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Zhang D, Ren J, Luo Y, He Q, Zhao R, Chang J, Yang Y, Guo ZN. T Cell Response in Ischemic Stroke: From Mechanisms to Translational Insights. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707972. [PMID: 34335623 PMCID: PMC8320432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, is a leading cause of death and exerts a heavy burden on both patients and public health systems. Currently available treatments for ischemic stroke are very limited and are not feasible in many patients due to strict time windows required for their administration. Thus, novel treatment strategies are keenly required. T cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system, have gained more attention for its effects in ischemic stroke. Both preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles for T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the mediators of T cell recruitment, as well as the temporal course of its infiltration through the blood-brain-barrier, choroid plexus, and meningeal pathways. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms behind the deleterious and beneficial effects of T cells in the brain, in both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent manners, and finally we specifically focus on clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated T cells as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qianyan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Espino L, Núñez C. The HLA complex and coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:47-83. [PMID: 33707057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) has a crucial role in the development and pathogenesis of coeliac disease (CD). The genes HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, both lying in this region and encoding the HLA-DQ heterodimer, are the main genetic predisposing factors to CD. Approximately 90% of CD patients carry the heterodimer HLA-DQ2.5, leaving only a small proportion of patients with lower risk heterodimers (HLA-DQ8, HLA-DQ2.2 or HLA-DQ7.5). These HLA-DQ molecules act as receptors present in the surface of antigen presenting cells and show high affinity for deamidated gluten peptides, which bind and present to CD4+ T cells. This triggers the immunological reaction that evolves into CD. Since specific HLA genetics is present in almost the totality of CD patients, HLA typing has a very high negative predictive value, and it can be used to support diagnosis in specific scenarios. HLA risk has been associated to different CD-related features, such as age at onset, clinical outcomes, antibody levels and grade of histological lesion; but further research is needed. HLA-DQ genotypes have been also suggested to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espino
- Laboratorio de investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínicos San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Núñez
- Laboratorio de investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínicos San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Offner H. A novel neurotherapeutic for multiple sclerosis, ischemic injury, methamphetamine addiction, and traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 30683115 PMCID: PMC6346590 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular, autoimmune, and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) all have in common an initial acute inflammatory response mediated by influx across the blood-brain barrier of activated mononuclear cells followed by chronic and often progressive disability. Although some anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce cellular infiltration into the initial lesions, there are essentially no effective treatments for the progressive phase. We here review the successful treatment of animal models for four separate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions using a single partial MHC class II construct called DRa1-hMOG-35-55 or its newest iteration, DRa1(L50Q)-hMOG-35-55 (DRhQ) that can be administered without a need for class II tissue type matching due to the conserved DRα1 moiety of the drug. These constructs antagonize the cognate TCR and bind with high affinity to their cell-bound CD74 receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby competitively inhibiting downstream signaling and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, d-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT=MIF-2) that bind to identical residues of CD74 leading to progressive disease. These effects suggest the existence of a common pathogenic mechanism involving a chemokine-driven influx of activated monocytes into the CNS tissue that can be reversed by parenteral injection of the DRa1-MOG-35-55 constructs that also induce anti-inflammatory macrophages and microglia within the CNS. Due to their ability to block this common pathway, these novel drugs appear to be prime candidates for therapy of a wide range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Present Address: Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Dotson AL, Offner H. Sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke: Implications for translational research. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:437-446. [PMID: 27870460 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. It is known that males and females respond differently to stroke. Depending on age, the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, and disability outcome of stroke differ between the sexes. Females generally have strokes at older ages than males and, therefore, have a worse stroke outcome. There are also major differences in how the sexes respond to stroke at the cellular level. Immune response is a critical factor in determining the progress of neurodegeneration after stroke and is fundamentally different for males and females. Additionally, females respond to stroke therapies differently from males, yet they are often left out of the basic research that is focused on developing those therapies. With a resounding failure to translate stroke therapies from the bench to the bedside, it is clearer than ever that inclusion of both sexes in stroke studies is essential for future clinical success. This Mini-Review examines sex differences in the immune response to experimental stroke and its implications for therapy development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Dotson
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Yang L, Liu Z, Ren H, Zhang L, Gao S, Ren L, Chai Z, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Vandenbark AA, Offner H, Li M. DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment reduces lesion volumes and improves neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1395-1402. [PMID: 28303450 PMCID: PMC5600636 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in severe neurological impairments without effective treatments. Inflammation appears to be an important contributor to key pathogenic events such as secondary brain injury following TBI and therefore serves as a promising target for novel therapies. We have recently demonstrated the ability of a molecular construct comprised of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRα1 domain linked covalently to mouse (m)MOG-35-55 peptide (DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct) to reduce CNS inflammation and tissue injury in animal models of multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke. The aim of the current study was to determine if DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment of a fluid percussion injury (FPI) mouse model of TBI could reduce the lesion size and improve disease outcome measures. Neurodeficits, lesion size, and immune responses were determined to evaluate the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment. The results demonstrated that daily injections of DRα1-MOG-35-55 given after FPI significantly reduced numbers of infiltrating CD74+ and CD86+ macrophages and increased numbers of CD206+ microglia in the brain concomitant with smaller lesion sizes and improvement in neurodeficits. Conversely, DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment of TBI increased numbers of circulating CD11b+ monocytes and their expression of CD74 but had no detectable effect on cell numbers or marker expression in the spleen. These results demonstrate that DRα1-MOG-35-55 therapy can reduce CNS inflammation and significantly improve histological and clinical outcomes after TBI. Future studies will further examine the potential of DRα1-MOG-35-55 for treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Zhijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Siman Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- "2011"Collaborative Innovation Center/Neurobiology Research Center, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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6
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DRα1-MOG-35-55 Reduces Permanent Ischemic Brain Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:284-293. [PMID: 27988839 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke induces a catastrophic immune response that involves the global activation of peripheral leukocytes, especially T cells. The human leukocyte antigen-DRα1 domain linked to MOG-35-55 peptide (DRα1-MOG-35-55) is a partial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II construct which can inhibit neuroantigen-specific T cells and block binding of the cytokine/chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to its CD74 receptor on monocytes and macrophages. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of DRα1-MOG-35-55 in a mouse model of permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). DRα1-MOG-35-55 was administered to WT C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous injection starting 4 h after the onset of ischemia followed by three daily injections. We demonstrated that DRα1-MOG-35-55 post treatment significantly reduced brain infarct volume, improved functional outcomes, and inhibited the accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain 96 h after dMCAO. In addition, DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment shifted microglia/macrophages in the ischemic brain to a beneficial M2 phenotype without changing their total numbers in the brain or blood. This study demonstrates for the first time the therapeutic efficacy of the DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct in dMCAO across MHC class II barriers in C57BL/6 mice. This MHC-independent effect obviates the need for tissue typing and will thus greatly expedite treatment with DRα1-MOG-35-55 in human stroke subjects. Taken together, our findings suggest that DRα1-MOG-35-55 treatment may reduce ischemic brain injury by regulating post-stroke immune responses in the brain and the periphery.
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7
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Partial MHC Constructs Treat Thromboembolic Ischemic Stroke Characterized by Early Immune Expansion. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 7:70-8. [PMID: 26627498 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and thrombosis are tightly linked, with inflammation contributing to thromboembolism and to stroke outcome. Thromboembolism is a frequent cause of ischemic stroke; yet, the most used occlusion mouse models of experimental stroke do not effectively replicate thromboembolism. Our group recently described a novel thromboembolic mouse model of stroke that successfully occludes the middle cerebral artery with high reproducibility. In the current study, we characterize the peripheral and local immune outcomes as well as the ischemic response to immune therapy in a clinically relevant mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. Brain and spleen tissues were harvested 24 h after thromboembolic stroke and cells immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. We observed a significant increase in neutrophils and early activated T cells in the spleen and an increase in neutrophils and activated monocytes/microglia in the ischemic cortex after thromboembolic stroke. Moreover, as was shown previously for transient MCAO models, treatment of thromboembolic stroke with partial MHC constructs significantly reduced ischemic damage indicating an equivalent effect of this immune-based therapy in the thromboembolic model that better mimics the pathophysiology of human stroke.
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Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Zhu W, Dotson AL, Libal NL, Lapato AS, Bodhankar S, Offner H, Alkayed NJ. Recombinant T-cell receptor ligand RTL1000 limits inflammation and decreases infarct size after experimental ischemic stroke in middle-aged mice. Neuroscience 2014; 288:112-9. [PMID: 25556831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that recombinant T-cell receptor ligand 1000 (RTL1000) reduces infarct size and improves long-term functional recovery after experimental stroke in young transgenic mice expressing human leukocyte antigen DR2 (DR2-Tg). In this study, we determined the effect of RTL1000 on infarct size in 12-month-old middle-aged DR2-Tg mice, and investigated its mechanism of action. Twelve-month-old male DR2-Tg mice underwent 60min of intraluminal reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Vehicle or RTL1000 was injected 4, 24, 48 and 72h after MCAO. Cortical, striatal and total hemispheric infarcts were measured 96h after stroke. Spleen and brain tissues were collected 96h after stroke for immunological analysis. Our data showed that RTL1000 significantly reduced infarct size 96h after MCAO in middle-aged male DR2-Tg mice. RTL1000 decreased the number of activated monocytes/microglia cells (CD11b(+)CD45(hi)) and CD3(+) T cells in the ischemic hemisphere. RTL1000 also reduced the percentage of total T cells and inflammatory neutrophils in the spleen. These findings suggest that RTL1000 protects against ischemic stroke in middle-aged male mice by limiting post-ischemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - A L Dotson
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Neuroimmunology Research, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - N L Libal
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - A S Lapato
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Neuroimmunology Research, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - S Bodhankar
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Neuroimmunology Research, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - H Offner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Neuroimmunology Research, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - N J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Preclinical evaluation of recombinant T cell receptor ligand RTL1000 as a therapeutic agent in ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 6:60-8. [PMID: 25270354 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant T cell Receptor Ligand 1000 (RTL1000), a partial human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule coupled to a human myelin peptide, reduces infarct size after experimental stroke in HLA-DRB1*1502 transgenic (DR2-Tg) mice. In this study, we characterized the therapeutic time window of opportunity for RTL1000; we explored the efficacy of a single dose of RTL1000 administration and determined if RTL1000 affords long-term neurobehavioral functional improvement after ischemic stroke. Male DR2-Tg mice underwent 60 min of intraluminal reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RTL1000 or vehicle was injected 4, 6, or 8 h after MCAO, followed by three daily injections. In the single-dose study, one-time injection of RTL1000 was applied 4 h after MCAO. Cortical, striatal, and hemispheric infarct sizes were measured 24 or 96 h after stroke. Behavioral testing, including neuroscore evaluation, open field, paw preference, and novel object recognition, was performed up to 28 days after stroke. Our data showed that RTL1000 significantly reduced the infarct size 96 h after MCAO when the first injection was given at 4 and 6 h, but not 8 h, after the onset of stroke. A single dose of 400 or 100 μg RTL1000 also significantly reduced the infarct size 24 h after MCAO. Behavioral testing showed that RTL1000 treatment used 4 h after MCAO improved long-term cognitive outcome 28 days after stroke. Taken together, RTL1000 protects against acute injury if applied within a 6-h time window and improves long-term functional recovery after experimental stroke in DR2-Tg mice.
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Dotson AL, Zhu W, Libal N, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. Different immunological mechanisms govern protection from experimental stroke in young and older mice with recombinant TCR ligand therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:284. [PMID: 25309326 PMCID: PMC4174768 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. The lack of clinical success in stroke therapies can be attributed, in part, to inadequate basic research on aging rodents. The current study demonstrates that recombinant TCR ligand therapy uses different immunological mechanisms to protect young and older mice from experimental stroke. In young mice, RTL1000 therapy inhibited splenocyte efflux while reducing frequency of T cells and macrophages in the spleen. Older mice treated with RTL1000 exhibited a significant reduction in inflammatory cells in the brain and inhibition of splenic atrophy. Our data suggest age specific differences in immune response to stroke that allow unique targeting of stroke immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Dotson
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Medical Center Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Libal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Medical Center Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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Recombinant T cell receptor ligand treatment improves neurological outcome in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator in experimental ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:612-7. [PMID: 24953050 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RTL1000 is a partial human MHC molecule coupled to a human myelin peptide. We previously demonstrated that RTL1000 was protective against experimental ischemic stroke in HLA-DR2 transgenic (DR2-Tg) mice. Since thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a standard therapy for stroke, we determined if RTL1000 efficacy is altered when combined with t-PA in experimental stroke. Male DR2-Tg mice underwent 60 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). t-PA or vehicle was infused intravenously followed by either a single or four daily subcutaneous injections of RTL1000 or vehicle. Infarct size was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 24 or 96 h of reperfusion. Our data showed that t-PA alone reduced infarct size when measured at 24 h but not at 96 h after MCAO. RTL1000 alone reduced infarct size both at 24 and 96 h after MCAO. Combining RTL1000 with t-PA did not alter its ability to reduce infarct size at either 24 or 96 h after MCAO and provides additional protection in t-PA treated mice at 24 h after ischemic stroke. Taken together, RTL1000 treatment alone improves outcome and provides additional protection in t-PA-treated mice in experimental ischemic stroke.
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13
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Gong Y, Wang Z, Liang Z, Duan H, Ouyang L, Yu Q, Xu Z, Shen G, Weng X, Wu X. Soluble MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimers ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing encephalitogenic T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47435. [PMID: 23077616 PMCID: PMC3471819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The MOG35-55 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice is a useful animal model to explore therapeutic approaches to T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases because the dominant T-cell epitope(s) have been defined. It is rational that antigen-specific immunosuppression can be induced by using MHC-peptide complexes as specific TCR ligand(s) that interact with autoreactive T cells in the absence of co-stimulation. In this study, a soluble divalent MOG35-55/I-A(b) fusion protein (MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimer) was constructed to specifically target the autoreactive CD4+ T cells in the EAE mouse. Intraperitoneal administration of the MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimer significantly delayed and ameliorated EAE symptoms by reducing EAE-related inflammation in the mouse CNS and reducing encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. We observed that dimer intervention at a concentration of 1.2 nM suppressed MOG35-55 peptide-specific 2D2 transgenic T cells (2D2 T cells) proliferation by over 90% after in vitro activation with MOG35-55 peptide. The mechanisms involved in this antigen-specific dimer-mediated suppression were found to be downregulated TCR-CD3 expression as well as upregulated expression of membrane-bound TGF-β (mTGF-β) and IL-10 suppressive cytokines by the autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrates that soluble divalent MHC class II molecules can abrogate pathogenic T cells in EAE. Furthermore, our data suggests that this strategy may provide an efficient and clinically useful option to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Gong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lichen Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiufang Weng
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongwen Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Andrew S, Huan J, Chou YK, Buenafe AC, Dahan R, Reiter Y, Mooney JL, Offner H, Burrows GG. A novel regulatory pathway for autoimmune disease: binding of partial MHC class II constructs to monocytes reduces CD74 expression and induces both specific and bystander T-cell tolerance. J Autoimmun 2012; 40:96-110. [PMID: 23026773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with partial (p)MHC class II-β1α1 constructs (also referred to as recombinant T-cell receptor ligands - RTL) linked to antigenic peptides can induce T-cell tolerance, inhibit recruitment of inflammatory cells and reverse autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate a novel regulatory pathway that involves RTL binding to CD11b(+) mononuclear cells through a receptor comprised of MHC class II invariant chain (CD74), cell-surface histones and MHC class II itself for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Binding of RTL constructs with CD74 involved a previously unrecognized MHC class II-α1/CD74 interaction that inhibited CD74 expression, blocked activity of its ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and reduced EAE severity. These findings implicate binding of RTL constructs to CD74 as a key step in both antigen-driven and bystander T-cell tolerance important in treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shayne Andrew
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jianya Huan
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yuan K Chou
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Abigail C Buenafe
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rony Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jeffery L Mooney
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gregory G Burrows
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Burrows GG, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Sinha S, Mooney JL, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Gilt required for RTL550-CYS-MOG to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:143-9. [PMID: 22392628 PMCID: PMC3348371 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) modulate the behavior of pathogenic T cells and can reverse clinical and histological signs of autoimmune disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). To expand the utility of these rationally-designed biologics and explore their mechanism(s) of activity in vivo, we have engineered RTL constructs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides and demonstrate that the appropriate cysteine-tethered RTLs effectively treat EAE. The data presented here suggests that the mechanism by which antigen-specific tolerance induction by RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides in vivo involves delivery of RTL/antigen to endosomal compartments for processing and re-presentation by full-length MHC class II, with RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides requiring gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT) for therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239, USA.
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16
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Sinha S, Miller LM, Subramanian S, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. RTL551 treatment of EAE reduces CD226 and T-bet+ CD4 T cells in periphery and prevents infiltration of T-bet+ IL-17, IFN-γ producing T cells into CNS. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21868. [PMID: 21750737 PMCID: PMC3130056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) that target encephalitogenic T-cells can reverse clinical and histological signs of EAE, and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of multiple sclerosis. To evaluate possible regulatory mechanisms, we tested effects of RTL therapy on expression of pathogenic and effector T-cell maturation markers, CD226, T-bet and CD44, by CD4+ Th1 cells early after treatment of MOG-35-55 peptide-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. We showed that 1–5 daily injections of RTL551 (two-domain I-Ab covalently linked to MOG-35-55 peptide), but not the control RTL550 (“empty” two-domain I-Ab without a bound peptide) or Vehicle, reduced clinical signs of EAE, prevented trafficking of cells outside the spleen, significantly reduced the frequency of CD226 and T-bet expressing CD4+ T-cells in blood and inhibited expansion of CD44 expressing CD4+ T-cells in blood and spleen. Concomitantly, RTL551 selectively reduced CNS inflammatory lesions, absolute numbers of CNS infiltrating T-bet expressing CD4+ T-cells and IL-17 and IFN-γ secretion by CNS derived MOG-35-55 reactive cells cultured ex vivo. These novel results demonstrate that a major effect of RTL therapy is to attenuate Th1 specific changes in CD4+ T-cells during EAE and prevent expansion of effector T-cells that mediate clinical signs and CNS inflammation in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Dziennis S, Mader S, Akiyoshi K, Ren X, Ayala P, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Herson PS, Hurn PD, Offner H. Therapy with recombinant T-cell receptor ligand reduces infarct size and infiltrating inflammatory cells in brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26:123-33. [PMID: 21472429 PMCID: PMC3111858 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke induces a biphasic effect on the peripheral immune response that involves early activation of peripheral leukocytes followed by severe immunosuppression and atrophy of the spleen. Peripheral immune cells, including T lymphocytes, migrate to the brain and exacerbate the developing infarct. Recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) Ligand (RTL)551 is designed as a partial TCR agonist for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-reactive T cells and has demonstrated the capacity to limit infarct volume and inflammation in brain when administered to mice undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The goal of this study was to determine if RTL551 could retain protection when given within the therapeutically relevant 4 h time window currently in clinical practice for stroke patients. RTL551 was administered subcutaneously 4 h after MCAO, with repeated doses every 24 h until the time of euthanasia. Cell numbers were assessed in the brain, blood, spleen and lymph nodes and infarct size was measured after 24 and 96 h reperfusion. RTL551 reduced infarct size in both cortex and striatum at 24 h and in cortex at 96 h after MCAO and inhibited the accumulation of inflammatory cells in brain at both time points. At 24 h post-MCAO, RTL551 reduced the frequency of the activation marker, CD44, on T-cells in blood and in the ischemic hemisphere. Moreover, RTL551 reduced expression of the chemokine receptors, CCR5 in lymph nodes and spleen, and CCR7 in the blood and lymph nodes. These data demonstrate effective treatment of experimental stroke with RTL551 within a therapeutically relevant 4 h time window through immune regulation of myelin-reactive inflammatory T-cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood/immunology
- Blood/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin Proteins/agonists
- Myelin Proteins/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Dziennis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Sarah Mader
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Kozaburo Akiyoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Xuefang Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Patricia Ayala
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Gregory G. Burrows
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Portland, Oregon, 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Paco S. Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Patricia D. Hurn
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Portland, Oregon, 97239
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
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18
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Dahan R, Tabul M, Chou YK, Meza-Romero R, Andrew S, Ferro AJ, Burrows GG, Offner H, Vandenbark AA, Reiter Y. TCR-like antibodies distinguish conformational and functional differences in two- versus four-domain auto reactive MHC class II-peptide complexes. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1465-79. [PMID: 21469129 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cell-associated four-domain MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules play a central role in activating autoreactive CD4(+) T cells involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast, two-domain MHC-II structures with the same covalently attached self-peptide (recombinant T-cell receptor ligands (RTLs)) can regulate pathogenic CD4(+) T cells and reverse clinical signs of experimental autoimmune diseases. RTL1000, which is composed of the β1α1 domains of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 linked to the encephalitogenic human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 peptide, was recently shown to be safe and well tolerated in a phase I clinical trial in MS. To evaluate the opposing biological effects of four- versus two-domain MHC-II structures, we screened phage Fab antibodies (Abs) for the neutralizing activity of RTL1000. Five different TCR-like Abs were identified that could distinguish between the two- versus four-domain MHC-peptide complexes while the cognate TCR was unable to make such a distinction. Moreover, Fab detection of native two-domain HLA-DR structures in human plasma implies that there are naturally occurring regulatory MHC-peptide complexes. These results demonstrate for the first time distinct conformational determinants characteristic of activating versus tolerogenic MHC-peptide complexes involved in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Huan J, Meza-Romero R, Mooney JL, Vandenbark AA, Offner H, Burrows GG. Single-chain recombinant HLA-DQ2.5/peptide molecules block α2-gliadin-specific pathogenic CD4+ T-cell proliferation and attenuate production of inflammatory cytokines: a potential therapy for celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:112-20. [PMID: 20736999 PMCID: PMC3012747 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder of the small intestine caused by intolerance to wheat gluten and related proteins in barley and rye. CD4(+) T cells have a central role in CD, recognizing and binding complexes of HLA-DQ2.5 bearing gluten peptides that have survived digestion and that are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase (TG2), propagating a cascade of inflammatory processes that damage and eventually destroy the villous tissue structures of the small intestine. In this study, we present data showing that recombinant DQ2.5-derived molecules bearing covalently tethered α2-gliadin-61-71 peptide have a remarkable ability to block antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and inhibited proinflammatory cytokine secretion in human DQ2.5-restricted α2-gliadin-specific T-cell clones obtained from patients with CD. The results from our in vitro studies suggest that HLA-DQ2.5-derived molecules could significantly inhibit and perhaps reverse the intestinal pathology caused by T-cell-mediated inflammation and the associated production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - R Meza-Romero
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - J L Mooney
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - A A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
| | - H Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
| | - G G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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20
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Characterization of human platelet binding of recombinant T cell receptor ligand. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:75. [PMID: 21059245 PMCID: PMC2992052 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) are bio-engineered molecules that may serve as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). RTLs contain membrane distal α1 plus β1 domains of class II major histocompatibility complex linked covalently to specific peptides that can be used to regulate T cell responses and inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanisms by which RTLs impede local recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells in the CNS, however, are not completely understood. Methods We have recently shown that RTLs bind strongly to B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but not to T cells, in an antigenic-independent manner, raising the question whether peripheral blood cells express a distinct RTL-receptor. Our study was designed to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which RTLs bind human blood platelets, and the ability of RTL to modulate platelet function. Results Our data demonstrate that human blood platelets support binding of RTL. Immobilized RTL initiated platelet intracellular calcium mobilization and lamellipodia formation through a pathway dependent upon Src and PI3 kinases signaling. The presence of RTL in solution reduced platelet aggregation by collagen, while treatment of whole blood with RTL prolonged occlusive thrombus formation on collagen. Conclusions Platelets, well-known regulators of hemostasis and thrombosis, have been implicated in playing a major role in inflammation and immunity. This study provides the first evidence that blood platelets express a functional RTL-receptor with a putative role in modulating pathways of neuroinflammation.
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21
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Offner H, Sinha S, Burrows GG, Ferro AJ, Vandenbark AA. RTL therapy for multiple sclerosis: a Phase I clinical study. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 231:7-14. [PMID: 20965577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A human recombinant T cell receptor ligand (RTL1000) consisting of DR2 α1 and β1 domains linked covalently to MOG-35-55 peptide can reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and was evaluated for safety in a Phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled, escalating dose study in 34 subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). RTL1000 was safe and well tolerated at a dose of ≤60 mg that is well within the effective dose range for EAE and did not cause worsening of MS disease at doses ≤200 mg. RTL1000 represents a novel approach for the treatment of MS that promises potent immunoregulation and CNS repair without global immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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22
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Sinha S, Subramanian S, Emerson-Webber A, Lindner M, Burrows GG, Grafe M, Linington C, Vandenbark AA, Bernard CCA, Offner H. Recombinant TCR ligand reverses clinical signs and CNS damage of EAE induced by recombinant human MOG. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:231-9. [PMID: 19789980 PMCID: PMC2866769 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to T cell-dependent effector mechanisms, autoantibodies are also involved in the pathogenesis of MS, including demyelinating antibodies specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Our previous studies have demonstrated that recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) are very effective for treating T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In order to expand the scope of RTL therapy in MS patients, it was of interest to study RTL treatment of EAE involving a demyelinating antibody component. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of RTL551, specific for T cells reactive to mouse (m)MOG-35-55 peptide, on EAE induced with recombinant human (rh)MOG in C57BL/6 mice. We report that RTL551 therapy can reverse disease progression and reduce demyelination and axonal damage induced by rhMOG without suppressing the anti-MOG antibody response. This result suggests that T cell-mediated inflammation and associated blood-brain barrier dysfunction are the central contributors to EAE pathogenesis and that successful regulation of these key players restricts potential damage by demyelinating antibodies. The results of our study lend support for the use of RTL therapy for treatment of MS subjects whose disease includes inflammatory T cells as well as those with an additional antibody component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ashley Emerson-Webber
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Maren Lindner
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 9PP, UK
| | - Gregory G. Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marjorie Grafe
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Claude C. A. Bernard
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Sinha S, Miller L, Subramanian S, McCarty OJT, Proctor T, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Binding of recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL) to antigen presenting cells prevents upregulation of CD11b and inhibits T cell activation and transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:52-61. [PMID: 20546940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant T cell ligands (RTLs) ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner. We evaluated effects of RTL401 (I-A(s) alpha1beta1+PLP-139-151) on splenocytes from SJL/J mice with EAE to study RTL-T cell tolerance-inducing mechanisms. RTLs bound to B, macrophages and DCs, through RTL-MHC-alpha1beta1 moiety. RTL binding reduced CD11b expression on splenic macrophages/DC, and RTL401-conditioned macrophages/DC, not B cells, inhibited T cell activation. Reduced ability of RTL- incubated splenocytes to transfer EAE was likely mediated through macrophages/DC, since B cells were unnecessary for RTL treatment of EAE. These results demonstrate a novel pathway of T cell regulation by RTL-bound APCs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Ligands
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D-31, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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24
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Adamus G, Karren LJ, Mooney J, Burrows GG. A promising therapeutic approach for treatment of posterior uveitis: recombinant T cell receptor ligand protects Lewis rats from acute and recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis. Ophthalmic Res 2010; 44:24-33. [PMID: 20145422 DOI: 10.1159/000281815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic autoimmune uveitis is a major cause of vision loss from intraocular inflammation in humans. In this study we report that a recombinant TCR ligand (RTL220) composed of the alpha1 and beta1 domains of MHC class II molecules linked to the uveitogenic interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) 1177-1191 peptide is effective in the suppression of acute and recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). MATERIAL AND METHODS EAU was induced with IRBP1177-1191 peptide or by adoptive transfer of specific T cells in Lewis rats. The rats received 5 doses of RTL220 subcutaneously every other day starting at the onset of clinic signs of EAU. RESULTS The administration of RTL220 resulted in a delayed onset and a significant amelioration of the disease severity at clinical levels and showed protection of the retina from inflammatory damage at histological levels. In treatment of recurrent EAU, RTL220 administrated at the first or second onset of clinical disease significantly inhibited EAU, modulated immune responses and provided protection from relapses of uveitis. The systemic and local proinflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced, including IL-17. There was local and systemic increase in IL-10 and reduction in the expression of the proinflammatory chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate a successful treatment of acute and recurrent EAU with RTL220, which effectively suppressed the recurrence of inflammation and reversed clinical and histological EAU by altering cytokine and chemokine expression. These findings strongly support a possible clinical application of this novel class of peptide/MHC class II drugs for patients with autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. adamusg @ ohsu.edu
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND If found to be effective, antigen-specific therapies in MS hold the promise of selectively targeting pathogenic effector cells, while leaving the rest of immune system undisturbed. OBJECTIVE To review the principles and challenges of antigen-specific therapies of the past and those presently under development, and how the lessons learnt can guide us moving forward. METHODS We review past and current antigen-specific strategies for the treatment of MS, including their successes and challenges, as well as the lessons we have learnt from them about MS pathophysiology. RESULTS Several antigen-specific therapies may accomplish the desired balance between safety and efficacy, although significant challenges remain for this class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Giacomini
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3801, University St, Room WB 327, Montreal, Que. H3A 2B4, Canada
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26
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Chun J, Prince A. Ca2+ signaling in airway epithelial cells facilitates leukocyte recruitment and transepithelial migration. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1135-44. [PMID: 19605699 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In airway cells, TLR2 stimulation by bacterial products activates Ca2+ fluxes that signal leukocyte recruitment to the lung and facilitates transepithelial migration into the airway lumen. TLR2 is apically displayed on airway cells, where it senses bacterial stimuli. Biochemical and genetic approaches demonstrate that TLR2 ligands stimulate release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores by activating TLR2 phosphorylation by c-Src and recruiting PI3K and PLCgamma to affect Ca2+ release through IP3Rs. This Ca2+ release plays a pivotal role in signaling TLR2-dependent NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression to recruit PMNs to the lung. In addition, TLR2-initiated Ca2+ release activates Ca2+-dependent proteases, calpains, which cleave the transmembrane proteins occludin and E-cadherin to promote PMN transmigration. This review highlights recent findings that demonstrate a central role for Ca2+ signaling in airway epithelial cells to induce proinflammatory gene transcription and to initiate junctional changes that accommodate transmigration of recruited PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Chun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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27
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Subramanian S, Zhang B, Kosaka Y, Burrows GG, Grafe MR, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD, Offner H. Recombinant T cell receptor ligand treats experimental stroke. Stroke 2009; 40:2539-45. [PMID: 19443805 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.543991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Experimental stroke induces a biphasic effect on the immune response that involves early activation of peripheral leukocytes followed by severe immunodepression and atrophy of the spleen and thymus. In tandem, the developing infarct is exacerbated by influx of numerous inflammatory cell types, including T and B lymphocytes. These features of stroke prompted our use of recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL), partial major histocompatibility complex Class II molecules covalently bound to myelin peptides. We tested the hypothesis that RTL would improve ischemic outcome in the brain without exacerbating defects in the peripheral immune system function. METHODS Four daily doses of RTL were administered subcutaneously to C57BL/6 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and lesion size and cellular composition were assessed in the brain and cell numbers were assessed in the spleen and thymus. RESULTS Treatment with RTL551 (I-A(b) molecule linked to MOG-35-55 peptide) reduced cortical and total stroke lesion size by approximately 50%, inhibited the accumulation of inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages/activated microglial cells and dendritic cells, and mitigated splenic atrophy. Treatment with RTL1000 (HLA-DR2 moiety linked to human MOG-35-55 peptide) similarly reduced the stroke lesion size in HLA-DR2 transgenic mice. In contrast, control RTL with a nonneuroantigen peptide or a mismatched major histocompatibility complex Class II moiety had no effect on stroke lesion size. CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to demonstrate successful treatment of experimental stroke using a neuroantigen-specific immunomodulatory agent administered after ischemia, suggesting therapeutic potential in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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28
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Cytokine switch and bystander suppression of autoimmune responses to multiple antigens in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a single recombinant T-cell receptor ligand. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3816-23. [PMID: 19321778 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5812-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant T-cell receptor ligands (RTLs) can reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner, and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). Antigen specificity of RTL raises the question as to whether this treatment would be successful in MS patients where target antigens are unknown. Using spinal cord homogenate or combinations of two different peptides to induce disease, we found that treatment with single RTL could reverse EAE as long as targeted T-cells were present. Therapy with three different RTLs each caused a significant reduction in IL-17 and increases in IL-10 and IL-13 in peptide-activated splenocytes, reduced proliferation of both cognate and bystander specificities of lymph node cells, and reduced inflammatory lesions and secreted IL-17 and IL-2 from peptide-activated spinal cord cells. These results show that treatment with single RTLs can induce a cytokine switch in cognate T-cells that inhibits both the target and bystander T-cells, providing new evidence for the potential applicability of RTL therapy in MS.
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29
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Offner H, Sinha S, Wang C, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA. Recombinant T cell receptor ligands: immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects suggest application as therapy for multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurosci 2009; 19:327-39. [PMID: 19145988 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2008.19.4-5.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant T cell receptor (TCR) ligands (RTL) represent the minimal interactive surface with antigen-specific T cell receptors. These novel constructs fold similarly to native four-domain MHC/peptide complexes but deliver suboptimal and qualitatively different signals that cause a 'cytokine switch' to anti-inflammatory factors in targeted encephalitogenic T cells. RTL treatment can reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and most dramatically can promote myelin and axonal recoveiy in the CNS of mice with chronic disease. These properties of RTL suggest that this novel antigen-specific approach may hold unusual promise as a therapy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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30
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Wegmann KW, Wagner CR, Whitham RH, Hinrichs DJ. Synthetic Peptide Dendrimers Block the Development and Expression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3301-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Huan J, Kaler LJ, Mooney JL, Subramanian S, Hopke C, Vandenbark AA, Rosloniec EF, Burrows GG, Offner H. MHC class II derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands protect DBA/1LacJ mice from collagen-induced arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1249-57. [PMID: 18178865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the therapeutic effects of MHC class II derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL), single-chain two domain complexes of the alpha1 and beta1 domains of MHC class II molecules genetically linked with an immunodominant peptide, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In the current study, we produced a monomeric murine I-Aq-derived RTL construct covalently linked with bovine collagen type II peptide (bCII257-270) suitable for use in DBA/1LacJ mice that develop collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis, after immunization with bCII protein in CFA. In this study, we demonstrate that the I-Aq-derived RTLs reduced the incidence of the disease, suppressed the clinical and histological signs of CIA and induced long-term modulation of T cells specific for arthritogenic Ags. Our results showed that the I-Aq/bCII257-270 molecule could systemically reduce proinflammatory IL-17 and IFN-gamma production and significantly increase anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-13, and FoxP3 gene expression in splenocytes. Moreover, I-Aq/bCII257-270 molecule could also selectively inhibit IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-23 expression in local joint tissue. This is the first report demonstrating effective prevention of joint inflammation and clinical signs of CIA with an I-Aq-derived RTL, thus supporting the possible clinical use of this approach for treating rheumatoid arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland 97201, USA
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32
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A promising therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis: recombinant T-cell receptor ligands modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing interleukin-17 production and inhibiting migration of encephalitogenic cells into the CNS. J Neurosci 2007; 27:12531-9. [PMID: 18003831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3599-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant T-cell receptor ligands (RTLs) can prevent and reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). To evaluate regulatory mechanisms, we designed and tested RTL551, containing the alpha1 and beta1 domains of the I-A(b) class II molecule covalently linked to the encephalitogenic MOG-35-55 peptide in C57BL/6 mice. Treatment of active or passive EAE with RTL551 after disease onset significantly reduced clinical signs and spinal cord lesions. Moreover, RTL551 treatment strongly and selectively reduced secretion of interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by transferred green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP+) MOG-35-55-reactive T-cells and almost completely abrogated existent GFP+ cellular infiltrates in affected spinal cord sections. Reduced inflammation in spinal cords of RTL551-treated mice was accompanied by a highly significant downregulation of chemokines and their receptors and inhibition of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) expression by endothelial cells. Thus, RTL therapy cannot only inhibit systemic production of encephalitogenic cytokines by the targeted myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-reactive T-cells but also impedes downstream local recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells in the CNS. These findings indicate that targeted immunotherapy of antigen-specific T-cells can result in a reversal of CNS lesion formation and lend strong support to the application of the RTL approach for therapy in MS.
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33
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Wang C, Dehghani B, Magrisso IJ, Rick EA, Bonhomme E, Cody DB, Elenich LA, Subramanian S, Murphy SJ, Kelly MJ, Rosenbaum JS, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. GPR30 contributes to estrogen-induced thymic atrophy. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:636-48. [PMID: 18063692 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which prolonged estrogen exposures, such as estrogen therapy and pregnancy, reduce thymus weight, cellularity, and CD4 and CD8 phenotype expression, have not been well defined. In this study, the roles played by the membrane estrogen receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and the intracellular estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), in 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced thymic atrophy were distinguished by construction and the side-by-side comparison of GPR30-deficient mice with ERalpha and ERbeta gene-deficient mice. Our study shows that whereas ERalpha mediated exclusively the early developmental blockage of thymocytes, GPR30 was indispensable for thymocyte apoptosis that preferentially occurs in T cell receptor beta chain(-/low) double-positive thymocytes. Additionally, G1, a specific GPR30 agonist, induces thymic atrophy and thymocyte apoptosis, but not developmental blockage. Finally, E2 treatment attenuates the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in CD25(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes through an ERalpha-dependent yet ERbeta- and GPR30-independent pathway. Differential inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB by ERalpha and GPR30 might underlie their disparate physiological effects on thymocytes. Our study distinguishes, for the first time, the respective contributions of nuclear and membrane E2 receptors in negative regulation of thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Wang
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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34
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Fontenot AP, Keizer TS, McCleskey M, Mack DG, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Edwards DM, Chou YK, Vandenbark AA, Scott B, Burrows GG. Recombinant HLA-DP2 binds beryllium and tolerizes beryllium-specific pathogenic CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3874-83. [PMID: 16951350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease is a lung disorder caused by beryllium exposure in the workplace and is characterized by granulomatous inflammation and the accumulation of beryllium-specific, HLA-DP2-restricted CD4+ T lymphocytes in the lung that proliferate and secrete Th1-type cytokines. To characterize the interaction among HLA-DP2, beryllium, and CD4+ T cells, we constructed rHLA-DP2 and rHLA-DP4 molecules consisting of the alpha-1 and beta-1 domains of the HLA-DP molecules genetically linked into single polypeptide chains. Peptide binding to rHLA-DP2 and rHLA-DP4 was consistent with previously published peptide-binding motifs for these MHC class II molecules, with peptide binding dominated by aromatic residues in the P1 pocket. 9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that beryllium binds to the HLA-DP2-derived molecule, with no binding to the HLA-DP4 molecule that differs from DP2 by four amino acid residues. Using beryllium-specific CD4+ T cell lines derived from the lungs of chronic beryllium disease patients, beryllium presentation to those cells was independent of Ag processing because fixed APCs were capable of presenting BeSO4 and inducing T cell proliferation. Exposure of beryllium-specific CD4+ T cells to BeSO4 -pulsed, plate-bound rHLA-DP2 molecules induced IFN-gamma secretion. In addition, pretreatment of beryllium-specific CD4+ T cells with BeSO4-pulsed, plate-bound HLA-DP2 blocked proliferation and IL-2 secretion upon re-exposure to beryllium presented by APCs. Thus, the rHLA-DP2 molecules described herein provide a template for engineering variants that retain the ability to tolerize pathogenic CD4+ T cells, but do so in the absence of the beryllium Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Fontenot
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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35
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Chun J, Prince A. Activation of Ca2+-dependent signaling by TLR2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1330-7. [PMID: 16818794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon contact with airway epithelial cells, bacterial products activate Ca(2+) fluxes that are required for induction of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. TLR2 is apically displayed on airway cells, making it a likely transducer linking bacterial stimuli and kinases that affect Ca(2+) release. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that TLR2 ligands stimulate release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores by activating TLR2 phosphorylation by c-Src, and recruiting PI3K and phospholipase Cgamma to affect Ca(2+) release through inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate receptors. In the absence of TLR2, murine macrophages as well as airway cells do not generate Ca(2+) fluxes or induce proinflammatory signaling. Thus, Ca(2+) participates as a second messenger in TLR2-dependent signaling and provides another target to modulate proinflammatory responses to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Chun
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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36
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Wang C, Gold BG, Kaler LJ, Yu X, Afentoulis ME, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Bourdette DN, Offner H. Antigen-specific therapy promotes repair of myelin and axonal damage in established EAE. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1817-27. [PMID: 16899071 PMCID: PMC2175524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation results in CNS damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. It is uncertain how much repair of injured myelin and axons can occur following highly selective anti-inflammatory therapy in EAE and MS. In this study, SJL/J mice with established EAE were treated successfully with an antigen-specific recombinant T cell receptor ligand (RTL), RTL401, a mouse I-A(s)/PLP-139-151 construct, after the peak of EAE. To define the mechanisms by which late application of RTL401 inhibits EAE, we evaluated mice at different time points to assess the levels of neuroinflammation and myelin and axon damage in their spinal cords. Our results showed that RTL401 administered after the peak of acute EAE induced a marked reduction in inflammation in the CNS, associated with a significant reduction of demyelination, axonal loss and ongoing damage. Electron microscopy showed that RTL-treated mice had reduced pathology compared with mice treated with vehicle and mice at the peak of disease, as demonstrated by a decrease in continued degeneration, increase in remyelinating axons and the presence of an increased number of small, presumably regenerative axonal sprouts. These findings indicate that RTL therapy targeting encephalitogenic T cells may promote CNS neuroregenerative processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunotherapy
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Wang
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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37
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Offner H, Subramanian S, Wang C, Afentoulis M, Vandenbark AA, Huan J, Burrows GG. Treatment of passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice with a recombinant TCR ligand induces IL-13 and prevents axonal injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4103-11. [PMID: 16148160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of a rTCR ligand (RTL) construct (I-A(s)/proteolipid protein (PLP)-139-151 peptide = RTL401) for treatment of SJL/J mice developing passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that did not involve coimmunization with the highly inflammatory CFA. Our results demonstrated clearly that RTL401 was highly effective in treating passive EAE, with kinetics of recovery from disease very similar to treatment of actively induced EAE. The potent RTL401 treatment effect was reflected by a partial reduction of infiltrating mononuclear cells into CNS, minimal inflammatory lesions in spinal cord, and preservation of axons injured in vehicle-treated mice during the progression of EAE. Interestingly, in the absence of CFA, RTL401 treatment strongly enhanced production of the Th2 cytokine, IL-13, in spleen, blood, and spinal cord tissue, with variable effects on other Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and no significant effect on the Th3 cytokine, TGF-beta1, or on FoxP3 that is expressed by regulatory T cells. Moreover, pretreatment of PLP-139-151-specific T cells with RTL401 in vitro induced high levels of secreted IL-13, with lesser induction of other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Given the importance of IL-13 for protection against EAE, these data strongly implicate IL-13 as a dominant regulatory cytokine induced by RTL therapy. Pronounced IL-13 levels coupled with marked reduction in IL-6 levels secreted by PLP-specific T cells from blood after treatment of mice with RTL401 indicate that IL-13 and IL-6 may be useful markers for following effects of RTL therapy in future clinical trials in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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38
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Cicala C, Arthos J, Censoplano N, Cruz C, Chung E, Martinelli E, Lempicki RA, Natarajan V, VanRyk D, Daucher M, Fauci AS. HIV-1 gp120 induces NFAT nuclear translocation in resting CD4+ T-cells. Virology 2005; 345:105-14. [PMID: 16260021 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in CD4+ T-cells is strongly dependent upon the state of activation of infected cells. Infection of sub-optimally activated cells is believed to play a critical role in both the transmission of virus and the persistence of CD4+ T-cell reservoirs. There is accumulating evidence that HIV can modulate signal-transduction pathways in a manner that may facilitate replication in such cells. We previously demonstrated that HIV gp120 induces virus replication in resting CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals. Here, we show that in resting CD4+ T-cells, gp120 activates NFATs and induces their translocation into the nucleus. The HIV LTR encodes NFAT recognition sites, and NFATs may play a critical role in promoting viral replication in sub-optimally activated cells. These observations provide insight into a potential mechanism by which HIV is able to establish infection in resting cells, which may have implications for both transmission of HIV and the persistence of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA.
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Allen SD, Rawale SV, Whitacre CC, Kaumaya PTP. Therapeutic peptidomimetic strategies for autoimmune diseases: costimulation blockade*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:591-604. [PMID: 15885118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognate interactions between immune effector cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) govern immune responses. Specific signals occur between the T-cell receptor peptide and APCs and nonspecific signals between pairs of costimulatory molecules. Costimulation signals are required for full T-cell activation and are assumed to regulate T-cell responses as well as other aspects of the immune system. As new discoveries are made, it is becoming clear how important these costimulation interactions are for immune responses. Costimulation requirements for T-cell regulation have been extensively studied as a way to control many autoimmune diseases and downregulate inflammatory reactions. The CD28:B7 and the CD40:CD40L families of molecules are considered to be critical costimulatory molecules and have been studied extensively. Blocking the interaction between these molecules results in a state of immune unresponsiveness termed 'anergy'. Several different strategies for blockade of these interactions are explored including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Fab fragments, chimeric, and/or fusion proteins. We developed novel, immune-specific approaches that interfere with these interactions. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis mediated by central nervous system (CNS)-specific T-cells, we developed a multi-targeted approach that utilizes peptides for blockade of costimulatory molecules. We designed blocking peptide mimics that retain the functional binding area of the parent protein while reducing the overall size and are thus capable of blocking signal transduction. In this paper, we review the role of costimulatory molecules in autoimmune diseases, two of the most well-studied costimulatory pathways (CD28/CTLA-4:B7 and CD40:CD40L), and the advantages of peptidomimetic approaches. We present data showing the ability of peptide mimics of costimulatory molecules to suppress autoimmune disease and propose a mechanism for disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Allen
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Burrows GG. Systemic immunomodulation of autoimmune disease using MHC-derived recombinant TCR ligands. CURRENT DRUG TARGETS. INFLAMMATION AND ALLERGY 2005; 4:185-93. [PMID: 15853741 PMCID: PMC3457802 DOI: 10.2174/1568010053586363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human autoimmune disease involves local activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that produce inflammatory Th1 cytokines leading to the further recruitment and activation of lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting ultimately in the destruction of target tissue. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiate activation of CD4(+) T cells in a multistep process that minimally involves co-ligation of the TCR and CD4 by the MHC class II/peptide complex and costimulation through additional T cell surface molecules such as CD28. Disruption of this highly orchestrated series of events can result in the direct modulation of CD4(+) T cell behavior. The interaction between MHC and TCR holds unique promise as a focal point for therapeutic intervention in the pathology of CD4(+) T cell-mediated diseases, and MHC class II-derived Recombinant TCR Ligands ("RTLs") have emerged as a new class of therapeutics with potent clinical efficacy in a diverse set of animal models for multiple sclerosis. Here I review the systemic effect that RTL therapy has on the intact immune system and present an overview of a molecular mechanism by which RTL therapy could induce these systemic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Huan JY, Meza-Romero R, Mooney JL, Chou YK, Edwards DM, Rich C, Link JM, Vandenbark AA, Bourdette DN, Bächinger HP, Burrows GG. Rationally designed mutations convert complexes of human recombinant T cell receptor ligands into monomers that retain biological activity. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2005; 80:2-12. [PMID: 22973070 PMCID: PMC3438139 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain human recombinant T cell receptor ligands derived from the peptide binding/TCR recognition domain of human HLA-DR2b (DRA*0101/DRB1*1501) produced in Escherichia coli with and without amino-terminal extensions containing antigenic peptides have been described previously. While molecules with the native sequence retained biological activity, they formed higher order aggregates in solution. In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to modify the β-sheet platform of the DR2-derived RTLs, obtaining two variants that were monomeric in solution by replacing hydrophobic residues with polar (serine) or charged (aspartic acid) residues. Size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering demonstrated that the modified RTLs were monomeric in solution, and structural characterization using circular dichroism demonstrated the highly ordered secondary structure of the RTLs. Peptide binding to the `empty' RTLs was quantified using biotinylated peptides, and functional studies showed that the modified RTLs containing covalently tethered peptides were able to inhibit antigen-specific T cell proliferation in vitro, as well as suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. These studies demonstrated that RTLs encoding the Ag-binding/TCR recognition domain of MHC class II molecules are innately very robust structures, capable of retaining potent biological activity separate from the Ig-fold domains of the progenitor class II structure, with prevention of aggregation accomplished by modification of an exposed surface that was buried in the progenitor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Y Huan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffery L Mooney
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yuan K Chou
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David M Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cathleen Rich
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Jason M Link
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97207, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dennis N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Chou YK, Culbertson N, Rich C, LaTocha D, Buenafe AC, Huan J, Link J, Wands JM, Born WK, Offner H, Bourdette DN, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA. T-cell hybridoma specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-35-55 peptide produced from HLA-DRB1*1501-transgenic mice. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:670-80. [PMID: 15352213 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish an unlimited and standardized source of humanized myelin peptide-specific T cells for in vitro testing of biological function. Thus, we perpetuated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 peptide-specific T cells obtained from immunized HLA-DRB1*1501-transgenic (Tg) mice by somatic fusions with BW5147 thymoma cells or BW5147 T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha(-)beta(-) variant (BW5147 variant) cells. The resulting T-cell hybridomas responded strongly to both mouse MOG-35-55 (42S) and human MOG-35-55 peptide (42P), regardless of which peptide was used for initial immunization, and were DRB1*1501 restricted. The MOG-35-55-reactive T-cell hybridomas were CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) and expressed intracellular Th1 cytokines upon concanavalin A stimulation. Clones from either human MOG-35-55- or mouse MOG-35-55-selected hybridomas uniquely expressed the TCR BV8 gene in combination with AV17 and AV11 genes. V gene analyses confirmed the expression of TCR AV1, AV11, AV16, BV1, and BV5 gene segments in the widely used fusion partner BW5147 and demonstrated deletion of TCR AV1, AV11, and BV1 in the BW5147 variant. T-cell hybridomas were positively stained with anti-TCR beta-chain antibody on the cell surface, whereas neither BW5147 nor its variant had positive TCR surface expression. For functional application, we found that a monomeric form of the human HLA-DR2-derived recombinant T-cell receptor ligand (RTL) covalently linked to human MOG-35-55 peptide specifically inhibited proliferation of a hybridoma clone selected with human MOG-35-55 but not a different hybridoma clone selected with myelin basic protein. The RTL-induced inhibition in vitro of the human MOG-35-55 peptide-specific hybridoma reflected the ability of the RTL to inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by human MOG-35-55 peptide in HLA-DR2 transgenic mice. Thus, the MOG-35-55 peptide-specific T-cell hybridoma from DR2-Tg mice represents a novel humanized T-cell reagent useful for standardized biological screening of both DR2-restricted stimulation and RTL-dependent inhibition of response to human MOG-35-55 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan K Chou
- Neuroimmunology Research and Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Huan J, Subramanian S, Jones R, Rich C, Link J, Mooney J, Bourdette DN, Vandenbark AA, Burrows GG, Offner H. Monomeric Recombinant TCR Ligand Reduces Relapse Rate and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in SJL/J Mice through Cytokine Switch. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4556-66. [PMID: 15034073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that oligomeric recombinant TCR ligands (RTL) can treat clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induce long-term T cell tolerance against encephalitogenic peptides. In the current study, we produced a monomeric I-A(s)/PLP 139-151 peptide construct (RTL401) suitable for use in SJL/J mice that develop relapsing disease after injection of PLP 139-151 peptide in CFA. RTL401 given i.v. or s.c. but not empty RTL400 or free PLP 139-151 peptide prevented relapses and significantly reduced clinical severity of EAE induced by PLP 139-151 peptide in SJL/J or (C57BL/6 x SJL)F(1) mice, but did not inhibit EAE induced by PLP 178-191 or MBP 84-104 peptides in SJL/J mice, or MOG 35-55 peptide in (C57BL/6 x SJL/J)F(1) mice. RTL treatment of EAE caused stable or enhanced T cell proliferation and secretion of IL-10 in the periphery, but reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In CNS, there was a modest reduction of inflammatory cells, reduced expression of very late activation Ag-4, lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1, and inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors, but enhanced expression of Th2-related factors, IL-10, TGF-beta3, and CCR3. These results suggest that monomeric RTL therapy induces a cytokine switch that curbs the encephalitogenic potential of PLP 139-151-specific T cells without fully preventing their entry into CNS, wherein they reduce the severity of inflammation. This mechanism differs from that observed using oligomeric RTL therapy in other EAE models. These results strongly support the clinical application of this novel class of peptide/MHC class II constructs in patients with multiple sclerosis who have focused T cell responses to known encephalitogenic myelin peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- HLA-DR Antigens
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Recurrence
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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