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Ambrosino P, Marcuccio G, Raffio G, Formisano R, Candia C, Manzo F, Guerra G, Lubrano E, Mancusi C, Maniscalco M. Endotyping Chronic Respiratory Diseases: T2 Inflammation in the United Airways Model. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:899. [PMID: 39063652 PMCID: PMC11278432 DOI: 10.3390/life14070899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, the paradigm of viewing the upper and lower airways as a unified system has progressively shifted the approach to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). As the global prevalence of CRDs continues to increase, it becomes evident that acknowledging the presence of airway pathology as an integrated entity could profoundly impact healthcare resource allocation and guide the implementation of pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies. In the era of precision medicine, endotyping has emerged as another novel approach to CRDs, whereby pathologies are categorized into distinct subtypes based on specific molecular mechanisms. This has contributed to the growing acknowledgment of a group of conditions that, in both the upper and lower airways, share a common type 2 (T2) inflammatory signature. These diverse pathologies, ranging from allergic rhinitis to severe asthma, frequently coexist and share diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting common molecular pathways. Thus, T2 inflammation may serve as a unifying endotypic trait for the upper and lower airways, reinforcing the practical significance of the united airways model. This review aims to summarize the literature on the role of T2 inflammation in major CRDs, emphasizing the value of common biomarkers and integrated treatment strategies targeting shared molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ambrosino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Directorate of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Marcuccio
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppina Raffio
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Roberto Formisano
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (E.L.)
| | - Claudio Candia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fabio Manzo
- Fleming Clinical Laboratory, 81020 Casapulla, Italy;
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Ennio Lubrano
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (E.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Costantino Mancusi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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2
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Pérez-Pazos J, García-Sánchez A, Estravís M, Moreno-Jimenez E, Morgado N, Gómez-García M, Ramos-González J, Gil-Melcón M, Martín-García C, Muñoz-Bellido F, Sanz C, Isidoro-García M, Dávila I. Beyond type 2 asthma biomarkers: risk stratification for NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00909-2023. [PMID: 39104947 PMCID: PMC11299009 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00909-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 (T2) asthma is often associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Additionally, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intolerance leads to NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). Previous transcriptomic data in non-CRSwNP T2 asthma patients showed differentially expressed genes. We focused on ALOX15, CLC, CYSLTR2, HRH4 and SMPD3 to investigate their role in T2 asthma. Methods The study included 100 healthy controls and 103 T2 asthma patients, divided into patients with asthma (n=54), patients with asthma and CRSwNP (n=29) and patients with N-ERD (n=20). Quantitative PCR analysis was performed on blood-derived RNA samples first to validate the five differentially expressed genes. The data were further analysed to find potential associations and biomarkers. Results Patients, regardless of stratification, exhibited significantly higher gene expression than healthy controls. The patterns of association revealed that ALOX15 was exclusively present in the non-comorbidity group, SMPD3 and CLC in the comorbidity groups, and HRH4 in all patient groups. ALOX15, CYSLTR2 and SMPD3 expression showed potential as biomarkers to confirm the diagnosis of T2 asthma using peripheral blood eosinophils as the initial criterion. Peripheral blood eosinophils combined with gene expression, especially SMPD3, may improve the diagnosis. CLC and CYSLTR2 expression play a specific role in discriminating N-ERD. Discussion We validated the transcriptomic data of five differentially expressed genes in T2 asthma. Different patterns of association were identified in patient stratification, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms underlie the spectrum of T2 asthma. Potential biomarkers were also found and used to design an algorithm with practical diagnostic utility for T2 asthma, including risk stratification for N-ERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Pérez-Pazos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Pharmacogenetics and Precision Medicine Unit, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Moreno-Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Microbiology and Genetics Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natalia Morgado
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Pharmacogenetics and Precision Medicine Unit, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - María Gil-Melcón
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Allergy Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz-Bellido
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Allergy Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Microbiology and Genetics Department, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Medicine Department, Salamanca, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Salamanca, Spain
- These authors shared senior authorship
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias – RICORS, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Salamanca, Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences Department, Salamanca, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Allergy Department, Salamanca, Spain
- These authors shared senior authorship
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3
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Alhallak K, Nagai J, Zaleski K, Marshall S, Salloum T, Derakhshan T, Hayashi H, Feng C, Kratchmarov R, Lai J, Kuchibhotla V, Nishida A, Balestrieri B, Laidlaw T, Dwyer DF, Boyce JA. Mast cells control lung type 2 inflammation via prostaglandin E 2-driven soluble ST2. Immunity 2024; 57:1274-1288.e6. [PMID: 38821053 PMCID: PMC11168874 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Severe asthma and sinus disease are consequences of type 2 inflammation (T2I), mediated by interleukin (IL)-33 signaling through its membrane-bound receptor, ST2. Soluble (s)ST2 reduces available IL-33 and limits T2I, but little is known about its regulation. We demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) drives production of sST2 to limit features of lung T2I. PGE2-deficient mice display diminished sST2. In humans with severe respiratory T2I, urinary PGE2 metabolites correlate with serum sST2. In mice, PGE2 enhanced sST2 secretion by mast cells (MCs). Mice lacking MCs, ST2 expression by MCs, or E prostanoid (EP)2 receptors by MCs showed reduced sST2 lung concentrations and strong T2I. Recombinant sST2 reduced T2I in mice lacking PGE2 or ST2 expression by MCs back to control levels. PGE2 deficiency also reversed the hyperinflammatory phenotype in mice lacking ST2 expression by MCs. PGE2 thus suppresses T2I through MC-derived sST2, explaining the severe T2I observed in low PGE2 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinan Alhallak
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Nagai
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kendall Zaleski
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sofia Marshall
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tahereh Derakhshan
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Hayashi
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunli Feng
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radomir Kratchmarov
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juying Lai
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Virinchi Kuchibhotla
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Airi Nishida
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanya Laidlaw
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ranjitkar S, Krajewski D, Garcia C, Tedeschi C, Polukort SH, Rovatti J, Mire M, Blesso CN, Jellison E, Schneider SS, Ryan JJ, Mathias CB. IL-10 Differentially Promotes Mast Cell Responsiveness to IL-33, Resulting in Enhancement of Type 2 Inflammation and Suppression of Neutrophilia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1407-1419. [PMID: 38497670 PMCID: PMC11018500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play critical roles in the establishment of allergic diseases. We recently demonstrated an unexpected, proinflammatory role for IL-10 in regulating MC responses. IL-10 enhanced MC activation and promoted IgE-dependent responses during food allergy. However, whether these effects extend to IgE-independent stimuli is not clear. In this article, we demonstrate that IL-10 plays a critical role in driving IL-33-mediated MC responses. IL-10 stimulation enhanced MC expansion and degranulation, ST2 expression, IL-13 production, and phospho-relA upregulation in IL-33-treated cells while suppressing TNF-α. These effects were partly dependent on endogenous IL-10 and further amplified in MCs coactivated with both IL-33 and IgE/Ag. IL-10's divergent effects also extended in vivo. In a MC-dependent model of IL-33-induced neutrophilia, IL-10 treatment enhanced MC responsiveness, leading to suppression of neutrophils and decreased TNF-α. In contrast, during IL-33-induced type 2 inflammation, IL-10 priming exacerbated MC activity, resulting in MC recruitment to various tissues, enhanced ST2 expression, induction of hypothermia, recruitment of eosinophils, and increased MCPT-1 and IL-13 levels. Our data elucidate an important role for IL-10 as an augmenter of IL-33-mediated MC responses, with implications during both allergic diseases and other MC-dependent disorders. IL-10 induction is routinely used as a prognostic marker of disease improvement. Our data suggest instead that IL-10 can enhance ST2 responsiveness in IL-33-activated MCs, with the potential to both aggravate or suppress disease severity depending on the inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ranjitkar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dylan Krajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Caitlin Tedeschi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Stephanie H. Polukort
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jeffrey Rovatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Mohamed Mire
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | | | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Clinton B. Mathias
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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5
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Fathollahpour A, Abdi Abyaneh F, Darabi B, Ebrahimi M, Kooti W, Nasiri Kalmarzi R. Main Polymorphisms in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Gene 2023; 870:147326. [PMID: 37011853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a condition caused by increased bronchoconstriction in people with asthma after taking aspirin or another NSAID. Molecular analysis of the human genome has opened up new perspectives on human polymorphisms and disease. This study was conducted to identify the genetic factors that influence this disease due to its unknown genetic factors. We evaluated research studies, letters, comments, editorials, eBooks, and reviews. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for information. We used the keywords polymorphisms, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, asthma, allergy as search terms. This study included 38 studies. AERD complications were associated with polymorphisms in ALOX15, EP2, ADRB2, SLC6A12, CCR3, CRTH2, CysLTs, DPCR1, DPP10, FPR2, HSP70, IL8, IL1B, IL5RA, IL-13, IL17RA, ILVBL, TBXA2R, TLR3, HLA-DRB and HLA-DQ, HLA-DR7, HLA-DP. AERD was associated with heterogeneity in gene polymorphisms, making it difficult to pinpoint specific gene changes. Therefore, diagnosing and treating AERD may be facilitated by examining common variants involving the disease.
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6
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Laidlaw TM, Boyce JA. Updates on immune mechanisms in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:301-309. [PMID: 36184313 PMCID: PMC9905222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease has fascinated and frustrated specialists in allergy/immunology, pulmonology, and otorhinolaryngology for decades. It generally develops in previously healthy young adults and is unremitting and challenging to treat. The classical triad of asthma, nasal polyposis, and pathognomonic respiratory reactions to aspirin and other cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors is accompanied by high levels of mast cell activation, cysteinyl leukotriene production, platelet activation, and severe type 2 respiratory inflammation. The "unbraking" of mast cell activation and further cysteinyl leukotriene generation induced by cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition reflect an idiosyncratic dependency on cyclooxygenase-1-derived products, likely prostaglandin E2, to maintain a tenuous homeostasis. Although cysteinyl leukotrienes are clear disease effectors, little else was known about their cellular sources and targets, and the contributions from other mediators and type 2 respiratory inflammation effector cells to disease pathophysiology were unknown until recently. The applications of targeted biological therapies, single-cell genomics, and transgenic animal approaches have substantially advanced our understanding of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease pathogenesis and treatment and have also revealed disease heterogeneity. This review covers novel insights into the immunopathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease from each of these lines of research, including the roles of lipid mediators, effector cell populations, and inflammatory cytokines, discusses unanswered questions regarding cause and pathogenesis, and considers potential future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Boston, Mass.
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Boston, Mass
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7
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Gauvreau GM, Bergeron C, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, Côté A, Davis BE, Leigh R, Myers I, O'Byrne PM, Sehmi R. Sounding the alarmins-The role of alarmin cytokines in asthma. Allergy 2023; 78:402-417. [PMID: 36463491 PMCID: PMC10108333 DOI: 10.1111/all.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The alarmin cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-33, and IL-25 are epithelial cell-derived mediators that contribute to the pathobiology and pathophysiology of asthma. Released from airway epithelial cells exposed to environmental triggers, the alarmins drive airway inflammation through the release of predominantly T2 cytokines from multiple effector cells. The upstream positioning of the alarmins is an attractive pharmacological target to block multiple T2 pathways important in asthma. Blocking the function of TSLP inhibits allergen-induced responses including bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation, and subsequent clinical trials of an anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab, in asthma patients demonstrated improvements in lung function, airway responsiveness, inflammation, and importantly, a reduction in the rate of exacerbations. Notably, these improvements were observed in patients with T2-high and with T2-low asthma. Clinical trials blocking IL-33 and its receptor ST2 have also shown improvements in lung function and exacerbation rates; however, the impact of blocking the IL-33/ST2 axis in T2-high versus T2-low asthma is unclear. To date, there is no evidence that IL-25 blockade is beneficial in asthma. Despite the considerable overlap in the cellular functions of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, they appear to have distinct roles in the immunopathology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Bergeron
- Centre for Lung Health, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Donald W Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andréanne Côté
- Centre for Lung Health, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beth E Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Irvin Myers
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Fujisawa S, Nagata Y, Suzuki R. Leukotriene D4 accelerates antigen-mediated mast cell responses via the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104632. [PMID: 36274438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), released from mast cells (MCs), are important mediators in allergy. Type 1 receptors for CysLTs (CysLT1R) are involved in accelerating IgE-mediated MC activation. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying CysLT1R-mediated MC activation. The CysLT1R agonist/antagonist was applied to two types of major MC models-RBL-2H3 cells and bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs). The use of CysLT1R and CysLT2R inhibitors revealed that CysLT1R plays a major role in the acceleration of MC activation. The administration of the CysLT1R agonist leukotriene D4 upregulated IgE-mediated Akt and ERK phosphorylation and subsequently enhanced TNF-α expression, suggesting that CysLT1R regulates the downstream pathway of MC activation. However, these observations were not corroborated by CysLT1R knockdown using shRNA, suggesting a differential regulatory mechanism between the temporal and constitutive inhibitions of CysLT. In conclusion, CysLT1R enhances MC activation by accelerating IgE-induced signal transduction, which enables the co-regulation of rapid degranulation and delayed synthesis of inflammatory mediators in MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Fujisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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9
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Speeckaert R, Belpaire A, Speeckaert M, van Geel N. The delicate relation between melanocytes and skin immunity: A game of hide and seek. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:392-407. [PMID: 35298085 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes exhibit a complex and intriguing relationship with the skin immune response, leading to several clinical conditions. In some disorders, inappropriate melanocyte destruction (e.g., vitiligo, halo naevi) is problematic, while in others, immune tolerance should be broken (melanoma). Important parts of the dysregulated pathways have been unraveled in pigment disorders, ranging from upregulated interferon (IFN)-γ signaling to memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and immune checkpoints. Although a network of many factors is involved, targeting key players such as IFN-γ or checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] can shift the balance and lead to impressive outcomes. In this review, we focus on the immunological mechanisms of the most common inflammatory disorders where the interaction of the immune system with melanocytes plays a crucial role. This can provide new insights into the current state of melanocyte research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arno Belpaire
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923265. [PMID: 35833146 PMCID: PMC9271868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play fundamental roles in life as an essential component of cell membranes, as a major source of energy, as a body surface barrier, and as signaling molecules that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals. Lipid mediators, a group of bioactive lipids that mediates intercellular signals, are produced via specific biosynthetic enzymes and transmit signals via specific receptors. Mast cells, a tissue-resident immune cell population, produce several lipid mediators that contribute to exacerbation or amelioration of allergic responses and also non-allergic inflammation, host defense, cancer and fibrosis by controlling the functions of microenvironmental cells as well as mast cell themselves in paracrine and autocrine fashions. Additionally, several bioactive lipids produced by stromal cells regulate the differentiation, maturation and activation of neighboring mast cells. Many of the bioactive lipids are stored in membrane phospholipids as precursor forms and released spatiotemporally by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. Through a series of studies employing gene targeting and lipidomics, several enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily have been demonstrated to participate in mast cell-related diseases by mobilizing unique bioactive lipids in multiple ways. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the regulatory roles of several PLA2-driven lipid pathways in mast cell biology.
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11
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Whetstone CE, Ranjbar M, Omer H, Cusack RP, Gauvreau GM. The Role of Airway Epithelial Cell Alarmins in Asthma. Cells 2022; 11:1105. [PMID: 35406669 PMCID: PMC8997824 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the first line of defense for the lungs, detecting inhaled environmental threats through pattern recognition receptors expressed transmembrane or intracellularly. Activation of pattern recognition receptors triggers the release of alarmin cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP. These alarmins are important mediators of inflammation, with receptors widely expressed in structural cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells. Many of the key effector cells in the allergic cascade also produce alarmins, thereby contributing to the airways disease by driving downstream type 2 inflammatory processes. Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated benefit when blockade of TSLP and IL-33 were added to standard of care medications, suggesting these are important new targets for treatment of asthma. With genome-wide association studies demonstrating associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TSLP and IL-33 gene and risk of asthma, it will be important to understand which subsets of asthma patients will benefit most from anti-alarmin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gail M. Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.E.W.); (M.R.); (H.O.); (R.P.C.)
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12
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Zhang Y, Tang S, Lv Y, Pang Y, Liang H. Eosinophilic cholangitis along with obstructive jaundice and liver damage: A case report and review of the literature. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2022; 66:423-425. [PMID: 37077104 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_672_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Ban GY, Kim SH, Park HS. Persistent Eosinophilic Inflammation in Adult Asthmatics with High Serum and Urine Levels of Leukotriene E 4. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1219-1230. [PMID: 34675552 PMCID: PMC8520485 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s325499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are key mediators for bronchoconstriction, eosinophil recruitment and mucus production in the airways of asthmatic patients. To better understand the role of CysLTs in different asthma phenotypes, we compared the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in relation to asthma control status and phenotypes in adult asthmatics on regular anti-asthma medications. Methods A total of 137 adult asthmatics (47 with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease [AERD] and 90 asthmatics with aspirin-tolerant asthma [ATA]) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Arachidonic acid metabolites in serum and urine were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods, and clinical data, including asthma control status, exhaled NO (FeNO) and lung function tests, were collected. Results Urine LTE4 levels were significantly higher in AERD patients on inhaled corticosteroid-long-acting β2- agonist plus leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) treatment than in ATA patients (P=0.001). No differences were found in the serum or urine levels of 15-HETE, TXB2, or PGF2α. High serum LTE4 levels were associated with lower FEV1% and uncontrolled status in AERD patients (P=0.006 and P=0.002, respectively), but not in ATA patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that blood eosinophil counts, FeNO levels and aspirin hypersensitivity were significant factors affecting urine LTE4 levels. Conclusion Despite LTRA treatment in AERD, the LTE4 levels remained high and showed close associations with blood eosinophilia, high FeNO levels and impaired disease control. Our real-world evidence indicates that control of asthma is not fully achieved by blocking the CysLT pathway with LTRA. Thus, introduction of treatment modalities targeting eosinophilia could be a better option for patients with high CysLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Translational Research Laboratory for Inflammatory Disease, Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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14
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Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1945-1980. [PMID: 34401905 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.
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15
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PTGDR2 Expression in Peripheral Blood as a Potential Biomarker in Adult Patients with Asthma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090827. [PMID: 34575604 PMCID: PMC8468563 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precision medicine is a promising strategy to identify biomarkers, stratify asthmatic patients according to different endotypes, and match them with the appropriate therapy. This proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate whether gene expression in peripheral blood could provide a valuable noninvasive approach for the molecular phenotyping of asthma. Methods: We performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing on peripheral blood of 30 non-atopic non-asthmatic controls and 30 asthmatic patients. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation study of PTGDR2 that encodes for CRTH2 receptor, expressed in cells involved in T2 inflammation, was developed in a cohort of 361 independent subjects: 94 non-asthmatic non-atopic controls, 187 asthmatic patients [including 82 with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 24 with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)], 52 with allergic rhinitis, and 28 with CRSwNP without asthma. Results: PTGDR2 was one of the most differentially overexpressed genes in asthmatic patients’ peripheral blood (p-value 2.64 × 106). These results were confirmed by qPCR in the validation study, where PTGDR2 transcripts were significantly upregulated in asthmatic patients (p < 0.001). This upregulation was mainly detected in some subgroups such as allergic asthma, asthma with CRSwNP, AERD, eosinophilic asthma, and severe persistent asthma. PTGDR2 expression was detected in different blood cell types, and its correlation with eosinophil counts showed differences in some groups of asthmatic patients. Conclusions: We found that PTGDR2 expression levels could identify asthma patients, introduce a minimally invasive biomarker for adult asthma molecular phenotyping, and add additional information to blood eosinophils. Although further studies are required, analyzing PTGDR2 expression levels in peripheral blood of asthmatics might assist in selecting patients for treatment with specific antagonists.
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16
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Innate immune cell dysregulation drives inflammation and disease in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:309-318. [PMID: 34364539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a complex inflammatory disorder that is not generally viewed as a disease involving the adaptive immune system but instead one largely driven by the innate immune system. This article focuses on the cellular dysregulation involving 4 central cell types: eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and innate lymphoid type 2 cells. AERD can be envisioned as involving a self-perpetuating vicious circle in which mediators produced by a differentiated activated epithelial layer, such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, engage and activate each of these innate immune cells. The activation of these innate immune cells with their production of additional cytokine/chemokine and lipid mediators leads to further recruitment and activation of these innate immune cells. More importantly, numerous mediators produced by these innate immune cells provoke the epithelium to induce further inflammation. This self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation partially explains both current interventions suggested to ameliorate AERD (eg, aspirin desensitization, leukotriene modifiers, anti-IL-5/IL-5 receptor, anti-IL-4 receptor, and anti-IgE) and invites exploration of novel targets as specific therapies for this condition (prostaglandin D2 antagonists or cytokine antagonists [IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin]). Several of these interventions currently show promise in small retrospective analyses but now require definite clinical trials.
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17
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Positive and negative roles of lipids in mast cells and allergic responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:186-195. [PMID: 34174696 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are a central immune cell population that are crucial in allergic responses. They secrete granule contents and cytokines and produce a panel of lipid mediators in response to FcεRI-dependent or independent stimuli. Leukotrienes and prostaglandins derived from ω6 arachidonic acid, or specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from ω3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, exert pleiotropic effects on various cells in the tissue microenvironment, thereby positively or negatively regulating allergic responses. Mast cells also express the inhibitory receptors CD300a and CD300f, which recognize structural lipids. CD300a or CD300f binding to externalized phosphatidylserine or extracellular ceramides, respectively, inhibits FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. The inhibitory CD300-lipid axis downregulates IgE-driven, mast cell-dependent type I hypersensitivity through different mechanisms. Herein, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the biological roles of lipids in mast cell-dependent allergic responses.
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18
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Kim J, Ryu S, Kim HY. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Pathogenesis. Mol Cells 2021; 44:301-309. [PMID: 33972473 PMCID: PMC8175152 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently discovered family of innate immune cells. ILCs can be categorized into three groups on the basis of the transcription factors that direct their functions and the cytokines they produce. Notably, these functions parallel the effector functions of T lymphocytes. ILCs play a frontline role in host defense and tissue homeostasis by responding rapidly to environmental factors, conducting effector responses in a tissue-specific manner, and interacting with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells throughout the body. Moreover, recent studies reveal that ILCs are involved in development of various inflammatory diseases, such as respiratory diseases, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. In this review, we discuss the recent findings regarding the biology of ILCs in health and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seungwon Ryu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
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19
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Bartemes KR, Kita H. Roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in allergic diseases: The 10-year anniversary for ILC2s. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1531-1547. [PMID: 33965091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 12 years since the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), our knowledge of their immunobiology has expanded rapidly. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) respond rapidly to allergen exposure and environmental insults in mucosal organs, producing type 2 cytokines. Early studies showed that epithelium-derived cytokines activate ILC2s, resulting in eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and remodeling of mucosal tissues. We now know that ILC2s are regulated by other cytokines, eicosanoids, and neuropeptides as well, and interact with both immune and stromal cells. Furthermore, ILC2s exhibit plasticity by adjusting their functions depending on their tissue environment and may consist of several heterogeneous subpopulations. Clinical studies show that ILC2s are involved in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. However, much remains unknown about the immunologic mechanisms involved. Beneficial functions of ILCs in maintenance or restoration of tissue well-being and human health also need to be clarified. As our understanding of the crucial functions ILCs play in both homeostasis and disease pathology expands, we are poised to make tremendous strides in diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with allergic diseases. This review summarizes discoveries in immunobiology of ILCs and their roles in allergic diseases in the past 5 years, discusses controversies and gaps in our knowledge, and suggests future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bartemes
- Division of Allergic Diseases and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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20
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Voisin T, Perner C, Messou MA, Shiers S, Ualiyeva S, Kanaoka Y, Price TJ, Sokol CL, Bankova LG, Austen KF, Chiu IM. The CysLT 2R receptor mediates leukotriene C 4-driven acute and chronic itch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022087118. [PMID: 33753496 PMCID: PMC8020753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022087118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic itch are burdensome manifestations of skin pathologies including allergic skin diseases and atopic dermatitis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), comprising LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are produced by immune cells during type 2 inflammation. Here, we uncover a role for LTC4 and its signaling through the CysLT receptor 2 (CysLT2R) in itch. Cysltr2 transcript is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons linked to itch in mice. We also detected CYSLTR2 in a broad population of human DRG neurons. Injection of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) or its nonhydrolyzable form NMLTC4, but neither LTD4 nor LTE4, induced dose-dependent itch but not pain behaviors in mice. LTC4-mediated itch differed in bout duration and kinetics from pruritogens histamine, compound 48/80, and chloroquine. NMLTC4-induced itch was abrogated in mice deficient for Cysltr2 or when deficiency was restricted to radioresistant cells. Itch was unaffected in mice deficient for Cysltr1, Trpv1, or mast cells (WSh mice). CysLT2R played a role in itch in the MC903 mouse model of chronic itch and dermatitis, but not in models of dry skin or compound 48/80- or Alternaria-induced itch. In MC903-treated mice, CysLT levels increased in skin over time, and Cysltr2-/- mice showed decreased itch in the chronic phase of inflammation. Collectively, our study reveals that LTC4 acts through CysLT2R as its physiological receptor to induce itch, and CysLT2R contributes to itch in a model of dermatitis. Therefore, targeting CysLT signaling may be a promising approach to treat inflammatory itch.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotriene C4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pruritus/immunology
- Pruritus/pathology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin/innervation
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Marie-Angele Messou
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Saltanat Ualiyeva
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - K Frank Austen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the complex cellular interactions of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and how these interactions promote pathogenic mechanisms of AERD. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to characteristic changes in eicosanoid levels, recent studies have identified increases in alarmin cytokines (IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin) as well as activated innate lymphoid and plasma cell populations in samples from AERD patients. SUMMARY Patients with AERD typically demonstrate high levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids including cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and hyporesponsiveness to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). CysLTs are released by mast cells, eosinophils, and adherent platelets and promote epithelial release of IL-33, which activates mast cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in concert with CysLTs. TSLP induces PGD2 release from mast cells which activates and recruits eosinophils, basophils, Th2 cells, and ILC2s via CRTH2. In turn, ILC2s and other cell types produce Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 that, along with CysLTs and PGD2, promote bronchoconstriction, eosinophilic tissue inflammation, and mucus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana H. Badrani
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Taylor A. Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, CA
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to highlight the phenotypes and endotypes of asthma as a tool for selection of the Food and Drug Administration approved biologic therapies. RECENT FINDINGS An evolving concept of asthma has led to the identification of distinct phenotypes and endotypes in this disease. Asthma endotypes are defined as the biological mechanism and are often categorized as T2-high and T2-low based on the influence of T helper type 2 (T2) cells and type 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13. Biomarkers such as peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count, total IgE, specific IgE and fractional exhaled nitric oxide may be used as indicators of asthma endotypes and help predict response to biologic therapies. There are currently five biologic therapies approved as a treatment option for T2-high asthma: omalizumab, benralizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab and dupilumab. SUMMARY Here, we explore the current understandings of asthma endotypes and review their associated phenotypes. We provide practical and evidence-based guidance for clinicians considering a biologic for asthma add-on maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wangberg
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
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23
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Cavagnero KJ, Doherty TA. Lipid-mediated innate lymphoid cell recruitment and activation in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:135-142. [PMID: 32950684 PMCID: PMC7855910 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize investigations into the role of lipid-mediated recruitment and activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature review of reports pertaining to cellular mechanisms, cytokine, and lipid mediators in AERD, as well as ILC2 activation and recruitment, was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTIONS Selections of studies were based on reports of lipid mediators in AERD, cytokine mediators in AERD, type 2 effector cells in AERD, platelets in AERD, AERD treatment, ILC2s in allergic airway disease, and ILC2 activation, inhibition, and trafficking. RESULTS The precise mechanisms of AERD pathogenesis are not well understood. Greater levels of proinflammatory lipid mediators and type 2 cytokines are found in tissues derived from patients with AERD relative to controls. After pathognomonic cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor reactions, proinflammatory mediator concentrations (prostaglandin D2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes) are rapidly increased, as are ILC2 levels in the nasal mucosa. The ILC2s, which potently generate type 2 cytokines in response to lipid mediator stimulation, may play a key role in AERD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Although the literature suggests that lipid-mediated ILC2 activation may occur in AERD, there is a dearth of definitive evidence. Future investigations leveraging novel next-generation single-cell sequencing approaches along with recently developed AERD murine models will better define lipid mediator-induced ILC2 trafficking in patients with AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen J Cavagnero
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The alarmins, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25 and IL-33, are upstream regulators of T2 (type 2) inflammation and found to be expressed at high levels in airway epithelium of patients with T2 asthma. This review will summarize how alarmins regulate the inflamed asthmatic airways through previously described and newly identified mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Alarmins drive allergic and nonallergic asthma through activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2), which are a rich source of cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13, with resulting effects on eosinophilopoeisis and remodelling, respectively. Findings from bronchial allergen challenges have illustrated widespread expression of alarmins and their receptors across many effector cells in airways, and recent studies have emphasized alarmin regulation of CD4 T lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils, and their progenitors. Furthermore, a link between alarmins and lipid mediators is being uncovered. SUMMARY Alarmins can drive well defined inflammatory pathways through activation of dendritic cells and polarizing T cells to produce type 2 cytokines, as well as they can directly activate many other effector cells that play a central role in allergic and nonallergic asthma. Clinical trials support a central role for TSLP in driving airway inflammation and asthma exacerbations, while ongoing trials blocking IL-33 and IL-25 will help to define their respective role in asthma.
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25
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Leukotriene D 4 paradoxically limits LTC 4-driven platelet activation and lung immunopathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 148:195-208.e5. [PMID: 33285161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3 cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), leukotriene (LT) C4 (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, have different biologic half-lives, cellular targets, and receptor specificities. CysLT2R binds LTC4 and LTD4in vitro with similar affinities, but it displays a marked selectivity for LTC4in vivo. LTC4, but not LTD4, strongly potentiates allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in mice through a CysLT2R-mediated, platelet- and IL-33-dependent pathway. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether LTD4 functionally antagonizes LTC4 signaling at CysLT2R. METHODS We used 2 different in vivo models of CysLT2R-dependent immunopathology, as well as ex vivo activation of mouse and human platelets. RESULTS LTC4-induced CD62P expression; HMGB1 release; and secretions of thromboxane A2, CXCL7, and IL-33 by mouse platelets were all were blocked by a selective CysLT2R antagonist and inhibited by LTD4. These effects did not depend on CysLT1R. Inhaled LTD4 blocked LTC4-mediated potentiation of ovalbumin-induced eosinophilic inflammation; recruitment of platelet-adherent eosinophils; and increases in IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in lung tissue. In contrast, the effect of administration of LTE4, the preferred ligand for CysLT3R, was additive with LTC4. The administration of LTD4 to Ptges-/- mice, which display enhanced LTC4 synthesis similar to that in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, completely blocked the physiologic response to subsequent lysine-aspirin inhalation challenges, as well as increases in levels of IL-33, type 2 cytokines, and biochemical markers of mast cell and platelet activation. CONCLUSION The conversion of LTC4 to LTD4 may limit the duration and extent of potentially deleterious signaling through CysLT2R, and it may contribute to the therapeutic properties of desensitization to aspirin in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
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Ban GY, Youn DY, Ye YM, Park HS. Increased expression of serine palmitoyl transferase and ORMDL3 polymorphism are associated with eosinophilic inflammation and airflow limitation in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240334. [PMID: 33031402 PMCID: PMC7544079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are known to have poor clinical outcomes. The pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been completely understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the involvement of the de-novo synthetic pathway of sphingolipid metabolism in patients with AERD compared to those with aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA). METHODS A total of 63 patients with AERD and 79 patients with ATA were enrolled in this study. Analysis of mRNA expression of serine palmitoyl transferase, long-chain base subunit 2 (SPTLC2) and genotyping of ORMDL3 SNP (rs7216389) was performed. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of SPTLC2 mRNA expression were noted in patients with AERD, which showed significant positive correlations with peripheral/sputum eosinophil counts and urine LTE4 (all P<0.05). The levels of SPTLC2 mRNA expression showed significant negative correlations with the level of FEV1 and FEV1/FVC (P = 0.033, r = -0.274; P = 0.019, r = -0.299, respectively). Genotype frequencies of ORMDL3 SNP (rs7216389) showed no significant differences between the AERD and ATA groups. Patients with AERD carrying the TT genotype of ORMDL3 had significantly lower levels of FVC (%) and PC20 methacholine than those carrying the CT or CC genotype (P = 0.026 and P = 0.030). CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first study that shows the dysregulated de novo synthetic pathway of sphingolipids may be involved in the eosinophilic inflammation and airflow limitation in AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ye Youn
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Adachi T, Yasuda K, Muto T, Serada S, Yoshimoto T, Ishii KJ, Kuroda E, Araki K, Ohmuraya M, Naka T, Nakanishi K. Lung fibroblasts produce IL-33 in response to stimulation with retinoblastoma-binding protein 9 via production of prostaglandin E2. Int Immunol 2020; 32:637-652. [PMID: 32484881 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal nematode infection induces pulmonary eosinophilia via IL-33, although the mechanism of pulmonary IL-33 induction remains unclear. Because nematode migration damages lungs, we speculated that lung-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) possess an IL-33-inducing activity (IL33ia). Indeed, intra-nasal administration of a lung extract induced IL-33 production in lungs. Additionally, lung extracts increased Il33 mRNA expression in primary lung fibroblasts. Proteomic analysis identified retinoblastoma-binding protein 9 (RBBP9) as a major DAMP with IL33ia. RBBP9 was originally discovered as a protein that provides cells with resistance to the growth inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Here, we found that stimulation by RBBP9 induced primary fibroblasts to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that, in turn, induced fibroblasts to produce IL-33. RBBP9-activated fibroblasts expressed mRNAs of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE2 synthase-1 that convert arachidonic acid to PGE2. Furthermore, they expressed PGE2 receptors E-prostanoid (EP) 2 and EP4. Thus, treatment with a COX-2 inhibitor or EP2 and/or EP4 receptor antagonists inhibited RBBP9-induced IL-33 production. Nematode infection induced pulmonary Il33 mRNA expression, which was inhibited by the COX-2 inhibitor or EP2 and EP4 antagonists, suggesting that nematode infection induced pulmonary Il33 mRNA via PGE2. RBBP9 was expressed constitutively in the lung in the steady state, which did not increase after nematode infection. Finally, we found that Rbbp9-deficient mice had a significantly diminished capacity to increase pulmonary Il33 mRNA expression following nematode infection. Thus, the PGE2-EP2/EP4 pathway activated by RBBP9 released from damaged lungs is important for pulmonary IL-33 production in nematode-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taichiro Muto
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory of Immune Signal, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Intractable Immune Disease, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Zhou W, Zhang J, Toki S, Goleniewska K, Norlander AE, Newcomb DC, Wu P, Boyd KL, Kita H, Peebles RS. COX Inhibition Increases Alternaria-Induced Pulmonary Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses and IL-33 Release in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1157-1166. [PMID: 32690653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolic pathway regulates immune responses and inflammation. The effect of the COX pathway on innate pulmonary inflammation induced by protease-containing fungal allergens, such as Alternaria alternata, is not fully defined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that COX inhibition augments Alternaria-induced pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) responses and IL-33 release. Mice were treated with the COX inhibitors indomethacin, flurbiprofen, or vehicle and challenged intranasally with Alternaria extract for four consecutive days to induce innate lung inflammation. We found that indomethacin and flurbiprofen significantly increased the numbers of ILC2 and IL-5 and IL-13 expression by ILC2 in the lung. Indomethacin also increased ILC2 proliferation, the percentages of eosinophils, and mucus production in the lung. Both indomethacin and flurbiprofen augmented the release of IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after Alternaria challenge, suggesting that more IL-33 was available for ILC2 activation and that a COX product(s) inhibited IL-33 release. This is supported by the in vitro finding that the COX product PGE2 and the PGI2 analogs cicaprost decreased Alternaria extract-induced IL-33 release by human bronchial epithelial cells. Although contrasting effects of PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 on ILC2 responses have been previously reported, the overall effect of the COX pathway on ILC2 function is inhibitory in Alternaria-induced innate airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Zhou
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232;
| | - Jian Zhang
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Shinji Toki
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kasia Goleniewska
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Allison E Norlander
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pingsheng Wu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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Huang N, Wang M, Peng J, Wei H. Role of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids in intestinal innate immunity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2399-2410. [PMID: 32662287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1777932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA), an n-6 essential fatty acid, plays an important role in human and animal growth and development. The ARA presents in the membrane phospholipids can be released by phospholipase A2. These free arachidonic acid molecules are then used to produce eicosanoids through three different pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that eicosanoids have a wide range of physiological functions. Although they are generally considered to be pro-inflammatory molecules, recent advances have elucidated they have an effect on innate immunity via regulating the development, and differentiation of innate immune cells and the function of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, we review eicosanoids generation in intestine and their role in intestinal innate immunity, focusing on intestinal epithelial barrier, innate immune cell in lamina propria (LP) and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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30
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Aspirin sensitivity: Lessons in the regulation (and dysregulation) of mast cell function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 144:875-881. [PMID: 31587797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The idiosyncratic activation of mast cells (MCs) in response to administration of nonselective COX inhibitors is a cardinal feature of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Older studies using MC-stabilizing drugs support a critical role for MCs and their products in driving the severe eosinophilic inflammation and respiratory dysfunction that is typical of AERD. Because patients with AERD react to all nonselective COX inhibitors regardless of their chemical structure, the mechanism of MC activation is not caused by classical, antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE receptors. Recent studies in both human subjects and animal models have revealed a complex and multifactorial process culminating in dysregulation of MC function and an aberrant dependency on COX-1-derived prostaglandin E2 to maintain a tenuous homeostasis. This article reviews the factors most likely to contribute to MC dysregulation in patients with AERD and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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31
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Identification of cysteinyl-leukotriene-receptor 1 antagonists as ligands for the bile acid receptor GPBAR1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113987. [PMID: 32330496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), i.e. LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are a family of proinflammatory agents synthesized from the arachidonic acid. In target cells, these lipid mediators bind to the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLTR), a family of seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors. The CysLT1R is a validated target for treatment of pulmonary diseases and several selective antagonists for this receptor, including montelukast, zafirlukast and pranlukast, have shown effective in the management of asthma. Nevertheless, others CysLT1R antagonists, such as the alpha-pentyl-3-[2-quinolinylmethoxy] benzyl alcohol (REV5901), have been extensively characterized without reaching sufficient priority for clinical development. Since drug reposition is an efficient approach for maximizing investment in drug discovery, we have investigated whether CysLT1R antagonists might exert off-target effects. In the report we demonstrate that REV5901 interacts with GPBAR1, a well characterized cell membrane receptor for secondary bile acids. REV5901 transactivates GPBAR1 in GPBAR1-transfected cells with an EC50 of 2.5 µM and accommodates the GPBAR1 binding site as shown by in silico analysis. Exposure of macrophages to REV5901 abrogates the inflammatory response elicited by bacterial endotoxin in a GPBAR1-dependent manner. In vivo, in contrast to montelukast, REV5901 attenuates inflammation and immune dysfunction in rodent models of colitis. The beneficial effects exerted by REV5901 in these models were abrogated by GPBAR1 gene ablation, confirming that REV5901, a shelved CysLT1R antagonist, is a GPBAR1 ligand. These data ground the basis for the development of novel hybrid ligands designed for simultaneous modulation of CysTL1R and GPBAR1.
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32
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FTO Intronic SNP Strongly Influences Human Neck Adipocyte Browning Determined by Tissue and PPARγ Specific Regulation: A Transcriptome Analysis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040987. [PMID: 32316277 PMCID: PMC7227023 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes, abundant in deep-neck (DN) area in humans, are thermogenic with anti-obesity potential. FTO pro-obesity rs1421085 T-to-C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) shifts differentiation program towards white adipocytes in subcutaneous fat. Human adipose-derived stromal cells were obtained from subcutaneous neck (SC) and DN fat of nine donors, of which 3-3 carried risk-free (T/T), heterozygous or obesity-risk (C/C) FTO genotypes. They were differentiated to white and brown (long-term Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) stimulation) adipocytes; then, global RNA sequencing was performed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared. DN and SC progenitors had similar adipocyte differentiation potential but differed in DEGs. DN adipocytes displayed higher browning features according to ProFAT or BATLAS scores and characteristic DEG patterns revealing associated pathways which were highly expressed (thermogenesis, interferon, cytokine, and retinoic acid, with UCP1 and BMP4 as prominent network stabilizers) or downregulated (particularly extracellular matrix remodeling) compared to SC ones. Part of DEGs in either DN or SC browning was PPARγ-dependent. Presence of the FTO obesity-risk allele suppressed the expression of mitochondrial and thermogenesis genes with a striking resemblance between affected pathways and those appearing in ProFAT and BATLAS, underlining the importance of metabolic and mitochondrial pathways in thermogenesis. Among overlapping regulatory influences that determine browning and thermogenic potential of neck adipocytes, FTO genetic background has a thus far not recognized prominence.
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33
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Wangberg H, White AA. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:9-13. [PMID: 32299015 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) classically presents with severe asthma, nasal polyposis, and respiratory exacerbations in response to cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibition. Recent advances in our understanding of AERD have revealed multiple facets of immune dysregulation, including diminished prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) function and elevated levels of both cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and innate cytokines such as interleukin 33 (IL-33). Inflammatory mediators in AERD heighten the recruitment and activation of innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2), mast cells, eosinophils, and platelet-adherent leukocytes. This contributes to a cyclical pattern of type 2 inflammation. Here, we highlight current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wangberg
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrew A White
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA, United States.
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34
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Sasaki F, Yokomizo T. The leukotriene receptors as therapeutic targets of inflammatory diseases. Int Immunol 2020; 31:607-615. [PMID: 31135881 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid. LTs include the di-hydroxy acid LT (LTB4) and the cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs; LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4), all of which are involved in both acute and chronic inflammation. We and other groups identified a high-affinity LTB4 receptor, BLT1; the LTC4 and LTD4 receptors, CysLT1 and CysLT2; and the LTE4 receptor, GPR99. Pharmacological studies have shown that BLT1 signaling stimulates degranulation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of neutrophils, whereas CysLT1 and CysLT2 signaling induces airway inflammation by increasing vascular permeability and the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. Recently, we and other groups suggested that the LTB4-BLT1 axis and the cysteinyl LTs-CysLT1/2 axis are involved in chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, arthritis, obesity, cancer and age-related macular degeneration using animal models for disease and gene knockout mice. This review describes the classical and novel functions of LTs and their receptors in several inflammatory diseases and discusses the potential clinical applications of antagonists for LT receptors and inhibitors of LT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Kılıç A, Ameli A, Park JA, Kho AT, Tantisira K, Santolini M, Cheng F, Mitchel JA, McGill M, O'Sullivan MJ, De Marzio M, Sharma A, Randell SH, Drazen JM, Fredberg JJ, Weiss ST. Mechanical forces induce an asthma gene signature in healthy airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:966. [PMID: 31969610 PMCID: PMC6976696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchospasm compresses the bronchial epithelium, and this compressive stress has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this compressive stress alters pathways relevant to disease are not well understood. Using air-liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells derived from non-asthmatic donors and asthmatic donors, we applied a compressive stress and then used a network approach to map resulting changes in the molecular interactome. In cells from non-asthmatic donors, compression by itself was sufficient to induce inflammatory, late repair, and fibrotic pathways. Remarkably, this molecular profile of non-asthmatic cells after compression recapitulated the profile of asthmatic cells before compression. Together, these results show that even in the absence of any inflammatory stimulus, mechanical compression alone is sufficient to induce an asthma-like molecular signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Kılıç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher Ameli
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvin T Kho
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelan Tantisira
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Santolini
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer A Mitchel
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen McGill
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margherita De Marzio
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Drazen
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Molecular Integrative Phyisological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Current state and future prospect of the therapeutic strategy targeting cysteinyl leukotriene metabolism in asthma. Respir Investig 2019; 57:534-543. [PMID: 31591069 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic disorder with dominant type 2 airway inflammation, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Inhalation of corticosteroids is the primary treatment for asthma along with add-on drugs, including long-acting β2 agonists and/or cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) receptor antagonists, in patients with poorly controlled asthma. Cys-LTs are composed of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, which are enzymatically metabolized from arachidonic acid. These molecules act as inflammatory mediators through different types of high-affinity receptors, namely, CysLT1, CysLT2, and CysLT3 (also named as GPR99). CysLT1 antagonists possessing anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects can be orally administered to patients with asthma. Recently, molecular biology-based studies have revealed the mechanism of inflammatory responses via other receptors, such as CysLT2 and CysLT3, as well as the importance of upstream inflammatory regulators, including type 2 cytokines (e.g., interleukins 4 and 5), in controlling cys-LT metabolism. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents targeting cys-LT metabolism-related receptors and enzymes, and antibody drugs neutralizing or antagonizing type 2 cytokines. This review focuses on the current state and future prospect of the therapeutic strategy targeting cys-LT metabolism.
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37
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Jo-Watanabe A, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143580. [PMID: 31336653 PMCID: PMC6679143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators that play pivotal roles in acute and chronic inflammation and allergic diseases. They exert their biological effects by binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Each LT receptor subtype exhibits unique functions and expression patterns. LTs play roles in various allergic diseases, including asthma (neutrophilic asthma and aspirin-sensitive asthma), allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and anaphylaxis. This review summarizes the biology of LTs and their receptors, recent developments in the area of anti-LT strategies (in settings such as ongoing clinical studies), and prospects for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Jo-Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Editorial: Advances in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19:263-265. [PMID: 31169595 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Liu T, Barrett NA, Kanaoka Y, Buchheit K, Laidlaw TM, Garofalo D, Lai J, Katz HR, Feng C, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 drives lung immunopathology through a platelet and high mobility box 1-dependent mechanism. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:679-690. [PMID: 30664709 PMCID: PMC6462243 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) facilitate eosinophilic mucosal type 2 immunopathology, especially in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), by incompletely understood mechanisms. We now demonstrate that platelets, activated through the type 2 cysLT receptor (CysLT2R), cause IL-33-dependent immunopathology through a rapidly inducible mechanism requiring the actions of high mobility box 1 (HMGB1) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) induces surface HMGB1 expression by mouse platelets in a CysLT2R-dependent manner. Blockade of RAGE and neutralization of HMGB1 prevent LTC4-induced platelet activation. Challenges of AERD-like Ptges-/- mice with inhaled lysine aspirin (Lys-ASA) elicit LTC4 synthesis and cause rapid intrapulmonary recruitment of platelets with adherent granulocytes, along with platelet- and CysLT2R-mediated increases in lung IL-33, IL-5, IL-13, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid HMGB1. The intrapulmonary administration of exogenous LTC4 mimics these effects. Platelet depletion, HMGB1 neutralization, and pharmacologic blockade of RAGE eliminate all manifestations of Lys-ASA challenges, including increase in IL-33, mast cell activation, and changes in airway resistance. Thus, CysLT2R signaling on platelets prominently utilizes RAGE/HMGB1 as a link to downstream type 2 respiratory immunopathology and IL-33-dependent mast cell activation typical of AERD. Antagonists of HMGB1 or RAGE may be useful to treat AERD and other disorders associated with type 2 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Nora A. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Tanya M. Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Denise Garofalo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Howard R. Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Chunli Feng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua A. Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA,Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA
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Roan F, Obata-Ninomiya K, Ziegler SF. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines: more than just signaling the alarm. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1441-1451. [PMID: 30932910 DOI: 10.1172/jci124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25 are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses. Often characterized as "alarmins" that are released by the barrier epithelium in response to external insults, these epithelial cell-derived cytokines were initially thought to act only early in allergic inflammation. Indeed, TSLP can condition dendritic cells to initiate type 2 responses, and IL-33 may influence susceptibility to asthma through its role in establishing the immune environment in the perinatal lungs. However, TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 all regulate a broad spectrum of innate immune cell populations and are particularly potent in eliciting and activating type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that may act throughout allergic inflammation. Recent data suggest that a TSLP/ILC axis may mediate steroid resistance in asthma. Recent identification of memory Th2 cell subsets that are characterized by high receptor expression for TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 further supports a role for these cytokines in allergic exacerbations. There is therefore growing interest in developing biologics that target TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25. This Review provides an overview of TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 and the development of blocking antibodies that target these epithelial cell-derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Roan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and
| | | | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Tam LS, Wong CK. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2019; 10:364. [PMID: 30886621 PMCID: PMC6409346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 belongs to IL-1 cytokine family which is constitutively produced from the structural and lining cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells of skin, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs that are exposed to the environment. Different from most cytokines that are actively secreted from cells, nuclear cytokine IL-33 is passively released during cell necrosis or when tissues are damaged, suggesting that it may function as an alarmin that alerts the immune system after endothelial or epithelial cell damage during infection, physical stress, or trauma. IL-33 plays important roles in type-2 innate immunity via activation of allergic inflammation-related eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, macrophages, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) through its receptor ST2. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of the underlying intercellular and intracellular mechanisms by which IL-33 can regulate the allergic inflammation in various allergic diseases including allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. The future pharmacological strategy and application of traditional Chinese medicines targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis for anti-inflammatory therapy of allergic diseases were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W K Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Lai-Shan Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Rusznak M, Peebles RS. Prostaglandin E2 in NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease: protection against cysteinyl leukotrienes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19:38-45. [PMID: 30516547 PMCID: PMC6296891 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the recent advances that have been made in understanding the protective role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), known in Europe as NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). RECENT FINDINGS Decreased PGE2 signaling through the EP2 receptor in patients with AERD leads to an increase in leukotriene synthesis and signaling. Leukotriene signaling not only directly activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells, but it also increases production of IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These cytokines drive Th2 inflammation in a suspected feed-forward mechanism in patients with AERD. SUMMARY Recent discoveries concerning the role of PGE2 in leukotriene synthesis and signaling in AERD, as well as downstream effects on group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells, allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. These discoveries also identify new paths of potential investigation and possible therapeutic targets for AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rusznak
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kanaoka Y, Austen KF. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in immune cell-related functions. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:65-84. [PMID: 31296303 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), leukotriene C4, (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, are lipid mediators of inflammation. LTC4 is the only intracellularly synthesized cys-LT through the 5-lipoxygenase and LTC4 synthase pathway and after transport is metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4 by specific extracellular peptidases. Each cys-LT has a preferred functional receptor in vivo; LTD4 to the type 1 cys-LT receptor (CysLT1R), LTC4 to CysLT2R, and LTE4 to CysLT3R (OXGR1 or GPR99). Recent studies in mouse models revealed that there are multiple regulatory mechanisms for these receptor functions and each receptor plays a distinct role as observed in different mouse models of inflammation and immune responses. This review focuses on the integrated host responses to the cys-LT/CysLTR pathway composed of sequential ligands with preferred receptors as seen from mouse models. It also discusses potential therapeutic targets for LTC4 synthase, CysLT2R, and CysLT3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - K Frank Austen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Sala A, Proschak E, Steinhilber D, Rovati GE. Two-pronged approach to anti-inflammatory therapy through the modulation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:161-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cahill KN, Murphy K, Singer J, Israel E, Boyce JA, Laidlaw TM. Plasma tryptase elevation during aspirin-induced reactions in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:799-803.e2. [PMID: 30339852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Cahill
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Katherine Murphy
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Joseph Singer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot Israel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Building for Transformative Medicine, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Urinary Leukotriene E 4 as a Biomarker of Exposure, Susceptibility, and Risk in Asthma: An Update. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 38:599-610. [PMID: 30342582 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of urinary leukotriene E4 (uLTE4) is a sensitive and noninvasive method of assaying total body cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) production and changes in CysLT production. Recent studies have reported on novel LTE4 receptor interactions and genetic polymorphisms causing CysLT variability. The applications of uLTE4 as a biomarker continue to expand, including evaluation of environmental exposures, asthma severity risk, aspirin sensitivity, predicting atopy in preschool age children, obstructive sleep apnea, and predicting susceptibility to leukotriene receptor antagonists.
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are synthesized through the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. There are five primary prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2, and thromboxane B2, that all signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. The receptors through which the prostaglandins signal determines their immunologic or physiologic effects. For instance, the same prostaglandin may have opposing properties, dependent upon the signaling pathways activated. In this article, we will detail how inhibition of cyclooxygenase metabolism and regulation of prostaglandin signaling regulates allergic airway inflammation and asthma physiology. Possible prostaglandin therapeutic targets for allergic lung inflammation and asthma will also be reviewed, as informed by human studies, basic science, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Ding W, Zou GL, Zhang W, Lai XN, Chen HW, Xiong LX. Interleukin-33: Its Emerging Role in Allergic Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:E1665. [PMID: 29987222 PMCID: PMC6099536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, which include asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic keratoconjunctivitis, seriously affect the quality of life of people all over the world. Recently, interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been found to play an important role in these refractory disorders, mainly by inducing T helper (Th) 2 immune responses. This article reviews the mobilization and biological function of IL-33 in allergic disorders, providing novel insights for addressing these hypersensitive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Gui-Lin Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Gannan Medical University, Rongjiang New Area, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Xing-Ning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Hou-Wen Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Samuchiwal SK, Boyce JA. Role of lipid mediators and control of lymphocyte responses in type 2 immunopathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1182-1190. [PMID: 29477727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunopathology is a cardinal feature of allergic diseases and involves cooperation between adaptive immunity and innate effector responses. Virtually all cell types relevant to this pathology generate leukotriene and/or prostaglandin mediators that derive from arachidonic acid, express receptors for such mediators, or both. Recent studies highlight prominent functions for these mediators in communication between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as amplification or suppression of type 2 effector responses. This review focuses on recent advances and insights, and highlights existing and potential therapeutic applications of drugs that target these mediators or their receptors, with a special emphasis on their regulation of the innate and adaptive lymphocytes relevant to type 2 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Samuchiwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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