1
|
Chang JX, Zhang M, Lou LL, Chu HY, Wang HQ. KIS, a target of SOX4, regulates the ID1-mediated enhancement of β-catenin to facilitate lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:366. [PMID: 39052126 PMCID: PMC11272720 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kinase interacting with stathmin (KIS) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in RNA processing and protein phosphorylation. Increasing evidence has suggested its involvement in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of KIS in the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Dual luciferase assay was used to explore the relationship between KIS and SOX4, and its effect on ID1/β-catenin pathway. METHODS Real-time qPCR and western blot were used to assess the levels of KIS and other factors. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were monitored, and xenograft animal model were established to investigate the biological functions of KIS in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In the present study, KIS was found to be highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cell lines. KIS accelerated the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of LUAD cells in vitro, and promoted the growth of LUAD in a mouse tumor xenograft model in vivo. Mechanistically, KIS activated the β-catenin signaling pathway by modulating the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) and was transcriptionally regulated by SOX4 in LUAD cells. CONCLUSION KIS, a target of SOX4, regulates the ID1-mediated enhancement of β-catenin to facilitate LUAD cell invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xia Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Lou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - He-Ying Chu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie F, Xu M. SOX4 silencing alleviates renal injury in rats with acute renal failure by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23703. [PMID: 38605439 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a huge threat to the lives of most patients in intensive care units, and there is currently no satisfactory treatment strategy. SRY-box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) plays a key role in the development of various diseases, but its effect on ARF is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between SOX4 and ARF. Blood samples were collected from 20 ARF patients and 20 healthy volunteers. We also established an ARF rat model by excising the right kidney and ligating the left renal artery, and SOX4 knockdown in ARF rats was achieved down by means of lentiviral infection. Subsequently, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western bolt assays to detect the expression levels of SOX4 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related proteins in human blood or rat renal tissue and hematoxylin and eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling staining to observe the pathological changes and apoptosis of renal tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biochemical kits were used to measure the levels of renal function-related indicators (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), as well as changes in oxidative stress-related indicators (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and reactive oxygen species [ROS]) in rat serum. SOX4 expression levels in blood samples from ARF patients and renal tissue from ARF rats were significantly higher compared with those in healthy volunteers and control rats, respectively. ARF model rats displayed the typical ARF phenotype, while SOX4 silencing significantly improved pathological injury and apoptosis of renal tissue in ARF rats. Moreover, SOX4 silencing significantly inhibited increased levels of renal function-related indicators and inflammatory factors and reduced the level of excessive oxidative stress (MDA and ROS were upregulated, and SOD was downregulated) in ARF rats. SOX4 also reduced the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway in ARF samples. Thus, SOX4 knockdown may reduce oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis by reducing the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby improving renal injury in ARF rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rajendran Krishnamoorthy H, Karuppasamy R. Designing a novel SOX9 based multi-epitope vaccine to combat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer using immunoinformatics approach. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1829-1842. [PMID: 36214961 PMCID: PMC9549049 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are a promising treatment option especially for the management of TNBC owing to its higher levels of tumour-associated antigens together with higher mutational load. Of note, the administration of preventive vaccines in the early stage of the cancer holds promise for effective disease management. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a novel multi-epitope peptide-based vaccination against TNBC employing SOX9, which has recently been recognized as a key regulator of TNBC metastasis. The immunodominant regions from the SOX9 protein were computed and assessed based on their ability to elicit both T and B lymphocyte mediated responses. The resultant epitopes were fused using appropriate linkers (EAAAK, KK, AAY and GPGPG) and adjuvant (50S ribosomal protein L7/L12) to enhance the vaccine's immunogenicity. The physicochemical properties and population coverage were also anticipated for the constructed vaccine. Adding together, docking and dynamics simulation studies were performed on the modelled vaccine against TLR-4 to provide insight into the stability. Finally, the designed vaccine was cloned into the pET28 (+) vector and immunological simulation studies were carried out. These results demonstrate that our designed vaccine had the potency to trigger humoral and cellular immune responses. Based on these collective evidences, the final proposed vaccine could be an interesting therapeutics for the management of TNBC in the near future. Schematic representation of an efficient vaccine design framework by combining the range of immunoinformatics strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramanathan Karuppasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Advance of SOX Transcription Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Role, Tumor Immune Relevance to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051165. [PMID: 35267473 PMCID: PMC8909699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human health burdens worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of HCC development is still not fully understood. Sex determining region Y-related high-mobility group box (SOX) transcription factors not only play pivotal roles in cell fate decisions during development but also participate in the initiation and progression of cancer. Given the significance of SOX factors in cancer and their ‘undruggable’ properties, we summarize the role and molecular mechanism of SOX family members in HCC and the regulatory effect of SOX factors in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of various cancers. For the first time, we analyze the association between the levels of SOX factors and that of immune components in HCC, providing clues to the pivotal role of SOX factors in the TIME of HCC. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of targeting SOX factors for cancer. Abstract Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) factors belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play essential roles in cell fate decisions involving numerous developmental processes. In recent years, the significance of SOX factors in the initiation and progression of cancers has been gradually revealed, and they act as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the research involving SOX factors is still preliminary, given that their effects in some leading-edge fields such as tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remain obscure. More importantly, as a class of ‘undruggable’ molecules, targeting SOX factors still face considerable challenges in achieving clinical translation. Here, we mainly focus on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of SOX family members in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the fatal human health burdens worldwide. We then detail the role of SOX members in remodeling TIME and analyze the association between SOX members and immune components in HCC for the first time. In addition, we emphasize several alternative strategies involved in the translational advances of SOX members in cancer. Finally, we discuss the alternative strategies of targeting SOX family for cancer and propose the opportunities and challenges they face based on the current accumulated studies and our understanding.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shang J, Zheng Y, Mo J, Wang W, Luo Z, Li Y, Chen X, Zhang Q, Wu K, Liu W, Wu J. Sox4 represses host innate immunity to facilitate pathogen infection by hijacking the TLR signaling networks. Virulence 2021; 12:704-722. [PMID: 33517839 PMCID: PMC7894441 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1882775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential for the protection of the host from pathogen infections by initiating the integration of contextual cues to regulate inflammation and immunity. However, without tightly controlled immune responses, the host will be subjected to detrimental outcomes. Therefore, it is important to balance the positive and negative regulations of TLRs to eliminate pathogen infection, yet avert harmful immunological consequences. This study revealed a distinct mechanism underlying the regulation of the TLR network. The expression of sex-determining region Y-box 4 (Sox4) is induced by virus infection in viral infected patients and cultured cells, which subsequently represses the TLR signaling network to facilitate viral replication at multiple levels by a distinct mechanism. Briefly, Sox4 inhibits the production of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and most of the TLRs by binding to their promoters to attenuate gene transcription. In addition, Sox4 blocks the activities of the TLR/MyD88/IRAK4/TAK1 and TLR/TRIF/TRAF3/TBK1 pathways by repressing their key components. Moreover, Sox4 represses the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) through interacting with IKKα/α, and attenuates NF-kB and IFN regulatory factors 3/7 (IRF3/7) abundances by promoting protein degradation. All these contributed to the down-regulation of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, leading to facilitate the viral replications. Therefore, we reveal a distinct mechanism by which viral pathogens evade host innate immunity and discover a key regulator in host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xulin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gillette MA, Satpathy S, Cao S, Dhanasekaran SM, Vasaikar SV, Krug K, Petralia F, Li Y, Liang WW, Reva B, Krek A, Ji J, Song X, Liu W, Hong R, Yao L, Blumenberg L, Savage SR, Wendl MC, Wen B, Li K, Tang LC, MacMullan MA, Avanessian SC, Kane MH, Newton CJ, Cornwell M, Kothadia RB, Ma W, Yoo S, Mannan R, Vats P, Kumar-Sinha C, Kawaler EA, Omelchenko T, Colaprico A, Geffen Y, Maruvka YE, da Veiga Leprevost F, Wiznerowicz M, Gümüş ZH, Veluswamy RR, Hostetter G, Heiman DI, Wyczalkowski MA, Hiltke T, Mesri M, Kinsinger CR, Boja ES, Omenn GS, Chinnaiyan AM, Rodriguez H, Li QK, Jewell SD, Thiagarajan M, Getz G, Zhang B, Fenyö D, Ruggles KV, Cieslik MP, Robles AI, Clauser KR, Govindan R, Wang P, Nesvizhskii AI, Ding L, Mani DR, Carr SA. Proteogenomic Characterization Reveals Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cell 2020; 182:200-225.e35. [PMID: 32649874 PMCID: PMC7373300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To explore the biology of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and identify new therapeutic opportunities, we performed comprehensive proteogenomic characterization of 110 tumors and 101 matched normal adjacent tissues (NATs) incorporating genomics, epigenomics, deep-scale proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and acetylproteomics. Multi-omics clustering revealed four subgroups defined by key driver mutations, country, and gender. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic data illuminated biology downstream of copy number aberrations, somatic mutations, and fusions and identified therapeutic vulnerabilities associated with driver events involving KRAS, EGFR, and ALK. Immune subtyping revealed a complex landscape, reinforced the association of STK11 with immune-cold behavior, and underscored a potential immunosuppressive role of neutrophil degranulation. Smoking-associated LUADs showed correlation with other environmental exposure signatures and a field effect in NATs. Matched NATs allowed identification of differentially expressed proteins with potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility. This proteogenomics dataset represents a unique public resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to better understand and treat lung adenocarcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Shankha Satpathy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Suhas V Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Francesca Petralia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wen-Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Azra Krek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Runyu Hong
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lili Blumenberg
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sara R Savage
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lauren C Tang
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Melanie A MacMullan
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shayan C Avanessian
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - M Harry Kane
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - MacIntosh Cornwell
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramani B Kothadia
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Weiping Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rahul Mannan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Emily A Kawaler
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tatiana Omelchenko
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yifat Geffen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yosef E Maruvka
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Maciej Wiznerowicz
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, 61-701, Poland; International Institute for Molecular Oncology, Poznań, 60-203, Poland
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajwanth R Veluswamy
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - David I Heiman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyczalkowski
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tara Hiltke
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher R Kinsinger
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Scott D Jewell
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Mathangi Thiagarajan
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marcin P Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Oncology and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - D R Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahmoodi S, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. A New Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy Based on the Cancer Stem Cell Antigens Properties. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:2-11. [PMID: 30714514 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190204114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of tumor cells, which play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. The concept that cancer cells arise from stem cells was presented about 150 years ago. Recently, this hypothesis was renewed considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells. CSCs are resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a novel and effective strategy to struggle with tumor cells. OBJECTIVE In this mini-review, we highlight that different immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to target cancer cells and eradicate different tumor cells. The most important targets are specific markers recognized on the CSC surface as CSC antigens such as CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), and SOX family members. This article emphasizes recent advances in CSCs in cancer therapy. RESULTS Our results present that CSC antigens play an important role in tumor initiation, especially in the cells that are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy agents. Therefore, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy, for instance, in developing different types of cancer vaccines or antibodies against tumor cells. CONCLUSION The current studies related to cancer immunotherapy through targeting the CSC antigens based on their properties are briefly summarized. Altogether, CSC antigens can be efficiently targeted to treat cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moreno CS. SOX4: The unappreciated oncogene. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:57-64. [PMID: 31445218 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SOX4 is an essential developmental transcription factor that regulates stemness, differentiation, progenitor development, and multiple developmental pathways including PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ signaling. The SOX4 gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in over 20 types of malignancies, and multiple lines of evidence support that notion that SOX4 is an oncogene. Its overexpression is due to both gene amplification and to activation of PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ pathways that SOX4 regulates. SOX4 interacts with multiple other transcription factors, rendering many of its impacts on gene expression context and tissue-specific. Nevertheless, there are common themes that run through many of the effects of SOX4 hyperactivity, such as the promotion of cell survival, stemness, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Specific targeting of SOX4 remains a challenge for future cancer research and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg, Rm 105J, 615 Michael St. Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosa EA, Hurtado-Puerto AM, Falcão DP, Brietzke AP, De Almeida Prado Franceschi LE, Cavalcanti Neto FF, Tiziane V, Carneiro FP, Kogawa EM, Moreno H, Amorim RFB. Oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: The role of p16, Ki-67, Bub-3 and SOX4 in assessing precancerous potential. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4157-4166. [PMID: 29731815 PMCID: PMC5920964 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions with malignant transformation risk has remained a controversial topic and is of clinical importance. Therefore, the present study evaluated the expression levels of p16, Ki-67, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 (Bub-3) and sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group box 4 (SOX4), and their roles as precancerous biomarkers in OLP. A retrospective study was performed, in which tissue blocks of OLP, oral dysplasia (OD), cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) and oral fibrous hyperplasia (OFH) were used (n=120). A positivity index (PI) for p16, BUB3, Ki-67 and SOX4 expression was calculated in each group. The PI for p16 was 20.65% for OLP, 7.85% for OD, 86.59% for CLP and 11.8% for OFH, and the difference between these groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). PIs of Ki-67 were indicated as 11.6% for OLP, 14.4% for OD, 8.24% for CLP and 5.5% for OFH, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.001). Notably, the expression levels of BUB3 were not statistically different among groups. The highest expression levels of SOX4 were identified in CLP (P<0.001 vs. OLP/CLP; P=0,001 vs. CLP/OD). The determined expression levels of p16 and Ki-67 suggest that specific OLP lesions may have an intermediate malignant potential and should be carefully followed up. The intense SOX4 staining in CLP indicated a different proliferation pattern of epithelium compared with oral mucosa cells. These findings suggest that SOX4 expression may also be associated with the different clinical courses of OLP and CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Augusto Rosa
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aura Maria Hurtado-Puerto
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Denise Pinheiro Falcão
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Patricia Brietzke
- Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdenize Tiziane
- Center for Learning and Research, Brasília Children's Hospital, Brasília 70910-90, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Mikaela Kogawa
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rivadávio Fernandes Batista Amorim
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jang SM, Kim CH, Kim JW, Choi KH. Transcriptional regulatory network of SOX4 during myoblast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:365-70. [PMID: 25969425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction of transcriptional regulatory networks of transcription factors (TFs) has become more important and attractive to understand the alterations of binding protein-dependent transcriptional activity that governs the changes in spatiotemporal expression of TF target genes required in various cellular processes. Therefore, identification of new inner modules including target genes and protein interactions involved in unveiled TF-based transcription networks is currently in the research spotlight. In this study, we reveal a possible SOX4-centered transcriptional network by the identification of novel binding partners and target genes of the TF SOX4 using various screening techniques. Lamin B2, barrier to autointegration factor 1, and apolipoprotein C-III were identified as novel interacting partners of SOX4 by yeast two-hybrid screening, and the genes encoding lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S, and Map2k2 were identified as putative target genes of SOX4. Differently from the computational networks of TFs, we revealed a SOX4-centered physical network during myoblast differentiation. These results will provide opportunities to better understand the SOX4-centered transcriptional regulation network and TF-based specific gene expression in various cellular environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jang SM, Kang EJ, Kim JW, Kim CH, An JH, Choi KH. Transcription factor Sox4 is required for PUMA-mediated apoptosis induced by histone deacetylase inhibitor, TSA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:445-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
12
|
The role of SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) in tumorigenesis and metastasis: friend or foe? Oncogene 2012; 32:3397-409. [PMID: 23246969 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of cancer are mediated by alterations in transcriptional networks, resulting in a disturbed balance between the activity of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Transcription factors have the capacity to regulate global transcriptional profiles, and are consequently often found to be deregulated in their expression and function during tumorigenesis. Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) is a member of the group C subfamily of the SOX transcription factors and has a critical role during embryogenesis, where its expression is widespread and controls the development of numerous tissues. SOX4 expression is elevated in a wide variety of tumors, including leukemia, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer, suggesting a fundamental role in the development of these malignancies. In many cancers, deregulated expression of this developmental factor has been correlated with increased cancer cell proliferation, cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and tumor progression through the induction of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. However, in a limited subset of tumors, SOX4 has also been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. These opposing roles suggest that the outcome of SOX4 activation depends on the cellular context and the tumor origin. Indeed, SOX4 expression, transcriptional activity and target gene specificity can be controlled by signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β and the WNT pathway, as well as at the post-translational level through regulation of protein stability and interaction with specific cofactors, such as TCF, syntenin-1 and p53. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge concerning the role of SOX4 in tumor development and progression.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu Y, Li Y, Wei J, Liu X. The role of Sox genes in lung morphogenesis and cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15767-83. [PMID: 23443092 PMCID: PMC3546660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lung consists of multiple cell types derived from early embryonic compartments. The morphogenesis of the lung, as well as the injury repair of the adult lung, is tightly controlled by a network of signaling pathways with key transcriptional factors. Lung cancer is the third most cancer-related death in the world, which may be developed due to the failure of regulating the signaling pathways. Sox (sex-determining region Y (Sry) box-containing) family transcriptional factors have emerged as potent modulators in embryonic development, stem cells maintenance, tissue homeostasis, and cancerogenesis in multiple processes. Recent studies demonstrated that the members of the Sox gene family played important roles in the development and maintenance of lung and development of lung cancer. In this context, we summarize our current understanding of the role of Sox family transcriptional factors in the morphogenesis of lung, their oncogenic potential in lung cancer, and their potential impact in the diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.W.); or (X.L.); Tel.: +86-951-674-3751 (J.W.); +86-951-206-2037 (X.L); Fax: +86-951-206-2699 (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.W.); or (X.L.); Tel.: +86-951-674-3751 (J.W.); +86-951-206-2037 (X.L); Fax: +86-951-206-2699 (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castillo SD, Sanchez-Cespedes M. The SOX family of genes in cancer development: biological relevance and opportunities for therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:903-19. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.709239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
15
|
Li B, Ge Z, Song S, Zhang S, Yan H, Huang B, Zhang Y. Decreased expression of SOX7 is correlated with poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18:1039-45. [PMID: 22777918 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most frequently histologic subtype and the most histologically heterogeneous form of lung cancer. De-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is implicated in lung carcinogenesis. SOX7, as a member of high mobility group (HMG) transcription factor family, plays a role in the modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the expression pattern and clinicopathological significance of SOX7 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma is still unclear. To address this problem, the SOX7 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 288 pairs of adjacent normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues with complete follow-up records. Association of SOX7 protein expression with clinical outcomes was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. SOX7 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma compared with matched adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001). SOX7 protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of lung adenocarcinoma cells in 106/288 (36.8 %) of cases, whereas its immunoreactivities were predominantly located in the cytoplasm of the adjacent normal tissues. The reduced SOX7 expression was correlated with poor differentiation (P = 0.002), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011) and advanced TNM stage (P = 0.006). Regarding patient survival, the overall survival and the disease-free survival rates were both significantly lower in patients with SOX7-negative tumors than in those with SOX7-positive tumors (P = 0.018 and 0.013, respectively). Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional-hazards model demonstrated that SOX7 expression status was an independent prognostic factor predicting the overall survival and the disease-free survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (P = 0.021 and 0.016, respectively).Our data suggest that the decreased expression of SOX7 is an important feature of lung adenocarcinoma. The expression level of SOX protein may be a useful prognostic marker for patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- National Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quiroz Y, Lopez M, Mavropoulos A, Motte P, Martial JA, Hammerschmidt M, Muller M. The HMG-box transcription factor Sox4b is required for pituitary expression of gata2a and specification of thyrotrope and gonadotrope cells in zebrafish. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1014-27. [PMID: 22543271 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a complex gland comprising different cell types each secreting specific hormones. The extensive network of signaling molecules and transcription factors required for determination and terminal differentiation of specific cell types is still not fully understood. The SRY-like HMG-box (SOX) transcription factor Sox4 plays important roles in many developmental processes and has two homologs in zebrafish, Sox4a and Sox4b. We show that the sox4b gene is expressed in the pituitary anlagen starting at 24 h after fertilization (hpf) and later in the entire head region including the pituitary. At 48 hpf, sox4b mRNA colocalizes with that for TSH (tshβ), glycoprotein subunit α (gsuα), and the Zn finger transcription factor Gata2a. Loss of Sox4b function, using morpholino knockdown or expression of a dominant-negative Sox4 mutant, leads to a drastic decrease in tshβ and gsuα expression and reduced levels of gh, whereas other anterior pituitary gland markers including prl, slβ, pomc, and lim3 are not affected. Sox4b is also required for expression of gata2a in the pituitary. Knockdown of gata2a leads to decreased tshβ and gsuα expression at 48 hpf, similar to sox4b morphants. Injection of gata2a mRNA into sox4b morphants rescued tshβ and gsuα expression in thyrotrope cells. Finally, sox4b or gata2a knockdown causes a significant decrease of gonadotropin expression (lhβ and fshβ) at 4 d after fertilization. In summary, our results indicate that Sox4b is expressed in zebrafish during pituitary development and plays a crucial role in the differentiation of thyrotrope and gonadotrope cells through induction of gata2a expression in the developing pituitary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yobhana Quiroz
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Cooperation of multiple mutations is thought to be required for cancer development. In previous studies, murine myeloid leukemias induced by transducing wild-type bone marrow progenitors with a SRY sex determining region Y-box 4 (Sox4)-expressing retrovirus frequently carried proviral insertions at Sfpi1, decreasing its mRNA levels, suggesting that reduced Sfpi1 expression cooperates with Sox4 in myeloid leukemia induction. In support of this hypothesis, we show here that mice receiving Sox4 virus-infected Sfpi1(ko/+) bone marrow progenitors developed myeloid leukemia with increased penetrance and shortened latency. Interestingly, Sox4 expression further decreased Sfpi1 transcription. Ectopic SOX4 expression reduced endogenous PU.1 mRNA levels in HL60 promyelocytes, and decreased Sfpi1 mRNA levels were also observed in the spleens of leukemic and preleukemic mice receiving Sox4 virus-infected wild-type bone marrow cells. In addition, Sox4 protein bound to a critical upstream regulatory element of Sfpi1 in ChIP assays. Such cooperation probably occurs in de novo human acute myeloid leukemias, as an analysis of 285 acute myeloid leukemia patient samples found a significant negative correlation between SOX4 and PU.1 expression. Our results establish a novel cooperation between Sox4 and reduced Sfpi1 expression in myeloid leukemia development and suggest that SOX4 could be an important new therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shetty V, Sinnathamby G, Nickens Z, Shah P, Hafner J, Mariello L, Kamal S, Vlahovic' G, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Philip R. MHC class I-presented lung cancer-associated tumor antigens identified by immunoproteomics analysis are targets for cancer-specific T cell response. J Proteomics 2011; 74:728-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
19
|
Tian C, Shi H, Colledge C, Stern M, Waterston R, Liu J. The C. elegans SoxC protein SEM-2 opposes differentiation factors to promote a proliferative blast cell fate in the postembryonic mesoderm. Development 2011; 138:1033-43. [PMID: 21307099 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The proper development of multicellular organisms requires precise regulation and coordination of cell fate specification, cell proliferation and differentiation. Abnormal regulation and coordination of these processes could lead to disease, including cancer. We have examined the function of the sole C. elegans SoxC protein, SEM-2, in the M lineage, which produces the postembryonic mesoderm. We found that SEM-2/SoxC is both necessary and sufficient to promote a proliferating blast cell fate, the sex myoblast fate, over a differentiated striated bodywall muscle fate. A number of factors control the specific expression of sem-2 in the sex myoblast precursors and their descendants. This includes direct control of sem-2 expression by a Hox-PBC complex. The crucial nature of the HOX/PBC factors in directly enhancing expression of this proliferative factor in the C. elegans M lineage suggests a possible more general link between Hox-PBC factors and SoxC proteins in regulating cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Tian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Y, Carson-Walter EB, Cooper A, Winans BN, Johnson MD, Walter KA. Vascular gene expression patterns are conserved in primary and metastatic brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2010; 99:13-24. [PMID: 20063114 PMCID: PMC2904485 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant primary glial and secondary metastatic brain tumors represent distinct pathological entities. Nevertheless, both tumor types induce profound angiogenic responses in the host brain microvasculature that promote tumor growth. We hypothesized that primary and metastatic tumors induce similar microvascular changes that could function as conserved angiogenesis based therapeutic targets. We previously isolated glioma endothelial marker genes (GEMs) that were selectively upregulated in the microvasculature of proliferating glioblastomas. We sought to determine whether these genes were similarly induced in the microvasculature of metastatic brain tumors. RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR were used to screen expression levels of 20 candidate GEMs in primary and metastatic clinical brain tumor specimens. Differentially regulated GEMs were further evaluated by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization to localize gene expression using clinical tissue microarrays. Thirteen GEMs were upregulated to a similar degree in both primary and metastatic brain tumors. Most of these genes localize to the cell surface (CXCR7, PV1) or extracellular matrix (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL6A2, MMP14, PXDN) and were selectively expressed by the microvasculature. The shared expression profile between primary and metastatic brain tumors suggests that the molecular pathways driving the angiogenic response are conserved, despite differences in the tumor cells themselves. Anti-angiogenic therapies currently in development for primary brain tumors may prove beneficial for brain metastases and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 670, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eleanor B. Carson-Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 670, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anna Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 670, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bethany N. Winans
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 670, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mahlon D. Johnson
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin A. Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 670, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moreno CS. The Sex-determining region Y-box 4 and homeobox C6 transcriptional networks in prostate cancer progression: crosstalk with the Wnt, Notch, and PI3K pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:518-27. [PMID: 20019190 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta, Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways all play critical roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these pathways may intersect with developmentally important transcription factors such as the sex-determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4), homeobox C6, enhancer of zeste 2, and ETS-related gene, which are up-regulated in prostate cancers. For example, identification of the downstream targets of SOX4 and homeobox C6 suggests that these factors may cooperate to activate the Notch pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway, possibly in response to Wnt signals. PI3K/AKT activation likely occurs indirectly via up-regulation of growth factor receptors, while Notch activation is secondary to up-regulation of Notch pathway components. In addition, SOX4 may affect terminal differentiation via regulation of other transcription factors such as NKX3.1 and MLL, and regulation of components of the microRNA pathway such as Dicer and Argonaute 1. The evidence supporting activation of these pathways in prostate cancer progression suggests that combinations of compounds targeting them may be of benefit to patients with aggressive, metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Induction of SOX4 by DNA damage is critical for p53 stabilization and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3788-93. [PMID: 19234109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810147106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) acts as a tumorigenesis barrier, and any defects in the DDR machinery may lead to cancer. SOX4 expression is elevated in many types of tumors; however, its role in DDR is still largely unknown. Here, we show that SOX4, a new DNA damage sensor, is required for the activation of p53 tumor suppressor in response to DNA damage. Notably, SOX4 interacts with and stabilizes p53 protein by blocking Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, SOX4 enhances p53 acetylation by interacting with p300/CBP and facilitating p300/CBP/p53 complex formation. In concert with these results, SOX4 promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and it inhibits tumorigenesis in a p53-dependent manner. Therefore, these findings highlight SOX4 as a potential key factor in regulating DDR-associated cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Haram KM, Peltier HJ, Lu B, Bhasin M, Otu HH, Choy B, Regan M, Libermann TA, Latham GJ, Sanda MG, Arredouani MS. Gene expression profile of mouse prostate tumors reveals dysregulations in major biological processes and identifies potential murine targets for preclinical development of human prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 2008; 68:1517-30. [PMID: 18668517 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translation of preclinical studies into effective human cancer therapy is hampered by the lack of defined molecular expression patterns in mouse models that correspond to the human counterpart. We sought to generate an open source TRAMP mouse microarray dataset and to use this array to identify differentially expressed genes from human prostate cancer (PCa) that have concordant expression in TRAMP tumors, and thereby represent lead targets for preclinical therapy development. METHODS We performed microarrays on total RNA extracted and amplified from eight TRAMP tumors and nine normal prostates. A subset of differentially expressed genes was validated by QRT-PCR. Differentially expressed TRAMP genes were analyzed for concordant expression in publicly available human prostate array datasets and a subset of resulting genes was analyzed by QRT-PCR. RESULTS Cross-referencing differentially expressed TRAMP genes to public human prostate array datasets revealed 66 genes with concordant expression in mouse and human PCa; 56 between metastases and normal and 10 between primary tumor and normal tissues. Of these 10 genes, two, Sox4 and Tubb2a, were validated by QRT-PCR. Our analysis also revealed various dysregulations in major biologic pathways in the TRAMP prostates. CONCLUSIONS We report a TRAMP microarray dataset of which a gene subset was validated by QRT-PCR with expression patterns consistent with previous gene-specific TRAMP studies. Concordance analysis between TRAMP and human PCa associated genes supports the utility of the model and suggests several novel molecular targets for preclinical therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- High Mobility Group Proteins/biosynthesis
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SOXC Transcription Factors
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstyn M Haram
- Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sinner D, Kordich JJ, Spence JR, Opoka R, Rankin S, Lin SCJ, Jonatan D, Zorn AM, Wells JM. Sox17 and Sox4 differentially regulate beta-catenin/T-cell factor activity and proliferation of colon carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7802-15. [PMID: 17875931 PMCID: PMC2169141 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02179-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt pathway is necessary for gut epithelial cell proliferation, and aberrant activation of this pathway causes intestinal neoplasia. We report a novel mechanism by which the Sox family of transcription factors regulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We found that some Sox proteins antagonize while others enhance beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) activity. Sox17, which is expressed in the normal gut epithelium but exhibits reduced expression in intestinal neoplasia, is antagonistic to Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in SW480 colon carcinoma cells, Sox17 represses beta-catenin/TCF activity in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits proliferation. Sox17 and Sox4 are expressed in mutually exclusive domains in normal and neoplastic gut tissues, and gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that Sox4 enhances beta-catenin/TCF activity and the proliferation of SW480 cells. In addition to binding beta-catenin, both Sox17 and Sox4 physically interact with TCF/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) family members via their respective high-mobility-group box domains. Results from gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggest that the interaction of Sox proteins with beta-catenin and TCF/LEF proteins regulates the stability of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In particular, Sox17 promotes the degradation of both beta-catenin and TCF proteins via a noncanonical, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-independent mechanism that can be blocked by proteasome inhibitors. In contrast, Sox4 may function to stabilize beta-catenin protein. These findings indicate that Sox proteins can act as both antagonists and agonists of beta-catenin/TCF activity, and this mechanism may regulate Wnt signaling responses in many developmental and disease contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Sinner
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schmitz M, Temme A, Senner V, Ebner R, Schwind S, Stevanovic S, Wehner R, Schackert G, Schackert HK, Fussel M, Bachmann M, Rieber EP, Weigle B. Identification of SOX2 as a novel glioma-associated antigen and potential target for T cell-based immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1293-301. [PMID: 17375044 PMCID: PMC2360145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis for patients suffering from malignant glioma has not substantially improved. Specific immunotherapy as a novel treatment concept critically depends on target antigens, which are highly overexpressed in the majority of gliomas, but the number of such antigens is still very limited. SOX2 was identified by screening an expression database for transcripts that are overexpressed in malignant glioma, but display minimal expression in normal tissues. Expression of SOX2 mRNA was further investigated in tumour and normal tissues by real-time PCR. Compared to cDNA from pooled normal brain, SOX2 was overexpressed in almost all (9 out of 10) malignant glioma samples, whereas expression in other, non-malignant tissues was almost negligible. SOX2 protein expression in glioma cell lines and tumour tissues was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated SOX2 protein expression in all malignant glioma tissues investigated ranging from 6 to 66% stained tumour cells. Human leucocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted SOX2-derived peptides were tested for the activation of glioma-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Specific CTLs were raised against the peptide TLMKKDKYTL and were capable of lysing glioma cells. The abundant and glioma-restricted overexpression of SOX2 and the generation of SOX2-specific and tumour-reactive CTLs may recommend this antigen as target for T-cell-based immunotherapy of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schmitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Temme
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Senner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - R Ebner
- Avalon Pharmaceuticals, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - S Schwind
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Stevanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Wehner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Schackert
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H K Schackert
- Medical Faculty, Department of Surgical Research, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Fussel
- DKMS, Life Science Lab GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Bachmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E P Rieber
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - B Weigle
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eucodis GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Eucodis GmbH, Brunner Strasse 59, 1230 Vienna, Austria; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Liu P, Ramachandran S, Ali Seyed M, Scharer CD, Laycock N, Dalton WB, Williams H, Karanam S, Datta MW, Jaye DL, Moreno CS. Sex-determining region Y box 4 is a transforming oncogene in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4011-9. [PMID: 16618720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous neoplasm and second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in western men. To investigate the mechanisms of prostate cancer development and progression, we did expression profiling of human prostate cancer and benign tissues. We show that the SOX4 is overexpressed in prostate tumor samples compared with benign tissues by microarray analysis, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We also show that SOX4 expression is highly correlated with Gleason score at the mRNA and protein level using tissue microarrays. Genes affected by SOX4 expression were also identified, including BCL10, CSF1, and NcoA4/ARA70. TLE-1 and BBC3/PUMA were identified as direct targets of SOX4. Silencing of SOX4 by small interfering RNA transfection induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that SOX4 could be a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Stable transfection of SOX4 into nontransformed prostate cells enabled colony formation in soft agar, suggesting that, in the proper cellular context, SOX4 can be a transforming oncogene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Furth EE, Li J, Purev E, Solomon AC, Rogler G, Mick R, Putt M, Zhang T, Somasundaram R, Swoboda R, Herlyn D. Serum antibodies to EpCAM in healthy donors but not ulcerative colitis patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:528-37. [PMID: 16034560 PMCID: PMC11030890 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gastrointestinal carcinoma-associated antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been a target for passive and active immunotherapy of gastrointestinal carcinoma patients. The antigen is expressed by both tumor and normal tissues. The immunogenicity of EpCAM in colorectal cancer patients has been described previously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses of healthy individuals and ulcerative colitis patients to EpCAM and to relate immune responses to colonic tissue expression of EpCAM. METHODS An inhibition radioimmunoassay was used to detect anti-EpCAM serum antibodies. Anti-EpCAM antibodies of a healthy donor were expressed by phages and sequenced. (3)H-thymidine incorporation assay was used for detection of lymphoproliferative responses to stimulation with EpCAM. EpCAM tissue expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We detected anti-EpCAM serum antibodies in 4 of 10, and EpCAM-specific lymphoproliferation responses in 1 of 10 healthy volunteers. The majority of anti-EpCAM antibodies derived from a healthy donor were germline-encoded. In contrast, none of the 23 patients with ulcerative colitis showed serum antibodies to EpCAM (P=0.005). Antigen expression was greatly reduced and altered in ulcerative colitis patients, whereas colon from healthy individuals and uninvolved colon of colorectal cancer patients expressed high levels of EpCAM. CONCLUSION The results of these studies suggest an association between EpCAM antibody production and colonic EpCAM expression in healthy individuals and patients with ulcerative colitis. Decreased and altered colonic EpCAM expression in ulcerative colitis patients may be related to the disease induction, based on the previously demonstrated adhesion function of this molecule. Healthy individuals with anti-EpCAM immune responses and high risk for developing colorectal carcinoma are prime candidates for prophylactic immunization against EpCAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jian Li
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Enkhtsetseg Purev
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alyson C. Solomon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, , Germany
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, 19104 Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Mary Putt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, 19104 Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tianqian Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Rolf Swoboda
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Dorothee Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pan X, Li H, Zhang P, Jin B, Man J, Tian L, Su G, Zhao J, Li W, Liu H, Gong W, Zhou T, Zhang X. Ubc9 interacts with SOX4 and represses its transcriptional activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:727-34. [PMID: 16631117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SOX4 is a member of SOX transcriptional factor family that is crucial for many cellular processes. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid screening of human mammary cDNA library identified human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (hUbc9) that interacted with SOX4. This interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation assays in vivo. Deletion mapping demonstrated that HMG-box domain of SOX4 is required to mediate the interaction with Ubc9 in yeast. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that Ubc9 co-localized with SOX4 in the nucleus. Luciferase assays found that Ubc9 specifically repressed SOX4 transcriptional activity in 293T cells. We further demonstrated that Ubc9 could functionally repress the transcriptional activity of endogenous SOX4 induced by progesterone in T47D cells. The C93S mutant of Ubc9, which abrogates SUMO-1 conjugation activity, did not abolish the ability to repress SOX4 activity. It shows that Ubc9 interacts with SOX4 and represses its transcriptional activity independent of its SUMO-1-conjugating activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rosell R, Cecere F, Cognetti F, Cuello M, Sanchez JM, Taron M, Reguart N, Jablons D. Future directions in the second-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 2006; 33:S45-51. [PMID: 16472709 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-agent chemotherapy has shown limited activity as second-line treatment in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with short-lived responses and modest survival benefit over best supportive care or placebo. There are multiple ways to improve the poor outcome of patients whose disease progresses after first-line chemotherapy. First, individualizing second-line chemotherapy could optimize its effect; the discovery of dramatic responses and significant improvement in survival in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations who are treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors may lead to the application of other novel therapeutic approaches. Cancer vaccines, using autologous tumor cells genetically modified with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, constitute a new therapeutic option for patients with chemoresistant advanced NSCLC. Vaccines based on lymphocyte-defined tumor antigens, such as melanoma-associated antigen-3, toll-like receptor 9, and mucin 1, are also in the first stages of testing and have shown promising preliminary results. New approaches in gene therapy, including a p53-based method, are currently being investigated. The ultimate goal of gene therapy is to target cancerous stem cells, the importance of which is beginning to be recognized in NSCLC through the study of abnormalities in the wingless (Wnt) pathway. At the preclinical level, small interfering RNA sequences have been used successfully to neutralize multiple abnormal components of the Wnt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Medical Oncology Service, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schmitz M, Wehner R, Stevanovic S, Kiessling A, Rieger MA, Temme A, Bachmann M, Rieber EP, Weigle B. Identification of a naturally processed T cell epitope derived from the glioma-associated protein SOX11. Cancer Lett 2006; 245:331-6. [PMID: 16504379 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell-based immunotherapies of cancer depends on the identification of tumor-associated antigens capable of eliciting tumor-directed cytotoxic T cell responses. In malignant glioma the number of well-defined target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is still very limited. Recently, we demonstrated the abundant and specific overexpression of the transcription factor SOX11 in malignant glioma. Here, we describe the SOX11-derived peptide LLRRYNVAKV which is capable of inducing human leukocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted and tumor-reactive CTLs. This novel CTL epitope may serve as an attractive candidate for a T cell-based immunotherapy of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schmitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carralot JP, Weide B, Schoor O, Probst J, Scheel B, Teufel R, Hoerr I, Garbe C, Rammensee HG, Pascolo S. Production and characterization of amplified tumor-derived cRNA libraries to be used as vaccines against metastatic melanomas. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2005; 3:6. [PMID: 16115316 PMCID: PMC1215502 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Anti-tumor vaccines targeting the entire tumor antigen repertoire represent an attractive immunotherapeutic approach. In the context of a phase I/II clinical trial, we vaccinated metastatic melanoma patients with autologous amplified tumor mRNA. In order to provide the large quantities of mRNA needed for each patient, the Stratagene Creator™ SMART™ cDNA library construction method was modified and applied to produce libraries derived from the tumors of 15 patients. The quality of those mRNA library vaccines was evaluated through sequencing and microarray analysis. Results Random analysis of bacterial clones of the library showed a rate of 95% of recombinant plasmids among which a minimum of 51% of the clones contained a full-Open Reading Frame. In addition, despite a biased amplification toward small abundant transcripts compared to large rare fragments, we could document a relatively conserved gene expression profile between the total RNA of the tumor of origin and the corresponding in vitro transcribed complementary RNA (cRNA). Finally, listing the 30 most abundant transcripts of patient MEL02's library, a large number of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) either patient specific or shared by several melanomas were found. Conclusion Our results show that unlimited amounts of cRNA representing tumor's transcriptome could be obtained and that this cRNA was a reliable source of a large variety of tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Carralot
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology; Auf der Morgenstelle 15; 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weide
- Section for Dermatological Oncology, Tübingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schoor
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology; Auf der Morgenstelle 15; 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Probst
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology; Auf der Morgenstelle 15; 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Scheel
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regina Teufel
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Hoerr
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Section for Dermatological Oncology, Tübingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology; Auf der Morgenstelle 15; 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steve Pascolo
- CureVac, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology; Auf der Morgenstelle 15; 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|