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Piszczatowski RT, Bülow HE, Steidl U. Heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate proteoglycans in hematopoiesis. Blood 2024; 143:2571-2587. [PMID: 38639475 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT From signaling mediators in stem cells to markers of differentiation and lineage commitment to facilitators for the entry of viruses, such as HIV-1, cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) glycans with distinct modification patterns play important roles in hematopoietic biology. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of HS and the proteoglycans (HSPGs) to which they are attached within the major cellular subtypes of the hematopoietic system. We summarize the roles of HSPGs, HS, and HS modifications within each main hematopoietic cell lineage of both myeloid and lymphoid arms. Lastly, we discuss the biological advances in the detection of HS modifications and their potential to further discriminate cell types within hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Piszczatowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Departments of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY
- Blood Cancer Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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2
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Baucom MR, Weissman N, Price AD, England L, Schuster RM, Pritts TA, Goodman MD. Syndecan-1 as the Effect or Effector of the Endothelial Inflammatory Response? J Surg Res 2024; 295:611-618. [PMID: 38096775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Syndecan-1 is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan found in the glycocalyx of vascular endothelial cells. Serum levels of syndecan-1 have repeatedly been demonstrated to increase following traumatic injury and shock, but it is unclear whether syndecan-1 plays an active role in the inflammatory response or is simply a biomarker of a state of hypoperfusion. The aim of this study was to identify the role of syndecan-1 role in the inflammatory process in the absence of trauma. METHODS Male mice were randomized into five groups (n = 3). Four groups received increasing concentrations of syndecan-1 (1, 10, 100, and 1000pg/mL per blood volume) and a fifth group was given normal saline as a control via intravenous injection. These concentrations were selected based on previous syndecan-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data acquired following induced hemorrhagic shock in mice resulting in serum levels of 10-6000 pg/mL. Mice from each group were sacrificed at 1-, 4-, and 24-h time points for serum biomarker evaluation. A multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted levels. Whole blood was analyzed via rotational thromboelastometry in a separate group of mice dosed with syndecan-1 at 1000 pg/mL and compared to sham mice at 1 h. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly elevated in the 1000 pg/mL group compared to sham animals. There were no significant changes in IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, monocyte chemoattractant protein--1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or normal T cell expressed and presumably secretedat 1, 4, and 24 h for any group when compared to mice receiving saline alone. No significant differences were noted in coagulability between the 1000 pg/mL syndecan-1 group and shams at 1 h CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cytokine concentrations did not change with increasing dosage of syndecan-1 within mice at any timepoint, except for an acute change in tumor necrosis factor-α which was transient. Based on our results, syndecan-1 appears to be a biomarker for inflammation rather than an active participant in eliciting an inflammatory response. Further research will focus on the role of syndecan-1 following hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Baucom
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Adam D Price
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa England
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Timothy A Pritts
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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3
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Martinez HA, Koliesnik I, Kaber G, Reid JK, Nagy N, Barlow G, Falk BA, Medina CO, Hargil A, Zihsler S, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Pérez-Cruz M, Tang SW, Meyer EH, Wrenshall LE, Lord JD, Garcia KC, Palmer TD, Steinman L, Nepom GT, Wight TN, Bollyky PL, Kuipers HF. Regulatory T cells use heparanase to access IL-2 bound to extracellular matrix in inflamed tissue. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1564. [PMID: 38378682 PMCID: PMC10879116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) depend on IL-2 produced by other cells for their survival and function, the levels of IL-2 in inflamed tissue are low, making it unclear how Treg access this critical resource. Here, we show that Treg use heparanase (HPSE) to access IL-2 sequestered by heparan sulfate (HS) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of inflamed central nervous system tissue. HPSE expression distinguishes human and murine Treg from conventional T cells and is regulated by the availability of IL-2. HPSE-/- Treg have impaired stability and function in vivo, including in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, endowing monoclonal antibody-directed chimeric antigen receptor (mAbCAR) Treg with HPSE enhances their ability to access HS-sequestered IL-2 and their ability to suppress neuroinflammation in vivo. Together, these data identify a role for HPSE and the ECM in immune tolerance, providing new avenues for improving Treg-based therapy of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter A Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Reid
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham Barlow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ben A Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - James D Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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4
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Zhang JY, Whalley JP, Knight JC, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a long-lived pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile. Genome Med 2023; 15:69. [PMID: 37700317 PMCID: PMC10498514 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in COVID-19 patients has been extensively investigated. However, much less is known about the long-term effects of infection in patients and how it could affect the immune system and its capacity to respond to future perturbations. METHODS Using a targeted single-cell multiomics approach, we have recently identified a prolonged anti-inflammatory gene expression signature in T and NK cells in type 1 diabetes patients treated with low-dose IL-2. Here, we investigated the dynamics of this signature in three independent cohorts of COVID-19 patients: (i) the Oxford COVID-19 Multi-omics Blood Atlas (COMBAT) dataset, a cross-sectional cohort including 77 COVID-19 patients and ten healthy donors; (ii) the INCOV dataset, consisting of 525 samples taken from 209 COVID-19 patients during and after infection; and (iii) a longitudinal dataset consisting of 269 whole-blood samples taken from 139 COVID-19 patients followed for a period of up to 7 months after the onset of symptoms using a bulk transcriptomic approach. RESULTS We discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a prolonged alteration of the gene expression profile of circulating T, B and NK cells and monocytes. Some of the genes affected were the same as those present in the IL-2-induced anti-inflammatory gene expression signature but were regulated in the opposite direction, implying a pro-inflammatory status. The altered transcriptional profile was detected in COVID-19 patients for at least 2 months after the onset of the disease symptoms but was not observed in response to influenza infection or sepsis. Gene network analysis suggested a central role for the transcriptional factor NF-κB in the regulation of the observed transcriptional alterations. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a prolonged increase in the pro-inflammatory transcriptional status that could predispose post-acute patients to the development of long-term health consequences, including autoimmune disease, reactivation of other viruses and disruption of the host immune system-microbiome ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Zhang
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Justin P Whalley
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Sun H, Lee HS, Kim SHJ, Fernandes de Lima M, Gingras AR, Du Q, McLaughlin W, Ablack J, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Lagarrigue F, Fan Z, Chang JT, VanDyke D, Spangler JB, Ginsberg MH. IL-2 can signal via chemokine receptors to promote regulatory T cells' suppressive function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112996. [PMID: 37598341 PMCID: PMC10564087 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling via the high-affinity CD25-containing IL-2 receptor-Janus kinase (JAK)1,3-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway is essential for development and maintenance of CD4+CD25HiFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that support immune homeostasis. Here, we report that IL-2 signaling via an alternative CD25-chemokine receptor pathway promotes the suppressive function of Tregs. Using an antibody against CD25 that biases IL-2 signaling toward this alternative pathway, we establish that this pathway increases the suppressive activity of Tregs and ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, heparan sulfate, an IL-2-binding element of cell surfaces and extracellular matrix, or an engineered IL-2 immunocytokine can also direct IL-2 signaling toward this alternative pathway. Overall, these data reveal a non-canonical mechanism for IL-2 signaling that promotes suppressive functions of Tregs, further elucidates how IL-2 supports immune homeostasis, and suggests approaches to promote or suppress Treg functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ho-Sup Lee
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hyun-Ji Kim
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Qinyi Du
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wilma McLaughlin
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jailail Ablack
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Lopez-Ramirez
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhichao Fan
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John T Chang
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek VanDyke
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Martinez HA, Koliesnik I, Kaber G, Reid JK, Nagy N, Barlow G, Falk BA, Medina CO, Hargil A, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Pérez-Cruz M, Tang SW, Meyer EH, Wrenshall LE, Lord JD, Garcia KC, Palmer TD, Steinman L, Nepom GT, Wight TN, Bollyky PL, Kuipers HF. FOXP3 + regulatory T cells use heparanase to access IL-2 bound to ECM in inflamed tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.26.529772. [PMID: 36909599 PMCID: PMC10002643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.529772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) depend on exogenous IL-2 for their survival and function, but circulating levels of IL-2 are low, making it unclear how Treg access this critical resource in vivo. Here, we show that Treg use heparanase (HPSE) to access IL-2 sequestered by heparan sulfate (HS) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of inflamed central nervous system tissue. HPSE expression distinguishes human and murine Treg from conventional T cells and is regulated by the availability of IL-2. HPSE-/- Treg have impaired stability and function in vivo, including the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, endowing Treg with HPSE enhances their ability to access HS-sequestered IL-2 and their tolerogenic function in vivo. Together, these data identify novel roles for HPSE and the ECM in immune tolerance, providing new avenues for improving Treg-based therapy of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter A Martinez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Reid
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Graham Barlow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Ben A Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Tumor Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University; Uppsala, Finland
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University; Dayton, USA
| | - James D Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University; Stanford, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary, Canada
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7
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Zhang JY, Hamey F, Trzupek D, Mickunas M, Lee M, Godfrey L, Yang JHM, Pekalski ML, Kennet J, Waldron-Lynch F, Evans ML, Tree TIM, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Low-dose IL-2 reduces IL-21 + T cell frequency and induces anti-inflammatory gene expression in type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7324. [PMID: 36443294 PMCID: PMC9705541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early clinical successes, the mechanisms of action of low-dose interleukin-2 (LD-IL-2) immunotherapy remain only partly understood. Here we examine the effects of interval administration of low-dose recombinant IL-2 (iLD-IL-2) in type 1 diabetes using high-resolution single-cell multiomics and flow cytometry on longitudinally-collected peripheral blood samples. Our results confirm that iLD-IL-2 selectively expands thymic-derived FOXP3+HELIOS+ regulatory T cells and CD56bright NK cells, and show that the treatment reduces the frequency of IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells and of two innate-like mucosal-associated invariant T and Vγ9Vδ2 CD8+ T cell subsets. The cellular changes induced by iLD-IL-2 associate with an anti-inflammatory gene expression signature, which remains detectable in all T and NK cell subsets analysed one month after treatment. These findings warrant investigations into the potential longer-term clinical benefits of iLD-IL-2 in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Zhang
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Hamey
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Trzupek
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marius Mickunas
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Mercede Lee
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Kennet
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mark L Evans
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Cosgrove J, Novkovic M, Albrecht S, Pikor NB, Zhou Z, Onder L, Mörbe U, Cupovic J, Miller H, Alden K, Thuery A, O'Toole P, Pinter R, Jarrett S, Taylor E, Venetz D, Heller M, Uguccioni M, Legler DF, Lacey CJ, Coatesworth A, Polak WG, Cupedo T, Manoury B, Thelen M, Stein JV, Wolf M, Leake MC, Timmis J, Ludewig B, Coles MC. B cell zone reticular cell microenvironments shape CXCL13 gradient formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3677. [PMID: 32699279 PMCID: PMC7376062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the formation of concentration gradients, morphogens drive graded responses to extracellular signals, thereby fine-tuning cell behaviors in complex tissues. Here we show that the chemokine CXCL13 forms both soluble and immobilized gradients. Specifically, CXCL13+ follicular reticular cells form a small-world network of guidance structures, with computer simulations and optimization analysis predicting that immobilized gradients created by this network promote B cell trafficking. Consistent with this prediction, imaging analysis show that CXCL13 binds to extracellular matrix components in situ, constraining its diffusion. CXCL13 solubilization requires the protease cathepsin B that cleaves CXCL13 into a stable product. Mice lacking cathepsin B display aberrant follicular architecture, a phenotype associated with effective B cell homing to but not within lymph nodes. Our data thus suggest that reticular cells of the B cell zone generate microenvironments that shape both immobilized and soluble CXCL13 gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Cosgrove
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mario Novkovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Albrecht
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia B Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoukun Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Helen Miller
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Kieran Alden
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK
| | - Anne Thuery
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Rita Pinter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Jarrett
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Taylor
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Daniel Venetz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Charles J Lacey
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Wojciech G Polak
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bénedicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151- CNRS UMR 8253, 149 rue de Sèvres 75015 Paris, France Université René Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Wolf
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York, UK.
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Jon Timmis
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Mark C Coles
- York Computational Immunology Lab, University of York, York, UK.
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Luria-Pérez R, Candelaria PV, Daniels-Wells TR, Rodríguez JA, Helguera G, Penichet ML. Amino acid residues involved in the heparin-binding activity of murine IL-12 in the context of an antibody-cytokine fusion protein. Cytokine 2019; 120:220-226. [PMID: 31121497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-cytokine fusion protein, composed of the murine single-chain cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) genetically fused to a human IgG3 specific for the human tumor-associated antigen HER2/neu maintains antigen binding, cytokine bioactivity, and IL-12 heparin-binding activity. This latter property is responsible for the binding of the cytokine to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the cell surface and the extracellular matrix and has been implicated in modulating IL-12 bioactivity. Previous studies indicate that the p40 subunit of human and murine IL-12 is responsible for the heparin-binding activity of this heterodimeric cytokine. In the present study we used bioinformatic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis to develop a version of the antibody-(IL-12) fusion protein without heparin-binding activity. This was accomplished by replacing the basic arginine (R) and lysine (K) residues in the cluster of amino acids 254-260 (RKKEKMK) of the murine IL-12 p40 subunit by the neutral non-polar amino acid alanine (A), generating an AAAEAMA mutant fusion protein. ELISA and flow cytometry demonstrated that the antibody fusion protein lacks heparin-binding activity but retains antigen binding. A T-cell proliferation assay showed IL-12 bioactivity in this construct. However, the IL-12 bioactivity is decreased compared to its non-mutated counterpart, which is consistent with an ancillary role of the heparin-binding site of IL-12 in modulating its activity. Thus, we have defined a cluster of amino acid residues with a crucial role in the heparin-binding activity of murine IL-12 in the context of an antibody-cytokine fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pierre V Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José A Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA-DOE Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Arumugam P, Carroll KL, Berceli SA, Barnhill S, Wrenshall LE. Expression of a Functional IL-2 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:694-703. [PMID: 30598511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many nonlymphoid cell types express at least two, if not all three, subunits of the IL-2R; although, compared with lymphocytes, relatively little is known about how IL-2 affects the function of nonlymphoid cells. The limited information available suggests that IL-2 has a substantial impact on cells such as gastrointestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In a previous report from our laboratory, we noted that IL-2 and IL-2Rβ-deficient mice lose smooth muscle cells over time, eventually resulting in aneurysmal aortas and ectatic esophagi. This finding, combined with our work showing that IL-2 surrounds vascular smooth muscle cells by association with perlecan, led us to ask whether vascular smooth muscle cells express an IL-2R. Toward this end, we reported the expression of IL-2Rβ on human and murine vascular smooth muscle cells. We now report that vascular smooth muscle cells express all three subunits of the IL-2R, and that expression of IL-2Rα varies with vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Furthermore, we show that, through a functional IL-2R, IL-2 initiates signaling pathways and impacts vascular smooth muscle cell function. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-2 expression increases upon initiation of conditions that promote intimal hyperplasia, suggesting a mechanism by which the IL-2/IL-2R system may impact this widespread vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Arumugam
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435;
| | - Katie L Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.,Malcolm Randall Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Spencer Barnhill
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; .,Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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11
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Jérôme V, Werner M, Kaiser P, Freitag R. Creating a Biomimetic Microenvironment for the Ex Vivo Expansion of Primary Human T Lymphocytes. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Patrick Kaiser
- Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology; University of Bayreuth; D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
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12
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Volpi S, Yamazaki Y, Brauer PM, van Rooijen E, Hayashida A, Slavotinek A, Sun Kuehn H, Di Rocco M, Rivolta C, Bortolomai I, Du L, Felgentreff K, Ott de Bruin L, Hayashida K, Freedman G, Marcovecchio GE, Capuder K, Rath P, Luche N, Hagedorn EJ, Buoncompagni A, Royer-Bertrand B, Giliani S, Poliani PL, Imberti L, Dobbs K, Poulain FE, Martini A, Manis J, Linhardt RJ, Bosticardo M, Rosenzweig SD, Lee H, Puck JM, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Zon L, Park PW, Superti-Furga A, Notarangelo LD. EXTL3 mutations cause skeletal dysplasia, immune deficiency, and developmental delay. J Exp Med 2017; 214:623-637. [PMID: 28148688 PMCID: PMC5339678 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Volpi et al. demonstrate that hypomorphic EXTL3 mutations cause abnormalities of heparan sulfate composition, affect signaling in response to growth factors and cytokines, and perturb thymopoiesis, resulting in a novel genetic disease associating skeletal dysplasia, T cell immunodeficiency, and neurodevelopmental delay. We studied three patients with severe skeletal dysplasia, T cell immunodeficiency, and developmental delay. Whole-exome sequencing revealed homozygous missense mutations affecting exostosin-like 3 (EXTL3), a glycosyltransferase involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Patient-derived fibroblasts showed abnormal HS composition and altered fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling, which was rescued by overexpression of wild-type EXTL3 cDNA. Interleukin-2–mediated STAT5 phosphorylation in patients’ lymphocytes was markedly reduced. Interbreeding of the extl3-mutant zebrafish (box) with Tg(rag2:green fluorescent protein) transgenic zebrafish revealed defective thymopoiesis, which was rescued by injection of wild-type human EXTL3 RNA. Targeted differentiation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells showed a reduced expansion of lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells and defects of thymic epithelial progenitor cell differentiation. These data identify EXTL3 mutations as a novel cause of severe immune deficiency with skeletal dysplasia and developmental delay and underline a crucial role of HS in thymopoiesis and skeletal and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Volpi
- Unita' Operativa Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Patrick M Brauer
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S, Canada
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Atsuko Hayashida
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Milan Unit, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Likun Du
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kerstin Felgentreff
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa Ott de Bruin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kazutaka Hayashida
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George Freedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Genni Enza Marcovecchio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Kelly Capuder
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Prisni Rath
- Tata Consultancy Services Innovation Labs, Telangana 500081, India
| | - Nicole Luche
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Elliott J Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Beryl Royer-Bertrand
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Giliani
- A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Centro di ricerca emato-oncologica AIL, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Alberto Martini
- Unita' Operativa Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - John Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Damian Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S, Canada
| | - Leonard Zon
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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13
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Wu M, Wang H, Shi J, Sun J, Duan Z, Li Y, Li J, Hu N, Wei Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Gene expression profiles identify both MyD88-independent and MyD88-dependent pathways involved in the maturation of dendritic cells mediated by heparan sulfate: a novel adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3711-21. [PMID: 25668674 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional vaccine adjuvant research is mainly based on the trial and error method, and the mechanisms underlying the immune system stimulation remaining largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS), a TLR-4 ligand and endogenous danger signal, effectively enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses in mice immunized by HBsAg. This study aimed to evaluate whether HS induces better humoral immune responses against inactivated Hepatitis A or Rabies Vaccines, respectively, compared with traditional adjuvants (e.g. Alum and complete Freund's adjuvant). In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of its adjuvanticity, the gene expression pattern of peripheral blood monocytes derived DCs (dendritic cells) stimulated with HS was analyzed at different times points. Total RNA was hybridized to Agilent SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression 8×60 K one-color oligo-microarray. Through intersection analysis of the microarray results, we found that the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly activated, and NF-kB, TRAF3 and IRF7 were activated as early as 12 h, and MyD88 was activated at 48 h post-stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of the surface marker CD83 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 was up-regulated as early as 24 h. Therefore, we speculated that HS-induced human monocyte-derived DC maturation may occur through both MyD88-independent and dependent pathways, but primarily through the former (TRIF pathway). These data provide an important basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying HS enhancement of the immune response.
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Key Words
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HAV, hepatitis A virus
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HS, heparan sulfate
- IRF7, interferon regulatory factor 7
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NF-kB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- Rab/Vac, Rabies Vaccine
- TRAF3, TNF receptor-associated factor 3
- dendritic cells
- gene expression profile
- heparan sulfate
- humoral immune response
- toll-like receptor signaling pathway
- vaccine adjuvant
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Wu
- a Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , China
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14
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Platt JL, Wrenshall LE, Johnson GB, Cascalho M. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Metabolism and the Fate of Grafted Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:123-40. [PMID: 26306447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and organ transplants between genetically distinct individuals are always or nearly always rejected. The universality and speed of transplant rejection distinguishes this immune response from all others. Although this distinction is incompletely understood, some efforts to shed light on transplant rejection have revealed broader insights, including a relationship between activation of complement in grafted tissues, the metabolism of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and the nature of immune and inflammatory responses that ensue. Complement activation on cell surfaces, especially on endothelial cell surfaces, causes the shedding heparan sulfate, an acidic saccharide, from the cell surface and neighboring extracellular matrix. Solubilized in this way, heparan sulfate can activate leukocytes via toll like receptor-4, triggering inflammatory responses and activating dendritic cells, which migrate to regional lymphoid organs where they spark and to some extent govern cellular immune responses. In this way local ischemia, tissue injury and infection, exert systemic impact on immunity. Whether or in what circumstances this series of events explains the distinct characteristics of the immune response to transplants is still unclear but the events offer insight into the inception of immunity under the sub-optimal conditions accompanying infection and mechanisms by which infection and tissue injury engender systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Transplantation Biology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5656, USA,
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15
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Coombe DR. IL-2 repositioned. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:135-6. [PMID: 21826066 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R Coombe
- Molecular Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia.
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16
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Interleukin-2 is present in human blood vessels and released in biologically active form by heparanase. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:159-67. [PMID: 21606942 PMCID: PMC3162067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 is a multifaceted cytokine with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties. Our laboratory recently demonstrated that the availability of IL-2 is regulated, in part, by association with perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Given the abundance of perlecan in blood vessels, we asked whether IL-2 is present in vessel walls. Our results indicate that IL-2 is associated with endothelial and smooth muscle cells within the human arterial wall. This IL-2 is released by heparanase, and promotes the proliferation of an IL-2 dependent cell line. Given the presence of IL-2 in human arteries, we asked whether the large vessels of IL-2 deficient mice were normal. The aortas of IL-2 deficient mice exhibited a loss of smooth muscle cells, suggesting that IL-2 may contribute to their survival. In their entirety, these results suggest a here-to-fore unrecognized role of IL-2 in vascular biology, and have significant implications for both the immune and cardiovascular systems.
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17
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ECM components guide IL-10 producing regulatory T-cell (TR1) induction from effector memory T-cell precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7938-43. [PMID: 21518860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a role for ECM as a biosensor for inflammatory microenvironments that plays a critical role in peripheral immune tolerance. We show that hyaluronan (HA) promotes induction of Foxp3- IL-10-producing regulatory T cells (TR1) from conventional T-cell precursors in both murine and human systems. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of an ECM component inducing regulatory T cells. Intact HA, characteristic of healing tissues, promotes induction of TR1 capable of abrogating disease in an IL-10-dependent mouse colitis model whereas fragmentary HA, typical of inflamed tissues, does not, indicating a decisive role for tissue integrity in this system. The TR1 precursor cells in this system are CD4(+)CD62L(-)FoxP3(-), suggesting that effector memory cells assume a regulatory phenotype when they encounter their cognate antigen in the context of intact HA. Matrix integrity cues might thereby play a central role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. This TR1 induction is mediated by CD44 cross-linking and signaling through p38 and ERK1/2. This induction is suppressed, also in a CD44-dependent manner, by osteopontin, a component of chronically inflamed ECM, indicating that CD44 signaling serves as a nexus for fate decisions regarding TR1 induction. Finally, we demonstrate that TR1 induction signals can be recapitulated using synthetic matrices. These results reveal important roles for the matrix microenvironment in immune regulation and suggest unique strategies for immunomodulation.
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18
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Vandenbroeck K, Urcelay E, Comabella M. IFN-beta pharmacogenomics in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1137-48. [PMID: 20712530 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition of the CNS marked by inflammation and neurodegeneration. Interferon (IFN)-beta was the first, and still is the main, immunomodulatory treatment for MS. Its clinical efficacy is limited, and a proportion of patients, ranging between 20-55%, do not respond to the therapy. Identification and subsequently, implementation in the clinic of biomarkers predictive for individual therapeutic response would facilitate improved patient care in addition to ensuring a more rational provision of this therapy. In this article, we summarize the main findings from studies addressing the pharmacogenomics of clinical response to IFN-beta in MS by either whole-genome association scans, candidate gene or transcriptomics studies. Whole-genome DNA association screens have revealed a high representation of brain-specific genes, and have hinted toward both extracellular ligand-gated ion channels and type I IFNs pathway genes as important categories of genetic IFN-beta response modifiers. One hit, glypican 5 (GPC5), was recently replicated in an independent study of IFN-beta responsiveness. Recent RNA transcriptomics studies have revealed the occurrence of a pre-existing type I IFN gene-expression signature, composed of genes that are predominantly induced by type I IFNs, as a potential contributing feature of poor response to therapy. Thus, while the outlines of a complex polygenic mechanism are gradually being uncovered, the main challenges for the near future will reside in the robust validation of identified response-modifying genes as well as in the decipherment of the mechanistic relationships between these genes and clinical response to IFN-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
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19
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Gill S, Wight TN, Frevert CW. Proteoglycans: key regulators of pulmonary inflammation and the innate immune response to lung infection. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:968-81. [PMID: 20503391 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to viruses and bacteria results in lung infections and places a significant burden on public health. The innate immune system is an early warning system that recognizes viruses and bacteria, which results in the rapid production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines and the pulmonary recruitment of leukocytes. When leukocytes emigrate from the systemic circulation through the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to lung infection they encounter proteoglycans, which consist of a core protein and their associated glycosaminoglycans. In this review, we discuss how proteoglycans serve to modify the pulmonary inflammatory response and leukocyte migration through a number of different mechanisms including: (1) The ability of soluble proteoglycans or fragments of glycosaminoglycans to activate Toll-like receptor (TLRs) signaling pathways; (2) The binding and sequestration of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors by proteoglycans; (3) the ability of proteoglycans and hyaluronan to facilitate leukocyte adhesion and sequestration; and (4) The interactions between proteoglycans and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) that alter the function of these proteases. In conclusion, proteoglycans fine-tune tissue inflammation through a number of different mechanisms. Clarification of the mechanisms whereby proteoglycans modulate the pulmonary inflammatory response will most likely lead to new therapeutic approaches to inflammatory lung disease and lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gill
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Killedar S, Dirosario J, Divers E, Popovich PG, McCarty DM, Fu H. Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease, triggers a pathogenic CNS autoimmune response. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:39. [PMID: 20637096 PMCID: PMC2914668 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, using a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB, a lysosomal storage disease with severe neurological deterioration, we showed that MPS IIIB neuropathology is accompanied by a robust neuroinflammatory response of unknown consequence. This study was to assess whether MPS IIIB lymphocytes are pathogenic. Methods Lymphocytes from MPS IIIB mice were adoptively transferred to naïve wild-type mice. The recipient animals were then evaluated for signs of disease and inflammation in the central nervous system. Results Our results show for the first time, that lymphocytes isolated from MPS IIIB mice caused a mild paralytic disease when they were injected systemically into naïve wild-type mice. This disease is characterized by mild tail and lower trunk weakness with delayed weight gain. The MPS IIIB lymphocytes also trigger neuroinflammation within the CNS of recipient mice characterized by an increase in transcripts of IL2, IL4, IL5, IL17, TNFα, IFNα and Ifi30, and intraparenchymal lymphocyte infiltration. Conclusions Our data suggest that an autoimmune response directed at CNS components contributes to MPS IIIB neuropathology independent of lysosomal storage pathology. Adoptive transfer of purified T-cells will be needed in future studies to identify specific effector T-cells in MPS IIIB neuroimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Killedar
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Amino acid polymorphisms altering the glycosylation of IL-2 do not protect from type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11236-40. [PMID: 19549859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904780106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idd3 is one of many gene regions that affect the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Idd3 has been localized to a 650-kb region on chromosome 3 containing the IL-2 gene. Exon 1 of the IL-2 gene is polymorphic between the susceptible NOD and the protective C57BL/6 (B6) alleles, causing multiple amino acid changes that have been proposed to be responsible for the differing glycosylation status. To address whether this coding polymorphism recapitulates the disease suppression mediated by the B6 Idd3 allele, we generated knockin mice in which exon 1 of the B6 IL-2 allele replaces the homologous region in the NOD allele. We generated these mice by targeting the NOD allele of NOD/129 F(1) ES cells. IL-2 protein from the knockin mice showed the glycosylation pattern of the B6 IL-2 isoform, confirming that the amino acid differences encoded within exon 1 affect the glycosylation of the IL-2 protein. However, unlike NOD.B6 Idd3 congenic mice, the knockin mice were not protected from T1D. Furthermore, the difference in amino acid sequence in the IL-2 protein did not affect the level of expression of IL-2. This approach provides a general method for the determination of a functional role of a given genomic sequence in a disease process. Further, our result demonstrates that the variants in exon 1 of the IL-2 gene are not responsible for T1D suppression in NOD.B6 Idd3 mice, thereby supporting the hypothesis that variants in the regulatory region affecting expression levels are causative.
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22
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Rashid RM, Lee JM, Fareed J, Young MRI. In vivoHeparan Sulfate Treatment Alters the Immune Response of Normal and LLC-Bearing Mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 28:67-79. [PMID: 16684668 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600625736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large amount of research dedicated to the understanding and treatment of tumor growth, the majority of cancers continue to lack effective therapeutic options. As in the case of most solid tumors, growth requires evasion of the host immune system. Our previous work using the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) model of tumor bearing (TB)-mice has shown several tumor-induced immune suppressing effects to be present. These effects include a decreased T-cell proliferative response to Con A and altered cytokine secretion patterns that favor neither a Th1 nor a Th2 response. To address these immune alterations, immune modulating approaches have been a central area of study. Of the many potential immune modulating compounds, we believe promising therapeutic potential lies in the heparin family. Heparan sulfate (HS), in particular, has been shown to increase T-cell proliferative response in non TB-mouse splenocytes as well as promotion of a beneficial Th1 response. In this paper, we studied the potential of HS to decrease tumor burden via in vivo treatment of TB-mice. Results showed both normal and TB-mice splenocytes had a dose response change in proliferation as a result of HS treatment. Furthermore, splenocytes from HS treated TB-mice showed a potentially beneficial decrease in basal level proliferation. On gross examination, HS treatment produced a decrease in tumor surface necrosis with a visible (2 +/- 1.8%) surface necrotic area in treated mice as opposed to a (43 +/- 16%) surface necrotic area in untreated mice. HS treatment decreased TB-mice splenomegaly when comparing mice spleen weights in treated (0.3 +/- 0.05 g) vs. untreated (0.14 +/- 0.02 g) groups. These results show a potential role of HS as an immune modulating agent with antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid M Rashid
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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23
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Grujic M, Christensen JP, Sørensen MR, Abrink M, Pejler G, Thomsen AR. Delayed contraction of the CD8+ T cell response toward lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice lacking serglycin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1043-51. [PMID: 18606656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the lack of serglycin proteoglycan affects secretory granule morphology and granzyme B (GrB) storage in in vitro generated CTLs. In this study, the role of serglycin during viral infection was studied by infecting wild-type (wt) mice and serglycin-deficient (SG(-/-)) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Wt and SG(-/-) mice cleared 10(3) PFU of highly invasive LCMV with the same kinetics, and the CD8(+) T lymphocytes from wt and SG(-/-) animals did not differ in GrB, perforin, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha content. However, when a less invasive LCMV strain was used, SG(-/-) GrB(+) CD8(+) T cells contained approximately 30% less GrB than wt GrB(+) CD8(+) T cells. Interestingly, the contraction of the antiviral CD8(+) T cell response to highly invasive LCMV was markedly delayed in SG(-/-) mice, and a delayed contraction of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response was also seen after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. BrdU labeling of cells in vivo revealed that the delayed contraction was associated with sustained proliferation of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in SG(-/-) mice. Moreover, wt LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells from TCR318 transgenic mice expanded much more extensively in virus-infected SG(-/-) mice than in matched wt mice, indicating that the delayed contraction represents a T cell extrinsic phenomenon. In summary, the present report points to a novel, previously unrecognized role for serglycin proteoglycan in regulating the kinetics of antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujic
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Hayashida K, Chen Y, Bartlett AH, Park PW. Syndecan-1 is an in vivo suppressor of Gram-positive toxic shock. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19895-903. [PMID: 18499671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801614200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans bind to and regulate many inflammatory mediators in vitro, suggesting that they serve an important role in influencing inflammatory responses in vivo. Here we evaluated the role of syndecan-1, a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in modulating inflammatory responses in Gram-positive toxic shock, a systemic disease that is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Syndecan-1-null and wild-type mice were injected intraperitoneally with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a pyrogenic superantigen, and their inflammatory responses were assessed. Syndecan-1-null mice showed significantly increased liver injury, vascular permeability, and death in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B challenge compared with wild-type mice. Although serum levels of systemic IL-2 and IFNgamma were similar between the two backgrounds, those of TNFalpha and IL-6 were significantly increased in syndecan-1-null mice undergoing Gram-positive toxic shock. Furthermore, syndecan-1-null mice challenged with staphylococcal enterotoxin B showed enhanced T cell accumulation in tissues, whereas immunodepletion of T cells protected syndecan-1-null mice from the magnified systemic cytokine storm, inflammatory tissue injury, and death. Importantly, syndecan-1 shedding was induced in wild-type mice injected with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and the administration of heparan sulfate, but not syndecan-1 core protein, rescued syndecan-1-null mice from lethal toxic shock by suppressing the production of TNFalpha and IL-6, and attenuating inflammatory tissue injury. Altogether, these data suggest that syndecan-1 shedding is a key endogenous mechanism that protects the host from Gram-positive toxic shock by inhibiting the dysregulation and amplification of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hayashida
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Ortiz-Sánchez E, Helguera G, Daniels TR, Penichet ML. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: applications in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:609-32. [PMID: 18407765 PMCID: PMC4535341 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.5.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consist of cytokines fused to an antibody to improve antibody-targeted cancer immunotherapy. These molecules have the capacity to enhance the tumoricidal activity of the antibodies and/or activate a secondary antitumor immune response. OBJECTIVE To review the strategies used to develop antibody-cytokine fusion proteins and their in vitro and in vivo properties, including preclinical and clinical studies focusing on IL-2, IL-12 and GM-CSF. METHODS Articles were found by searching databases such as PubMed and Clinical Trials of the US National Institutes of Health. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Multiple antibody-cytokine fusion proteins have demonstrated significant antitumor activity as direct therapeutics or as adjuvants of cancer vaccines in preclinical studies, paving the way for their clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Assistant Researcher, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tracy R Daniels
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Assistant Professor, UCLA, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 54-140, Box 951782, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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26
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Abstract
Although interleukin-2 (IL-2) is typically considered a soluble cytokine, our laboratory has shown that the availability of IL-2 in lymphoid tissues is regulated, in part, by an association with heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan. Heparan sulfate is usually found in proteoglycan form, in which the heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to a specific core protein. We now show that perlecan is one of the major IL-2-binding heparan sulfate proteoglycans in murine spleen. IL-2 binds perlecan via heparan sulfate chains, as enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate from splenic perlecan abolishes its ability to bind IL-2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that perlecan-bound IL-2 supports the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent cell line. Identification of perlecan as a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds IL-2 has implications for both the localization and regulation of IL-2 in vivo.
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27
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Rashid RM, Lee JM, Fareed J, Young MRI. In vitro heparan sulfate modulates the immune responses of normal and tumor-bearing mice. Immunol Invest 2007; 36:183-201. [PMID: 17365019 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600992024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-bearing (TB) patients and TB animal models show a wide array of immunologic deficits. Heparan sulfate (HS) has been shown to both improve immune cell proliferative responses and to induce Th1 cytokine responses in normal animals. These HS effects, if harnessed, would be of great benefit to TB patients. The present study focused on replicating previous HS-induced Th1 and proliferative response results as well as extrapolating the beneficial immunomodulatory effects to an experimental model derived from TB animals of Lewis lung cell carcinoma. Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC)-TB and control mouse splenocytes were assessed for proliferation and cytokine response to concanavalin A (Con A) with 1 and 3 days' exposure to HS. Our results found HS treatment stimulated splenocyte proliferation to Con A in control mice splenocytes after 1 and 3 days of treatment, although HS proliferative effects were not seen in unfractionated TB cultures. Furthermore, cytokine studies revealed normal splenocytes treated with HS had increased levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Surprisingly, HS treated TB-splenocytes showed suppressed cytokine levels. Of particular interest was the decreased levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in TB-derived samples. In conclusion, we found that HS did show immune-modulator properties in both normal and TB environments. Our studies reinforced the possibility that HS could one day be used as an immune-modulating therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid M Rashid
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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28
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Wrenshall LE, Stevens ET, Smith DR, Miller JD. Maternal microchimerism leads to the presence of interleukin-2 in interleukin-2 knock out mice: implications for the role of interleukin-2 in thymic function. Cell Immunol 2007; 245:80-90. [PMID: 17524378 PMCID: PMC1950576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in thymic development is uncertain. Not surprisingly, IL-2 knockout (KO) mice have been used to address this question. However, as we report here, such mice are chimeric, containing both IL-2 KO cells and IL-2-expressing cells transferred in utero from their heterozygous mothers. These cells produce IL-2 in amounts detectable by conventional means, and their presence in lymphoid tissues confounds efforts to define the true IL-2 KO phenotype. To minimize the amount of IL-2 available to the thymus, we subjected recombinase activating gene-1 KO mice to bone marrow transplantation using IL-2 KO donors, and then followed the reconstitution of the thymus. The thymuses of these mice became increasingly aberrant over time, including abnormalities in both stromal cells and thymocytes. These results demonstrate that IL-2 is critical to several aspects of thymic function, a finding previously obscured by the presence of IL-2 in IL-2 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile E Wrenshall
- Division of Transplantation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983285 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3285, USA.
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29
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Helguera G, Rodríguez JA, Penichet ML. Cytokines fused to antibodies and their combinations as therapeutic agents against different peritoneal HER2/neu expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1029-40. [PMID: 16648575 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously generated antihuman HER2/neu-humanized IgG3 fused to interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [monofunctional fusion proteins (mono-AbFP)] or fused to IL-2 and IL-12 or IL-12 and GM-CSF [bifunctional fusion proteins (bi-AbFP)]. These AbFPs retained cytokine and antigen-binding activities. We have now further characterized the AbFPs and determined the heparin-binding activity of the fused cytokines, their ability to trigger IFN-gamma secretion and natural killer (NK) activation, and their direct antitumor efficacy. Flow cytometry revealed heparin-binding activity in the AbFPs containing IL-12 and IL-2, although this activity seems to be decreased in the bi-AbFPs. However, both bi-AbFPs retained the capacity to stimulate IL-12-dependent IFN-gamma secretion in the NK cell line KY-1, and IL-12/IL-2 bi-AbFP induced NK activity in splenocytes. The antitumor effectiveness of bi-AbFPs and mono-AbFP combinations was studied in mice challenged i.p. with three different human HER2/neu murine syngeneic models (D2F2/E2, CT26-HER2/neu, and MC38-HER2/neu). Although a significant variability in the profile of antitumor response was observed in the different tumor models, the combination of IL-12 and GM-CSF mono-AbFPs protected 100% of D2F2/E2-challenged and 75% of CT26-HER2/neu-challenged mice. In contrast, bi-AbFPs protected less than the combination of mono-AbFPs and, in some models, even less than mono-AbFPs alone. However, in all cases, most of long-term survivors showed protection after s.c. rechallenge with the tumors and later with the parental tumors not expressing HER2/neu. These results show that, although the pattern of protection is tumor model dependent, treatments with AbFPs can effectively generate high levels of protection against peritoneal tumors expressing HER2/neu, which may be relevant in patients with primary or metastatic peritoneal carcinomatosis that may be observed in ovarian, colon, stomach, bladder, lung, and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Helguera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 167817, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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30
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De Falco M, De Luca A. Meeting report on the 12th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry (ICHC). J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:407-11. [PMID: 15895396 PMCID: PMC7166837 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry (ICHC) promoted in San Diego La Jolla (CA, USA), the 12th meeting where researchers of all over the world presented their work and the most innovative methods in histochemical disciplines. A summary of the last meeting is reported. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Falco
- Department of Evolutionary and Comparative Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Clinical Anatomy, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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31
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Abstract
IL-2 is a potent T cell growth factor that for many years was assumed to amplify lymphocyte responses in vivo. Accordingly, IL-2 has been used clinically to enhance T cell immunity in patients with AIDS or cancer, and blocking Abs to the IL-2R are used to inhibit T cell responses against transplanted tissues. It was later shown in mice that, unexpectedly, disruption of the IL-2 pathway results in lymphoid hyperplasia and autoimmunity rather than immune deficiency, indicating that the major physiological function of IL-2 is to limit rather than enhance T cell responses. This apparent paradox has recently been resolved with the discovery that IL-2 is critical for the development and peripheral expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, which promote self-tolerance by suppressing T cell responses in vivo. Our new understanding of IL-2 biology prompts a re-evaluation of how best to clinically manipulate this important immunoregulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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32
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Sotnikov I, Hershkoviz R, Grabovsky V, Ilan N, Cahalon L, Vlodavsky I, Alon R, Lider O. Enzymatically Quiescent Heparanase Augments T Cell Interactions with VCAM-1 and Extracellular Matrix Components under Versatile Dynamic Contexts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5185-93. [PMID: 15100255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During their migration into inflammatory sites, immune cells, such as T cells, secrete extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzymes, such as heparanase, which, under mildly acidic conditions, degrade heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). We have previously shown that at pH 7.2, human placental heparanase loses its enzymatic activity, while retaining its ability to bind HSPG and promote T cell adhesion to unfractionated ECM. We now demonstrate that the 65-kDa recombinant human heparanase, which is devoid of enzymatic activity, but can still bind HSPG, captures T cells under shear flow conditions and mediates their rolling and arrest, in the absence or presence of stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha; CXCL12), in an alpha(4)beta(1)-VCAM-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, heparanase binds to and induces T cell adhesion to key ECM components, like fibronectin and hyaluronic acid, in beta(1) integrin- and CD44-specific manners, respectively, via the activation of the protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase intracellular signaling machineries. Although the nature of the putative T cell heparanase-binding moiety is unknown, it appears that heparanase exerts its proadhesive activity by interacting with the T cells' surface HSPG, because pretreatment of the cells with heparinase abolished their subsequent response to heparanase. Also, heparanase augmented the SDF-1 alpha-triggered phosphorylation of Pyk-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 implicated in integrin functioning. Moreover, heparanase, which had no chemotactic effect on T cells on its own, augmented the SDF-1 alpha-induced T cell chemotaxis across fibronectin. These findings add another dimension to the known versatility of heparanase as a key regulator of T cell activities during inflammation, both in the context of the vasculature and at extravascular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Sotnikov
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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