fetal allograft response following murine in-utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 37226255 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUT), potentially curative in congenital haematological disease, is often inhibited by deleterious immune responses to donor cells resulting in subtherapeutic donor cell chimerism (DCC). Microchimerism of maternal immune cells (MMc) trafficked into transplanted recipients across the placenta may directly influence donor-specific alloresponsiveness, limiting DCC. We hypothesized that dendritic cells (DC) among trafficked MMc influence the development of tolerogenic or immunogenic responses towards donor cells, and investigated if maternal DC-depletion reduced recipient alloresponsiveness and enhanced DCC. METHODS Using transgenic CD11c.DTR (C57BL/6) female mice enabled transient maternal DC-depletion with a single dose of diphtheria toxin (DT). CD11c.DTR females and BALB/c males were cross-mated, producing hybrid pups. IUT was performed at E14 following maternal DT administration 24 h prior. Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells were transplanted, obtained from semi-allogenic BALB/c (paternal-derived; pIUT), C57BL/6 (maternal-derived; mIUT), or fully allogenic (aIUT) C3H donor mice. Recipient F1 pups were analyzed for DCC, while maternal and IUT-recipient immune cell profile and reactivity were examined via mixed lymphocyte reactivity functional assays. T- and B-cell receptor repertoire diversity in maternal and recipient cells were examined following donor cell exposure. RESULTS DCC was highest and MMc was lowest following pIUT. In contrast, aIUT recipients had the lowest DCC and the highest MMc. In groups that were not DC-depleted, maternal cells trafficked post-IUT displayed reduced TCR & BCR clonotype diversity, while clonotype diversity was restored when dams were DC-depleted. Additionally, recipients displayed increased expression of regulatory T-cells and immune-inhibitory proteins, with reduced proinflammatory cytokine and donor-specific antibody production. DC-depletion did not impact initial donor chimerism. Postnatal transplantation without immunosuppression of paternal donor cells did not increase DCC in pIUT recipients; however there were no donor-specific antibody production or immune cell changes. CONCLUSIONS Though maternal DC depletion did not improve DCC, we show for the first time that MMc influences donor-specific alloresponsiveness, possibly by expanding alloreactive clonotypes, and depleting maternal DC promotes and maintains acquired tolerance to donor cells independent of DCC, presenting a novel approach to enhancing donor cell tolerance following IUT. This may have value when planning repeat HSC transplantations to treat haemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Kandasamy
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Lay Geok Tan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Tan
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julie Su Li Yeo
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Nazneen Binte Yusof
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Zhihui Li
- Genome Research Informatics and Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiayu Koh
- Genome Research Informatics and Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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da Silva Domingues V, Caramalho I, Bergman ML, Demengeot J. Adoptive Transfer and Bone Marrow Chimera Models to Analyze Treg Function and Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2559:15-29. [PMID: 36180623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2647-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular adoptive transfer and mixed bone marrow chimera are cornerstone experimental tools for immuno-biology. Here we describe protocols for adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimera to address the effect of a specific mutation on T regulatory cell (Treg) function and differentiation, respectively. Treg function can be quantitatively measured by analyzing the expansion of conventional CD4 T cells and their differentiation into helper cells. The quantitative measure of Treg differentiation is addressed by analyzing the number and phenotype of Foxp3-expressing cells. The use of congenic markers is instrumental for these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vital da Silva Domingues
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Sanders JM, Jeyamogan S, Mathew JM, Leventhal JR. Foxp3+ regulatory T cell therapy for tolerance in autoimmunity and solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1055466. [PMID: 36466912 PMCID: PMC9714335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tolerance in humans. The exact mechanisms by which the loss of peripheral tolerance leads to the development of autoimmunity and the specific role Tregs play in allograft tolerance are not fully understood; however, this population of T cells presents a unique opportunity in the development of targeted therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the potential roles of Foxp3+ Tregs in the development of tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity, and the available data regarding their use as a treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes M. Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shareni Jeyamogan
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James M. Mathew
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph R. Leventhal
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Hall BM, Verma ND, Tran GT, Hodgkinson SJ. Transplant Tolerance, Not Only Clonal Deletion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810798. [PMID: 35529847 PMCID: PMC9069565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to understand how allogeneic transplanted tissue is not rejected and how tolerance is induced led to fundamental concepts in immunology. First, we review the research that led to the Clonal Deletion theory in the late 1950s that has since dominated the field of immunology and transplantation. At that time many basic mechanisms of immune response were unknown, including the role of lymphocytes and T cells in rejection. These original observations are reassessed by considering T regulatory cells that are produced by thymus of neonates to prevent autoimmunity. Second, we review "operational tolerance" induced in adult rodents and larger animals such as pigs. This can occur spontaneously especially with liver allografts, but also can develop after short courses of a variety of rejection inhibiting therapies. Over time these animals develop alloantigen specific tolerance to the graft but retain the capacity to reject third-party grafts. These animals have a "split tolerance" as peripheral lymphocytes from these animals respond to donor alloantigen in graft versus host assays and in mixed lymphocyte cultures, indicating there is no clonal deletion. Investigation of this phenomenon excludes many mechanisms, including anti-donor antibody blocking rejection as well as anti-idiotypic responses mediated by antibody or T cells. This split tolerance is transferred to a second immune-depleted host by T cells that retain the capacity to effect rejection of third-party grafts by the same host. Third, we review research on alloantigen specific inhibitory T cells that led to the first identification of the CD4+CD25+T regulatory cell. The key role of T cell derived cytokines, other than IL-2, in promoting survival and expansion of antigen specific T regulatory cells that mediate transplant tolerance is reviewed. The precise methods for inducing and diagnosing operational tolerance remain to be defined, but antigen specific T regulatory cells are key mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Ingham Institute, and Renal Service and Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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5
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Bolivar-Wagers S, Larson JH, Jin S, Blazar BR. Cytolytic CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T-Cells and Implications for Developing Immunotherapies to Combat Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864748. [PMID: 35493508 PMCID: PMC9040077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance induction. While the immunosuppressive mechanisms of Treg have been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms responsible for Treg cytotoxicity and their therapeutic potential in regulating immune responses have been incompletely explored and exploited. Conventional cytotoxic T effector cells (Teffs) are known to be important for adaptive immune responses, particularly in the settings of viral infections and cancer. CD4+ and CD8+ Treg subsets may also share similar cytotoxic properties with conventional Teffs. Cytotoxic effector Treg (cyTreg) are a heterogeneous population in the periphery that retain the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation and activation, induce cellular apoptosis, and migrate to tissues to ensure immune homeostasis. The latter can occur through several cytolytic mechanisms, including the Granzyme/Perforin and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of cyTreg and their potential application in the treatment of human disease, particularly Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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6
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Schreeb K, Culme-Seymour E, Ridha E, Dumont C, Atkinson G, Hsu B, Reinke P. Study Design: HLA-A*02-Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells in Renal Transplantation. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1258-1267. [PMID: 35694562 PMCID: PMC9174048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell therapy with regulatory T cells (Tregs) in solid organ transplantation is a promising approach for the prevention of graft rejection and induction of immunologic tolerance. Previous clinical studies have demonstrated the safety of Tregs in renal transplant recipients. Antigen-specific Tregs, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-Tregs, are expected to be more efficacious than polyclonal Tregs in homing to the target antigen. We have developed an autologous cell therapy (TX200-TR101) where a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule A∗02 (HLA-A∗02)-CAR is introduced into autologous naive Tregs from a patient with HLA-A∗02-negative end-stage renal disease (ESRD) awaiting an HLA-A∗02-positive donor kidney. Methods This article describes the design of the STEADFAST study, a first-in-human, phase I/IIa, multicenter, open-label, single-ascending dose, dose-ranging study to assess TX200-TR101 in living-donor renal transplant recipients. Up to 15 transplant recipients will receive TX200-TR101 and will be followed up for a total of 84 weeks post-transplant, alongside a control cohort of up to 6 transplant recipients. All transplant recipients will receive a standard of care immunosuppressive regimen, with the intent of intensified tapering of the regimen in the TX200-TR101 cohort. Results The primary end point is the incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) within 28 days post–TX200-TR101 infusion. Other end points include additional safety parameters, clinical and renal outcome parameters, and the evaluation of biomarkers. Conclusion The STEADFAST study represents the next frontier in adoptive cell therapies. TX200-TR101 holds great potential to prevent immune-mediated graft rejection and induce immunologic tolerance after HLA-A∗02-mismatched renal transplantation.
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7
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Dang N, Waer M, Sprangers B, Lin Y. Establishment of operational tolerance to sustain antitumor immunotherapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:568-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Hefazi M, Bolivar-Wagers S, Blazar BR. Regulatory T Cell Therapy of Graft-versus-Host Disease: Advances and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9676. [PMID: 34575843 PMCID: PMC8469916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Immunomodulation using regulatory T cells (Tregs) offers an exciting option to prevent and/or treat GVHD as these cells naturally function to maintain immune homeostasis, can induce tolerance following HSCT, and have a tissue reparative function. Studies to date have established a clinical safety profile for polyclonal Tregs. Functional enhancement through genetic engineering offers the possibility of improved potency, specificity, and persistence. In this review, we provide the most up to date preclinical and clinical data on Treg cell therapy with a particular focus on GVHD. We discuss the different Treg subtypes and highlight the pharmacological and genetic approaches under investigation to enhance the application of Tregs in allo-HSCT. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges for optimal clinical translation and provide insights as to future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hefazi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Sara Bolivar-Wagers
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
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9
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Exploring the Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Implications of Interleukin 2 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2493-2512. [PMID: 32833154 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 is essential for the expansion of regulatory T cells, and low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 has improved the clinical manifestations of diverse autoimmune diseases in preliminary studies. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of interleukin 2 and its receptor, present preliminary experiences with low-dose interleukin 2 in the treatment of diverse autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic intervention in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Interleukin 2 is critical for the thymic selection, peripheral expansion, induction, and survival of regulatory T cells, and it is also a growth factor for activated T cells and natural killer cells. Interleukin 2 activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 after binding with its trimeric receptor on regulatory T cells. Immune suppressor activity is increased; anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 is released; pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma is inhibited; and activation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is upregulated. Preliminary experiences with cyclic injections of low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 in diverse autoimmune diseases have demonstrated increased numbers of circulating regulatory T cells, preserved regulatory function, improved clinical manifestations, and excellent tolerance. Similar improvements have been recognized in one of two patients with refractory autoimmune hepatitis. In conclusion, interferon 2 has biological actions that favor the immune suppressor functions of regulatory T cells, and low-dose regimens in preliminary studies encourage its rigorous investigation in autoimmune hepatitis.
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10
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Zhang X, Ma J, Li H, Zhou L, Liu Z, Lyu S, He Q, Li X. Overexpression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 alleviates acute rejection in rat models of liver transplantation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:408. [PMID: 33842629 PMCID: PMC8033335 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) has previously been elucidated in tolerance models. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), that is secreted by Treg cells, which exhibited immunosuppressive functions, may alleviate acute rejection (AR). However, the precise role of CD8+ Tregs and FGL2 in the AR of rat liver transplantation remains unknown. Our previous study found that CD8+CD45RClow Tregs played crucial roles in maintaining immune tolerance. Here, we elucidated the role of CD8+ CD45RClowTreg and FGL2 in AR of rat liver transplantation. Methods A rat non-materialized AR of liver transplantation model was established using donors infected with no-load adeno-associated virus and adeno‐associated virus expressing FGL2. Results There was an accumulation of tolerogenic CD8+CD45RClow in allografts compared with blank groups. Moreover, the proportion of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs was increased with longer survival time. Furthermore, we detected higher levels of FGL2 in the allografts infected with AAV-FGL2 in rats with AR of liver transplantation. We found that FGL2 could alleviate AR, and the survival time was prolonged in the recipients of donors infected with AAV-FGL2. Conclusions Our data suggest that CD8+CD45RClow Tregs was accumulated in allografts. The presence of FGL2 alleviated AR and prolonged survival time in the AR of liver transplantation rat model, suggesting that FGL2 and CD8+CD45RClow Tregs may serves as novel therapeutic targets for AR in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxue Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaocheng Lyu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianliang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Cabello-Kindelan C, Mackey S, Sands A, Rodriguez J, Vazquez C, Pugliese A, Bayer AL. Immunomodulation Followed by Antigen-Specific T reg Infusion Controls Islet Autoimmunity. Diabetes 2020; 69:215-227. [PMID: 31712320 PMCID: PMC6971488 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimal immune-based therapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D) should restore self-tolerance without inducing chronic immunosuppression. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a key cell population capable of facilitating durable immune tolerance. However, clinical trials with expanded Tregs in T1D and solid-organ transplant recipients are limited by poor Treg engraftment without host manipulation. We showed that Treg engraftment and therapeutic benefit in nonautoimmune models required ablative host conditioning. Here, we evaluated Treg engraftment and therapeutic efficacy in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes using nonablative, combinatorial regimens involving the anti-CD3 (αCD3), cyclophosphamide (CyP), and IAC (IL-2/JES6-1) antibody complex. We demonstrate that αCD3 alone induced substantial T-cell depletion, impacting both conventional T cells (Tconv) and Tregs, subsequently followed by more rapid rebound of Tregs Despite robust depletion of host Tconv and host Tregs, donor Tregs failed to engraft even with interleukin-2 (IL-2) support. A single dose of CyP after αCD3 depleted rebounding host Tregs and resulted in a 43-fold increase in donor Treg engraftment, yet polyclonal donor Tregs failed to reverse diabetes. However, infusion of autoantigen-specific Tregs after αCD3 alone resulted in robust Treg engraftment within the islets and induced remission in all mice. This novel combinatorial therapy promotes engraftment of autoantigen-specific donor Tregs and controls islet autoimmunity without long-term immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Mackey
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alexander Sands
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jennifer Rodriguez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Claudia Vazquez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Allison L Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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12
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Lalfer M, Chappert P, Carpentier M, Urbain D, Davoust JM, Gross DA. Foxp3 + Regulatory and Conventional CD4 + T Cells Display Similarly High Frequencies of Alloantigen-Reactive Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:521. [PMID: 30941146 PMCID: PMC6434998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a major role in acquired immune tolerance to allogenic transplants. Their suppressive activity is thought to require T cell receptor (TCR)-driven antigen recognition; little, however, is known about the fraction of Tregs able to recognize alloantigens within this T cell subset primarily educated against self-antigens. Performing transfer experiments of Tregs or conventional T cells (Tconv) into both lymphoreplete and lymphopenic mice, we observed a similarly high proportion of cells signaling through their TCR and proliferating in allogenic hosts. Furthermore, using an in vivo proliferation assay with limited T cell numbers infused into lymphopenic mice, we found that the overall frequency of alloreactive Tregs was similar if not higher to that of alloreactive Tconv. Overall our study highlights a noticeably high level of alloreactive Foxp3+ regulatory T cells accounting for their predominant role in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lalfer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Carpentier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Urbain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean M Davoust
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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13
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Gupta PK, McIntosh CM, Chong AS, Alegre ML. The pursuit of transplantation tolerance: new mechanistic insights. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:324-333. [PMID: 30760917 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific transplantation tolerance that enables weaning from immunosuppressive drugs but retains immune competence to non-graft antigens has been a lasting pursuit since the discovery of neonatal tolerance. More recently, efforts have been devoted not only to understanding how transplantation tolerance can be induced but also the mechanisms necessary to maintain it as well as how inflammatory exposure challenges its durability. This review focuses on recent advances regarding key peripheral mechanisms of T cell tolerance, with the underlying hypothesis that a combination of several of these mechanisms may afford a more robust and durable tolerance and that a better understanding of these individual pathways may permit longitudinal tracking of tolerance following clinical transplantation to serve as biomarkers. This review may enable a personalized assessment of the degree of tolerance in individual patients and the opportunity to strengthen the robustness of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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14
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the history of transplantation, the multiple cell types, and mechanisms that are involved in rejection and tolerance of a transplanted organ, as well as summarize the common and promising new therapeutics used in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stolp
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaaki Zaitsu
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn J Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Young JS, Yin D, Vannier AGL, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Equal Expansion of Endogenous Transplant-Specific Regulatory T Cell and Recruitment Into the Allograft During Rejection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1385. [PMID: 29973932 PMCID: PMC6020780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in the definition of a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in facilitating experimental transplantation tolerance, and ongoing clinical trials for Treg-based therapies, critical issues related to the optimum dosage, antigen-specificity, and Treg-friendly adjunct immunosuppressants remain incompletely resolved. In this study, we used a tractable approach of MHC tetramers and flow cytometry to define the fate of conventional (Tconvs) and Tregs CD4+ T cells that recognize donor 2W antigens presented by I-Ab on donor and recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a mouse cardiac allograft transplant model. Our study shows that these endogenous, donor-reactive Tregs comparably accumulate in the spleens of recipients undergoing acute rejection or exhibiting costimulation blockade-induced tolerance. Importantly, this expansion was not detected when analyzing bulk splenic Tregs. Systemically, the distinguishing feature between tolerance and rejection was the inhibition of donor-reactive conventional T cell (Tconv) expansion in tolerance, translating into increased percentages of splenic FoxP3+ Tregs within the 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cell subset compared to rejection (~35 vs. <5% in tolerance vs. rejection). We further observed that continuous administration of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, or CTLA4-Ig did not facilitate donor-specific Treg expansion, while all three drugs inhibited Tconv expansion. Finally, donor-specific Tregs accumulated comparably in rejecting tolerant allografts, whereas tolerant grafts harbored <10% of the donor-specific Tconv numbers observed in rejecting allografts. Thus, ~80% of 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cells in tolerant allografts expressed FoxP3+ compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. A similar, albeit lesser, enrichment was observed with bulk graft-infiltrating CD4+ cells, where ~30% were FoxP3+ in tolerant allografts, compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. Finally, we assessed that the phenotype of 2W:I-Ab Tregs and observed that the percentages of cells expressing neuropilin-1 and CD73 were significantly higher in tolerance compared to rejection, suggesting that these Tregs may be functionally distinct. Collectively, the analysis of donor-reactive, but not of bulk, Tconvs and Tregs reveal a systemic signature of tolerance that is stable and congruent with the signature within tolerant allografts. Our data also underscore the importance of limiting Tconv expansion for high donor-specific Tregs:Tconv ratios to be successfully attained in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Young
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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Whitehouse GP, Hope A, Sanchez-Fueyo A. Regulatory T-cell therapy in liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2018; 30:776-784. [PMID: 28608637 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern immunosuppression drug regimens have produced excellent short-term survival after liver transplantation but it is generally accepted that the side effects of these medications remain a significant contributing factor for less satisfactory long term outcomes. The liver has unique tolerogenic properties as evidenced by the higher rates of operational tolerance seen in liver transplant recipients compared to other solid organ transplants, and therefore, liver transplantation offers an attractive setting in which to study tolerizing therapies. CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for maintenance of self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmune disease and are therefore an appealing potential candidate for use as a tolerizing cell therapy. In this review, we summarize the evidence from drug withdrawal trials of spontaneous operational tolerance in liver transplantation, the unique immunology of the hepatic microenvironment, the evidence for the use of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells as a tolerance inducing therapy in liver transplantation and the challenges in producing clinical grade Treg cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Whitehouse
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hope
- CRF GMP Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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17
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Mathew JM, H-Voss J, LeFever A, Konieczna I, Stratton C, He J, Huang X, Gallon L, Skaro A, Ansari MJ, Leventhal JR. A Phase I Clinical Trial with Ex Vivo Expanded Recipient Regulatory T cells in Living Donor Kidney Transplants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7428. [PMID: 29743501 PMCID: PMC5943280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in therapeutic transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) for controlling aberrant immune responses. Initial clinical trials have shown the safety of Tregs in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and subjects with juvenile diabetes. Our hypothesis is that infusion(s) of Tregs may induce transplant tolerance thus avoiding long-term use of toxic immunosuppressive agents that cause increased morbidity/mortality. Towards testing our hypothesis, we conducted a phase I dose escalation safety trial infusing billions of ex vivo expanded recipient polyclonal Tregs into living donor kidney transplant recipients. Despite variability in recipient’s renal disease, our expansion protocol produced Tregs which met all release criteria, expressing >98% CD4+CD25+ with <1% CD8+ and CD19+ contamination. Our product displayed >80% FOXP3 expression with stable demethylation in the FOXP3 promoter. Functionally, expanded Tregs potently suppressed allogeneic responses and induced the generation of new Tregs in the recipient’s allo-responders in vitro. Within recipients, expanded Tregs amplified circulating Treg levels in a sustained manner. Clinically, all doses of Treg therapy tested were safe with no adverse infusion related side effects, infections or rejection events up to two years post-transplant. This study provides the necessary safety data to advance Treg cell therapy to phase II efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mathew
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jessica H-Voss
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ann LeFever
- Mathews Center for Cellular Therapy, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Iwona Konieczna
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Cheryl Stratton
- Mathews Center for Cellular Therapy, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jie He
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lorenzo Gallon
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Anton Skaro
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mohammed Javeed Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Leventhal
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,TRACT Therapeutics, Inc; 125W. Oak Street; Suite D, Chicago, IL, 60610, USA.
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18
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Kawai K, Uchiyama M, Hester J, Wood K, Issa F. Regulatory T cells for tolerance. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Duggleby R, Danby RD, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Clinical Grade Regulatory CD4 + T Cells (Tregs): Moving Toward Cellular-Based Immunomodulatory Therapies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29487602 PMCID: PMC5816789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4+ T cells that are key players of immune tolerance. They are powerful suppressor cells, able to impact the function of numerous immune cells, including key effectors of inflammation such as effector T cells. For this reason, Tregs are an ideal candidate for the development of cell therapy approaches to modulate immune responses. Treg therapy has shown promising results so far, providing key knowledge on the conditions in which these cells can provide protection and demonstrating that they could be an alternative to current pharmacological immunosuppressive therapies. However, a more comprehensive understanding of their characteristics, isolation, activation, and expansion is needed to be able design cost effective therapies. Here, we review the practicalities of making Tregs a viable cell therapy, in particular, discussing the challenges faced in isolating and manufacturing Tregs and defining what are the most appropriate applications for this new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Duggleby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert David Danby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Agua-Doce A, Caridade M, Oliveira VG, Bergman L, Lafaille MC, Lafaille JJ, Demengeot J, Graca L. Route of Antigen Presentation Can Determine the Selection of Foxp3-Dependent or Foxp3-Independent Dominant Immune Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:101-109. [PMID: 29167234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that dominant tolerance, namely in transplantation, requires Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Although most tolerance-inducing regimens rely on regulatory T cells, we found that induction of tolerance to proteins in aluminum hydroxide can be achieved in Foxp3-deficient mice using nondepleting anti-CD4 Abs. This type of tolerance is Ag specific, and tolerant mice retain immune competence to respond to unrelated Ags. We demonstrated with chicken OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice that the same tolerizing protocol (CD4 blockade) and the same target Ag (OVA) achieves Foxp3-dependent transplantation tolerance to OVA-expressing skin grafts, but Foxp3-independent tolerance when the Ag is provided as OVA-aluminum hydroxide. In the latter case, we found that tolerance induction triggered recessive mechanisms leading to elimination of effector cells and, simultaneously, a dominant mechanism associated with the emergence of an anergic and regulatory CTLA-4+IL-2lowFoxp3- T cell population, where the tolerance state is IL-10 dependent. Such Foxp3-independent mechanisms can improve the efficacy of tolerance-inducing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Marta Caridade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Vanessa G Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Lisa Bergman
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Maria C Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
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21
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Zinc Signals and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102222. [PMID: 29064429 PMCID: PMC5666901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is crucial for an adequate function of the immune system. Zinc deficiency as well as zinc excess result in severe disturbances in immune cell numbers and activities, which can result in increased susceptibility to infections and development of especially inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the role of zinc in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate as well as adaptive immune cells. Main underlying molecular mechanisms and targets affected by altered zinc homeostasis, including kinases, caspases, phosphatases, and phosphodiesterases, will be highlighted in this article. In addition, the interplay of zinc homeostasis and the redox metabolism in affecting intracellular signaling will be emphasized. Key signaling pathways will be described in detail for the different cell types of the immune system. In this, effects of fast zinc flux, taking place within a few seconds to minutes will be distinguish from slower types of zinc signals, also designated as “zinc waves”, and late homeostatic zinc signals regarding prolonged changes in intracellular zinc.
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22
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Miller ML, Chong AS, Alegre ML. Fifty Shades of Tolerance: Beyond a Binary Tolerant/Non-Tolerant Paradigm. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:262-269. [PMID: 31098340 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review It has long been considered that tolerance in a transplant recipient is a binary all-or-none state: either the graft is accepted without immunosuppression identifying the recipient as tolerant, or the recipient rejects the graft and is not tolerant. This tolerance paradigm, however, does not accurately reflect data emerging from animal models and patients and requires revision. Recent Findings It is becoming appreciated that there may be different gradations in the quality of tolerance based on underlying cellular mechanisms of immunological tolerance, and that individuals may enhance their tolerance by strengthening or combining different cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, evidence suggests that even if tolerance is lost, the loss may be only temporary, and in some circumstances tolerance can be restored. Summary Shifting our focus from an all-or-nothing tolerance paradigm to one with many shades may help us better understand how tolerance operates, and how this state may be tracked and enhanced for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Miller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago
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23
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Precise immune tolerance for hPSC derivatives in clinical application. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:15-23. [PMID: 28866278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) promise a foreseeing future for regeneration medicine and cell replacement therapy with their abilities to produce almost any types of somatic cells of the body. The complicated immunogenicity of hPSC derivatives and context dependent responses in variable transplantations greatly hurdle the practical application of hPSCs in clinic. Especially for applications of hPSCs, induction of immune tolerance at the same time increases the risks of tumorigenesis. Over the past few years, thanks to the progress in immunology and practices in organ transplantation, endeavors on exploring strategies to induce long term protection of allogeneic transplants have shed light on overcoming this barrier. Novel genetic engineering techniques also allow to precisely cradle the immune response of transplantation. Here we reviewed the current understanding on immunogenicity, and efforts have been attempted on inducing immune tolerance for hPSC derivatives, with extra focus on modifying the graft cells. We also glimpse on employing cutting-edge genome editing technologies for this purpose, which will potentially endow hPSC derivatives with the nature of wide spectrum drugs for therapy.
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24
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Vaikunthanathan T, Safinia N, Boardman D, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Regulatory T cells: tolerance induction in solid organ transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:197-210. [PMID: 28422316 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of regulatory T cell (Treg ) therapy in transplantation is now a reality. Significant advances in science and technology have enabled us to isolate human Tregs , expand them to clinically relevant numbers and infuse them into human transplant recipients. With several Phase I/II trials under way investigating Treg safety and efficacy it is now more crucial than ever to understand their complex biology. However, our journey is by no means complete; results from these trials will undoubtedly provoke both further knowledge and enquiry which, alongside evolving science, will continue to drive the optimization of Treg therapy in the pursuit of transplantation tolerance. In this review we will summarize current knowledge of Treg biology, explore novel technologies in the setting of Treg immunotherapy and address key prerequisites surrounding the clinical application of Tregs in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Wong TC, Lo CM, Fung JY. Emerging drugs for prevention of T-cell mediated rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2017; 22:123-136. [PMID: 28503959 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1330884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute and chronic graft rejection continues to be an important problem after solid organ transplantation. With the introduction of potent immunosuppressive agents such as calcineurin inhibitors, the risk of rejection has been significantly reduced. However, the adverse effects of life-long immunosuppression remain a concern, and there exist a fine balance between over-immunosuppression and risk of rejection. Areas covered: In this review, the current standard of care in immunosuppressive therapy, including the use of steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate prodrugs and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, will be discussed. Newer immunosuppressive agents showing promising early data after liver and kidney transplantation will also be explored. Expert Opinion: Currently, calcineurin inhibitors continue to be a vital component of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation. Although minimization and avoidance strategies have been developed, the ultimate goal of inducing tolerance remains elusive. Newer emerging agents should have potent and specific immunosuppressive activity, with minimal associated side effects. An individualized approach should be adopted to tailor immunosuppression according to the different needs of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cl Wong
- a Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Chung-Mau Lo
- a Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - James Yy Fung
- a Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine , Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong S.A.R
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26
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Zwang NA, Leventhal JR. Cell Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: Focus on Regulatory T Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1960-1972. [PMID: 28465379 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the renal replacement modality of choice for suitable candidates with advanced CKD or ESRD. Prevention of rejection, however, requires treatment with nonspecific pharmacologic immunosuppressants that carry both systemic and nephrologic toxicities. Use of a patient's own suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) is an attractive biologic approach to reduce this burden. Here, we review the immunologic underpinnings of Treg therapy and technical challenges to developing successful cell therapy. These issues include the selection of appropriate Treg subsets, ex vivo Treg expansion approaches, how many Tregs to administer and when, and how to care for patients after Treg administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R Leventhal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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27
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Crossland RE, Norden J, Juric MK, Green K, Pearce KF, Lendrem C, Greinix HT, Dickinson AM. Expression of Serum microRNAs is Altered During Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:308. [PMID: 28392786 PMCID: PMC5364146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is the most frequent and serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with a high mortality rate. A clearer understanding of the molecular pathogenesis may allow for improved therapeutic options or guide personalized prophylactic protocols. Circulating microRNAs are expressed in body fluids and have recently been associated with the etiology of aGvHD, but global expression profiling in a HSCT setting is lacking. This study profiled expression of n = 799 mature microRNAs in patient serum, using the NanoString platform, to identify microRNAs that showed altered expression at aGvHD diagnosis. Selected microRNAs (n = 10) were replicated in independent cohorts of serum samples taken at aGvHD diagnosis (n = 42) and prior to disease onset (day 14 post-HSCT, n = 47) to assess their prognostic potential. Sera from patients without aGvHD were used as controls. Differential microRNAs were investigated in silico for predicted networks and mRNA targets. Expression analysis identified 61 microRNAs that were differentially expressed at aGvHD diagnosis. miR-146a (p = 0.03), miR-30b-5p (p = 0.007), miR-374-5p (p = 0.02), miR-181a (p = 0.03), miR-20a (p = 0.03), and miR-15a (p = 0.03) were significantly verified in an independent cohort (n = 42). miR-146a (p = 0.01), miR-20a (p = 0.03), miR-18 (p = 0.03), miR-19a (p = 0.03), miR-19b (p = 0.01), and miR-451 (p = 0.01) were differentially expressed 14 days post-HSCT in patients who later developed aGvHD (n = 47). High miR-19b expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.008), whereas high miR-20a and miR-30b-5p were associated with lower rates of non-relapse mortality (p = 0.05 and p = 0.008) and improved OS (p = 0.016 and p = 0.021). Pathway analysis associated the candidate microRNAs with hematological and inflammatory disease. Circulating biofluid microRNAs show altered expression at aGvHD onset and have the capacity to act as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Their differential expression in serum suggests a role for circulatory microRNAs in aGvHD pathology, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Crossland
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Jean Norden
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mateja Kralj Juric
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Kile Green
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kim F Pearce
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Clare Lendrem
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | | | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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28
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29
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Edinur HA, Manaf SM, Che Mat NF. Genetic barriers in transplantation medicine. World J Transplant 2016; 6:532-541. [PMID: 27683631 PMCID: PMC5036122 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful of transplantation is determined by the shared human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and ABO blood group antigens between donor and recipient. In recent years, killer cell receptor [i.e., killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)] and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related gene molecule (i.e., MICA) were also reported as important determinants of transplant compatibility. At present, several different genotyping techniques (e.g., sequence specific primer and sequence based typing) can be used to characterize blood group, HLA, MICA and KIR and loci. These molecular techniques have several advantages because they do not depend on the availability of anti-sera, cellular expression and have greater specificity and accuracy compared with the antibody-antigen based typing. Nonetheless, these molecular techniques have limited capability to capture increasing number of markers which have been demonstrated to determine donor and recipient compatibility. It is now possible to genotype multiple markers and to the extent of a complete sequencing of the human genome using next generation sequencer (NGS). This high throughput genotyping platform has been tested for HLA, and it is expected that NGS will be used to simultaneously genotype a large number of clinically relevant transplantation genes in near future. This is not far from reality due to the bioinformatics support given by the immunogenetics community and the rigorous improvement in NGS methodology. In addition, new developments in immune tolerance based therapy, donor recruitment strategies and bioengineering are expected to provide significant advances in the field of transplantation medicine.
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Local gene therapy with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase protects against development of transplant vasculopathy in chronic kidney transplant dysfunction. Gene Ther 2016; 23:797-806. [PMID: 27454318 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic transplant dysfunction (CTD) is the primary cause of late allograft loss in kidney transplantation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is involved in fetomaternal tolerance and IDO gene therapy inhibits acute rejection following kidney transplantation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether gene therapy with IDO is able to attenuate CTD. Transplantation was performed in a rat Dark-Agouti to Wistar-Furth CTD model. Donor kidneys were incubated either with an adenovirus carrying IDO gene, a control adenovirus or saline. During the first 10 days recipients received low-dose cyclosporine. Body weight, blood pressure, serum creatinine and proteinuria were measured every 2 weeks. Rats were killed after 12 weeks. IDO had a striking beneficial effect on transplant vasculopathy at week 12. It also significantly improved body weight gain; it reduced blood pressure and decreased proteinuria during the follow-up. However, it did not affect the kidney function. In addition, IDO therapy significantly decreased the number of graft-infiltrating macrophages at week 12. The messenger RNA levels of forkhead box p3 and transforming grow factor-β were elevated in the IDO treated group at week 12. Here we show for first time a clear beneficial effect of local IDO gene therapy especially on transplant vasculopathy in a rat model of renal CTD.
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Yang Q, Wang J, Liu R, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Hao X, Huang Y, Xie W, Wei H. Amelioration of concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis by magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate through inhibition of CD4(+)CD25(-)CD69(+) subset proliferation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:443-53. [PMID: 26869766 PMCID: PMC4734720 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s92440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MGL) is a new stereoisomer of glycyrrhizic acid, which is clinically used as a hepatoprotective medicine with more potent effects and less side effects than glycyrrhizic acid. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects and possible mechanism of MGL against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatitis was induced by Con A in C57/6J mice with or without MGL administration; injury score and serum ALT were evaluated. The CD4+ T-cells were isolated from splenocytes and challenged with Con A after coculturing with MGL. The injury score was significantly improved in MGL-treated mice after Con A challenging for 12 and 24 hours compared with those merely challenged with Con A. Similar trends were observed in the serum levels of ALT and AST. The most interesting result was that MGL administration significantly decreased the frequency of CD4+CD25−CD69+ T-cells rather than CD4+CD25+CD69+ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, after Con A challenging 12 and 24 hours. Moreover, the serum ALT levels were markedly correlated with the frequency of CD4+CD25−CD69+ cells, but only weakly correlated with CD4+CD25+CD69+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. More importantly, MGL (5 mg/mL) almost completely eliminated the proliferation of the CD25−CD69+ subset in primary CD4+ T-cells after Con A challenge. Compared with merely Con A-challenged mice, those with MGL administration significantly demonstrated decreased NALP3, NLRP6, and caspase-3 expression, in which the NALP3 and caspase-3 downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that MGL may have potential as a therapeutic agent in autoimmune hepatitis by ameliorating liver injury. Its molecular mechanism may be involved in inhibiting CD4+CD25−CD69+ subset proliferation and downregulating inflammasome expression in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Beijing Ditan Teaching Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Beijing Ditan Teaching Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Teaching Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Hao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Huang
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshan Wei
- Beijing Ditan Teaching Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Swann JW, Garden OA. Novel immunotherapies for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in dogs and people. Vet J 2016; 207:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pérol L, Piaggio E. New Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Tolerance: Tolerogenic Actions of IL-2. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:11-28. [PMID: 26530792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an old molecule with brand new functions. Indeed, IL-2 has been first described as a T-cell growth factor but recent data pointed out that its main function in vivo is the maintenance of immune tolerance. Mechanistically, IL-2 is essential for the development and function of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) that are essential players in the control of immune responded to self, tumors, microbes and grafts. Treg cells are exquisitely sensitive to IL-2 due to their constitutive expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and the new paradigm suggests that low-doses of IL-2 could selectively boost Treg cells in vivo. Consequently, a growing body of clinical research is aiming at using IL-2 at low doses as a tolerogenic drug to boost endogenous Treg cells in patients suffering from autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In this manuscript, we briefly review IL-2/IL-2R biology and the role of IL-2 in the development, maintenance, and function of Treg cells; and also its effects on other immune cell populations such as CD4(+) T helper cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. Then, focusing on type 1 diabetes, we review the preclinical studies and clinical trials supporting the use of low-doses IL-2 as a tolerogenic immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the limitations and future directions for IL-2 based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérol
- INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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Kim KW, Moon SJ, Park MJ, Kim BM, Kim EK, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Chung BH, Yang CW, Cho ML. Optimization of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by rapamycin in a murine model of acute graft-versus-host disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 26497134 PMCID: PMC4619057 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can protect bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients from the lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) development. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs in aGVHD remain to be elucidated. The immunoregulatory properties of MSCs are mediated by their production of anti-inflammatory molecules, including IL-10 and TGF-β. On the other hand, MSCs can also produce proinflammatory cytokines during their normal growth, such as IL-1β and IL-6. These opposite actions may limit their therapeutic application in aGVHD. Therefore, optimization of the functional properties of MSCs can increase their benefits. Methods The expressions of mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Expression of MSC markers was assessed by flow cytometry. An animal model of aGVHD was established by transplanting C57BL/6 donor bone marrow cells and spleen cells into lethally irradiated BALB/c recipient mice. The recipient mice were divided into the control group and the therapy [adipose tissue-derived human MSCs (Ad-hMSCs) or rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs] groups. The survival, body weight and clinical score of aGVHD in transplanted mice were monitored. Results Rapamycin pre-treatment of Ad-hMSCs increased mRNA synthesis of IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and TGF-β compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. Rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs suppressed clonal expansion of interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T (Th17) cells more effectively than untreated cells. mRNA expression of autophagy markers such as ATG5, LC3A and LC3B was significantly increased in the rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Ad-hMSCs exposure to rapamycin resulted in the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. Interestingly, in vitro migration efficiency of rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs toward the CD4+ T cells was increased significantly compared with the untreated cells. And, these effects were associated with autophagy induction capacity of rapamycin. In vivo, the inhibiting properties of MSCs on the clinical severities of aGVHD were greater in the mice receiving rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. The beneficial effects of rapamycin treatment in Ad-hMSCs shown in vivo were associated with a reduction of Th17 cells and an increase in regulatory T cells. Conclusions Rapamycin can optimize the immunomodulatory potential of Ad-hMSCs, suggesting a promising strategy of MSC use in aGVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Woon Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Min-Jung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Hee Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Byung-Ha Chung
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chul-Woo Yang
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, 137-040, , Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Fan CB, Wang Y, Wang QP, Du KL, Wen DG, Ouyang J. Alloantigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness induced by dnIKK2 gene-transfected recipient immature dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 297:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Safinia N, Scotta C, Vaikunthanathan T, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Regulatory T Cells: Serious Contenders in the Promise for Immunological Tolerance in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:438. [PMID: 26379673 PMCID: PMC4553385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in immunoregulation and have been shown in animal models to promote transplantation tolerance and curb autoimmunity following their adoptive transfer. The safety and potential therapeutic efficacy of these cells has already been reported in Phase I trials of bone-marrow transplantation and type I diabetes, the success of which has motivated the broadened application of these cells in solid-organ transplantation. Despite major advances in the clinical translation of these cells, there are still key questions to be addressed to ensure that Tregs attest their reputation as ideal candidates for tolerance induction. In this review, we will discuss the unique traits of Tregs that have attracted such fame in the arena of tolerance induction. We will outline the protocols used for their ex vivo expansion and discuss the future directions of Treg cell therapy. In this regard, we will review the concept of Treg heterogeneity, the desire to isolate and expand a functionally superior Treg population and report on the effect of differing culture conditions. The relevance of Treg migratory capacity will also be discussed together with methods of in vivo visualization of the infused cells. Moreover, we will highlight key advances in the identification and expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and discuss their significance for cell therapy application. We will also summarize the clinical parameters that are of importance, alongside cell manufacture, from the choice of immunosuppression regimens to the number of injections in order to direct the success of future efficacy trials of Treg cell therapy. Years of research in the field of tolerance have seen an accumulation of knowledge and expertise in the field of Treg biology. This perpetual progression has been the driving force behind the many successes to date and has put us now within touching distance of our ultimate success, immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Cristiano Scotta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Trishan Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
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Boix-Giner F, Millan O, San Segundo D, Muñoz-Cacho P, Mancebo E, Llorente S, Rafael-Valdivia L, Rimola A, Fábrega E, Mrowiec A, Allende L, Minguela A, Bolarín JM, Paz-Artal E, López-Hoyos M, Brunet M, Muro M. High frequency of central memory regulatory T cells allows detection of liver recipients at risk of early acute rejection within the first month after transplantation. Int Immunol 2015; 28:55-64. [PMID: 26270267 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed the potential of T regulatory cells (Treg cells) as biomarkers of acute rejection (AR). The aim of the present multicenter study was to correlate the percentage of peripheral Treg cells in liver graft recipients drawn at baseline up to 12 months after transplantation with the presence of AR. The percentage of central memory (cm) Treg cells (CD4(+)CD25(high)CD45RO(+)CD62L(+)) was monitored at pre-transplant and at 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 3 and 6 months and 1 year post-transplantation. The same validation standard operating procedures were used in all participating centers. Fifteen patients developed AR (23.4%). Hepatitis C virus recurrence was observed in 16 recipients, who displayed low peripheral blood cmTreg levels compared with patients who did not. A steady increase of cmTregs was observed during the first month after transplantation with statistically significant differences between AR and non-AR patients. The high frequency of memory Treg cells allowed us to monitor rejection episodes during the first month post-transplantation. On the basis of these data, we developed a prediction model for assessing risk of AR that can provide clinicians with useful information for managing patients individually and customizing immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Boix-Giner
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Olga Millan
- Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Diagnóstico Biomédico, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - David San Segundo
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Pedro Muñoz-Cacho
- Servicio de Epidemiologia, Gerencia de Atención Primaria-IFIMAV, Santander, Spain
| | - Esther Mancebo
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Llorente
- Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Rimola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain Unidad de Hígado, Hospital Clínico, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Fábrega
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anna Mrowiec
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Allende
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Bolarín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Mercé Brunet
- Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Diagnóstico Biomédico, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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Methyl-Guanine-Methyl-Transferase Transgenic Bone Marrow Transplantation Allows N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-Nitrosourea Driven Donor Mixed-Chimerism Without Graft-Versus-Host Disease, and With Donor-Specific Allograft Tolerance. Transplantation 2015; 99:2476-84. [PMID: 26177088 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant tolerance has been achieved by mixed chimerism in animal models and in a limited number of kidney transplant patients. However, these mixed-chimerism strategies were limited either by loss of long-term mixed chimerism or risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Selective bone marrow (BM) engraftment using marrow protective strategies are currently reaching clinical use. In this study, we tested the utility of methyl-guanine-methyl-transferase (MGMT)-transgenic-C57BL/6 BM into a major histocompatibility complex mismatched-BALB/c model followed by N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment to enhance donor-cell engraftment and then evaluated transplant tolerance induction. METHODS A single-dose of anti-CD8 antibody and busulfan was administered into BALB/c-host-mice at day 1. The BALB/c-mice also received costimulatory blockade through multiple-doses of anti-CD40L antibody. 10 × 10(6) BM-cells from MGMT-transgenic-mice were transplanted into host BALB/c mice at day 0. The BCNU was administered at 4 time points after BM transplantation (BMT). Heterotopic donor C57BL/6 cardiac allografts were performed at day 243 after BMT. Skin transplantation with third-party CBA, host BALB/c and donor C57BL/6 grafts was performed at day 358 after BMT. RESULTS The BALB/c-mice showed long-term stable and high-level donor-cell engraftment with MGMT transgenic C57BL/6 BMT after BCNU treatment, demonstrating full reconstitution and donor cardiac-allograft tolerance and no GVHD with expanded donor and host Foxp3 T regulatory cells. Further, skin grafts from donor, host, and third party showed good immune function with rejection of third-party grafts from all mice and benefit from enhanced chimerism after BCNU with less cell infiltrate and no chronic rejection in the donor skin grafts of BCNU treated mice compared no BCNU treated mice. CONCLUSIONS High-level mixed chimerism without GVHD can be achieved using MGMT transgenic BM in a mixed-chimerism model receiving BCNU across a major histocompatibility complex mismatch. Enhanced mixed chimerism leads to long-term donor-specific allograft tolerance.
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Zhu H, Yang F, Tang B, Li XM, Chu YN, Liu YL, Wang SG, Wu DC, Zhang Y. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuated PLGA-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting host DC maturation and function. Biomaterials 2015; 53:688-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Chen XH. Inhibition of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway: a strategy to induce immune tolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:163-73. [PMID: 24647663 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is multifunctional, with multifaceted effects. IL-6 signaling plays a vital role in the control of the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes by inducing different pathways. In particular, IL-6 controls the balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. An imbalance between Treg and Th17 cells is thought to play a pathological role in various immune-mediated diseases. Deregulated IL-6 production and signaling are associated with immune tolerance. Therefore, methods of inhibiting IL-6 production, receptors, and signaling pathways are strategies that are currently being widely pursued to develop novel therapies that induce immune tolerance. This survey aims to provide an updated account of why IL-6 inhibitors are becoming a vital class of drugs that are potentially useful for inducing immune tolerance as a treatment for autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. In addition, we discuss the effect of targeting IL-6 in recent experimental and clinical studies on autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China,
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Zhu J, Gao B. Simvastatin combined with aspirin increases the survival time of heart allograft by activating CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and enhancing vascular endothelial cell protection. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
There is a clear need to develop strategies to induce tolerance without the need of chronic immunosuppression in transplant recipient and in patients with autoimmunity. Adoptive T regulatory cell (Treg) therapy offers the potential of long-lasting protection. However, based on results of clinical trials so far with ex vivo expanded autologous Tregs in type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, it seems unlikely that single immunotherapy with Treg infusion without immunomodulation regimens that promote stable donor Treg engraftment and persistence would afford truly significant clinical benefit. Combination therapies could provide improved outcomes with consideration of the fundamental factors required for Treg generation, homeostasis, and function to promote long-term donor Treg persistence to provoke beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
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Noyan F, Lee YS, Zimmermann K, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Taubert R, Warnecke G, Knoefel AK, Schulde E, Olek S, Manns MP, Jaeckel E. Isolation of human antigen-specific regulatory T cells with high suppressive function. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2592-602. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Noyan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Young-Seon Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Richard Taubert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Knoefel
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Elvira Schulde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | | | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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Zhao XS, Wang XH, Zhao XY, Chang YJ, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ. Non-traditional CD4+CD25-CD69+ regulatory T cells are correlated to leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:187. [PMID: 24984576 PMCID: PMC4089938 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-traditional CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells were found to be involved in disease progression in tumor-bearing mouse models and cancer patients recently. We attempted to define whether this subset of T cells were related to leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS The frequency of CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells among the CD4+ T cell population from the bone marrow of relapsed patients, patients with positive minimal residual disease (MRD+) and healthy donors was examined by flow cytometry. The CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells were also stained with the intracellular markers to determine the cytokine (TGF-β, IL-2 and IL-10) secretion. RESULTS The results showed that the frequency of CD4+CD25-CD69 + T cells was markedly increased in patients in the relapsed group and the MRD + group compared to the healthy donor group. The percentage of this subset of T cells was significantly decreased after effective intervention treatment. We also analyzed the reconstitution of CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells at various time points after allo-HSCT, and the results showed that this subset of T cells reconstituted rapidly and reached a relatively higher level at +60 d in patients compared to controls. The incidence of either MRD+ or relapse in patients with a high frequency of CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells (>7%) was significantly higher than that of patients with a low frequency of CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells at +60 d, +90 d and +270 d after transplant. However, our preliminary data indicated that CD4+CD25-CD69+ T cells may not exert immunoregulatory function via cytokine secretion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first clinical evidence of a correlation between non-traditional CD4+CD25-CD69+ Tregs and leukemia relapse after allo-HSCT and suggests that exploration of new methods of adoptive immunotherapy may be beneficial. Further research related to regulatory mechanism behind this phenomenon would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China.
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Cabello-Kindelan C, de la Barrera A, Malek TR, Bayer AL. In vivo environment necessary to support transplanted donor mouse T regulatory cells. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1032-45. [PMID: 24618297 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs ) are essential for maintaining immunological tolerance, which could be harnessed for novel cell-based therapies to prevent allograft rejection and control autoimmunity. However, the use of Tregs for therapy is hindered by the inability to generate sufficient cell numbers to inhibit desired immune response(s) and achieve stable engraftment of the donor-Treg cell inoculums. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo requirements to promote engraftment of adoptively transferred Tregs and induce tolerance. We established that not only is peripheral space required, but competition from endogenous Tregs must be minimized for successful donor-Treg engraftment with IL-2 critical for driving their proliferation and survival. Moreover, these studies revealed a critical level of donor-Treg engraftment was required for tolerance induction to skin transplants. These mouse studies lay the foundation for development of novel Treg approaches for tolerance induction in the clinic involving not only organ or cellular transplantation, but also to re-establish self-tolerance in autoimmune settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabello-Kindelan
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a crucial role in prolonging allograft survival in an allodepletion ("pruning") skin transplant model. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:168-77. [PMID: 24746800 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies involving cell manipulation to achieve tolerance are increasingly being studied in animal models and in human trials. We have demonstrated that the specific removal of allo-stimulated dividing cells (or "pruning") promotes long-term allograft survival across a major MHC mismatch in transplant models including skin, heart and islet transplants. In this study, we examine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), an important regulatory cytokine, on allograft survival in our allodepletion or "pruning" skin transplant model. Increased proliferation of CD4(+) T cells was observed following allo-stimulation of BALB/c spleen cells (labeled with CFSE) in the presence of the regulatory cytokines TGFβ and (interleukin-2) IL-2 in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Expression of the regulatory gene forkhead box-3 (FoxP3) was increased in both the allo-stimulated non-dividing (ND) (CFSE(high)) and dividing (D) (CFSE(low)) CD4(+) T cell populations, with the highest expression found in the D CD4(+) T cell population. Mice reconstituted with allo-stimulated ND CD4(+) T cells following TGFβ/IL-2 stimulation showed prolonged allograft survival, similar to previous data. Significantly, TGFβ/IL-2 stimulation prevented acute rejection of allografts across a major MHC mismatch in the presence of highly activated allo-stimulated D CD4(+) T cells. Blockade of TGFβ promoted rejection of allografts even following depletion of allo-stimulated D CD4(+) T cells. These studies support a crucial role for TGFβ in the survival of allografts and shows that regulatory cytokines TGFβ/IL2 can delay the rejection of allografts, even in the presence of highly activated alloreactive T cells.
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48
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Juvet SC, Whatcott AG, Bushell AR, Wood KJ. Harnessing regulatory T cells for clinical use in transplantation: the end of the beginning. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:750-63. [PMID: 24592900 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the adverse effects of immunosuppression and an inability to prevent chronic rejection, there is a pressing need for alternative strategies to control alloimmunity. In three decades, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have evolved from a hypothetical mediator of adoptively transferred tolerance to a well-defined population that can be expanded ex vivo and returned safely to patients in clinical trials. Herein, we review the historical developments that have permitted these advances and the current status of clinical trials examining Tregs as a cellular therapy in transplantation. We conclude by discussing the critical unanswered questions that face this field in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Juvet
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Singer BD, King LS, D'Alessio FR. Regulatory T cells as immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:46. [PMID: 24575095 PMCID: PMC3920065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress exuberant immune system activation and promote immunologic tolerance. Because Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, the biomedical community has developed an intense interest in using Tregs for immunotherapy. Conditions that require clinical tolerance to improve outcomes – autoimmune disease, solid organ transplantation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – may benefit from Treg immunotherapy. Investigators have designed ex vivo strategies to isolate, preserve, expand, and infuse Tregs. Protocols to manipulate Treg populations in vivo have also been considered. Barriers to clinically feasible Treg immunotherapy include Treg stability, off-cell effects, and demonstration of cell preparation purity and potency. Clinical trials involving Treg adoptive transfer to treat graft versus host disease preliminarily demonstrated the safety and efficacy of Treg immunotherapy in humans. Future work will need to confirm the safety of Treg immunotherapy and establish the efficacy of specific Treg subsets for the treatment of immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Landon S King
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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50
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Salisbury EM, Game DS, Lechler RI. Transplantation tolerance. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:2263-72. [PMID: 24213880 PMCID: PMC4212135 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although transplantation has been a standard medical practice for decades, marked morbidity from the use of immunosuppressive drugs and poor long-term graft survival remain important limitations in the field. Since the first solid organ transplant between the Herrick twins in 1954, transplantation immunology has sought to move away from harmful, broad-spectrum immunosuppressive regimens that carry with them the long-term risk of potentially life-threatening opportunistic infections, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy, as well as graft toxicity and loss, towards tolerogenic strategies that promote long-term graft survival. Reports of "transplant tolerance" in kidney and liver allograft recipients whose immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued for medical or non-compliant reasons, together with results from experimental models of transplantation, provide the proof-of-principle that achieving tolerance in organ transplantation is fundamentally possible. However, translating the reconstitution of immune tolerance into the clinical setting is a daunting challenge fraught with the complexities of multiple interacting mechanisms overlaid on a background of variation in disease. In this article, we explore the basic science underlying mechanisms of tolerance and review the latest clinical advances in the quest for transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Salisbury
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - David S. Game
- Department of Renal Medicine, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- King’s Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
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