1
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Dong M, Audiger C, Adegoke A, Lebel MÈ, Valbon SF, Anderson CC, Melichar HJ, Lesage S. CD5 levels reveal distinct basal T-cell receptor signals in T cells from non-obese diabetic mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:656-667. [PMID: 33534942 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice occurs when autoreactive T cells eliminate insulin producing pancreatic β cells. While extensively studied in T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, the contribution of alterations in thymic selection to the polyclonal T-cell pool in NOD mice is not yet resolved. The magnitude of signals downstream of TCR engagement with self-peptide directs the development of a functional T-cell pool, in part by ensuring tolerance to self. TCR interactions with self-peptide are also necessary for T-cell homeostasis in the peripheral lymphoid organs. To identify differences in TCR signal strength that accompany thymic selection and peripheral T-cell maintenance, we compared CD5 levels, a marker of basal TCR signal strength, on immature and mature T cells from autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD and -resistant B6 mice. The data suggest that there is no preferential selection of NOD thymocytes that perceive stronger TCR signals from self-peptide engagement. Instead, NOD mice have an MHC-dependent increase in CD4+ thymocytes and mature T cells that express lower levels of CD5. In contrast, T cell-intrinsic mechanisms lead to higher levels of CD5 on peripheral CD8+ T cells from NOD relative to B6 mice, suggesting that peripheral CD8+ T cells with higher basal TCR signals may have survival advantages in NOD mice. These differences in the T-cell pool in NOD mice may contribute to the development or progression of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Dong
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cindy Audiger
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adeolu Adegoke
- Departments of Surgery, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Departments of Surgery and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Motta VN, Markle JGM, Gulban O, Mortin-Toth S, Liao KC, Mogridge J, Steward CA, Danska JS. Identification of the inflammasome Nlrp1b as the candidate gene conferring diabetes risk at the Idd4.1 locus in the nonobese diabetic mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5663-73. [PMID: 25964492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model has been linked to >30 insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) susceptibility loci. Idd4 on chromosome 11 consists of two subloci, Idd4.1 and Idd4.2. Using congenic analysis of alleles in NOD and NOD-resistant (NOR) mice, we previously defined Idd4.1 as an interval containing >50 genes that controlled expression of genes in the type 1 IFN pathway. In this study, we report refined mapping of Idd4.1 to a 1.1-Mb chromosomal region and provide genomic sequence analysis and mechanistic evidence supporting its role in innate immune regulation of islet-directed autoimmunity. Genetic variation at Idd4.1 was mediated by radiation-sensitive hematopoietic cells, and type 1 diabetes protection conferred by the NOR allele was abrogated in mice treated with exogenous type 1 IFN-β. Next generation sequence analysis of the full Idd4.1 genomic interval in NOD and NOR strains supported Nlrp1b as a strong candidate gene for Idd4.1. Nlrp1b belongs to the Nod-like receptor (NLR) gene family and contributes to inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 recruitment, and release of IL-1β. The Nlrp1b of NOR was expressed as an alternative spliced isoform that skips exon 9, resulting in a premature stop codon predicted to encode a truncated protein. Functional analysis of the truncated NOR Nlrp1b protein demonstrated that it was unable to recruit caspase-1 and process IL-1β. Our data suggest that Idd4.1-dependent protection from islet autoimmunity is mediated by differences in type 1 IFN- and IL-1β-dependent immune responses resulting from genetic variation in Nlrp1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius N Motta
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Janet G M Markle
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Omid Gulban
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Steven Mortin-Toth
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kuo-Chien Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeremy Mogridge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Charles A Steward
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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3
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Scheider J, Afonso-Grunz F, Hoffmeier K, Horres R, Groher F, Rycak L, Oehlmann J, Winter P. Gene expression of chicken gonads is sex- and side-specific. Sex Dev 2014; 8:178-91. [PMID: 24820130 DOI: 10.1159/000362259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In chicken, the left and right female gonads undergo a completely different program during development. To learn more about the molecular factors underlying side-specific development and to identify potential sex- and side-specific genes in developing gonads, we separately performed next-generation sequencing-based deepSuperSAGE transcription profiling from left and right, female and male gonads of 19-day-old chicken embryos. A total of 836 transcript variants were significantly differentially expressed (p < 10(-5)) between combined male and female gonads. Left-right comparison revealed 1,056 and 822 differentially (p < 10(-5)) expressed transcript variants for male and female gonads, respectively, of which 72 are side-specific in both sexes. At least some of these may represent key players for lateral development in birds. Additionally, several genes with laterally differential expression in the ovaries seem to determine female gonads for growth or regression, whereas right-left differences in testes are mostly limited to the differentially expressed genes present in both sexes. With a few exceptions, side-specific genes are not located on the sex chromosomes. The large differences in lateral gene expression in the ovaries in almost all metabolic pathways suggest that the regressing right gonad might have undergone a change of function during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Scheider
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/M., Germany
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4
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Markle JG, Mortin-Toth S, Wong AS, Geng L, Hayday A, Danska JS. γδ T cells are essential effectors of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:5392-401. [PMID: 23626013 PMCID: PMC3836168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells, a lineage of innate-like lymphocytes, are distinguished from conventional αβ T cells in their Ag recognition, cell activation requirements, and effector functions. γδ T cells have been implicated in the pathology of several human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their corresponding mouse models, but their specific roles in these diseases have not been elucidated. We report that γδ TCR(+) cells, including both the CD27(-)CD44(hi) and CD27(+)CD44(lo) subsets, infiltrate islets of prediabetic NOD mice. Moreover, NOD CD27(-)CD44(hi) and CD27(+)CD44(lo) γδ T cells were preprogrammed to secrete IL-17, or IFN-γ upon activation. Adoptive transfer of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to T and B lymphocyte-deficient NOD recipients was greatly potentiated when γδ T cells, and specifically the CD27(-) γδ T cell subset, were included compared with transfer of αβ T cells alone. Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 prevented T1D transfer in this setting. Moreover, introgression of genetic Tcrd deficiency onto the NOD background provided robust T1D protection, supporting a nonredundant, pathogenic role of γδ T cells in this model. The potent contributions of CD27(-) γδ T cells and IL-17 to islet inflammation and diabetes reported in this study suggest that these mechanisms may also underlie human T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet G.M. Markle
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Steve Mortin-Toth
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
| | - Andrea S.L. Wong
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Liping Geng
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK, SE1 9RT
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK, SE1 9RT
- Immune Surveillance Laboratory; London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2, UK
| | - Jayne S. Danska
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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5
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Genetic control of murine invariant natural killer T cells maps to multiple type 1 diabetes regions. Genes Immun 2013; 14:380-6. [PMID: 23719031 PMCID: PMC3766462 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced frequency of invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cells has been indicated as a contributing factor to type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in NOD mice. To further understand the genetic basis of the defect, we generated (NOD X ICR)F2 mice to map genes that control iNKT-cell development. We determined frequencies of thymic and splenic iNKT-cells as well as the ratio of CD4-positive and -negative subsets in the spleens of 209 F2 males. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed 5 loci that exceed the significant threshold for the frequency of thymic and/or splenic iNKT-cells on Chromosomes (Chr) 1, 5, 6, 12, and 17. Three significant loci on Chr 1, 4, and 5 were found for the ratio of CD4-positive and -negative splenic iNKT-cells. Comparisons to previously known mouse T1D susceptibility (Idd) loci revealed two significant QTL peak locations respectively mapped to Idd regions on Chr 4 and 6. The peak marker location of the significant Chr 12 iNKT QTL maps to within 0.5Mb of a syntenic human T1D locus. Collectively, our results reveal several novel loci controlling iNKT-cell development and provide additional information for future T1D genetic studies.
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6
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Pelletier AN, Lesage S. The Idd13 congenic interval defines the number of merocytic dendritic cells, a novel trait associated with autoimmune diabetes susceptibility. J Autoimmun 2013; 43:70-7. [PMID: 23623717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When antigens derived from apoptotic cells are presented by conventional dendritic cells (cDC), T cell tolerance is induced. Surprisingly, the presentation of apoptotic cell antigens by an unconventional DC subset, termed merocytic dendritic cells (mcDC), can reverse T cell anergy. The potency of mcDC at breaking T cell tolerance has been demonstrated in the context of tumors and autoimmunity, suggesting that modulating the number of mcDC in vivo may be of clinical interest. To identify the genetic determinants that define the number of mcDC, we performed a linkage analysis between NOD and C57BL/6 mouse strains, where autoimmune-prone NOD mice show an increased proportion of mcDC relative to the non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 mice. We identified a locus on chromosome 2 significantly linked to both the proportion and the absolute number of mcDC in the spleen. Interestingly, the dominant interval on chromosome 2 overlaps with a locus previously associated with diabetes protection, namely Idd13. Using NOD.Idd13 congenic mice, we validate the impact of the Idd13 congenic interval in defining the proportion and number of mcDC in the spleen. These results show that the decreased number of mcDC is conferred by C57BL/6 alleles at the Idd13 locus, which is linked to diabetes resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam-Nicolas Pelletier
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.
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7
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Markle JGM, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Danska JS. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 2013; 339:1084-8. [PMID: 23328391 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1321] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial exposures and sex hormones exert potent effects on autoimmune diseases, many of which are more prevalent in women. We demonstrate that early-life microbial exposures determine sex hormone levels and modify progression to autoimmunity in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Colonization by commensal microbes elevated serum testosterone and protected NOD males from T1D. Transfer of gut microbiota from adult males to immature females altered the recipient's microbiota, resulting in elevated testosterone and metabolomic changes, reduced islet inflammation and autoantibody production, and robust T1D protection. These effects were dependent on androgen receptor activity. Thus, the commensal microbial community alters sex hormone levels and regulates autoimmune disease fate in individuals with high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet G M Markle
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Pelletier AN, Guimont-Desrochers F, Ashton MP, Brodnicki TC, Lesage S. The Size of the Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Compartment Is a Multigenic Trait Dominated by a Locus on Mouse Chromosome 7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5561-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Kawamoto K, Pahuja A, Nettles A, Honkanen-Scott M, Bansal-Pakala P. Downregulation of TGF-βRII in T effector cells leads to increased resistance to TGF-β-mediated suppression of autoimmune responses in type I diabetes. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:310-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.664667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Thayer TC, Wilson SB, Mathews CE. Use of nonobese diabetic mice to understand human type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:541-61. [PMID: 20723819 PMCID: PMC2925291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1922, Leonard Thompson received the first injections of insulin prepared from the pancreas of canine test subjects. From pancreatectomized dogs to the more recent development of animal models that spontaneously develop autoimmune syndromes, animal models have played a meaningful role in furthering diabetes research. Of these animals, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is the most widely used for research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) because the NOD shares several genetic and immunologic traits with the human form of the disease. In this article, the authors discuss the similarities and differences in NOD and human T1D and the potential role of NOD mice in future preclinical studies, aiming to provide a better understanding of the genetic and immune defects that lead to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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11
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Hadjiyanni I, Siminovitch KA, Danska JS, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling selectively regulates murine lymphocyte proliferation and maintenance of peripheral regulatory T cells. Diabetologia 2010; 53:730-40. [PMID: 20225396 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists improve glucose control in animals and humans with type 1 diabetes. However, there is little information on the role of the GLP-1R in the immune system. We studied the role of the GLP-1R in immune function in wild-type (WT) and nonobese diabetic (NOD) and Glp1r-/- mice. METHODS Glp1r mRNA expression was examined in sorted immune subpopulations by RT-PCR. The effects of GLP-1R activation were assessed on cAMP production and proliferation, migration and survival of primary immune cells from WT and NOD mice. The ability of primary cells from Glp1r-/- mice to proliferate, migrate or survive apoptosis was determined. Immunophenotyping studies were performed to assess the frequency of immune subpopulations in Glp1r-/- mice. RESULTS Ex vivo activation of the GLP-1R resulted in a modest but significant elevation of cAMP in primary thymocytes and splenocytes from both WT and NOD mice. GLP-1R activation did not increase proliferation of primary thymocytes, splenocytes or peripheral lymph node cells. In contrast, Glp1r-/- thymocytes exhibited a hypoproliferative response, whilst peripheral Glp1r-/- lymphocytes were hyperproliferative in response to mitogenic stimulation. Activation or loss of GLP-1R signalling did not modify apoptosis or chemotaxis in primary lymphocytes. Male Glp1r-/- mice exhibited a significantly lower percentage of peripheral regulatory T cells, although no differences were observed in the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of Glp1r-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies establish that GLP-1R signalling may regulate lymphocyte proliferation and maintenance of peripheral regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hadjiyanni
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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12
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Mank JE, Nam K, Brunström B, Ellegren H. Ontogenetic complexity of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific selection. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:1570-8. [PMID: 20142440 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased gene expression is becoming an increasingly important way to study sexual selection at the molecular genetic level. However, little is known about the timing, persistence, and continuity of gene expression required in the creation of distinct male and female phenotypes, and even less about how sex-specific selection pressures shift over the life cycle. Here, we present a time-series global transcription profile for autosomal genes in male and female chicken, beginning with embryonic development and spanning to reproductive maturity, for the gonad. Overall, the amount and magnitude of sex-biased expression increased as a function of age, though sex-biased gene expression was surprisingly ephemeral, with very few genes exhibiting continuous sex bias in both embryonic and adult tissues. Despite a large predicted role of the sex chromosomes in sexual dimorphism, our study indicates that the autosomes house the majority of genes with sex-biased expression. Most interestingly, sex-specific evolutionary pressures shifted over the course of the life cycle, acting equally strongly on female-biased genes and male-biased genes but at different ages. Female-biased genes exhibited high rates of divergence late in embryonic development, shortly before arrested meiosis halts oogenesis. The level of divergence on female-biased late embryonic genes is similar to that seen in male-biased genes expressed in adult gonads, which correlates with the onset of spermatogenesis. These analyses reveal that sex-specific selection pressure varies over the life cycle as a function of male and female biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Steward CA, Humphray S, Plumb B, Jones MC, Quail MA, Rice S, Cox T, Davies R, Bonfield J, Keane TM, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Lyons P, Wicker L, Todd J, Hayashizaki Y, Gulban O, Danska J, Harrow J, Hubbard T, Rogers J, Adams DJ. Genome-wide end-sequenced BAC resources for the NOD/MrkTac() and NOD/ShiLtJ() mouse genomes. Genomics 2009; 95:105-10. [PMID: 19909804 PMCID: PMC2824108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to the progressive loss of insulin-secreting β-cells by an autoimmune driven process. NOD mice represent a valuable tool for studying the genetics of T1D and for evaluating therapeutic interventions. Here we describe the development and characterization by end-sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries derived from NOD/MrkTac (DIL NOD) and NOD/ShiLtJ (CHORI-29), two commonly used NOD substrains. The DIL NOD library is composed of 196,032 BACs and the CHORI-29 library is composed of 110,976 BACs. The average depth of genome coverage of the DIL NOD library, estimated from mapping the BAC end-sequences to the reference mouse genome sequence, was 7.1-fold across the autosomes and 6.6-fold across the X chromosome. Clones from this library have an average insert size of 150 kb and map to over 95.6% of the reference mouse genome assembly (NCBIm37), covering 98.8% of Ensembl mouse genes. By the same metric, the CHORI-29 library has an average depth over the autosomes of 5.0-fold and 2.8-fold coverage of the X chromosome, the reduced X chromosome coverage being due to the use of a male donor for this library. Clones from this library have an average insert size of 205 kb and map to 93.9% of the reference mouse genome assembly, covering 95.7% of Ensembl genes. We have identified and validated 191,841 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for DIL NOD and 114,380 SNPs for CHORI-29. In total we generated 229,736,133 bp of sequence for the DIL NOD and 121,963,211 bp for the CHORI-29. These BAC libraries represent a powerful resource for functional studies, such as gene targeting in NOD embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, and for sequencing and mapping experiments.
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14
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Esensten JH, Lee MR, Glimcher LH, Bluestone JA. T-bet-deficient NOD mice are protected from diabetes due to defects in both T cell and innate immune system function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:75-82. [PMID: 19535634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet (Tbx21) is critical for Th1 polarization of CD4(+) T cells. Genetic deletion of Tbx21 can cause either exacerbation or attenuation of different autoimmune diseases in animal models. In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, genetic deletion of the Ifng or the Il12b (IL-12p40) genes, which are both critical Th1 cytokines, does not reduce the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. These results suggest that autoimmune diabetes in the NOD may not be a Th1-driven disease. However, we report that Tbx21 deficiency in the NOD mouse completely blocks insulitis and diabetes due to defects both in the initiation of the anti-islet immune response and in the function of CD4(+) effector T cells. We find defective priming of naive islet-reactive T cells by the innate immune system in Tbx21(-/-) animals. By contrast to naive cells, activated islet-reactive BDC2.5 TCR-transgenic T cells do not require Tbx21 in recipient animals for efficient adoptive transfer of diabetes. However, when these BDC2.5 TCR-transgenic effector cells lack Tbx21, they are less effective at entering the pancreas and promoting diabetes than Tbx21(+/+) cells. Tbx21(-/-) regulatory T cells function normally in vitro and diabetes can be restored in Tbx21(-/-) mice by reducing regulatory T cell numbers. Thus, the absence of diabetes in the NOD.Tbx21(-/-) is due to intrinsic defects in both T cells and cells of the innate immune system paired with the relative preservation of regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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15
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The unique genomic properties of sex-biased genes: insights from avian microarray data. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:148. [PMID: 18377635 PMCID: PMC2294128 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to develop a framework for the analysis of sex-biased genes, we present a characterization of microarray data comparing male and female gene expression in 18 day chicken embryos for brain, gonad, and heart tissue. Results From the 15982 significantly expressed coding regions that have been assigned to either the autosomes or the Z chromosome (12979 in brain, 13301 in gonad, and 12372 in heart), roughly 18% were significantly sex-biased in any one tissue, though only 4 gene targets were biased in all tissues. The gonad was the most sex-biased tissue, followed by the brain. Sex-biased autosomal genes tended to be expressed at lower levels and in fewer tissues than unbiased gene targets, and autosomal somatic sex-biased genes had more expression noise than similar unbiased genes. Sex-biased genes linked to the Z-chromosome showed reduced expression in females, but not in males, when compared to unbiased Z-linked genes, and sex-biased Z-linked genes were also expressed in fewer tissues than unbiased Z coding regions. Third position GC content, and codon usage bias showed some sex-biased effects, primarily for autosomal genes expressed in the gonad. Finally, there were several over-represented Gene Ontology terms in the sex-biased gene sets. Conclusion On the whole, this analysis suggests that sex-biased genes have unique genomic and organismal properties that delineate them from genes that are expressed equally in males and females.
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McDuffie M, Maybee NA, Keller SR, Stevens BK, Garmey JC, Morris MA, Kropf E, Rival C, Ma K, Carter JD, Tersey SA, Nunemaker CS, Nadler JL. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for a targeted deletion of 12/15-lipoxygenase are protected from autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57:199-208. [PMID: 17940120 PMCID: PMC2993320 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), one of a family of fatty acid oxidoreductase enzymes, reacts with polyenoic fatty acids to produce proinflammatory lipids. 12/15-LO is expressed in macrophages and pancreatic beta-cells. It enhances interleukin 12 production by macrophages, and several of its products induce apoptosis of beta-cells at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. We had previously demonstrated a role for 12/15-LO in beta-cell damage in the streptozotocin model of diabetes. Since the gene encoding 12/15-LO (gene designation Alox15) lies within the Idd4 diabetes susceptibility interval in NOD mice, we hypothesized that 12/15-LO is also a key regulator of diabetes susceptibility in the NOD mouse. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed NOD mice carrying an inactivated 12/15-LO locus (NOD-Alox15(null)) using a "speed congenic" protocol, and the mice were monitored for development of insulitis and diabetes. RESULTS NOD mice deficient in 12/15-LO develop diabetes at a markedly reduced rate compared with NOD mice (2.5 vs. >60% in females by 30 weeks). Nondiabetic female NOD-Alox15(null) mice demonstrate improved glucose tolerance, as well as significantly reduced severity of insulitis and improved beta-cell mass, when compared with age-matched nondiabetic NOD females. Disease resistance is associated with decreased numbers of islet-infiltrating activated macrophages at 4 weeks of age in NOD-Alox15(null) mice, preceding the development of insulitis. Subsequently, islet-associated infiltrates are characterized by decreased numbers of CD4(+) T cells and increased Foxp3(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest an important role for 12/15-LO in conferring susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice through its effects on macrophage recruitment or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia McDuffie
- University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801405, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Gleicher N, Barad DH. Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2007; 28:1-6. [PMID: 17261360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most autoimmune diseases occur significantly more frequently in women than men. This female preponderance for abnormal autoimmune function has largely gone unexplained. Many investigations have concentrated on the effects of female and male sex hormones on immune function, by suggesting that estrogens favor the antibody production-enhancing Th2 response and, by doing so, possibly, increase the risk towards abnormal autoimmune function. Others have suggested that women are genetically predisposed towards abnormal autoimmune function, possibly because the X chromosome may confer susceptibility towards tolerance breakdown. Recent developments have, however, opened new research avenues. The possible association between persistent fetal-maternal microchimerism and the development of autoimmune diseases has attracted special interest. Since, in analogy to allogeneic organ transplantation, fetal-maternal (and maternal-fetal) microchimerism may play an important role in the immunologic tolerance of the fetal semi-allograft, female preponderance for autoimmune diseases may be understood as a consequence of increased allogeneic cell traffic in females (in comparison to males), increased risk for long-term microchimerism and, therefore, as a consequence of the former two, the development of abnormal autoimmunity. Under an evolutionary view point the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, in general, can be seen as the price to be paid for successful reproduction. In view of increased exposure to cell traffic, women, of course, would be expected to pay a higher price, reflected in more autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Razavi R, Chan Y, Afifiyan FN, Liu XJ, Wan X, Yantha J, Tsui H, Tang L, Tsai S, Santamaria P, Driver JP, Serreze D, Salter MW, Dosch HM. TRPV1+ sensory neurons control beta cell stress and islet inflammation in autoimmune diabetes. Cell 2007; 127:1123-35. [PMID: 17174891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, T cell-mediated death of pancreatic beta cells produces insulin deficiency. However, what attracts or restricts broadly autoreactive lymphocyte pools to the pancreas remains unclear. We report that TRPV1(+) pancreatic sensory neurons control islet inflammation and insulin resistance. Eliminating these neurons in diabetes-prone NOD mice prevents insulitis and diabetes, despite systemic persistence of pathogenic T cell pools. Insulin resistance and beta cell stress of prediabetic NOD mice are prevented when TRPV1(+) neurons are eliminated. TRPV1(NOD), localized to the Idd4.1 diabetes-risk locus, is a hypofunctional mutant, mediating depressed neurogenic inflammation. Delivering the neuropeptide substance P by intra-arterial injection into the NOD pancreas reverses abnormal insulin resistance, insulitis, and diabetes for weeks. Concordantly, insulin sensitivity is enhanced in trpv1(-/-) mice, whereas insulitis/diabetes-resistant NODxB6Idd4-congenic mice, carrying wild-type TRPV1, show restored TRPV1 function and insulin sensitivity. Our data uncover a fundamental role for insulin-responsive TRPV1(+) sensory neurons in beta cell function and diabetes pathoetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Razavi
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8
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Ivakine EA, Mortin-Toth SM, Gulban OM, Valova A, Canty A, Scott C, Danska JS. The idd4 locus displays sex-specific epistatic effects on type 1 diabetes susceptibility in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes 2006; 55:3611-9. [PMID: 17130511 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse recapitulates many aspects of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in humans, including inheritance as a complex trait. More than 20 Idd loci have been linked to type 1 diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. Previously, we used linkage analysis of NOD crossed to the nonobese diabetes-resistant (NOR) strain and NOD congenic strains to map susceptibility to both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-accelerated type 1 diabetes to the Idd4 locus on chromosome 11 that displayed a sex-specific effect on diabetes susceptibility. Here, we elucidate the complex genetic architecture of Idd4 by analysis of congenic strains on the NOD and NOR backgrounds. We previously refined Idd4.1 to 1.4 Mb and demonstrated an impact of this interval on type 1 interferon pathways in antigen-presenting cells. Here, we identify a second subregion, the 0.92 Mb Idd4.2 locus located telomeric to Idd4.1. Strikingly, Idd4.2 displayed a sex-specific, epistatic interaction with Idd4.1 in NOR.NOD congenic females that was not observed in syngenic males. Idd4.2 contains 29 genes, and promising candidates for the Idd4.2 effect on type 1 diabetes are described. These data demonstrate sex-dependent interaction effects on type 1 diabetes susceptibility and provide a framework for functional analysis of Idd4.2 candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni A Ivakine
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li X, Chen H, Epstein PN. Metallothionein and catalase sensitize to diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice: reactive oxygen species may have a protective role in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2006; 55:1592-604. [PMID: 16731821 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is widely proposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes. We tested this in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice using beta-cell-specific overexpression of three antioxidant proteins: metallothionein (MT), catalase (Cat), or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Unexpectedly, the cytoplasmic antioxidants, MT and catalase, greatly accelerated diabetes after cyclophosphamide and accelerated spontaneous diabetes in male NOD mice. This occurred despite the fact that they reduced cytokine-induced ROS production and MT reduced streptozotocin diabetes in NOD mice. Accelerated diabetes onset coincided with increased beta-cell death but not with increased immune attack. Islets from MTNOD mice were more sensitive to cytokine injury. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated reduced activation of the Akt/pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 survival pathway in MTNOD and CatNOD islets. Our study indicates that cytoplasmic ROS may have an important role for protecting the beta-cell from autoimmune destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, 570 South Preston St., Baxter Research Building, Suite 304, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Renard C, Van Obberghen E. Role of diabetes in atherosclerotic pathogenesis. What have we learned from animal models? DIABETES & METABOLISM 2006; 32:15-29. [PMID: 16523183 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a greater risk of developing atherosclerosis and its complications: stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral vascular disease. In patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis represents a complex multifactorial disease with increased lesion progression and severity compared to the nondiabetic population. Several risk factors have been proposed to explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease with diabetes. They include: hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, accelerated formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), increased oxidative stress, and genetic factors. It is difficult to precisely establish the elements leading to diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis by means of epidemiological studies because all these factors coexist in diabetic patients. Thus, diabetic animal models that reproduce exacerbation of atherosclerosis would be helpful to understand why atherosclerosis is accelerated by diabetes, and to design appropriate treatments to limit its progression. This review analyzes most of the animal models developed to reproduce diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, and summarizes the effects of hyperglycaemia and lipid abnormalities on atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Renard
- INSERM, Unité 145, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex France.
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Ivakine EA, Gulban OM, Mortin-Toth SM, Wankiewicz E, Scott C, Spurrell D, Canty A, Danska JS. Molecular Genetic Analysis of the Idd4 Locus Implicates the IFN Response in Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2976-90. [PMID: 16493056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mapping and identification of the genes responsible for type 1 diabetes (T1D) has proved difficult because of the multigenic etiology and low penetrance of the disease phenotype in linkage studies. Mouse congenic strains have been useful in refining Idd susceptibility loci in the NOD mouse model and providing a framework for identification of genes underlying complex autoimmune syndromes. Previously, we used NOD and a nonobese diabetes-resistant strain to map the susceptibility to T1D to the Idd4 locus on chromosome 11. Here, we report high-resolution mapping of this locus to 1.4 megabases. The NOD Idd4 locus was fully sequenced, permitting a detailed comparison with C57BL/6 and DBA/2J strains, the progenitors of T1D resistance alleles found in the nonobese diabetes-resistant strain. Gene expression arrays and quantitative real-time PCR were used to prioritize Idd4 candidate genes by comparing macrophages/dendritic cells from congenic strains where allelic variation was confined to the Idd4 interval. The differentially expressed genes either were mapped to Idd4 or were components of the IFN response pathway regulated in trans by Idd4. Reflecting central roles of Idd4 genes in Ag presentation, arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammation, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte trafficking, our combined analyses identified Alox15, Alox12e, Psmb6, Pld2, and Cxcl16 as excellent candidate genes for the effects of the Idd4 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni A Ivakine
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Gender differences in susceptibility to complex disease such as asthma, diabetes, lupus, autism and major depression, among numerous other disorders, represent one of the hallmarks of non-Mendelian biology. It has been generally accepted that endocrinological differences are involved in the sexual dimorphism of complex disease; however, specific molecular mechanisms of such hormonal effects have not been elucidated yet. This paper will review evidence that sex hormone action may be mediated via gene-specific epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones. The epigenetic modifications can explain sex effects at DNA sequence polymorphisms and haplotypes identified in gender-stratified genetic linkage and association studies. Hormone-induced DNA methylation and histone modification changes at specific gene regulatory regions may increase or reduce the risk of a disease. The epigenetic interpretation of sexual dimorphism fits well into the epigenetic theory of complex disease, which argues for the primary pathogenic role of inherited and/or acquired epigenetic misregulation rather than DNA sequence variation. The new experimental strategies, especially the high throughput microarray-based epigenetic profiling, can be used for testing the epigenetic hypothesis of gender effects in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Kaminsky
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Wicker LS, Clark J, Fraser HI, Garner VES, Gonzalez-Munoz A, Healy B, Howlett S, Hunter K, Rainbow D, Rosa RL, Smink LJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB. Type 1 diabetes genes and pathways shared by humans and NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl:29-33. [PMID: 16257508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of causative genes for the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and candidate genes in the NOD mouse has made significant progress in recent years. In addition to sharing structural aspects of the MHC class II molecules that confer susceptibility or resistance to T1D, genes and pathways contributing to autoimmune pathogenesis are held in common by the two species. There are data demonstrating a similar need to establish central tolerance to insulin. Gene variants for the interacting molecules IL2 and CD25, members of a pathway that is essential for immune homeostasis, are present in mice and humans, respectively. Variation of two molecules that negatively regulate T cells, CTLA-4 and the tyrosine phosphatase LYP/PEP, are associated with susceptibility to human and NOD T1D. These observations underscore the value of the NOD mouse model for mechanistic studies on human T1D-associated molecular and cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.
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