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Peng F, Zong J, Zhao T, Shi P, Lu M, Qu X, Han X, Zhao L, Jia Z, Wang S. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide extracted from Wuguchong (maggot) on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1119103. [PMID: 37033625 PMCID: PMC10073476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory, heterogeneous, chronic skin disorder characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus, and the pathophysiology mechanism of AD is known for immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses. Wuguchong (maggot) has been widely used in the wound field and found with pharmacological properties of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory function. Recently, some polysaccharides were proven to have beneficial effects on AD skin lesions in mice and humans. However, the effect of the polysaccharide extracted from Wuguchong (PEW) on AD remains to be investigated. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of PEW on AD and explored the potential mechanisms. Balb/c mice were orally administrated with PEW to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PEW on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD. Oral PEW administration significantly ameliorated the lesions and symptoms in AD mice, such as the ear thickness and ear swelling degree, epidermal and dermal thickness, and the infiltration of mast cells. In addition, PEW treatment decreased the levels of serum IgE and histamine, the frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as the mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and nuclear transcript factors (IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-17A, and ROR-rt). Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK) were significantly suppressed by PEW treatment. Taken together, our study suggests that PEW exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through inhibition of Th1 and Th17 responses and downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, PEW would be developed as a promising immune therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junwei Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Trauma and Tissue Repair Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Xueling Qu
- Changjianglu Pelvic Floor Repair Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Quality Management, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuqiang Jia
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
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Oliveira LG, Souza-Testasicca MC, Ricotta TNQ, Vago JP, dos Santos LM, Crepaldi F, Lima KM, Queiroz-Junior C, Sousa LP, Fernandes AP. Temporary Shutdown of ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Is Associated With Activation of Adaptive Immune Cell Responses and Disease Progression During Leishmania amazonensis Infection in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:762080. [PMID: 35145518 PMCID: PMC8821891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.762080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. infection outcomes are dependent on both host and parasite factors. Manipulation of host signaling pathways involved in the generation of immune responses is thought to be one of the most common mechanisms used by parasites for persistence within the host. Considering the diversity of pathologies caused by different Leishmania spp., it is plausible that significant differences may exist in the mechanisms of host cell manipulation by each parasite species, which may have implications when developing new vaccine or treatment strategies. Here we show that in L. braziliensis-infection in BALB/c mice, a model of resistance, activation of ERK1/2 coincides with the peak of inflammatory responses and resolution of tissue parasitism. In contrast, in the susceptibility model of L. amazonensis-infection, an early silent phase of infection is observed, detected solely by quantification of parasite loads. At this early stage, only basal levels of P-ERK1/2 are observed. Later, after a brief shutdown of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, disease progression is observed and is associated with increased inflammation, lesion size and tissue parasitism. Moreover, the short-term down-regulation of ERK1/2 activation affected significantly downstream inflammatory pathways and adaptive T cell responses. Administration of U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor, confirmed this phenomenon, since bigger lesions and higher parasite loads were seen in infected mice that received U0126. To investigate how kinetics of ERK1/2 activation could affect the disease progression, U0126 was administered to L. amazonensis-infected animals earlier than the P-ERK1/2 switch off time-point. This intervention resulted in anticipation of the same effects on inflammatory responses and susceptibility phenotype seen in the natural course of infection. Additionally, in vitro inhibition of ERK1/2 affected the phagocytosis of L. amazonensis by BMDMs. Collectively, our findings reveal distinct temporal patterns of activation of inflammatory responses in L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis in the same animal background and a pivotal role for a brief and specific shutdown of ERK1/2 activation at late stages of L. amazonensis infection. Since activation of inflammatory responses is a crucial aspect for the control of infectious processes, these findings may be important for the search of new and specific strategies of vaccines and treatment for tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G. Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Nery Queiroga Ricotta
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Liliane M. dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico Crepaldi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia M. Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula Fernandes,
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Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Nuclear Factor κB Activation Markedly Reduce Expression of Interleukin-2, but Not Interferon-γ, Induced by Phorbol Esters and Calcium Ionophores. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313098. [PMID: 34884902 PMCID: PMC8658103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) promotes the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We recently reported that the small molecule inhibitors, TPCA-1 and IKK-16, which target nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, moderately reduced Eomes-dependent IFN-γ expression in mouse lymphoma BW5147 cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (IM). In the present study, we investigated the direct effects of NF-κB on IFN-γ expression in mouse lymphoma EL4 cells and primary effector T cells. Eomes strongly promoted IFN-γ expression and the binding of RelA and NFATc2 to the IFN-γ promoter when EL4 cells were stimulated with PMA and IM. Neither TPCA-1 nor IKK-16 reduced IFN-γ expression; however, they markedly decreased interleukin (IL)-2 expression in Eomes-transfected EL4 cells. Moreover, TPCA-1 markedly inhibited the binding of RelA, but not that of Eomes or NFATc2 to the IFN-γ promoter. In effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IFN-γ expression induced by PMA and A23187 was not markedly decreased by TPCA-1 or IKK-16 under conditions where IL-2 expression was markedly reduced. Therefore, the present results revealed that NF-κB is dispensable for IFN-γ expression induced by PMA and calcium ionophores in EL4 cells expressing Eomes and primary effector T cells.
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Li Q, Tang X, Xu J, Ren X, Wang R, Jiang S. Study on alleviation effect of stachyose on food allergy through TLR2/NF-κB signal pathway in a mouse model. Life Sci 2021; 286:120038. [PMID: 34653427 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effect on food allergy of stachyose. MAIN METHODS The egg allergen ovalbumin (OVA) was used to induce a food allergy model of BALB/c mice, and different doses of stachyose were given in process. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to detect the levels of IgE, IgG1, histamine and cytokines. And flow cytometry was used to analyze TH1/TH2 balance further. Besides, Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe changes of intestinal morphology. Lastly, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and western Blot was conducted to explore the possible mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Compared with OVA group, serum IgE and IgG1 levels in the low-dose (1mg/mouse) group and high-dose (5mg/mouse) group of stachyose were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); the level of plasma histamine was also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and the body temperature were decreased. In all, allergic symptoms were alleviated after stachyose treatment. Furthermore, TH1/TH2 balance was improved after stachyose treatment. Lastly, the expression of TLR2 and NF-κB were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both mRNA and protein levels after stachyose treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Food allergy was alleviated through improving TH1/TH2 balance by activating TLR2/NF-κB signal by stachyose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Xinlei Tang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Jianghao Xu
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Xingyuan Ren
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Songsong Jiang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China.
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NF-κB regulation in maternal immunity during normal and IUGR pregnancies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20971. [PMID: 34697371 PMCID: PMC8545974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal death with no effective cure, affecting 5-10% pregnancies globally. Suppressed pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 immunity is necessary for pregnancy success. However, in IUGR, the inflammatory response is enhanced and there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms that lead to this abnormality. Regulation of maternal T-cells during pregnancy is driven by Nuclear Factor Kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), and we have previously shown that p65 degradation in maternal T-cells is induced by Fas activation. Placental exosomes expressing Fas ligand (FasL) have an immunomodulatory function during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism and source of NF-κB regulation required for successful pregnancy, and whether this is abrogated in IUGR. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that p65+ Th1/Th17 cells are reduced during normal pregnancy, but not during IUGR, and this phenotype is enforced when non-pregnant T-cells are cultured with normal maternal plasma. We also show that isolated exosomes from IUGR plasma have decreased FasL expression and are reduced in number compared to exosomes from normal pregnancies. In this study, we highlight a potential role for FasL+ exosomes to regulate NF-κB p65 in T-cells during pregnancy, and provide the first evidence that decreased exosome production may contribute to the dysregulation of p65 and inflammation underlying IUGR pathogenesis.
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Kong BS, Min SH, Lee C, Cho YM. Mitochondrial-encoded MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet destruction in autoimmune diabetes. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109447. [PMID: 34320351 PMCID: PMC10083145 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are principal metabolic organelles that are increasingly unveiled as immune regulators. However, it is currently not known whether mitochondrial-encoded peptides modulate T cells to induce changes in phenotype and function. In this study, we found that MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) prevented autoimmune β cell destruction by targeting T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. MOTS-c ameliorated the development of hyperglycemia and reduced islet-infiltrating immune cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of T cells from MOTS-c-treated NOD mice significantly decreased the incidence of diabetes in NOD-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Metabolic and genomic analyses revealed that MOTS-c modulated T cell phenotype and function by regulating T cell receptor (TCR)/mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients had a lower serum MOTS-c level than did healthy controls. Furthermore, MOTS-c reduced T cell activation by alleviating T cells from the glycolytic stress in T1D patients, suggesting therapeutic potential. Our findings indicate that MOTS-c regulates the T cell phenotype and suppresses autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Ikenaka Y, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Logullo C, da Silva Vaz I, Murata S, Ohashi K. Prostaglandin-related immune suppression in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 236:110238. [PMID: 33857743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by several enzymes including cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. We have previously shown that PGE2 regulates immune responses, such as Th1 cytokine production and T-cell proliferation, in cattle. However, it is still unclear whether other PGs are involved in the regulation of immune responses in cattle. Here, immunosuppressive profiles of PGs (PGA1, PGB2, PGD2, PGE2, PGF1α and PGF2α) were firstly examined using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition to PGE2, PGA1 significantly inhibited Th1 cytokine production from PBMCs in cattle. Further analyses focusing on PGA1 revealed that treatment with PGA1 in the presence of concanavalin A (con A) downregulated CD69, an activation marker, and IFN-γ expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Sorted CD3+ T cells stimulated with con A were cultivated with PGA1, and IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations decreased upon PGA1 treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that the treatment with PGA1in vitro inhibits T-cell activation, especially Th1 cytokine production, in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - S Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Y Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - T Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - N Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - C Logullo
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia, NUPEM-UFRJ, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - I da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - S Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - K Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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The many-sided contributions of NF-κB to T-cell biology in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:245-300. [PMID: 34074496 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells (or T lymphocytes) exhibit a myriad of functions in immune responses, ranging from pathogen clearance to autoimmunity, cancer and even non-lymphoid tissue homeostasis. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms orchestrating their specification, function and gene expression pattern is critical not only for our comprehension of fundamental biology, but also for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Among the master regulators of T-cell identity, the functions of the NF-κB family of transcription factors have been under scrutiny for several decades. However, a more precise understanding of their pleiotropic functions is only just emerging. In this review we will provide a global overview of the roles of NF-κB in the different flavors of mature T cells. We aim at highlighting the complex and sometimes diverging roles of the five NF-κB subunits in health and disease.
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Involvement of NF-κB1 and the Non-Canonical NF-κB Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in Shiga-Toxin-2-Induced Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome in Mice. Shock 2020; 56:573-581. [PMID: 32433206 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy which can occur as a severe systemic complication after an infection with Shiga-toxin-(Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the classical NF-κB signaling pathway were detected in the urine of HUS patients. Thus, we hypothesize that the immune response of the infected organism triggered by Stx can affect the kidneys and contributes to acute kidney injury. Hitherto the role of the classical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway in HUS has not been evaluated systematically in vivo. We aimed to investigate in a murine model of Shiga toxin-induced HUS-like disease, whether one or both pathways are involved in the renal pathology in HUS. In kidneys of mice subjected to Stx or sham-treated mice, protein or gene expression analyses were performed to assess the 1) expression of receptors activating the classical and non-canonical pathway, such as Fn14 and CD40 2) levels of NF-κB1/RelA and NF-κB2/RelB including its upstream signaling proteins and 3) expression of cytokines as target molecules of both pathways. In line with a higher expression of Fn14 and CD40, we detected an enhanced translocation of NF-κB1 and RelA as well as NF-κB2 and RelB into the nucleus accompanied by an increased gene expression of the NF-κB1-target cytokines Ccl20, Cxcl2, Ccl2, Cxcl1, IL-6, TNF-α, Cxcl10 and Ccl5, indicating an activation of the classical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Thereby, we provide, for the first time, in vivo evidence for an involvement of both NF-κB signaling pathways in renal pathophysiology of STEC-HUS.
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Vecchione MB, Laufer N, Sued O, Corti M, Salomon H, Quiroga MF. 7-oxo-DHEA enhances impaired M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses during HIV-TB coinfection. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:20. [PMID: 31906962 PMCID: PMC6943934 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), affecting approximately one third of the world's population. Development of an adequate immune response will determine disease progression or progress to chronic infection. Risk of developing TB among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients (HIV-TB) is 20-30 times higher than those without HIV infection, and a synergistic interplay between these two pathogens accelerates the decline in immunological functions. TB treatment in HIV-TB coinfected persons is challenging and it has a prolonged duration, mainly due to the immune system failure to provide an adequate support for the therapy. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of the hormone 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone (7-OD) as a modulator of anti-tuberculosis immune responses in the context of HIV-TB coinfection. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-TB patients and healthy donors (HD). We characterized the ex vivo phenotype of CD4 + T cells and also evaluated in vitro antigen-specific responses by Mtb stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence or absence of 7-OD. We assessed lymphoproliferative activity, cytokine production and master transcription factor profiles. RESULTS Our results show that HIV-TB patients were not able to generate successful anti-tubercular responses in vitro compared to HD, as reduced IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-17A ratios were observed. Interestingly, treatment with 7-OD enhanced Th1 responses by increasing Mtb-induced proliferation and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α over IL-10 levels. Additionally, in vitro Mtb stimulation augmented the frequency of cells with a regulatory phenotype, while 7-OD reduced the proportion of these subsets and induced an increase in CD4 + T-bet+ (Th1) subpopulation, which is associated with clinical data linked to an improved disease outcome. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 7-OD modifies the cytokine balance and the phenotype of CD4 + T cells towards a more favorable profile for mycobacteria control. These results provide new data to delineate novel treatment approaches as co-adjuvant for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Vecchione
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Laufer
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Sued
- Área de Investigaciones Clínicas, Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Corti
- División "B" VIH/Sida, Hospital Francisco J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomon
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Quiroga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abd Hamid M, Yao X, Waugh C, Rosendo-Machado S, Li C, Rostron T, Frankland J, Peng Y, Dong T. Defective Interferon Gamma Production by Tumor-Specific CD8 + T Cells Is Associated With 5'Methylcytosine-Guanine Hypermethylation of Interferon Gamma Promoter. Front Immunol 2020; 11:310. [PMID: 32194559 PMCID: PMC7066077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) supports effector responses of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and is a surrogate marker for detection of antigen-specific T cells. Here, we show that tumor-specific CTL clones have impaired IFNγ expression and production upon activation. Assessment of the relationship between IFNγ production and the 5'methylcytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotide methylation of the IFNγ promoter using bisulfite treatment has shown that IFNγ- CTL clones accumulates CpG hypermethylation within the promoter at key transcription factor binding sites (-186 and -54), known to be vital for transcription. We confirmed these findings using ex vivo isolated and short-term expanded bulk tumor-specific CTL lines from four cancer patients and demonstrated that IFNγ methylation inversely correlates with transcription, protein level, and cytotoxicity. Altogether, we propose that a sizeable portion of human tumor-specific CTLs are deficient in IFNγ response, contributed by CpG hypermethylation of the IFNγ promoter. Our findings have important implications for immunotherapy strategies and for methods to detect human antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- 1Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Yao
- 1Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Waugh
- 3Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samara Rosendo-Machado
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Li
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Rostron
- 4Sequencing Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Frankland
- 4Sequencing Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yanchun Peng
- 1Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- 1Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- 2Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tao Dong
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12
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Frentzel S, Katsoulis-Dimitriou K, Jeron A, Schmitz I, Bruder D. Essential role of IκB NS for in vivo CD4 + T-cell activation, proliferation, and Th1-cell differentiation during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1391-1398. [PMID: 31049948 PMCID: PMC6771600 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of effector functions in T cells is guided by transcription factors, including NF‐κB, that itself is tightly controlled by inhibitory proteins. The atypical NF‐κB inhibitor, IκBNS, is involved in the development of Th1, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, it remained unclear to which extend IκBNS contributed to the acquisition of effector function in T cells specifically responding to a pathogen during in vivo infection. Tracking of adoptively transferred T cells in Listeria monocytogenes infected mice antigen‐specific activation of CD4+ T cells following in vivo pathogen encounter to strongly rely on IκBNS. While IκBNS was largely dispensable for the acquisition of cytotoxic effector function in CD8+ T cells, IκBNS‐deficient Th1 effector cells exhibited significantly reduced proliferation, marked changes in the pattern of activation marker expression, and reduced production of the Th1‐cell cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐2, and TNF‐α. Complementary in vitro analyses using cells from novel reporter and inducible knockout mice revealed that IκBNS predominantly affects the early phase of Th1‐cell differentiation while its function in terminally differentiated cells appears to be negligible. Our data suggest IκBNS as a potential target to modulate specifically CD4+ T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frentzel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Katsoulis-Dimitriou
- Systems-oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Systems-oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Ayakannu R, Abdullah NA, Radhakrishnan AK, Lechimi Raj V, Liam CK. Relationship between various cytokines implicated in asthma. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:755-763. [PMID: 31054782 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disorder involving immunologic, environmental, genetic and other factors. Today, asthma is the most common disease encountered in clinical medicine in both children and adults worldwide. Asthma is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree resulting in chronic swelling and inflammation of the airways recognized to be controlled by the T-helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines to increase the production of IgE by B cells. There are many cytokines implicated in the development of the chronic inflammatory processes that are often observed in asthma. Ultimately, these cytokines cause the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes (LT), which in turn promote airway remodeling, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and bronchoconstriction. The CD4+ T-lymphocytes from the airways of asthmatics express a panel of cytokines that represent the Th2 cells. The knowledge derived from numerous experimental and clinical studies have allowed physicians and scientists to understand the normal functions of these cytokines and their roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. The main focus of this review is to accentuate the relationship between various cytokines implicated in human asthma. However, some key findings from animal models will be highlighted to support the discoveries from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathimalar Ayakannu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vijaya Lechimi Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C K Liam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Rood JE, Burn TN, Neal V, Chu N, Behrens EM. Disruption of IL-33 Signaling Limits Early CD8+ T Cell Effector Function Leading to Exhaustion in Murine Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2642. [PMID: 30515155 PMCID: PMC6256032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Danger signals mediated through ST2, the interleukin-33 (IL-33) receptor, amplify CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation in the murine model of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL2), and blockade of ST2 provides a potential therapeutic strategy in this disease. However, the long-term effects of disrupting IL-33/ST2 signaling on the CD8+ T cell compartment are unknown. Here, we examined the evolution of the T cell response in murine FHL type 2 in the absence of ST2 signaling and found that CD8+ T cells gradually undergo exhaustion, similar to a related nonfatal FHL model. ST2 inhibition indirectly promotes CD8+ T cell exhaustion, and in contrast to other forms of FHL, reversal of exhaustion does not affect mortality. Disruption of IL-33 signaling exerts a more significant impact on the CD8+ T cell compartment early in the course of disease by intrinsically limiting CD8+ T cell proliferative and cytokine production capacity. Our data thus suggest that while ST2 blockade ultimately enables the development of CD8+ T cell exhaustion in late-stage murine FHL2, exhaustion is merely an effect, rather than the cause, of extended survival in these mice. The acute impact of ST2 inhibition on both the quantity and quality of the effector CD8+ T cell response more likely underlies the protective benefits of this treatment. This study provides evidence that redefines the relationship between CD8+ T cell exhaustion and mortality in murine FHL and supports the therapeutic use of ST2 blockade during the acute stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rood
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas N Burn
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vanessa Neal
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Niansheng Chu
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Peptide Tk-PQ induces immunosuppression in skin allogeneic transplantation via increasing Foxp3 + Treg and impeding nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:597-607. [PMID: 30001873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is used as the last resort for patients with end-stage disease, but allograft rejection is an unsolved problem. Here, we showed that Tk-PQ, a peptide derived from trichosanthin, had an immune-suppressive effect without obvious cytotoxicity in vitro and in a mouse skin allo-transplantation model. In vitro, treatment of Tk-PQ administrated type 2 T helper cell (Th2)/regulatory T-cell (Treg) cytokines, and increased the ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg by repressing the PI3K/mTOR pathway. In addition, Tk-PQ decreased NF-κB activation to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Tk-PQ treatment in the mouse skin transplantation model also caused the similar molecular and cellular phenotypes. Furthermore, Tk-PQ enhanced the suppressive function of Treg by increasing Foxp3 expression, and substantially improved allograft survival. These finding demonstrate that Tk-PQ has the potential to be used in clinical allogeneic transplantation.
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16
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Nakanishi T, Motoba I, Anraku M, Suzuki R, Yamaguchi Y, Erickson L, Eto N, Sugamoto K, Matsushita Y, Kawahara S. Naturally occurring 3RS, 7R, 11R-phytanic acid suppresses in vitro T-cell production of interferon-gamma. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:147. [PMID: 29935534 PMCID: PMC6015457 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the eight stereoisomers of phytanic acid (PA), the 3RS, 7R, 11R-isomer is naturally occurring and is present in foods and the human body. PA is considered to have possible health benefits in the immune system. However, it remains undetermined whether these effects are elicited by the 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA isomer, because previous studies used a commercially available PA whose isomer configuration is unknown. In this study, we synthesized a preparation of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, and investigated its in vitro immunomodulatory effects, especially the T-cell production of interferon (IFN)-γ, which is associated with various autoimmune diseases. This study also investigated the effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity in order to address the mechanism of its immunomodulatory effects. METHODS Mouse splenocytes and purified T-cells were stimulated with T-cell mitogens and incubated with 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, followed by evaluation of IFN-γ production. The effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity was also investigated using an A549 cell line with stable expression of an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter gene. RESULTS 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA significantly reduced in vitro IFN-γ production at both the protein and mRNA levels, and was accompanied by decreased expression of T-bet, a key regulator of Th1 cell differentiation. The results indicated that NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activity was significantly decreased by 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA and that GW6471, an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), abrogated the inhibitory effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA is a functional and bioactive fatty acid, and has a potentially beneficial effect for amelioration of T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases. This study also indicates that interference in the NF-κB pathway via PPARα activation is a potential mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ibuki Motoba
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mayuko Anraku
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Laurie Erickson
- Department of Biology, Harold Washington City College of Chicago, 30 E. Lake St, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Blitstein Institute of Hebrew Theological College, 2606 W. Touhy Ave, Chicago, IL, 60645, USA
| | - Nozomu Eto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yohichi Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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17
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Sakowicz A. The role of NFκB in the three stages of pregnancy - implantation, maintenance, and labour: a review article. BJOG 2018; 125:1379-1387. [PMID: 29460466 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) controls the expression of over 400 genes, some of which are associated with reproductive events. During implantation, immune cells accumulate in the maternal-fetal interface; they secrete inflammatory mediators under the control of NFĸB, the level of which also rises. NFĸB is then downregulated to maintain gestation, but its level rises again before birth to manage prostaglandin, cytokine, and chemokine synthesis, and to stimulate uterine contraction. This review summarises the current state of knowledge about NFκB and its role in the molecular regulation of processes related to pregnancy development. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT This review examines the current state of knowledge about role of NFκB in the development of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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18
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NF-kappaB: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010024. [PMID: 29315242 PMCID: PMC5793177 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family that regulates a large number of genes that are involved in important physiological processes, including survival, inflammation, and immune responses. More recently, constitutive expression of NF-κB has been associated with several types of cancer. In addition, microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, cooperate in the activation of NF-κB in tumors, confirming the multifactorial role of this transcription factor as a cancer driver. Recent reports have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway should receive attention for the development of therapies. In addition to the direct effects of NF-κB in cancer cells, it might also impact immune cells that can both promote or prevent tumor development. Currently, with the rise of cancer immunotherapy, the link among immune cells, inflammation, and cancer is a major focus, and NF-κB could be an important regulator for the success of these therapies. This review discusses the contrasting roles of NF-κB as a regulator of pro- and antitumor processes and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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19
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Dar AA, Bhat SA, Gogoi D, Gokhale A, Chiplunkar SV. Inhibition of Notch signalling has ability to alter the proximal and distal TCR signalling events in human CD3 + αβ T-cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:116-124. [PMID: 29078088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is an important regulator of T cell function and is known to regulate the effector functions of T cells driven by T cell receptor (TCR). However, the mechanism integrating these pathways in human CD3+ αβ T cells is not well understood. The present study was carried out to investigate how Notch and TCR driven signalling are synchronized in human αβ T cells. Differential expression of Notch receptors, ligands, and target genes is observed on human αβ T cells which are upregulated on stimulation with α-CD3/CD28 mAb. Inhibition of Notch signalling by GSI-X inhibited the activation of T cells and affected proximal T cell signalling by regulating CD3-ζ chain expression. Inhibition of Notch signalling decreased the protein expression of CD3-ζ chain and induced expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase (GRAIL) in human αβ T cells. Apart from affecting proximal TCR signalling, Notch signalling also regulated the distal TCR signalling events. In the absence of Notch signalling, α-CD3/CD28 mAb induced activation and IFN-γ production by αβ T cells was down-modulated. The absence of Notch signalling in human αβ T cells inhibited proliferative responses despite strong signalling through TCR and IL-2 receptor. This study shows how Notch signalling cooperates with TCR signalling by regulating CD3-ζ chain expression to support proliferation and activation of human αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif A Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Sajad A Bhat
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Dimpu Gogoi
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Abhiram Gokhale
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Shubhada V Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India.
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20
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Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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21
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Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a family of inducible transcription factors that plays a vital role in different aspects of immune responses. NF-κB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm as inactive complexes via physical association with inhibitory proteins termed IκBs. In response to immune and stress stimuli, NF-κB members become activated via two major signaling pathways, the canonical and noncanonical pathways, and move to the nucleus to exert transcriptional functions. NF-κB is vital for normal immune responses against infections, but deregulated NF-κB activation is a major cause of inflammatory diseases. Accumulated studies suggest the involvement of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation caused by infection, injury, or autoimmune factors. In this review, we discuss the current understanding regarding the activation and function of NF-κB in different types of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Zhang
- />Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 213 Yuhuadonglu, Baoding, 071000 China
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- />Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- />The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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22
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T-bet- and STAT4-dependent IL-33 receptor expression directly promotes antiviral Th1 cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4056-61. [PMID: 25829541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418549112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, so-called "alarmins," orchestrates the immune response. The alarmin IL-33 plays a role in a wide range of pathologies. Upon release, IL-33 signals through its receptor ST2, which reportedly is expressed only on CD4(+) T cells of the Th2 and regulatory subsets. Here we show that Th1 effector cells also express ST2 upon differentiation in vitro and in vivo during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. The expression of ST2 on Th1 cells was transient, in contrast to constitutive ST2 expression on Th2 cells, and marked highly activated effector cells. ST2 expression on virus-specific Th1 cells depended on the Th1-associated transcription factors T-bet and STAT4. ST2 deficiency resulted in a T-cell-intrinsic impairment of LCMV-specific Th1 effector responses in both mixed bone marrow-chimeric mice and adoptive cell transfer experiments. ST2-deficient virus-specific CD4(+) T cells showed impaired expansion, Th1 effector differentiation, and antiviral cytokine production. Consequently, these cells mediated little virus-induced immunopathology. Thus, IL-33 acts as a critical and direct cofactor to drive antiviral Th1 effector cell activation, with implications for vaccination strategies and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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23
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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24
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Kyläniemi MK, Kaukonen R, Myllyviita J, Rasool O, Lahesmaa R. The regulation and role of c-FLIP in human Th cell differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102022. [PMID: 25019384 PMCID: PMC4096760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early differentiation of T helper (Th) cells is a tightly controlled and finely balanced process, which involves several factors including cytokines, transcription factors and co-stimulatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that in addition to the regulation of apoptosis, caspase activity is also needed for Th cell proliferation and activation and it might play a role in Th cell differentiation. The isoforms of the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) are regulators of CASPASE-8 activity and the short isoform, c-FLIPS, has been shown to be up-regulated by IL-4, the Th2 driving cytokine. In this work, we have studied the expression and functional role of three c-FLIP isoforms during the early Th cell differentiation. Only two of the isoforms, c-FLIPS and c-FLIPL, were detected at the protein level although c-FLIPR was expressed at the mRNA level. The knockdown of c-FLIPL led to enhanced Th1 differentiation and elevated IL-4 production by Th2 cells, whereas the knockdown of c-FLIPS diminished GATA3 expression and IL-4 production by Th2 cells. In summary, our results provide new insight into the role of c-FLIP proteins in the early differentiation of human Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna K. Kyläniemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and Structural Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyviita
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Omid Rasool
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Neelabh, Singh G, Verma AK, Roy R, Gupta R, Misra A, Tripathi A, Ansari KM, Das M, Shanker R, Dwivedi PD. Allergenic responses of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Millsp) proteins can be vitiated by induction of oral tolerance due to single acute dose in BALB/c mice. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Watanabe R, Azuma RW, Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Itai A, Hirata Y, Komuro I, Isobe M. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by a novel IKK inhibitor reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune myocarditis via suppression of T-cell activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1761-71. [PMID: 24097428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00159.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB, which is activated by the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK), is involved in the progression of inflammatory disease. However, the effect of IKK inhibition on the progression of myocarditis is unknown. We examined the effect of IKK inhibition on the progression of myocarditis. Lewis rats were immunized with porcine cardiac myosin to induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). We administered the IKK inhibitor (IMD-0354; 15 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or vehicle to EAM rats daily. Hearts were harvested 21 days after immunization. Although the untreated EAM group showed increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio, and severe myocardial damage, these changes were attenuated in the IKK inhibitor-treated group. Moreover, IKK inhibitor administration significantly reduced NF-κB activation and mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in myocardium compared with vehicle administration. In vitro study showed that the IKK inhibitor treatment inhibited T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines production induced by myosin stimulation. The IKK inhibitor ameliorated EAM by suppressing inflammatory reactions via suppression of T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Cho JH, Kim HO, Kim KS, Yang DH, Surh CD, Sprent J. Unique Features of Naive CD8+ T Cell Activation by IL-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5559-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Giardino Torchia ML, Conze DB, Ashwell JD. c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 redundancy differs between T and B cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66161. [PMID: 23799077 PMCID: PMC3684576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular Inhibitors of Apoptosis 1 and 2 (c-IAP1 and c-IAP2) are ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) that constitutively ubiquitinate and induce proteasomal-mediated degradation of NF-κB Inducing Kinase (NIK) and repress non-canonical NF-κB activation. Mice expressing an E3-inactive c-IAP2 mutant (c-IAP2(H570A)) have constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-κB, resulting in B cell hyperplasia and T cell costimulation-independence. If, and if so to what extent, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are redundant in NF-κB regulation in these mice is not known. Here we have generated mice expressing a mutant c-IAP1 that lacks E3 activity (c-IAP1(H582A)). These mice were phenotypically normal and did not have constitutive NF-κB activation in B cells or MEFs. siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-IAP2 showed that accumulated c-IAP2, resulting from lack of c-IAP1-dependent degradation, compensated for absent c-IAP1 E3 activity. Surprisingly, c-IAP1(H582A) T cells had a lower p100/p52 ratio than wild type T cells, and in the absence of costimulation proliferated to a degree intermediate between wild type and c-IAP2(H570A) T cells. Therefore, although c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 both can repress constitutive NF-κB activation, the relative importance of each varies according to cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Giardino Torchia
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dietrich B. Conze
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes, a chronic lifelong disease, but its clinical applicability is limited by allograft rejection. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor important for survival and differentiation of T cells. In this study, we tested whether NF-κB in T cells is required for the rejection of islet allografts. METHODS Mice expressing a superrepressor form of NF-κB selectively in T cells (IκBαΔN-Tg mice) with or without the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-xL, or mice with impaired T-cell receptor (TCR)- and B cell receptor-driven NF-κB activity (CARMA1-KO mice) were rendered diabetic and transplanted with islet allografts. Secondary skin transplantation in long-term acceptors of islet allografts was used to test for the development of donor-specific tolerance. Immune infiltration of the transplanted islets was examined by immunofluorescence. TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells were used to follow T-cell priming and differentiation. RESULTS Islet allograft survival was prolonged in IκBαΔN-Tg mice, although the animals did not develop donor-specific tolerance. Reduced NF-κB activity did not prevent T-cell priming or differentiation but reduced survival of activated T cells, as transgenic expression of Bcl-xL restored islet allograft rejection in IκBαΔN-Tg mice. Abolishing TCR- and B cell receptor-driven activation of NF-κB selectively by CARMA1 deficiency prevented T-cell priming and islet allograft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that T cell-NF-κB plays an important role in the rejection of islet allografts. Targeting NF-κB selectively in lymphocytes seems a promising approach to facilitate acceptance of transplanted islets.
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Immunomodulatory Effect of Nuclear Factor-κB Inhibition by Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin in Combination With Donor-Specific Blood Transfusion. Transplantation 2012; 93:777-86. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318248ca5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Molinero LL, Alegre ML. Role of T cell-nuclear factor κB in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 26:189-200. [PMID: 22074783 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF) κB is a pleiotropic transcription factor that is ubiquitously expressed. After transplantation of solid organs, NF-κB in the graft is activated within a few hours as a consequence of ischemia/reperfusion and then again after a few days in intragraft infiltrating cells during the process of acute allograft rejection. In the present article, we review the components of the NF-κB pathway, their mechanisms of activation, and their role in T cell and antigen-presenting cell activation and differentiation and in solid organ allograft rejection. Targeted inhibition of NF-κB in selected cell types may promote graft survival with fewer adverse effects compared with global immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Molinero
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Lai W, Yu M, Huang MN, Okoye F, Keegan AD, Farber DL. Transcriptional control of rapid recall by memory CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:133-40. [PMID: 21642544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells are distinguished from naive T cells by their rapid production of effector cytokines, although mechanisms for this recall response remain undefined. In this study, we investigated transcriptional mechanisms for rapid IFN-γ production by Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells. In naive CD4 T cells, IFN-γ production only occurred after sustained Ag activation and was associated with high expression of the T-bet transcription factor required for Th1 differentiation and with T-bet binding to the IFN-γ promoter as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. By contrast, immediate IFN-γ production by Ag-stimulated memory CD4 T cells occurred in the absence of significant nuclear T-bet expression or T-bet engagement on the IFN-γ promoter. We identified rapid induction of NF-κB transcriptional activity and increased engagement of NF-κB on the IFN-γ promoter at rapid times after TCR stimulation of memory compared with naive CD4 T cells. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB activity or peptide-mediated inhibition of NF-κB p50 translocation abrogated early memory T cell signaling and TCR-mediated effector function. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism for memory T cell recall through enhanced NF-κB p50 activation and promoter engagement, with important implications for memory T cell modulation in vaccines, autoimmunity, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lai
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Hadfield KA, McCracken SA, Ashton AW, Nguyen TG, Morris JM. Regulated suppression of NF-κB throughout pregnancy maintains a favourable cytokine environment necessary for pregnancy success. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89:1-9. [PMID: 21411157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Th1 immune responses are suppressed in pregnancy, but the temporal regulation and the mechanism(s) underlying this immune alteration are unknown. We assessed the expression of Th1 cytokines IFNγ, IL-2 and TNFα in response to stimulation in isolated T-cells from pregnant women throughout gestation. Using flow cytometry we demonstrated an early and sustained reduction in IFNγ and IL-2 production in CD3+ T-cells, but TNFα levels are not reduced until the third trimester. We assessed the expression of NF-κB and T-bet, transcription factors that play a central role in Th1 immune responses, throughout pregnancy. In isolated T-cells levels of available p65 were suppressed early in pregnancy, but T-bet expression was suppressed only in the third trimester. In contrast to p65, T-bet expression was transcriptionally regulated, with diminished T-bet mRNA in third-trimester samples. Re-expression of p65 in T-cells from third-trimester pregnant women resulted in an induction of T-bet expression in response to PMA stimulation and a concomitant increase in the production of IL-2 and IFNγ. The suppressive effect of pregnancy was ameliorated as early as 72h post-partum when p65 levels returned to normal as did the level of inducible IFNγ and IL-2. TNFα levels in post-partum women were significantly increased relative to non-pregnant controls. The pregnancy-specific suppression of p65 and subsequent loss of cytokine production suggest that this transcription factor acts specifically to regulate the cytokine environment that is required for pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Hadfield
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Low levels of NF-κB/p65 mark anergic CD4+ T cells and correlate with disease severity in sarcoidosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:223-34. [PMID: 21177920 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00469-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis respond weakly when stimulated with mitogen or antigen. However, the mechanisms responsible for this anergy are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the protein levels of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB (p50, p65, and p105), IκBα (inhibitor of NF-κB), T-cell receptor (TCR) CD3ζ-chain, tyrosine kinase p56(LCK), and nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NF-ATc2) in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells from patients with sarcoidosis. Baseline expression of p65 in these lymphocytes was reduced in 50% of patients. The reduced levels of p65 in sarcoid CD4(+) T cells concurred with decreased levels of p50, p105, CD3ζ, p56(LCK), IκBα, and NF-ATc2. Polyclonal stimulation of NF-κB-deficient sarcoid T cells resulted in reduced expression of CD69 and CD154, decreased proliferation, and cytokine (i.e., interleukin 2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) production. The clinical significance of these findings is suggested by the association between low p65 levels and the development of more severe and active sarcoidosis. Although correlative, our results support a model in which multiple intrinsic signaling defects contribute to peripheral T-cell anergy and the persistence of chronic inflammation in sarcoidosis.
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Balasubramani A, Shibata Y, Crawford GE, Baldwin AS, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. Modular utilization of distal cis-regulatory elements controls Ifng gene expression in T cells activated by distinct stimuli. Immunity 2010; 33:35-47. [PMID: 20643337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Distal cis-regulatory elements play essential roles in the T lineage-specific expression of cytokine genes. We have mapped interactions of three trans-acting factors-NF-kappaB, STAT4, and T-bet-with cis elements in the Ifng locus. We find that RelA is critical for optimal Ifng expression and is differentially recruited to multiple elements contingent upon T cell receptor (TCR) or interleukin-12 (IL-12) plus IL-18 signaling. RelA recruitment to at least four elements is dependent on T-bet-dependent remodeling of the Ifng locus and corecruitment of STAT4. STAT4 and NF-kappaB therefore cooperate at multiple cis elements to enable NF-kappaB-dependent enhancement of Ifng expression. RelA recruitment to distal elements was similar in T helper 1 (Th1) and effector CD8(+) T (Tc1) cells, although T-bet was dispensable in CD8 effectors. These results support a model of Ifng regulation in which distal cis-regulatory elements differentially recruit key transcription factors in a modular fashion to initiate gene transcription induced by distinct activation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Balasubramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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36
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Lee K, Gudapati P, Dragovic S, Spencer C, Joyce S, Killeen N, Magnuson MA, Boothby M. Mammalian target of rapamycin protein complex 2 regulates differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets via distinct signaling pathways. Immunity 2010; 32:743-53. [PMID: 20620941 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many functions of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) have been defined, but relatively little is known about the biology of an alternative mTOR complex, mTORC2. We showed that conditional deletion of rictor, an essential subunit of mTORC2, impaired differentiation into T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells without diversion into FoxP3(+) status or substantial effect on Th17 cell differentiation. mTORC2 promoted phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB, or Akt) and PKC, Akt activity, and nuclear NF-kappaB transcription factors in response to T cell activation. Complementation with active Akt restored only T-bet transcription factor expression and Th1 cell differentiation, whereas activated PKC-theta reverted only GATA3 transcription factor and the Th2 cell defect of mTORC2 mutant cells. Collectively, the data uncover vital mTOR-PKC and mTOR-Akt connections in T cell differentiation and reveal distinct pathways by which mTORC2 regulates development of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunwook Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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37
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Liu J, Yoshida Y, Kunugita N, Noguchi J, Sugiura T, Ding N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H, Yamashita U. Thymocytes are activated by toluene inhalation through the transcription factors NF-κB, STAT5 and NF-AT. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:656-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Autocrine, not paracrine, interferon-gamma gene delivery enhances ex vivo antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation and killing. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:270985. [PMID: 20490265 PMCID: PMC2871187 DOI: 10.1155/2010/270985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) shows promise in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. We utilize adeno-associated virus-(AAV-) based antigen gene-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) to stimulate such antigen-specific CTL. Yet further improvements in CTL stimulation and killing may result by gene delivery of various Th1-response interferons/cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), as the delivered gene can continuously produce that interferon. However which immune cell type should optimally express IFN-gamma is unclear as the phenotypes of both DC and T cells are enhanced by it. Here, we used AAV to compare and contrast IFN-gamma gene delivery into DC or T cells, and versus the addition of exogenous IFN-gamma, for stimulating carcinoembryonic antigen-(CEA-) specific CTL. It was found that AAV/IFN-gamma delivery into T cells (autocrine) resulted in T cell populations with the highest CD8(+)/CD4(+) ratio, highest IFN-gamma(+)/IL-4(+) ratio, highest CD69(+),CD8(+) levels, and lowest CD4(+)/CD25(+) levels, all consistent with the strongest Th1 response. Most importantly, AAV/IFN-gamma transduction of T cells resulted in antigen-specific T cell populations with the highest killing capabilities, 49% above other treatments. These data strongly suggest that AAV/IFN-gamma autocrine gene delivery into T cells is worthy of further study towards maximizing the generation of antigen-specific anticancer CTL killers.
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Harris TH, Wilson EH, Tait ED, Buckley M, Shapira S, Caamano J, Artis D, Hunter CA. NF-kappaB1 contributes to T cell-mediated control of Toxoplasma gondii in the CNS. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 222:19-28. [PMID: 20156658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the role of NF-kappaB1 was examined during toxoplasmosis. While wildtype BALB/c mice generated protective responses, NF-kappaB1(-/-) mice developed Toxoplasmic encephalitis, characterized by increased parasite burden and necrosis in the brain. Susceptibility was primarily associated with a local decrease in the number of CD8(+) T cells and IFN-gamma production, while accessory cell function appeared intact in NF-kappaB1(-/-) mice. Consistent with these findings, T cell transfer studies revealed that NF-kappaB1(-/-) T cells provided SCID mice less protection than wildtype T cells. These results demonstrate an intrinsic role for NF-kappaB1 in T cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasmagondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajie H Harris
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 S University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Inhibiting proinflammatory NF-kappaB signaling using cell-penetrating NEMO binding domain peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 512:209-32. [PMID: 19347279 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-530-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is an inducible transcription factor that regulates the expression of many genes involved in normal immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB activation is normally a rapid and transient response to pro-inflammatory stimuli however dysregulated constitutively active NF-kappaB signaling leads to chronic inflammation and provides a cell survival signal in many types of cancer. NF-kappaB signaling is therefore an important target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs. We previously identified and characterized a cell-permeable peptide that blocks NF-kappaB signaling by disrupting the critical upstream IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. We describe in this chapter three separate methods to determine the effects of this NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide on pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
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Biochemical signaling pathways for memory T cell recall. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:84-91. [PMID: 19298946 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells exhibit low activation thresholds and rapid effector responses following antigen stimulation, contrasting naive T cells with high activation thresholds and no effector responses. Signaling mechanisms for the distinct properties of naive and memory T cells remain poorly understood. Here, I will discuss new results on signal transduction in naive and memory T cells that suggest proximal control of activation threshold and a distinct biochemical pathway to rapid recall. The signaling and transcriptional pathways controlling immediate effector function in memory T cells closely resemble pathways for rapid effector cytokine production in innate immune cells, suggesting memory T cells use innate pathways for efficacious responses.
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Molinero LL, Wang Y, Zhou P, Yagita H, Alegre ML. Fas mediates cardiac allograft acceptance in mice with impaired T-cell-intrinsic NF-kappaB signaling. Transpl Int 2009; 22:845-52. [PMID: 19351347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is critical for T-cell activation and survival. We have shown that mice expressing a T-cell-restricted NF-kappaB superrepressor (IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg) permanently accept heart but not skin allografts. Overexpression of the prosurvival factor Bcl-x(L) in T cells restored heart rejection, suggesting that graft acceptance in IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice was attributable to deletion of alloreactive T cells.In vitro, the increased death of IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg T cells upon TCR stimulation when compared with wildtype T cells was mostly because of Fas/FasL interaction. Similarly, Fas played a key role in cardiac allograft acceptance by IkappaBalphaDeltaN-Tg mice as both genetic and antibody-mediated inhibition of Fas-signaling restored cardiac allograft rejection. Rejection correlated with graft infiltration by T cells and splenic production of IFN-gamma upon allostimulation. These results indicate that T-cell inhibition of NF-kappaB results in cardiac allograft acceptance because of increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lorena Molinero
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
The transcription factor, NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) and associated regulatory factors make up a multi-component signaling pathway that regulates a wide range of biological processes, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, stress response, and death, as well as immunity and inflammation. Aberrant NF-kappaB pathway activity is known to be associated with a host of diseases, including immune deficiencies, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Recent advances in our understanding of the inner workings of the NF-kappaB pathway have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases. In this review, we focus on the regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway by Bcl-3 (B cell leukemia-3), a nuclear member of the IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) family. Both the regulation and the function of Bcl-3 will be discussed.
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Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factors are activated by a range of stimuli including pro-inflammatory cytokines. Active NF-kappaB regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival and aberrant NF-kappaB activity plays pathological roles in certain types of cancer and diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. NF-kappaB signaling is an attractive target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs and we discuss here how the method of peptide transduction has been used to specifically target NF-kappaB. Peptide transduction relies on the ability of certain small cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to enter cells, and a panel of CPP-linked inhibitors (CPP-Is) has been developed to directly inhibit NF-kappaB signaling. Remarkably, several of these NF-kappaB-targeting CPP-Is are effective in vivo and therefore offer exciting potential in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 3615 Civic Center Blvd., ARC 1016H, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. J. May
- Department of Animal Biology and The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street (OVH 200E), Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Pereira WF, Guillermo LVC, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Lopes MF. Inhibition of caspase-8 activity reduces IFN-gamma expression by T cells from Leishmania major infection. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:129-36. [PMID: 18345381 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection with Leishmania major, T cell activation and apoptosis can be detected in draining lymph nodes of C57BL/6-infected mice. We investigated the mechanisms involved in apoptosis and cytokine expression following T cell activation. After two weeks of infection, apoptotic T cells were not detected in draining lymph nodes but activation with anti-CD3 induced apoptosis in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Treatment with anti-Fas Ligand, caspase-8 or caspase- 9 inhibitors did not block activation-induced T-cell death. We also investigated whether the blockade of caspase-8 activity would affect the expression of type-1 or type-2 cytokines. At early stages of infection, both CD4 and CD8 T cells expressed IFN-gamma upon activation. Treatment with the caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD-fmk (benzyl-oxycarbonyl-Ile- Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone) reduced the proportion of CD8 T cells and IFN-gamma expression in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. We conclude that a non apoptotic role of caspase-8 activity may be required for T cell-mediated type-1 responses during L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wânia F Pereira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Song J, So T, Croft M. Activation of NF-kappaB1 by OX40 contributes to antigen-driven T cell expansion and survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7240-8. [PMID: 18490723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory molecule OX40 (CD134) is required in many instances for effective T cell-mediated immunity, controlling proliferation, and survival of T cells after encountering specific Ag. We previously found that the functional targets of OX40 are survivin and aurora B that regulate proliferation and Bcl-2 antiapoptotic family members that regulate survival. However, the intracellular pathways from OX40 that mediate these effects are unclear. In this study, we show that OX40 signaling can target the canonical NF-kappaB (NF-kappaB1) pathway in peripheral Ag-responding CD4 T cells. Phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB1/p50 and RelA, and NF-kappaB1 activity, are impaired in OX40-deficient T cells. Retroviral transduction of active IkappaB kinase that constitutively activates NF-kappaB1 rescues the poor expansion and survival of OX40-deficient T cells, directly correlating with increased expression and activity of survivin, aurora B, and Bcl-2 family members. Moreover, active IkappaB kinase expression alone is sufficient to restore the defective expansion and survival of OX40-deficient T cells in vivo when responding to Ag. Thus, OX40 signals regulate T cell number and viability through the NF-kappaB1 pathway that controls expression and activity of intracellular targets for proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Song
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Feng H, Yamaki K, Takano H, Inoue K, Yanagisawa R, Yoshino S. Effect of sinomenine on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Autoimmunity 2008; 40:532-9. [PMID: 17966044 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701615159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid extracted from sinomenium acutum on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. For this investigation, mice were s.c. immunized with type II collagen (CII) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (day 0). Varying doses of SIN were orally administered daily commencing on day 0 daily over a period of 55 days. The severity of arthritis was evaluated according to clinical score, the effect of SIN on immune responses were determined by measurement of proliferative responses of spleen cells, antibody levels in serum and cytokine assays. Anti-CII IgG2a and IFN-gamma were measured as indicators of Th1 immune responses and anti-CII IgG1, IgE and IL-5 as those of Th2 responses. IL-10 and TGF-beta were measured as indicators of T cell regulator responses. The results showed that treatment with SIN was followed by decreases in the incidence and severity of CIA, anti-CII IgG and the antigen-specific splenocyte proliferation. Production of all isotypes of antibodies including anti-CII IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE as well as secretion of cytokines such as IFN-gamma and IL-5 were suppressed by SIN. In addition, SIN enhanced the secretion of TGF-beta while it had no obvious effect on production of IL-10. These results suggest that the anti-arthritic effect of SIN may be related to the suppression of both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. TGF-beta may at least in part contribute to the suppression of Th1 as well as Th2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Cepika AM, Gagro A, Bace A, Tjesic-Drinkovic D, Kelecic J, Baricic-Voskresensky T, Matic M, Drazenovic V, Marinic I, Mlinaric-Galinovic G, Tjesic-Drinkovic D, Vrtar Z, Rabatic S. Expression of chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19:148-56. [PMID: 18257903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) glycoprotein G mimics fractalkine, a CX(3)C chemokine, which mediates chemotaxis of leukocytes expressing its receptor, CX(3)CR1. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between RSV infection and expression of perforin and IFN-gamma in CX(3)CR1-expressing peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells. Samples were collected from infants with RSV bronchiolitis, both in the acute and convalescence phase (n = 12), and from their age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 15). Perforin expression and IFN-gamma secretion in CX(3)CR1(+) CD8(+) T cells were assessed by four-color flow cytometry. The NF-kappaB p50 and p65 subunit levels were also determined as markers of RSV-induced inflammation. Study results showed perforin and CX(3)CR1 expression to be significantly lower in the convalescent phase of infected infants than in healthy controls. There was no significant difference in IFN-gamma secretion and NF-kappaB binding activity between two time-points in RSV-infected infants, or when compared with healthy controls. Infants with prolonged wheezing had lower acute-phase CX(3)CR1 levels in peripheral blood. These data indicate existence of an event persisting after acute RSV infection that is able to modulate effector functions of cytotoxic T cells, and also link disease severity with CX(3)CR1 expression.
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is crucial for immunity against intracellular pathogens and for tumor control. However, aberrant IFN-gamma expression has been associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This cytokine is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by Th1 CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. Herein, we briefly review the functions of IFN-gamma, the cells that produce it, the cell extrinsic signals that induce its production and influence the differentiation of naïve T cells into IFN-gamma-producing effector T cells, and the signaling pathways and transcription factors that facilitate, induce, or repress production of this cytokine. We then review and discuss recent insights regarding the molecular regulation of IFN-gamma, focusing on work that has led to the identification and characterization of distal regulatory elements and epigenetic modifications with the IFN-gamma locus (Ifng) that govern its expression. The epigenetic modifications and three-dimensional structure of the Ifng locus in naive CD4 T cells, and the modifications they undergo as these cells differentiate into effector T cells, suggest a model whereby the chromatin architecture of Ifng is poised to facilitate either rapid opening or silencing during Th1 or Th2 differentiation, respectively.
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Abstract
Endometrial cytokine expression is poorly understood. T-Bet and GATA-3 regulate cytokine expression in T-lymphocytes. Previous work has demonstrated expression of T-Bet in human endometrium. Changes in human endometrial T-Bet and GATA-3 mRNA and protein expression during the normal menstrual cycle were characterized. Human endometrium from each phase of the menstrual cycle underwent real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to examine expression and localization. T-Bet and GATA-3 mRNA were increased in the late secretory phase. Progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA was increased during the proliferative and early secretory phases. T-Bet and GATA-3 proteins localized cytoplasmically in the late secretory phase. PR protein displayed nuclear localization and maximal immunostaining during the early secretory phase. T-Bet and GATA-3 are expressed in endometrial epithelium cyclically during the menstrual cycle. T-Bet and GATA-3 are both upregulated during the late secretory phase and in the same cell types. The expression patterns of T-Bet and GATA-3 oppose PR, suggesting antagonistic function and/or regulation between PR and T-Bet/GATA-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Inman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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