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Fazazi MR, Doss PMIA, Pereira R, Fudge N, Regmi A, Joly-Beauparlant C, Akbar I, Yeola AP, Mailhot B, Baillargeon J, Grenier P, Bertrand N, Lacroix S, Droit A, Moore CS, Rojas OL, Rangachari M. Myelin-reactive B cells exacerbate CD4 + T cell-driven CNS autoimmunity in an IL-23-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5404. [PMID: 38926356 PMCID: PMC11208426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells and T cells collaborate in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. IgH[MOG] mice possess a B cell repertoire skewed to recognize myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Here, we show that upon immunization with the T cell-obligate autoantigen, MOG[35-55], IgH[MOG] mice develop rapid and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) relative to wildtype (WT) counterparts, characterized by aggregation of T and B cells in the IgH[MOG] meninges and by CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the CNS. Production of the Th17 maintenance factor IL-23 is observed from IgH[MOG] CNS-infiltrating and meningeal B cells, and in vivo blockade of IL-23p19 attenuates disease severity in IgH[MOG] mice. In the CNS parenchyma and dura mater of IgH[MOG] mice, we observe an increased frequency of CD4+PD-1+CXCR5- T cells that share numerous characteristics with the recently described T peripheral helper (Tph) cell subset. Further, CNS-infiltrating B and Tph cells from IgH[MOG] mice show increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Meningeal inflammation, Tph-like cell accumulation in the CNS and B/Tph cell production of ROS were all reduced upon p19 blockade. Altogether, MOG-specific B cells promote autoimmune inflammation of the CNS parenchyma and meninges in an IL-23-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Reda Fazazi
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Prenitha Mercy Ignatius Arokia Doss
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Resel Pereira
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
| | - Neva Fudge
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Aryan Regmi
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Joly-Beauparlant
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Irshad Akbar
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Asmita Pradeep Yeola
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Mailhot
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Grenier
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Borghol AH, Bitar ER, Hanna A, Naim G, Rahal EA. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38634723 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2344114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a dsDNA herpesvirus, is believed to play a significant role in exacerbating and potentially triggering autoimmune and autoinflammatory maladies. Around 90% of the world is infected with the virus, which establishes latency within lymphocytes. EBV is also known to cause infectious mononucleosis, a self-limited flu-like illness, in adolescents. EBV is often reactivated and it employs several mechanisms of evading the host immune system. It has also been implicated in inducing host immune dysfunction potentially resulting in exacerbation or triggering of inflammatory processes. EBV has therefore been linked to a number of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. The review examines the molecular mechanisms through which the virus alters host immune system components thus possibly resulting in autoimmune processes. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning EBV-associated autoimmunity is pivotal; however, the precise causal pathways remain elusive. Research on therapeutic agents and vaccines for EBV has been stagnant for a long number of years until recent advances shed light on potential therapeutic targets. The implications of EBV in autoimmunity underscore the importance of developing targeted therapeutic strategies and, potentially, vaccines to mitigate the autoimmune burden associated with this ubiquitous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid Borghol
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elio R Bitar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Hanna
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Naim
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias A Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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3
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Xu X, Han Y, Zhang B, Ren Q, Ma J, Liu S. Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:132. [PMID: 38368403 PMCID: PMC10874090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Binlong Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
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4
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Akiyama Y, Harada K, Miyakawa J, Kreder KJ, O’Donnell MA, Daichi M, Katoh H, Hori M, Owari K, Futami K, Ishikawa S, Ushiku T, Kume H, Homma Y, Luo Y. Th1/17 polarization and potential treatment by an anti-interferon-γ DNA aptamer in Hunner-type interstitial cystitis. iScience 2023; 26:108262. [PMID: 38026177 PMCID: PMC10663743 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) is a rare, enigmatic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder with no curative treatments. In this study, we aimed to characterize the unique cellular and immunological factors specifically involved in HIC by comparing with cystitis induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, which presents similar clinicopathological features to HIC. Here, we show that T helper 1/17 +polarized immune responses accompanied by prominent overexpression of interferon (IFN)-γ, enhanced cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, and increased plasma cell infiltration are the characteristic inflammatory features in HIC bladder. Further, we developed a mouse anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamer and observed that the intravesical instillation of the aptamer significantly ameliorated bladder inflammation, pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction in a recently developed murine HIC model with little migration into the blood. Our study provides the plausible basis for the clinical translation of the anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamer in the treatment of human HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Jimpei Miyakawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karl J. Kreder
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Maeda Daichi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Interstitial Cystitis Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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5
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Breaching Brain Barriers: B Cell Migration in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060800. [PMID: 35740925 PMCID: PMC9221446 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known for the manifestation of demyelinated lesions throughout the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration. To date, not all pathological mechanisms that drive disease progression are known, but the clinical benefits of anti-CD20 therapies have put B cells in the spotlight of MS research. Besides their pathological effects in the periphery in MS, B cells gain access to the CNS where they can contribute to disease pathogenesis. Specifically, B cells accumulate in perivascular infiltrates in the brain parenchyma and the subarachnoid spaces of the meninges, but are virtually absent from the choroid plexus. Hence, the possible migration of B cells over the blood-brain-, blood-meningeal-, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers appears to be a crucial step to understanding B cell-mediated pathology. To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate B cell trafficking into the brain, we here provide a comprehensive overview of the different CNS barriers in health and in MS and how they translate into different routes for B cell migration. In addition, we review the mechanisms of action of diverse therapies that deplete peripheral B cells and/or block B cell migration into the CNS. Importantly, this review shows that studying the different routes of how B cells enter the inflamed CNS should be the next step to understanding this disease.
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6
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Lindeman I, Polak J, Qiao S, Holmøy T, Høglund RA, Vartdal F, Berg‐Hansen P, Sollid LM, Lossius A. Stereotyped B‐cell responses are linked to IgG constant region polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:550-565. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lindeman
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
| | - Justyna Polak
- Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
| | - Shuo‐Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Rune A. Høglund
- Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway
- Department of Neurology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Frode Vartdal
- Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
| | - Pål Berg‐Hansen
- Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- Department of Immunology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Department of Immunology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre University of Oslo Norway
- Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Norway
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Chisari CG, Sgarlata E, Arena S, Toscano S, Luca M, Patti F. Rituximab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol 2022; 269:159-183. [PMID: 33416999 PMCID: PMC7790722 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on the efficacy and safety of B-cell-depleting therapies from several studies has suggested the addition of these drugs as treatment options to the current armamentarium of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS. Particularly, rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed at CD20 positive B lymphocytes resulting in cell-mediated apoptosis, has been demonstrated to reduce inflammatory activity, incidence of relapses and new brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Additional evidence also demonstrated that patients with progressive MS (PMS) may benefit from RTX, which also showed to be well tolerated, with acceptable safety risks and favorable cost-effectiveness profile.Despite these encouraging results, RTX is currently approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, several forms of vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis, while it can only be administered off-label for MS treatment. Between Northern European countries exist different rules for using not licensed drug for treating MS. The Sweden MS register reports a high rate (53.5%) of off-label RTX prescriptions in relation to other annually started DMTs to treat MS patients, while Danish and Norwegian neurologists have to use other anti-CD20 drugs, as ocrelizumab, in most of the cases.In this paper, we review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety profile and cost effectiveness aspects of RTX for the treatment of MS. Particularly, with the approval of new anti-CD20 DMTs, the recent worldwide COVID-19 emergency and the possible increased risk of infection with this class of drugs, this review sheds light on the use of RTX as an alternative treatment option for MS management, while commenting the gaps of knowledge regarding this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grazia Chisari
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sgarlata
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ,Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arena
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Toscano
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Luca
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Next Generation Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid B Cell Repertoires in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases-A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101871. [PMID: 34679570 PMCID: PMC8534365 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, the role of B cells has been well established and redefined in neuro-inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and autoantibody-associated diseases. In particular, B cell maturation and trafficking across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has recently been deciphered with the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, which allow the assessment of representative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood B cell repertoires. In this review, we perform literature research focusing on NGS studies that allow further insights into B cell pathophysiology during neuro-inflammation. Besides the analysis of CSF B cells, the paralleled assessment of peripheral blood B cell repertoire provides deep insights into not only the CSF compartment, but also in B cell trafficking patterns across the BBB. In multiple sclerosis, CSF-specific B cell maturation, in combination with a bidirectional exchange of B cells across the BBB, is consistently detectable. These data suggest that B cells most likely encounter antigen(s) within the CSF and migrate across the BBB, with further maturation also taking place in the periphery. Autoantibody-mediated diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and LGI1 / NMDAR encephalitis, also show features of a CSF-specific B cell maturation and clonal connectivity with peripheral blood. In conclusion, these data suggest an intense exchange of B cells across the BBB, possibly feeding autoimmune circuits. Further developments in sequencing technologies will help to dissect the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms of B cells during neuro-inflammation.
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9
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Abstract
Since the initial observation of increased immunoglobulin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the 1940s, B cells have been considered to participate in the pathology of MS through the production of autoantibodies reactive against central nervous system antigens. However, it is now recognized that B cells contribute to MS relapses via antibody-independent activities, including the presentation of antigens to T cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the recent identification of B cell-rich follicle-like structures in the meninges of progressive MS patients suggests that the pathogenic roles of B cells also exist at the progressive phase of this disease. Recently, large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of B-cell depletion therapy using anti-CD20 antibodies in relapsing as well as primary progressive MS. B-cell depletion therapy has become an essential treatment option for MS based on its unique benefit to risk balance in relapsing MS, and because it is the only drug that has been shown to be effective in primary progressive MS to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Niino
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Ruschil C, Gabernet G, Lepennetier G, Heumos S, Kaminski M, Hracsko Z, Irmler M, Beckers J, Ziemann U, Nahnsen S, Owens GP, Bennett JL, Hemmer B, Kowarik MC. Specific Induction of Double Negative B Cells During Protective and Pathogenic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606338. [PMID: 33391273 PMCID: PMC7775384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) (CD19+CD20lowCD27-IgD-) B cells are expanded in patients with autoimmune and infectious diseases; however their role in the humoral immune response remains unclear. Using systematic flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood B cell subsets, we observed an inflated DN B cell population in patients with variety of active inflammatory conditions: myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, meningitis/encephalitis, and rheumatic disorders. Furthermore, we were able to induce DN B cells in healthy subjects following vaccination against influenza and tick borne encephalitis virus. Transcriptome analysis revealed a gene expression profile in DN B cells that clustered with naïve B cells, memory B cells, and plasmablasts. Immunoglobulin VH transcriptome sequencing and analysis of recombinant antibodies revealed clonal expansion of DN B cells that were targeted against the vaccine antigen. Our study suggests that DN B cells are expanded in multiple inflammatory neurologic diseases and represent an inducible B cell population that responds to antigenic stimulation, possibly through an extra-follicular maturation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ruschil
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Gabernet
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gildas Lepennetier
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Hracsko
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Nahnsen
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregory P. Owens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Bennett
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus C. Kowarik
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Kennedy PGE, Graner MW, Walker D, Pointon T, Fringuello A, Yu X. Recombinant antibodies derived from laser captured single plasma cells of multiple sclerosis brain identified phage peptides which may be used as tools for characterizing intrathecal IgG response. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577319. [PMID: 32717427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oligoclonal bands and increased IgG antibody levels can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in vast majority of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, the antigenic specificity of oligoclonal IgG has yet to be determined. Using laser capture microdissection, we isolated single CD38+ plasma cells from lesion areas in two autopsy MS brains, and generated three recombinant antibodies (rAbs) from clonally expanded plasma cells. Panning phage-displayed random peptide libraries was carried out to determine peptide antigen specificities of these MS brain rAbs. We identified 25 high affinity phage peptides from which 5 peptides are unique. Database searches revealed that they shared sequence homologies with Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens 4 and 6, as well as with other viral proteins. Significantly, these peptides were recognized by intrathecal IgG and oligoclonal IgG bands in other MS patients. Our results demonstrate that functional recombinant antibodies can be generated from clonally expanded plasma cells in MS brain lesions by laser capture microdissection, and that these MS brain rAbs have the potential for determining the targets of intrathecal IgG and oligoclonal bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deandra Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany Pointon
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony Fringuello
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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12
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Griffin JD, Song JY, Sestak JO, DeKosky BJ, Berkland CJ. Linking autoantigen properties to mechanisms of immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:105-116. [PMID: 32325104 PMCID: PMC7572523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) present compelling potential for introducing precision to the treatment of autoimmune diseases where nonspecific, global immunosuppression is currently the only treatment option. Central to ASIT design is the delivery of autoantigen, which parallels allergy desensitization approaches. Clinical success in tolerizing allergen-specific responses spans longer than a century, but autoimmune ASITs have yet to see an FDA-approved breakthrough. Allergens and autoantigens differ substantially in physicochemical properties, and these discrepancies influence the nature of their interactions with the immune system. Approved allergen-specific immunotherapies are typically administered as water soluble, neutrally charged protein fractions from 10 to 70 kDa. Conversely, autoantigens are native proteins that exhibit wide-ranging sizes, solubilities, and charges that render them susceptible to immunogenicity. To translate the success of allergen hyposensitization to ASIT, delivery strategies may be necessary to effectively format autoantigens, guide biodistribution, and engage appropriate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Orion BioScience, Inc, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America.
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14
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Cortini A, Bembich S, Marson L, Cocco E, Edomi P. Identification of novel non-myelin biomarkers in multiple sclerosis using an improved phage-display approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226162. [PMID: 31805175 PMCID: PMC6894809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis is not yet understood, it is accepted that its pathogenesis involves both autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes, in which the role of autoreactive T-cells has been elucidated. Instead, the contribution of humoral response is still unclear, even if the presence of intrathecal antibodies and B-cells follicle-like structures in meninges of patients has been demonstrated. Several myelin and non-myelin antigens have been identified, but none has been validated as humoral biomarker. In particular autoantibodies against myelin proteins have been found also in healthy individuals, whereas non-myelin antigens have been implicated in neurodegenerative phase of the disease. To provide further putative autoantigens of multiple sclerosis, we investigated the antigen specificity of immunoglobulins present both in sera and in cerebrospinal fluid of patients using phage display technology in a new improved format. A human brain cDNA phage display library was constructed and enriched for open-read-frame fragments. This library was selected against pooled and purified immunoglobulins from cerebrospinal fluid and sera of multiple sclerosis patients. The antigen library was also screened against an antibody scFv library obtained from RNA of B cells purified from the cerebrospinal fluid of two relapsing remitting patients. From all biopanning a complex of 14 antigens were identified; in particular, one of these antigens, corresponding to DDX24 protein, was present in all selections. The ability of more frequently isolated antigens to discriminate between sera from patients with multiple sclerosis or other neurological diseases was investigated. The more promising novel candidate autoantigens were DDX24 and TCERG1. Both are implicated in RNA modification and regulation which can be altered in neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, we propose that they could be a marker of a particular disease activity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Bembich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Marson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Cagliari/ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Edomi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:728-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Zhuang Y, Zhang C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Ye Z, Qian Q. Application of immune repertoire sequencing in cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105688. [PMID: 31276974 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the prominent breakthrough in the field of tumor immunology, diverse cancer immunotherapies have attracted great attention in the last decade. The immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and therapeutic cancer vaccines have already achieved impressive clinical success. However, the fact that only a small subset of patients with specific tumor types can benefit from these treatments limits the application of cancer immunotherapy. To seek out the molecular mechanisms behind this challenge and to select cancer precision medicine for different individuals, researchers apply the immune repertoire sequencing (IRS) to evaluate genetic responses of each patient to current immunotherapies. This review summarizes the technical advances and recent applications of IRS in cancer immunotherapy, indicates the limitations of this technique, and predicts future perspectives both in basic studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Changzheng Zhang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlong Ye
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qijun Qian
- Shanghai Baize Medical Laboratory, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, Lossius A, Bø L, Holmøy T. B cell depletion in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:261-271. [PMID: 30632834 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1568407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The latest development of B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies has been a large step forward in the treatment of this devastating disease. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerance of anti-CD20 therapies for MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab. EXPERT OPINION B-cell depletion efficiently suppresses acute inflammatory disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and may slowdown progression in primary progressive MS (PPMS). The treatment is generally well tolerated, with manageable adverse events related to infusion reactions and infections. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is the first therapy to be approved for the treatment of both RRMS and PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell-Morten Myhr
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,d Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lars Bø
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. B cells play an important pathogenic role in MS. Rituximab (RTX), a B-cell depleting drug, has been used to treat MS and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Patient characteristics, safety, and efficacy measures are reviewed to ascertain the therapeutic benefit and safety of RTX in a real-world setting with long-term follow-up. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review of patients who received RTX at The Ohio State University's MS clinic from January 2005 to October 2016. RESULTS Of the 64 patient charts reviewed, 23 had a relapsing remitting MS, 17 had primary progressive MS (PPMS), and 24 had NMO. In the relapsing remitting MS cohort, there was an annual relapse rate of 0.005 and 87% were reported as clinically stable at the end of the chart review period. In the primary progressive MS cohort, 47% were reported as clinically stable at the end of the chart review period. In the NMO cohort, there was an annual relapse rate of 0.0074 and 79% were reported as clinically stable at the end of the chart review period. A total of 29 infusion reactions were reported in 21 patients. None were serious and only 1 patient elected to stop RTX due to an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS Rituximab demonstrated good tolerability and efficacy in cases of both relapsing and progressive forms of MS and NMO.
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19
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Kearns PKA, Casey HA, Leach JP. Hypothesis: Multiple sclerosis is caused by three-hits, strictly in order, in genetically susceptible persons. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 24:157-174. [PMID: 30015080 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, progressive and debilitating neurological disease which, despite extensive study for over 100 years, remains of enigmatic aetiology. Drawn from the epidemiological evidence, there exists a consensus that there are environmental (possibly infectious) factors that contribute to disease pathogenesis that have not yet been fully elucidated. Here we propose a three-tiered hypothesis: 1) a clinic-epidemiological model of multiple sclerosis as a rare late complication of two sequential infections (with the temporal sequence of infections being important); 2) a proposal that the first event is helminthic infection with Enterobius Vermicularis, and the second is Epstein Barr Virus infection; and 3) a proposal for a testable biological mechanism, involving T-Cell exhaustion for Epstein-Barr Virus protein LMP2A. We believe that this model satisfies some of the as-yet unexplained features of multiple sclerosis epidemiology, is consistent with the clinical and neuropathological features of the disease and is potentially testable by experiment. This model may be generalizable to other autoimmune diseases.
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20
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Protective Humoral Immunity in the Central Nervous System Requires Peripheral CD19-Dependent Germinal Center Formation following Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01352-17. [PMID: 28931676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01352-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell subsets with phenotypes characteristic of naive, non-isotype-switched, memory (Bmem) cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASC) accumulate in various models of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, including viral encephalomyelitis. During neurotropic coronavirus JHMV infection, infiltration of protective ASC occurs after T cell-mediated viral control and is preceded by accumulation of non-isotype-switched IgD+ and IgM+ B cells. However, the contribution of peripheral activation events in cervical lymph nodes (CLN) to driving humoral immune responses in the infected CNS is poorly defined. CD19, a signaling component of the B cell receptor complex, is one of multiple regulators driving B cell differentiation and germinal center (GC) formation by lowering the threshold of antigen-driven activation. JHMV-infected CD19-/- mice were thus used to determine how CD19 affects CNS recruitment of B cell subsets. Early polyclonal ASC expansion, GC formation, and virus-specific ASC were all significantly impaired in CLN of CD19-/- mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, consistent with lower and unsustained virus-specific serum antibody (Ab). ASC were also significantly reduced in the CNS, resulting in increased infectious virus during persistence. Nevertheless, CD19 deficiency did not affect early CNS IgD+ B cell accumulation. The results support the notion that CD19-independent factors drive early B cell mobilization and recruitment to the infected CNS, while delayed accumulation of virus-specific, isotype-switched ASC requires CD19-dependent GC formation in CLN. CD19 is thus essential for both sustained serum Ab and protective local Ab within the CNS following JHMV encephalomyelitis.IMPORTANCE CD19 activation is known to promote GC formation and to sustain serum Ab responses following antigen immunization and viral infections. However, the contribution of CD19 in the context of CNS infections has not been evaluated. This study demonstrates that antiviral protective ASC in the CNS are dependent on CD19 activation and peripheral GC formation, while accumulation of early-recruited IgD+ B cells is CD19 independent. This indicates that IgD+ B cells commonly found early in the CNS do not give rise to local ASC differentiation and that only antigen-primed, peripheral GC-derived ASC infiltrate the CNS, thereby limiting potentially harmful nonspecific Ab secretion. Expanding our understanding of activation signals driving CNS migration of distinct B cell subsets during neuroinflammatory insults is critical for preventing and managing acute encephalitic infections, as well as preempting reactivation of persistent viruses during immune-suppressive therapies targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS), such as rituximab and ocrelizumab.
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21
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Høglund RA, Lossius A, Johansen JN, Homan J, Benth JŠ, Robins H, Bogen B, Bremel RD, Holmøy T. In Silico Prediction Analysis of Idiotope-Driven T-B Cell Collaboration in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1255. [PMID: 29038659 PMCID: PMC5630699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells acting as antigen-presenting cells are believed to be important in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the antigen they present remains unknown. We hypothesized that B cells may activate CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system of MS patients by presenting idiotopes from their own immunoglobulin variable regions on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. Here, we use bioinformatics prediction analysis of B cell immunoglobulin variable regions from 11 MS patients and 6 controls with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OINDs), to assess whether the prerequisites for such idiotope-driven T–B cell collaboration are present. Our findings indicate that idiotopes from the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 of MS patients on average have high predicted affinities for disease associated HLA-DRB1*15:01 molecules and are predicted to be endosomally processed by cathepsin S and L in positions that allows such HLA binding to occur. Additionally, complementarity determining region 3 sequences from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B cells from MS patients contain on average more rare T cell-exposed motifs that could potentially escape tolerance and stimulate CD4+ T cells than CSF B cells from OIND patients. Many of these features were associated with preferential use of the IGHV4 gene family by CSF B cells from MS patients. This is the first study to combine high-throughput sequencing of patient immune repertoires with large-scale prediction analysis and provides key indicators for future in vitro and in vivo analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn N Johansen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jane Homan
- EigenBio LLC, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Donald H. Gilden, M.D. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:2-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kowarik MC, Astling D, Gasperi C, Wemlinger S, Schumann H, Dzieciatkowska M, Ritchie AM, Hemmer B, Owens GP, Bennett JL. CNS Aquaporin-4-specific B cells connect with multiple B-cell compartments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:369-380. [PMID: 28589164 PMCID: PMC5454399 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) targeted against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). The origin and trafficking of AQP4‐specific B cells in NMOSD remains unknown. Methods Peripheral (n = 7) and splenic B cells (n = 1) recovered from seven NMOSD patients were sorted into plasmablasts, naïve, memory, and CD27‐IgD‐ double negative (DN) B cells, and variable heavy chain (VH) transcriptome sequences were generated by deep sequencing. Peripheral blood (PB) VH repertoires were compared to the same patient's single‐cell cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plasmablast (PB) VH transcriptome, CSF immunoglobulin (Ig) proteome, and serum Ig proteome. Recombinant antibodies were generated from paired CSF heavy‐ and light chains and tested for AQP4 reactivity. Results Approximately 9% of the CSF VH sequences aligned with PB memory B cells, DN B cells, and plasmablast VH sequences. AQP4‐specific VH sequences were observed in each peripheral B‐cell compartment. Lineage analysis of clonally related VH sequences indicates that CSF AQP4‐specific B cells are closely related to an expanded population of DN B cells that may undergo antigen‐specific B‐cell maturation within the CNS. CSF and serum Ig proteomes overlapped with the VH sequences from each B‐cell compartment; the majority of matches occurring between the PB VH sequences and serum Ig proteome. Interpretation During an acute NMOSD relapse, a dynamic exchange of B cells occurs between the periphery and CNS with AQP4‐specific CSF B cells emerging from postgerminal center memory B cells and plasmablasts. Expansion of the PB DN B‐cell compartment may be a potential biomarker of NMOSD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C Kowarik
- Department of Neurology Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität MünchenIsmaninger Str. 22 Munich 81675 Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich Germany
| | - David Astling
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Denver Colorado
| | - Christiane Gasperi
- Department of Neurology Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität MünchenIsmaninger Str. 22 Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Scott Wemlinger
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado Denver Colorado
| | - Hannah Schumann
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado Denver Colorado
| | | | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität MünchenIsmaninger Str. 22 Munich 81675 Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich Germany.,German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis Einstein str. 1 Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado Denver Colorado
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado Denver Colorado.,Department of Ophthalmology University of Colorado Denver Colorado.,Program in Neuroscience University of Colorado Denver Colorado
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24
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Rivas JR, Ireland SJ, Chkheidze R, Rounds WH, Lim J, Johnson J, Ramirez DMO, Ligocki AJ, Chen D, Guzman AA, Woodhall M, Wilson PC, Meffre E, White C, Greenberg BM, Waters P, Cowell LG, Stowe AM, Monson NL. Peripheral VH4+ plasmablasts demonstrate autoreactive B cell expansion toward brain antigens in early multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:43-60. [PMID: 27730299 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmablasts are a highly differentiated, antibody secreting B cell subset whose prevalence correlates with disease activity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). For most patients experiencing partial transverse myelitis (PTM), plasmablasts are elevated in the blood at the first clinical presentation of disease (known as a clinically isolated syndrome or CIS). In this study we found that many of these peripheral plasmablasts are autoreactive and recognize primarily gray matter targets in brain tissue. These plasmablasts express antibodies that over-utilize immunoglobulin heavy chain V-region subgroup 4 (VH4) genes, and the highly mutated VH4+ plasmablast antibodies recognize intracellular antigens of neurons and astrocytes. Most of the autoreactive, highly mutated VH4+ plasmablast antibodies recognize only a portion of cortical neurons, indicating that the response may be specific to neuronal subgroups or layers. Furthermore, CIS-PTM patients with this plasmablast response also exhibit modest reactivity toward neuroantigens in the plasma IgG antibody pool. Taken together, these data indicate that expanded VH4+ peripheral plasmablasts in early MS patients recognize brain gray matter antigens. Peripheral plasmablasts may be participating in the autoimmune response associated with MS, and provide an interesting avenue for investigating the expansion of autoreactive B cells at the time of the first documented clinical event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Rivas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sara J Ireland
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rati Chkheidze
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William H Rounds
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Lim
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Johnson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise M O Ramirez
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa A Guzman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles White
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Patrick Waters
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Science, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
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25
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Retta SF, Glading AJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:254-270. [PMID: 27639680 PMCID: PMC5155701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCM proteins play pleiotropic roles in various redox-sensitive signaling pathways. CCM proteins modulate the crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses. Oxidative stress and inflammation are emerging as key focal determinants of CCM lesion formation, progression and severity. The pleiotropic functions of CCM proteins may prevent vascular dysfunctions triggered by local oxidative stress and inflammatory events. The distinct therapeutic compounds proposed so far for CCM disease share the ability to modulate redox signaling and autophagy.
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease of proven genetic origin, which may arise sporadically or is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. CCM lesions exhibit a range of different phenotypes, including wide inter-individual differences in lesion number, size, and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lesions may remain asymptomatic or result in pathological conditions of various type and severity at any age, with symptoms ranging from recurrent headaches to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and stroke. To date there are no direct therapeutic approaches for CCM disease besides the surgical removal of accessible lesions. Novel pharmacological strategies are particularly needed to limit disease progression and severity and prevent de novo formation of CCM lesions in susceptible individuals. Useful insights into innovative approaches for CCM disease prevention and treatment are emerging from a growing understanding of the biological functions of the three known CCM proteins, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2 and CCM3/PDCD10. In particular, accumulating evidence indicates that these proteins play major roles in distinct signaling pathways, including those involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis, pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms whereby the function of CCM proteins may be relevant in preventing vascular dysfunctions triggered by these events. Indeed, emerging findings demonstrate that the pleiotropic roles of CCM proteins reflect their critical capacity to modulate the fine-tuned crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses, providing a novel mechanistic scenario that reconciles both the multiple signaling pathways linked to CCM proteins and the distinct therapeutic approaches proposed so far. In addition, recent studies in CCM patient cohorts suggest that genetic susceptibility factors related to differences in vascular sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to inter-individual differences in CCM disease susceptibility and severity. This review discusses recent progress into the understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms of CCM disease pathogenesis, with specific emphasis on the potential contribution of altered cell responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory events occurring locally in the microvascular environment, and consequent implications for the development of novel, safe, and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network(1).
| | - Angela J Glading
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA.
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Lossius A, Johansen JN, Vartdal F, Holmøy T. High-throughput sequencing of immune repertoires in multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:295-306. [PMID: 27081660 PMCID: PMC4818741 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and B cells are crucial in the initiation and maintenance of multiple sclerosis (MS), and the activation of these cells is believed to be mediated through specific recognition of antigens by the T‐ and B‐cell receptors. The antigen receptors are highly polymorphic due to recombination (T‐ and B‐cell receptors) and mutation (B‐cell receptors) of the encoding genes, which can therefore be used as fingerprints to track individual T‐ and B‐cell clones. Such studies can shed light on mechanisms driving the immune responses and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Here, we summarize studies that have explored the T‐ and B‐cell receptor repertoires using earlier methodological approaches, and we focus on how high‐throughput sequencing has provided new knowledge by surveying the immune repertoires in MS in even greater detail and with unprecedented depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lossius
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway; Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Jorunn N Johansen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
| | - Frode Vartdal
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway; Department of Neurology Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway
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Gasperi C, Stüve O, Hemmer B. B cell-directed therapies in multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:37-47. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurological disease of the CNS that goes along with demyelination and neurodegeneration. It is probably caused by an autoimmune response against the CNS, which emerges from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although major progress has been made in the treatment of MS, it is still the leading cause for acquired nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Several therapeutic agents have been approved for the treatment of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), aiming at the reduction of relapses and a delay in disability progression. Three therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20-positive B cells (rituximab, ocrelizumab and ofatumumab) were investigated in MRI-based Phase II and Phase III trials in RRMS, providing consistent evidence for a disease-ameliorating effect of B cell depleting therapies in MS. Here, we discuss the role of B cells and review current and future therapeutic approaches to target B cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gasperi
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
- Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), München, Germany
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28
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Use of the VH6-1 gene segment to code for anti-interleukin-18 autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:237-46. [PMID: 26743536 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether levels and repertoires of anti-interleukin-18 (IL-18) autoantibodies (auto-Abs) differ in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy donors (HDs). IL-18 concentration in MS patients' sera was higher than in HD, but the level of anti-IL-18 auto-Abs was lower in MS patients. Correlation patterns of IL-18/anti-IL-18 auto-Abs system differed in HD and MS patients, so we have compared segment composition of the anti-IL-18 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) selected from MS and naïve phage display libraries. Considerable differences between anti-IL-18 auto-Abs of these libraries were found. MS panel contained auto-Abs displaying both signs of "fetal" and somatically hypermutated repertoires. Naïve panel mainly contained the naïve antibodies. These variations from the norm are possible results of abnormal regulation of the repertoire perhaps determined by remodeling of the molecular mechanisms involved in the V(D)J recombination and/or abnormal selection by antigen in MS pathogenesis.
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Claes N, Fraussen J, Stinissen P, Hupperts R, Somers V. B Cells Are Multifunctional Players in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Insights from Therapeutic Interventions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:642. [PMID: 26734009 PMCID: PMC4685142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoimmune inflammation and neurodegeneration. Historically, damage to the CNS was thought to be mediated predominantly by activated pro-inflammatory T cells. B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of MS was solely attributed to autoantibody production. The first clues for the involvement of antibody-independent B cell functions in MS pathology came from positive results in clinical trials of the B cell-depleting treatment rituximab in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. The survival of antibody-secreting plasma cells and decrease in T cell numbers indicated the importance of other B cell functions in MS such as antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production. Rituximab provided us with an example of how clinical trials can lead to new research opportunities concerning B cell biology. Moreover, analysis of the antibody-independent B cell functions in MS has gained interest since these trials. Limited information is present on the effects of current immunomodulatory therapies on B cell functions, although effects of both first-line (interferon, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide), second-line (fingolimod, natalizumab), and even third-line (monoclonal antibody therapies) treatments on B cell subtype distribution, expression of functional surface markers, and secretion of different cytokines by B cells have been studied to some extent. In this review, we summarize the effects of different MS-related treatments on B cell functions that have been described up to now in order to find new research opportunities and contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Claes
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medisch Centrum, Sittard, Netherlands
| | - Veerle Somers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
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Maeda D, Akiyama Y, Morikawa T, Kunita A, Ota Y, Katoh H, Niimi A, Nomiya A, Ishikawa S, Goto A, Igawa Y, Fukayama M, Homma Y. Hunner-Type (Classic) Interstitial Cystitis: A Distinct Inflammatory Disorder Characterized by Pancystitis, with Frequent Expansion of Clonal B-Cells and Epithelial Denudation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143316. [PMID: 26587589 PMCID: PMC4654580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disease with urinary frequency, bladder discomfort or bladder pain of unknown etiology. Based on cystoscopic findings, patients with IC are classified as either Hunner-type/classic IC (HIC), presenting with a specific Hunner lesion, or non-Hunner-type IC (NHIC), presenting with no Hunner lesion, but post-hydrodistension mucosal bleeding. Inflammatory cell infiltration, composed predominantly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and epithelial denudation, has in the past been documented as a major pathological IC finding. However, the significance of the pathological evaluation of IC, especially with regard to the difference between HIC and NHIC, has been downplayed in recent years. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical quantification of infiltrating T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, and measured the amount of residual epithelium in urinary bladder biopsy specimens taken from patients with HIC and NHIC, and those with no IC, using image analysis software. In addition, in situ hybridization of the light chains was performed to examine clonal B-cell expansion. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was significantly more severe in HIC specimens than in NHIC specimens (P <0.0001). Substantial lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (≥200 cells/mm2) was observed in 93% of HIC specimens, whereas only 8% of NHIC specimens were inflamed. Plasmacytic infiltration was more prominent in HIC specimens compared with NHIC and non-IC cystitis specimens (P <0.005). Furthermore, expansion of light-chain-restricted B-cells was observed in 31% of cases of HIC. The amount of residual epithelium was decreased in HIC specimens compared with NHIC specimens and non-IC cystitis specimens (P <0.0001). These results suggest that NHIC and HIC are distinct pathological entities, with the latter characterized by pancystitis, frequent clonal B-cell expansion and epithelial denudation. An abnormality in the B-cell population may be involved in the pathogenesis of HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Maeda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Continence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ota
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Niimi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nomiya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Rounds WH, Salinas EA, Wilks TB, Levin MK, Ligocki AJ, Ionete C, Pardo CA, Vernino S, Greenberg BM, Bigwood DW, Eastman EM, Cowell LG, Monson NL. MSPrecise: A molecular diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis using next generation sequencing. Gene 2015; 572:191-7. [PMID: 26172868 PMCID: PMC4702260 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that cerebrospinal fluid-derived B cells from early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients that express a VH4 gene accumulate specific replacement mutations. These mutations can be quantified as a score that identifies such patients as having or likely to convert to RRMS. Furthermore, we showed that next generation sequencing is an efficient method for obtaining the sequencing information required by this mutation scoring tool, originally developed using the less clinically viable single-cell Sanger sequencing. OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of MSPrecise, the diagnostic test that identifies the presence of the RRMS-enriched mutation pattern from patient cerebrospinal fluid B cells. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid cell pellets were obtained from RRMS and other neurological disease (OND) patient cohorts. VH4 gene segments were amplified, sequenced by next generation sequencing and analyzed for mutation score. RESULTS The diagnostic test showed a sensitivity of 75% on the RRMS cohort and a specificity of 88% on the OND cohort. The accuracy of the test in identifying RRMS patients or patients that will develop RRMS is 84%. CONCLUSION MSPrecise exhibits good performance in identifying patients with RRMS irrespective of time with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Rounds
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward A Salinas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Mikhail K Levin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carolina Ionete
- Department of Neurology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Vernino
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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32
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Blauth K, Owens GP, Bennett JL. The Ins and Outs of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:565. [PMID: 26594215 PMCID: PMC4633507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. B and plasma cells may contribute to disease activity through multiple mechanisms: antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, or antibody production. Molecular analyses of B cell populations in MS patients have revealed significant overlaps between peripheral lymphoid and clonally expanded central nervous system (CNS) B cell populations, indicating that B cell trafficking may play a critical role in driving MS exacerbations. In this review, we will assess our current knowledge of the mechanisms and pathways governing B cell migration into the CNS and examine evidence for and against a compartmentalized B cell response driving progressive MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Blauth
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA ; Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, CO , USA
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33
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Márquez AC, Horwitz MS. The Role of Latently Infected B Cells in CNS Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:544. [PMID: 26579121 PMCID: PMC4623415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, it is believed that previous infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) may contribute in the development of MS. EBV has been associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous, and cancers like Burkitt’s lymphoma. EBV establishes a life-long latency in B cells with occasional reactivation of the virus throughout the individual’s life. The role played by B cells in MS pathology has been largely studied, yet is not clearly understood. In MS patients, Rituximab, a novel treatment that targets CD20+ B cells, has proven to have successful results in diminishing the number of relapses in remitting relapsing MS; however, the mechanism of how this drug acts has not been clearly established. In this review, we analyze the evidence of how B cells latently infected with EBV might be altering the immune system response and helping in the development of MS. We will also discuss how animal models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (γHV-68), can be used as powerful tools in the study of the relationship between EBV, MS, and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Citlali Márquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Marc Steven Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Ligocki AJ, Rivas JR, Rounds WH, Guzman AA, Li M, Spadaro M, Lahey L, Chen D, Henson PM, Graves D, Greenberg BM, Frohman EM, Ward ES, Robinson W, Meinl E, White CL, Stowe AM, Monson NL. A Distinct Class of Antibodies May Be an Indicator of Gray Matter Autoimmunity in Early and Established Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415609613. [PMID: 26489686 PMCID: PMC4710131 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415609613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
*These authors contributed equally to the work in this manuscript.We have previously identified a distinct class of antibodies expressed by B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of early and established relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients that is not observed in healthy donors. These antibodies contain a unique pattern of mutations in six codons along VH4 antibody genes that we termed the antibody gene signature (AGS). In fact, patients who have such B cells in their CSF are identified as either having RRMS or developing RRMS in the future. As mutations in antibody genes increase antibody affinity for particular antigens, the goal for this study was to investigate whether AGS(+) antibodies bind to brain tissue antigens. Single B cells were isolated from the CSF of 10 patients with early or established RRMS. We chose 32 of these B cells that expressed antibodies enriched for the AGS for further study. We generated monoclonal full-length recombinant human antibodies (rhAbs) and used both immunological assays and immunohistochemistry to investigate the capacity of these AGS(+) rhAbs to bind brain tissue antigens. AGS(+) rhAbs did not recognize myelin tracts in the corpus callosum. Instead, AGS(+) rhAbs recognized neuronal nuclei and/or astrocytes, which are prevalent in the cortical gray matter. This pattern was unique to the AGS(+) antibodies from early and established RRMS patients, as AGS(+) antibodies from an early neuromyelitis optica patient did not display the same reactivity. Prevalence of CSF-derived B cells expressing AGS(+) antibodies that bind to these cell types may be an indicator of gray matter-directed autoimmunity in early and established RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Rivas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William H Rounds
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa A Guzman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lauren Lahey
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul M Henson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Donna Graves
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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35
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Abstract
While over the past decades T cells have been considered key players in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), it has only recently become evident that B cells have a major contributing role. Our understanding of the role of B cells has evolved substantially following the clinical success of B cell-targeting therapies and increasing experimental evidence for significant B cell involvement. Rather than mere antibody-producing cells, it is becoming clear that they are team players with the capacity to prime and regulate T cells, and function both as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. However, despite tremendous efforts, the target antigen(s) of B cells in MS have yet to be identified. The first part of this review summarizes the clinical evidence and results from animal studies pointing to the relevance of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. The second part gives an overview of the currently known potential autoantigen targets. The third part recapitulates and critically appraises the currently available B cell-directed therapies.
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Intrathecal BCR transcriptome in multiple sclerosis versus other neuroinflammation: Equally diverse and compartmentalized, but more mutated, biased and overlapping with the proteome. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:211-25. [PMID: 26055752 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms driving the intrathecal synthesis of IgG in multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. We combined high-throughput sequencing of transcribed immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) genes and mass spectrometry to chart the diversity and compartmentalization of IgG-producing B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and controls with other neuroinflammatory diseases. In both groups, a few clones dominated the intrathecal IGHV transcriptome. In most MS patients and some controls, dominant transcripts matched the CSF IgG. The IGHV transcripts in CSF of MS patients frequently carried IGHV4 genes and had more replacement mutations compared to controls. In both groups, dominant IGHV transcripts were identified within clusters of clonally related B cells that had identical or related IGHV transcripts in the blood. These findings suggest more pronounced affinity maturation, but an equal degree of diversity and compartmentalization of the intrathecal B-cell response in MS compared to other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Stern JNH, Yaari G, Vander Heiden JA, Church G, Donahue WF, Hintzen RQ, Huttner AJ, Laman JD, Nagra RM, Nylander A, Pitt D, Ramanan S, Siddiqui BA, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH, Hafler DA, O'Connor KC. B cells populating the multiple sclerosis brain mature in the draining cervical lymph nodes. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:248ra107. [PMID: 25100741 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoimmune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration. The CNS of patients with MS harbors expanded clones of antigen-experienced B cells that reside in distinct compartments including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and parenchyma. It is not understood whether this immune infiltrate initiates its development in the CNS or in peripheral tissues. B cells in the CSF can exchange with those in peripheral blood, implying that CNS B cells may have access to lymphoid tissue that may be the specific compartment(s) in which CNS-resident B cells encounter antigen and experience affinity maturation. Paired tissues were used to determine whether the B cells that populate the CNS mature in the draining cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). High-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire demonstrated that clonally expanded B cells were present in both compartments. Founding members of clones were more often found in the draining CLNs. More mature clonal members derived from these founders were observed in the draining CLNs and also in the CNS, including lesions. These data provide new evidence that B cells traffic freely across the tissue barrier, with the majority of B cell maturation occurring outside of the CNS in the secondary lymphoid tissue. Our study may aid in further defining the mechanisms of immunomodulatory therapies that either deplete circulating B cells or affect the intrathecal B cell compartment by inhibiting lymphocyte transmigration into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N H Stern
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gur Yaari
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - George Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Rogier Q Hintzen
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, and MS Centrum ErasMS, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita J Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, and MS Centrum ErasMS, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rashed M Nagra
- Neurology Research, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Alyssa Nylander
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sriram Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bilal A Siddiqui
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Francois Vigneault
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. AbVitro Incorporated, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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von Büdingen HC, Palanichamy A, Lehmann-Horn K, Michel BA, Zamvil SS. Update on the autoimmune pathology of multiple sclerosis: B-cells as disease-drivers and therapeutic targets. Eur Neurol 2015; 73:238-246. [PMID: 25824054 DOI: 10.1159/000377675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collectively, research on the role of B-cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) illustrates how translational medicine has given rise to promising therapeutic approaches for one of the most debilitating chronic neurological diseases in young adults. First described in 1935, the experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis model is a key animal model that has provided the foundation for important developments in targeted therapeutics. SUMMARY While additional B-cell therapies for MS are presently being developed by the pharmaceutical industry, much remains to be understood about the role played by B-cells in MS. The goal of this review is to summarize how B-cells may contribute to MS pathogenesis and thereby provide a basis for understanding why B-cell depletion is so effective in the treatment of this disease. Key Messages: B-cells are key players in the pathogenesis of MS, and their depletion via B-cell-targeted therapy ameliorates disease activity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In 2008, data from the first CD20-targeting B-cell depleting therapeutic trials using rituximab in MS were published. Since then, there has been a large body of evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of B-cell depletion mediated via anti-CD20 antibodies. Intense research efforts focusing on the immunopathological relevance of B-cells has gained significant momentum and given rise to a constellation of promising therapeutic agents for this complex B-cell-driven disease, including novel anti-CD20 antibodies, as well as agents targeting CD19 and BAFF-R.
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Owens GP, Ritchie A, Rossi A, Schaller K, Wemlinger S, Schumann H, Shearer A, Verkman AS, Bennett JL. Mutagenesis of the aquaporin 4 extracellular domains defines restricted binding patterns of pathogenic neuromyelitis optica IgG. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12123-34. [PMID: 25792738 PMCID: PMC4424347 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG) binds to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels in the central nervous system leading to immune-mediated injury. We have previously demonstrated that a high proportion of CSF plasma cells of NMO patients produce antibody to the extracellular domains of the AQP4 protein and that recombinant IgG (rAb) derived from these cells recapitulate pathogenic features of disease. We performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the three extracellular loops of the M23 isoform of human AQP4 using both serial and single point mutations, and we evaluated the effects on binding of NMO AQP4-reactive rAbs by quantitative immunofluorescence. Whereas all NMO rAbs required conserved loop C (137TP138 and Val150) and loop E (230HW231) amino acids for binding, two broad patterns of NMO-IgG recognition could be distinguished based on differential sensitivity to loop A amino acid changes. Pattern 1 NMO rAbs were insensitive to loop A mutations and could be further discriminated by differential sensitivity to amino acid changes in loop C (148TM149 and His151) and loop E (Asn226 and Glu228). Alternatively, pattern 2 NMO rAbs showed significantly reduced binding following amino acid changes in loop A (63EKP65 and Asp69) and loop C (Val141, His151, and Leu154). Amino acid substitutions at 137TP138 altered loop C conformation and abolished the binding of all NMO rAbs and NMO-IgG, indicating the global importance of loop C conformation to the recognition of AQP4 by pathogenic NMO Abs. The generation of human NMO rAbs has allowed the first high resolution mapping of extracellular loop amino acids critical for NMO-IgG binding and identified regions of AQP4 extracellular structure that may represent prime targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Rossi
- the Department III-Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan S Verkman
- the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- From the Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado at Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045,
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Kowarik MC, Dzieciatkowska M, Wemlinger S, Ritchie AM, Hemmer B, Owens GP, Bennett JL. The cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin transcriptome and proteome in neuromyelitis optica reveals central nervous system-specific B cell populations. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:19. [PMID: 25626447 PMCID: PMC4323273 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with the presence of an autoimmune antibody response (AQP4-IgG) against the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). It remains unclear whether pathologic AQP4-IgG in the CNS is produced entirely by peripheral plasma cells or is generated in part by infiltrating B cells. To determine the overlap of AQP4-IgG idiotypes between the CNS and periphery, we compared the immunoglobulin G (IgG) transcriptome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plasmablasts with the CSF and serum IgG proteomes in 7 AQP4-seropositive NMO patients following exacerbation. Methods CSF variable region Ig heavy- (VH) and light-chain (VL) transcriptome libraries were generated for each patient from CSF plasmablasts by single cell sorting, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and DNA sequencing. Recombinant antibodies were generated from clonally expanded, paired VH and VL sequences and tested for AQP4-reactivity by cell-binding assay. CSF and serum IgG fractions were searched for sequences that matched their respective CSF IgG transcriptome. Matching peptides within the same patient’s CSF and serum IgG proteomes were also identified. Results In each NMO patient, we recovered CSF IgG VH and VL sequences that matched germline-mutated IgG protein sequences from the patient’s CSF and serum IgG proteomes. Although a modest variation was observed between patients, the overlap between the transcriptome and proteome sequences was found primarily, but not exclusively, within the CSF. More than 50% of the CSF IgG transcriptome sequences were exclusively found in the CSF IgG proteome, whereas 28% were found in both the CSF and blood IgG proteome, and 18% were found exclusively in the blood proteome. A comparable distribution was noted when only AQP4-specific IgG clones were considered. Similarly, on average, only 50% of the CSF IgG proteome matched corresponding peptide sequences in the serum. Conclusions During NMO exacerbations, a substantial fraction of the intrathecal Ig proteome is generated by an intrathecal B cell population composed of both novel and peripherally-derived clones. Intrathecal CSF B cell clones may contribute to NMO disease exacerbation and lesion formation and may be an important target for preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C Kowarik
- Department of Neurology, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Box B-182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | | | - Scott Wemlinger
- Department of Neurology, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Box B-182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Alanna M Ritchie
- Department of Neurology, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Box B-182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, TU-München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Box B-182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Box B-182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Program, Denver, CO, USA.
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Bonnan M. [Meningeal tertiary lymphoid organs: Major actors in intrathecal autoimmunity]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 171:65-74. [PMID: 25555848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by an intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins synthesized by B-cell clones and by a brain infiltrate of clonal T-cells. The clonal maturation of these lymphocytes takes place in tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) developed in the intrathecal compartment. TLO are acquired lymphoid organs able to develop in the vicinity of the inflammatory sites, where they mount a complete antigen-driven immune response. We here review TLO pathophysiology in animal models of MS and human MS. Several pieces of evidence suggest that intrathecal TLO may play a major role in the clinical impairment. Potential therapeutic applications are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonnan
- Service de neurologie, hôpital F.-Mitterrand, 4, boulevard Hauterive, 64000 Pau, France.
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43
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Miyazaki Y, Niino M. Molecular targeted therapy against B cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Miyazaki
- Department of Clinical Research; Hokkaido Medical Center; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Neurology; Hokkaido Medical Center; Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaaki Niino
- Department of Clinical Research; Hokkaido Medical Center; Sapporo Japan
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Rounds WH, Ligocki AJ, Levin MK, Greenberg BM, Bigwood DW, Eastman EM, Cowell LG, Monson NL. The antibody genetics of multiple sclerosis: comparing next-generation sequencing to sanger sequencing. Front Neurol 2014; 5:166. [PMID: 25278930 PMCID: PMC4165282 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a distinct mutation pattern in the antibody genes of B cells isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can identify patients who have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and patients with clinically isolated syndromes who will convert to RRMS. This antibody gene signature (AGS) was developed using Sanger sequencing of single B cells. While potentially helpful to patients, Sanger sequencing is not an assay that can be practically deployed in clinical settings. In order to provide AGS evaluations to patients as part of their diagnostic workup, we developed protocols to generate AGS scores using next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) on CSF-derived cell pellets without the need to isolate single cells. This approach has the potential to increase the coverage of the B-cell population being analyzed, reduce the time needed to generate AGS scores, and may improve the overall performance of the AGS approach as a diagnostic test in the future. However, no investigations have focused on whether NGS-based repertoires will properly reflect antibody gene frequencies and somatic hypermutation patterns defined by Sanger sequencing. To address this issue, we isolated paired CSF samples from eight patients who either had MS or were at risk to develop MS. Here, we present data that antibody gene frequencies and somatic hypermutation patterns are similar in Sanger and NGS-based antibody repertoires from these paired CSF samples. In addition, AGS scores derived from the NGS database correctly identified the patients who initially had or subsequently converted to RRMS, with precision similar to that of the Sanger sequencing approach. Further investigation of the utility of the AGS in predicting conversion to MS using NGS-derived antibody repertoires in a larger cohort of patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Rounds
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Mikhail K Levin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | | | | | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Beltrán E, Obermeier B, Moser M, Coret F, Simó-Castelló M, Boscá I, Pérez-Miralles F, Villar LM, Senel M, Tumani H, Hohlfeld R, Casanova B, Dornmair K. Intrathecal somatic hypermutation of IgM in multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammation. Brain 2014; 137:2703-14. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Shi C, Shenkar R, Kinloch A, Henderson SG, Shaaya M, Chong AS, Clark MR, Awad IA. Immune complex formation and in situ B-cell clonal expansion in human cerebral cavernous malformations. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 272:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hoffmann F, Meinl E. B cells in multiple sclerosis: good or bad guys?: An article for 28 May 2014 - World MS Day 2014. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1247-50. [PMID: 24771624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201470045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hoffmann
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Progression from IgD+ IgM+ to isotype-switched B cells is site specific during coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2014; 88:8853-67. [PMID: 24872583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00861-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Various infections in the central nervous system (CNS) trigger B cell accumulation; however, the relative dynamics between viral replication and alterations in distinct B cell subsets are largely unknown. Using a glia-tropic coronavirus infection, which is initiated in the brain but rapidly spreads to and predominantly persists in the spinal cord, this study characterizes longitudinal changes in B cell subsets at both infected anatomical sites. The phase of T cell-dependent, antibody-independent control of infectious virus was associated with a similar recruitment of naive/early-activated IgD(+) IgM(+) B cells into both the brain and spinal cord. This population was progressively replaced by CD138(-) IgD(-) IgM(+) B cells, isotype-switched CD138(-) IgD(-) IgM(-) memory B cells (B(mem)), and CD138(+) antibody-secreting cells (ASC). A more rapid transition to B(mem) and ASC in spinal cord than in brain was associated with higher levels of persisting viral RNA and transcripts encoding factors promoting B cell migration, differentiation, and survival. The results demonstrate that naive/early-activated B cells are recruited early during coronavirus CNS infection but are subsequently replaced by more differentiated B cells. Furthermore, viral persistence, even at low levels, is a driving force for accumulation of isotype-switched B(mem) and ASC. IMPORTANCE Acute and chronic human CNS infections are associated with an accumulation of heterogeneous B cell subsets; however, their influence on viral load and disease is unclear. Using a glia-tropic coronavirus model, we demonstrate that the accumulation of B cells ranging from early-activated to isotype-switched differentiation stages is both temporally and spatially orchestrated. Acutely infected brains and spinal cords indiscriminately recruit a homogeneous population of early-activated B cells, which is progressively replaced by diverse, more differentiated subsets. The latter process is accelerated by elevated proinflammatory responses associated with viral persistence. The results imply that early-recruited B cells do not have antiviral function but may contribute to the inflammatory environment or act as antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, CNS viral persistence is a driving force promoting differentiated B cells with protective potential.
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Bankoti J, Apeltsin L, Hauser SL, Allen S, Albertolle ME, Witkowska HE, von Büdingen HC. In multiple sclerosis, oligoclonal bands connect to peripheral B-cell responses. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:266-76. [PMID: 24375699 PMCID: PMC3961546 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine to what extent oligoclonal band (OCB) specificities are clonally interrelated and to what degree they are associated with corresponding B-cell responses in the peripheral blood (PB) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods Mass-spectrometric proteomic analysis of isoelectric focused (IEF) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was used in combination with next-generation deep-immune repertoire sequencing of PB and CSF IgG heavy chain variable regions from MS patients. Results We find evidence for ongoing stimulation and maturation to antibody-expressing B cells to occur primarily inside the central nervous system (CNS) compartment. B cells participating in OCB production can also be identified in PB; these cells appear to migrate across the blood–brain barrier and may also undergo further antigen stimulation in the periphery. In individual patients, different bands comprising OCBs are clonally related. Interpretation Our data provide a high-resolution molecular analysis of OCBs and strongly support the concept that OCBs are not merely the terminal result of a targeted immune response in MS but represent a component of active B cell immunity that is dynamically supported on both sides of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Bankoti
- Departments of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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