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Wang Z, Xu J, Mo L, Zhan R, Zhang J, Liu L, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Bai Y. The Application Potential of the Regulation of Tregs Function by Irisin in the Prevention and Treatment of Immune-Related Diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3005-3023. [PMID: 39050796 PMCID: PMC11268596 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s465713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a muscle factor induced by exercise, generated through the proteolytic cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC-5). Numerous studies have shown that irisin plays a significant role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing systemic inflammatory responses, and providing neuroprotection. Additionally, irisin can exert immunomodulatory functions by regulating regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are a highly differentiated subset of mature T cells that play a key role in maintaining self-immune homeostasis and are closely related to infections, inflammation, immune-related diseases, and tumors. Irisin exerts persistent positive effects on Treg cell functions through various mechanisms, including regulating Treg cell differentiation and proliferation, improving their function, modulating the balance of immune cells, increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing metabolic functions, thereby helping to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent immune-related diseases. As an important myokine, irisin interacts with receptors on the cell membrane, activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways to regulate cell metabolism, proliferation, and function. Although the specific receptor for irisin has not been fully identified, integrins are considered potential receptors. Irisin activates various signaling pathways, including AMPK, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt, through integrin receptors, thereby exerting multiple biological effects. These research findings provide important clues for understanding the mechanisms of irisin's action and theoretical basis for its potential applications in metabolic diseases and immunomodulation. This article reviews the relationship between irisin and Tregs, as well as the research progress of irisin in immune-related diseases such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, type 1 diabetes, sepsis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Studies have revealed that irisin plays an important role in immune regulation by improving the function of Tregs, suggesting its potential application value in the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqun Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renshu Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People’s Republic of China
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Sossou D, Ezinmegnon S, Agbota G, Gbedande K, Accrombessi M, Massougbodji A, d’Almeida M, Alao JM, Dossou-Dagba I, Pachot A, Vachot L, Brengel-Pesce K, Cottrell G, Yessoufou A, Briand V, Tissières P, Fievet N. Regulatory T cell homing and activation is a signature of neonatal sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1420554. [PMID: 39072327 PMCID: PMC11272980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1420554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a prominent role in utero tolerating non-inherited maternal antigens and in regulating immune responses against pathogens at birth. This study investigates Treg immunity in newborns in West Africa, where sepsis remains a major public health problem. Treg phenotypes on neonates subgroups with early-onset sepsis (EOS), presumed sepsis, and healthy newborn with and without prenatal risk factors were evaluated. Treg phenotypes varied according to prenatal conditions, with increase in Treg frequency and Foxp3 expression in healthy newborns with prenatal risk factors compared to those with none risk. Compared to healthy newborns with prenatal risk factors, EOS neonates had a significantly reduced frequency of Treg and Foxp3 expression. In the Treg pool, higher frequency of activated Treg was observed in EOS neonates, suggesting an in-utero activation upstream of the sepsis onset. Their migration to the infection site may explain the reduced frequency of circulating Integrin α4β1+ Treg suggestive of homing to the endothelial tissue. EOS neonates show increases expression of CTLA-4, PD-1 and CD39 on Treg, which negatively regulate the activation of effector T cells (Teff) corroborating by the lower frequency of Teff in EOS neonates. The higher frequency of CD39+ Treg and the lower frequency of integrinα4β1+ Treg in EOS non-survivor suggests that Treg exhaustement and endothelial homing are associated with outcome severity. Neonates developing EOS are born with an altered Treg phenotypic profile. Treg expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, CD39, and integrinα4β1 cell markers can be considered as early warning or diagnostic markers of EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Sossou
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Cotonou, Benin
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), Calavi, Benin
| | - Sem Ezinmegnon
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Cotonou, Benin
- Fédérations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU) Sepsis, AP-HP/Université Paris Saclay/Inserm, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gino Agbota
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), Calavi, Benin
| | - Komi Gbedande
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), Calavi, Benin
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB), Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Marceline d’Almeida
- Pediatric Department, National University Hospital Center (CNHU), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jules M. Alao
- Pediatric Department, Mother and Child University and Hospital Center (CHUMEL), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Alexandre Pachot
- Medical Diagnostic Discovery Department, bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Laurence Vachot
- Medical Diagnostic Discovery Department, bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | | | - Gilles Cottrell
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Valérie Briand
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tissières
- Fédérations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU) Sepsis, AP-HP/Université Paris Saclay/Inserm, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Pediatric Intensive Care and Neonatal Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Paris Saclay University, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Paris-City University, Mére et Enfants en Milieu Tropical: pathogénes, systéme de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT), Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Paris, France
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3
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Liu X, Chen L, Peng W, Deng H, Ni H, Tong H, Hu H, Wang S, Qian J, Liang A, Chen K. Th17/Treg balance: the bloom and wane in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356869. [PMID: 38558800 PMCID: PMC10978743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a multi-organ dysfunction characterized by an unregulated host response to infection. It is associated with high morbidity, rapid disease progression, and high mortality. Current therapies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment, such as blood volume supplementation and antibiotic use, but their effectiveness is limited. Th17/Treg balance, based on its inflammatory property, plays a crucial role in determining the direction of the inflammatory response and the regression of organ damage in sepsis patients. This review provides a summary of the changes in T-helper (Th) 17 cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation and function during sepsis, the heterogeneity of Th17/Treg balance in the inflammatory response, and the relationship between Th17/Treg balance and organ damage. Th17/Treg balance exerts significant control over the bloom and wanes in host inflammatory response throughout sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongsheng Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongying Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongjie Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hangbo Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Andong Liang
- Nursing Faculty, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Paterson CW, Fay KT, Chen CW, Klingensmith NJ, Gutierrez MB, Liang Z, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. CTLA-4 Checkpoint Inhibition Improves Sepsis Survival in Alcohol-Exposed Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:74-88. [PMID: 38226924 PMCID: PMC10835704 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol use increases morbidity and mortality in the setting of sepsis. Both chronic alcohol use and sepsis are characterized by immune dysregulation, including overexpression of T cell coinhibitory molecules. We sought to characterize the role of CTLA-4 during sepsis in the setting of chronic alcohol exposure using a murine model of chronic alcohol ingestion followed by cecal ligation and puncture. Results indicated that CTLA-4 expression is increased on CD4+ T cells isolated from alcohol-drinking septic mice as compared with either alcohol-drinking sham controls or water-drinking septic mice. Moreover, checkpoint inhibition of CTLA-4 improved sepsis survival in alcohol-drinking septic mice, but not water-drinking septic mice. Interrogation of the T cell compartments in these animals following pharmacologic CTLA-4 blockade, as well as following conditional Ctla4 deletion in CD4+ T cells, revealed that CTLA-4 deficiency promoted the activation and proliferation of effector regulatory T cells and the generation of conventional effector memory CD4+ T cells. These data highlight an important role for CTLA-4 in mediating mortality during sepsis in the setting of chronic alcohol exposure and may inform future approaches to develop targeted therapies for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W. Paterson
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
- Lieutenant, Medical Corps, Naval Reserve Officer Training Corp, United States Navy, Atlanta, GA
| | - Katherine T. Fay
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Nathan J. Klingensmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Melissa B. Gutierrez
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
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Morita N, Hoshi M, Tezuka H, Ando T, Yoshida S, Sato F, Yokoi H, Ito H, Saito K. CD8+ Regulatory T Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Improve Mouse Endotoxin Shock. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:353-363. [PMID: 37212786 PMCID: PMC10579971 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by a bacterial infection that leads to severe mortality, especially in elderly patients, because of an excessive immune response and impaired regulatory functions. Antibiotic treatment is widely accepted as the first-line therapy for sepsis; however, its excessive use has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with sepsis. Therefore, immunotherapy may be effective in treating sepsis. Although CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to have immunomodulatory effects in various inflammatory diseases, their role during sepsis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of CD8+ Tregs in an LPS-induced endotoxic shock model in young (8-12 wk old) and aged (18-20 mo old) mice. The adoptive transfer of CD8+ Tregs into LPS-treated young mice improved the survival rate of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Moreover, the number of CD8+ Tregs in LPS-treated young mice increased through the induction of IL-15 produced by CD11c+ cells. In contrast, LPS-treated aged mice showed a reduced induction of CD8+ Tregs owing to the limited production of IL-15. Furthermore, CD8+ Tregs induced by treatment with the rIL-15/IL-15Rα complex prevented LPS-induced body wight loss and tissue injury in aged mice. In this study, to our knowledge, the induction of CD8+ Tregs as novel immunotherapy or adjuvant therapy for endotoxic shock might reduce the uncontrolled immune response and ultimately improve the outcomes of endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaka Morita
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Cellular Function Analysis, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshida
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokoi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Cellular Function Analysis, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Ditsch A, Hunold L, Hefele F, Greve F, Mair O, Biberthaler P, Heimann L, Hanschen M. Traumatic Brain Injury Induces a Differential Immune Response in Polytrauma Patients; Prospective Analysis of CD69 Expression on T Cells and Platelet Expansion. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185315. [PMID: 36142962 PMCID: PMC9504194 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accidents and injuries are the leading causes of mortality in young people. CD4+ regulatory T cells (CD4+ Tregs), Th17 cells and platelets could be identified as key players in post-traumatic immunological dysfunction, which is a common cause of late mortality in trauma patients. The mechanisms of activation of these cell types and their interaction remain mostly unclear. Since CD69 is not only a leukocyte marker but has also immunoregulatory functions, we postulate a role for CD69 after trauma. The present study investigates the expression of CD69 on CD4+ Tregs and Th17 cells, as well as the posttraumatic expansion of platelets and hemostatic function. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the differences between polytrauma patients with and without severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: In this non-interventional prospective clinical trial, we analyzed sequential blood samples over a period of 10 days from 30 patients after multiple traumas with an ISS ≥ 16. Platelet function was assessed by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM analysis). CD4+ Tregs and Th17 cells were stained with surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We were able to demonstrate a significantly increased expression of CD69 on CD4+ Tregs after trauma. Subgroup analysis revealed that the absence of severe TBI is associated with a significantly higher expression of CD69 on CD4+ Tregs and on Th17 cells. Platelets expanded and showed signs of dysfunction, while an overall tendency of posttraumatic hypercoagulation was detected. Conclusions: Our results support the concept of injury-specific immune responses and add to a further understanding of the complex pathophysiology of post-traumatic immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ditsch
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Hunold
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Hefele
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Frederik Greve
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia Mair
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Biberthaler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Heimann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Hanschen
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Palatella M, Guillaume SM, Linterman MA, Huehn J. The dark side of Tregs during aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940705. [PMID: 36016952 PMCID: PMC9398463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, we have seen a dramatic rise in the number of older persons globally, a trend known as the grey (or silver) tsunami. People live markedly longer than their predecessors worldwide, due to remarkable changes in their lifestyle and in progresses made by modern medicine. However, the older we become, the more susceptible we are to a series of age-related pathologies, including infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and multi-morbidities. Therefore, a key challenge for our modern societies is how to cope with this fragile portion of the population, so that everybody could have the opportunity to live a long and healthy life. From a holistic point of view, aging results from the progressive decline of various systems. Among them, the distinctive age-dependent changes in the immune system contribute to the enhanced frailty of the elderly. One of these affects a population of lymphocytes, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), as accumulating evidence suggest that there is a significant increase in the frequency of these cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) of aged animals. Although there are still discrepancies in the literature about modifications to their functional properties during aging, mounting evidence suggests a detrimental role for Tregs in the elderly in the context of bacterial and viral infections by suppressing immune responses against non-self-antigens. Interestingly, Tregs seem to also contribute to the reduced effectiveness of immunizations against many pathogens by limiting the production of vaccine-induced protective antibodies. In this review, we will analyze the current state of understandings about the role of Tregs in acute and chronic infections as well as in vaccination response in both humans and mice. Lastly, we provide an overview of current strategies for Treg modulation with potential future applications to improve the effectiveness of vaccines in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Palatella
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Rathod S. T cells in the peritoneum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 371:15-41. [PMID: 35964999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-packed area that houses most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue with milky patches or groups of leukocytes organized in the same way to those observed in typical lymphoid tissues. A distinct population of leukocytes patrols the peritoneal cavity and travels in and out of the milky spots, facing antigens or pathogens in the peritoneal fluid and responding appropriately. T cells may play a crucial function in regulating adaptive immune responses to antigens in the peritoneal cavity to ensure tissue homeostasis and healing. When peritoneal homeostasis is interrupted by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, the omentum's dedicated fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells control peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and activation in unique ways. T cells, which employ their T cell receptor to target specific antigens, are an important component of the acquired immune response since they are present in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum provides a different environment for T cells to respond to pathogens. This chapter outlines the anatomy relevant to T cell function and biology, such as antigen processing/presentation, T cell activation, and the many T cell subpopulations in the peritoneal cavity, as well as their role in cancer or other infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Gray CC, Biron-Girard B, Wakeley ME, Chung CS, Chen Y, Quiles-Ramirez Y, Tolbert JD, Ayala A. Negative Immune Checkpoint Protein, VISTA, Regulates the CD4 + T reg Population During Sepsis Progression to Promote Acute Sepsis Recovery and Survival. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861670. [PMID: 35401514 PMCID: PMC8988198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic immune response to infection that is responsible for ~35% of in-hospital deaths and over 24 billion dollars in annual treatment costs. Strategic targeting of non-redundant negative immune checkpoint protein pathways can cater therapeutics to the individual septic patient and improve prognosis. B7-CD28 superfamily member V-domain Immunoglobulin Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is an ideal candidate for strategic targeting in sepsis. We hypothesized that immune checkpoint regulator, VISTA, controls T-regulatory cells (Treg), in response to septic challenge, thus playing a protective role/reducing septic morbidity/mortality. Further, we investigated if changes in morbidity/mortality are due to a Treg-mediated effect during the acute response to septic challenge. To test this, we used the cecal ligation and puncture model as a proxy for polymicrobial sepsis and assessed the phenotype of CD4+ Tregs in VISTA-gene deficient (VISTA-/-) and wild-type mice. We also measured changes in survival, soluble indices of tissue injury, and circulating cytokines in the VISTA-/- and wild-type mice. We found that in wild-type mice, CD4+ Tregs exhibit a significant upregulation of VISTA which correlates with higher Treg abundance in the spleen and small intestine following septic insult. However, VISTA-/- mice have reduced Treg abundance in these compartments met with a higher expression of Foxp3, CTLA4, and CD25 compared to wild-type mice. VISTA-/- mice also have a significant survival deficit, higher levels of soluble indicators of liver injury (i.e., ALT, AST, bilirubin), and increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IL-17F, IL-23, and MCP-1) following septic challenge. To elucidate the role of Tregs in VISTA-/- sepsis mortality, we adoptively transferred VISTA-expressing Tregs into VISTA-/- mice. This adoptive transfer rescued VISTA-/- survival to wild-type levels. Taken together, we propose a protective Treg-mediated role for VISTA by which inflammation-induced tissue injury is suppressed and improves survival in early-stage murine sepsis. Thus, enhancing VISTA expression or adoptively transferring VISTA+ Tregs in early-stage sepsis may provide a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate inflammation-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyna C. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Bethany Biron-Girard
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Michelle E. Wakeley
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Chun-Shiang Chung
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yaping Chen
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yael Quiles-Ramirez
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jessica D. Tolbert
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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10
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Zhao Y, Yu D, Wang H, Jin W, Li X, Hu Y, Qin Y, Kong D, Li G, Ellen A, Wang H. Galectin-9 Mediates the Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Experimental Endotoxemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:700702. [PMID: 35252164 PMCID: PMC8893172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.700702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia remains a major cause of mortality in the intensive care unit, but the therapeutic strategy is still lacking. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) was reported with a tissue-oriented differentiation ability and an excellent immunoregulatory capacity. However, the immunity signaling pathways that govern MSC modulation effect are not completely understood. In our current study, MSCs (2.5 × 105 /ml) were obtained and stimulated with IFN-γ (20 ng/ml) for 72 h. Gal-9 expression on MSCs was measured by ELISA, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence, respectively. Experimental endotoxemia was induced by LPS injection (10 mg/kg, i. p.) followed by the treatment with Gal-9 high-expressing MSCs, unmodified MSCs, and Gal-9 blocking MSCs. Therapeutic effects of MSCs were assessed by monitoring murine sepsis score, survival rate, splenocyte proportion rate, inflammatory mediator levels, and pathological manifestations. The results showed that Gal-9 expressed in MSCs, and this expression was increased in a dose-dependent manner after pre-stimulating with IFN-γ. Adoptive transfer of Gal-9 high-expressing MSCs into modeling mice significantly alleviated endotoxemia symptoms and multi-organ pathological damages. Splenocyte analysis indicated that Gal-9 high-expressing MSCs could promote macrophage polarization to M2-subtype and boost Treg generation. Moreover, there were also attenuated pro-inflammatory mediator expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and iNOS), and increased anti-inflammatory mediator expressions (T-SOD and IL-35) in the sera and damaged organ homogenates. Additionally, we found a higher expression of Gal-9 in liver, lung, and kidney homogenate. Taken together, this study reveals that the optimized immunoregulatory effect of MSCs is strongly correlated with Gal-9 high expression, which provides a novel idea for the investigation of MSC immunomodulatory mechanisms and offers a potential strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Dingding Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Dejun Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Acheampong Ellen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
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11
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Fortmann I, Dammann MT, Siller B, Humberg A, Demmert M, Tüshaus L, Lindert J, van Zandbergen V, Pagel J, Rupp J, Herting E, Härtel C. Infants Younger Than 90 Days Admitted for Late-Onset Sepsis Display a Reduced Abundance of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666447. [PMID: 34512621 PMCID: PMC8430331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide epidemiological data of infants < 90 days of age with suspected late-onset sepsis (LOS) and evaluate distinct immunological specificities. We hypothesized that previously healthy infants < 3 months of age with sepsis have a yet undefined immunological predisposition; e.g. differences in lymphocyte subsets including regulatory T cells. Methods We performed an exploratory, single center study between January 1st, 2019 and June 1st, 2021. Routine diagnostics included conventional culture (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine), PCR and inflammatory markers in infants < 90 days of age with suspected sepsis. We additionally analyzed lymphocyte subsets and CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein (FoxP3)+ Tregs at admission for sepsis workup as compared to age-matched controls. Results A convenience sample cohort of n= 51 infants with sepsis workup was enrolled. Invasive bacterial infection (IBI) was diagnosed in 25 (49.0%) patients including two infants with a rhinovirus co-infection and viral infection in 14 (27.5%) neonates. No infectious cause was found in 12 cases. Infants with suspected LOS displayed a decreased abundance of CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells as compared to controls, which was most pronounced in the subgroup of infants with IBI. We also noticed elevated HLA-DR-positive CD3+ cells in infants with LOS and a higher CD4/CD8-ratio in infants with viral infection as compared to healthy controls. Infants with viral infections had a higher number of natural killer cells as compared to infants with IBI. Conclusion Our exploratory data support the concept of a potential immaturity state and failed immune tolerance development for young infants with LOS. Future large-scale studies are needed to elucidate pre-sepsis conditions and to target the microbiome-immunity interplay as a potential risk pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Fortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Siller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Martin Demmert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Tüshaus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Judith Lindert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Julia Pagel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Egbert Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Immunological effects of hybrid minimally invasive versus conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy - A single center cohort study. Pancreatology 2021; 21:965-974. [PMID: 33832820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgery is a field of rapid development. Evidence from randomized controlled trials in visceral surgery however still falls short of attesting unequivocal superiority to laparoscopic procedures over conventional open approaches with regard to postoperative outcome. The aim of this study was to explore the perioperative immune status of patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy in a prospective cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subtyping, quantification and functional analysis of circulating immune cells and determination of cytokine-levels in blood samples from patients receiving either hybrid minimally invasive (laPD) or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy (oPD) was performed. Samples were taken from 29 patients (laPD: n = 14, oPD: n = 15) prior, during and up to six weeks after surgery. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, cytokines/chemokines were measured by proximity extension and enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS Open surgery induced higher levels of circulating inflammatory CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes. In contrast, hybrid minimally invasive resection was accompanied by increased numbers of circulating regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127low T-cells and by a reduced response of peripheral blood CD3+CD4+ T-cell populations to superantigen stimulation. Yet, rates of postoperative morbidity and infectious complications were similar. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this exploratory study may suggest a more balanced postoperative inflammatory response and a better-preserved immune regulation after hybrid minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy when compared to open surgery. Whether these results may translate to or be harnessed for improved patient outcome needs to be determined by future studies including larger cohorts and fully laparoscopic or robotic procedures.
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13
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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14
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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15
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Byrnes D, Masterson CH, Artigas A, Laffey JG. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Therapy for Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 42:20-39. [PMID: 32767301 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) constitute devastating conditions with high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis results from abnormal host immune response, with evidence for both pro- and anti-inflammatory activation present from the earliest phases. The "proinflammatory" response predominates initially causing host injury, with later-phase sepsis characterized by immune cell hypofunction and opportunistic superinfection. ARDS is characterized by inflammation and disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane leading to injury and lung dysfunction. Sepsis is the most common cause of ARDS. Approximately 20% of deaths worldwide in 2017 were due to sepsis, while ARDS occurs in over 10% of all intensive care unit patients and results in a mortality of 30 to 45%. Given the fact that sepsis and ARDS share some-but not all-underlying pathophysiologic injury mechanisms, the lack of specific therapies, and their frequent coexistence in the critically ill, it makes sense to consider therapies for both conditions together. In this article, we will focus on the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are available from several tissues, including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. Allogeneic administration is feasible, an important advantage for acute conditions like sepsis or ARDS. They possess diverse mechanisms of action of relevance to sepsis and ARDS, including direct and indirect antibacterial actions, potent effects on the innate and adaptive response, and pro-reparative effects. MSCs can be preactivated thereby potentiating their effects, while the use of their extracellular vesicles can avoid whole cell administration. While early-phase clinical trials suggest safety, considerable challenges exist in moving forward to phase III efficacy studies, and to implementation as a therapy should they prove effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Byrnes
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire H Masterson
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Tauli, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - John G Laffey
- Department of Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Anaesthesia, SAOLTA University Health Group, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Abstract
Immunosuppression is the most commonly used concept to qualify the immune status of patients with either sterile systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis. In this review we attempt to demonstrate that the concept of immunosuppression is an oversimplification of the complex anti-inflammatory response that occurs in patients dealing with a severe sterile or infectious insult. Particularly, the immune status of leukocytes varies greatly depending on the compartment from where they are derived from. Furthermore, although certain functions of immune cells present in the blood stream or in the hematopoietic organs can be significantly diminished, other functions are either unchanged or even enhanced. This juxtaposition illustrates that there is no global defect. The mechanisms called reprogramming or trained innate immunity are probably aimed at preventing a generalized deleterious inflammatory reaction, and work to maintain the defense mechanisms at their due levels.
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17
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Cavaillon J, Singer M, Skirecki T. Sepsis therapies: learning from 30 years of failure of translational research to propose new leads. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10128. [PMID: 32176432 PMCID: PMC7136965 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global health priority. There has been a tremendous effort to decipher underlying mechanisms responsible for organ failure and death, and to develop new treatments. Despite saving thousands of animals over the last three decades in multiple preclinical studies, no new effective drug has emerged that has clearly improved patient outcomes. In the present review, we analyze the reasons for this failure, focusing on the inclusion of inappropriate patients and the use of irrelevant animal models. We advocate against repeating the same mistakes and propose changes to the research paradigm. We discuss the long-term consequences of surviving sepsis and, finally, list some putative approaches-both old and new-that could help save lives and improve survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineCentre of Postgraduate Medical EducationWarsawPoland
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18
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Glik A, Douvdevani A. T Lymphocytes: The “Cellular” Arm of Acquired Immunity in the Peritoneum. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080602600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important part of the acquired immune response and target specific antigen with their T cell receptor. The peritoneum is a special milieu within which T cells react. We describe briefly the anatomy important for T cell function. T cell biology including antigen presentation, T cell activation, and the different T cell subpopulations are reviewed. We also define innate and acquired immunity and describe the role of polymorphonuclear cells and peritoneal mesothelial cells in the regulation of leukocyte population recruitment during peritonitis. We focus particularly on peritoneal lymphocytes and compare them to the regular lymphocyte populations in the circulation. We illustrate the role of PMCs in antigen presentation and discuss the changes of CD4+ helper T cell subtypes (Th1 and Th2) during peritoneal dialysis. The role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their possible destructive role for the peritoneal membrane modified by advanced glycation end products are discussed. Polymorphonuclear cells play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. We describe their possible role in supporting T cells and particularly for generating memory CD8+ T cells by secretion of interleukin-15, a potent T cell growth factor. Light is shed on γδ T cells, a special T cell population that is able to recognize antigens without the restriction of antigen presentation. We end our review with a description of regulatory T cells. This cell population is extremely important in preventing autoimmunity and in the regulation of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Glik
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka Medical Center, and
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amos Douvdevani
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka Medical Center, and
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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19
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Hu J, Kang H, Liu C, Hu P, Yang M, Zhou F. Regulatory T Cells Could Improve Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Heatstroke. Inflammation 2020; 42:1228-1238. [PMID: 30820807 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction plays a pivotal role in multiorgan dysfunction during heatstroke (HS). Neutrophils are involved in intestinal inflammation and thus dampen the mucosal integrity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to orchestrate neutrophils and thus sustain mucosal integrity in miscellaneous inflammation-related diseases. However, whether Tregs are involved in HS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction remains unknown. Thus, we investigated whether Tregs could alleviate intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. We found that HS could induce intestinal injury and mucosal barrier dysfunction 0, 24, and 72 h after heat stress. Flow cytometry revealed an increase of neutrophil infiltration and a decrease of Treg frequencies in the small intestinal epithelium 72 h after heat stress. Treg depletion starting 2 days before HS exacerbated intestinal damage and mucosal barrier dysfunction. Adoptive transfer of Tregs at 0 h improved intestinal injury and mucosal barrier dysfunction at 72 h. The manipulation of Tregs affected the neutrophil frequencies in the small intestinal epithelium 72 h after heat stress. Our study demonstrated that Tregs could improve HS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, probably via modulation of neutrophils in the intestine of mice during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongjun Kang
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Feihu Zhou
- Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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20
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Gas6/TAM Axis in Sepsis: Time to Consider Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Target. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:6156493. [PMID: 31485279 PMCID: PMC6710761 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6156493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors are transmembrane proteins involved in cell signaling and interaction. Among them, the TAM family (composed by Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer) represents a peculiar subgroup with an important role in many physiological and pathological conditions. Despite different mechanisms of activation (e.g., protein S and Galactin-3), TAM action is tightly related to their common ligand, a protein named growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6). Since the expression of both TAM and Gas6 is widely distributed among tissues, any alteration of one of these components can lead to different pathological conditions. Moreover, as they are indispensable for homeostasis maintenance, in recent years a growing interest has emerged regarding their role in the regulation of the inflammatory process. Due to this involvement, many authors have demonstrated the pivotal role of the Gas6/TAM axis in both sepsis and the sepsis-related inflammatory responses. In this narrative review, we highlight the current knowledge as well as the last discoveries on TAM and Gas6 implication in different clinical conditions, notably in sepsis and septic shock. Lastly, we underline not only the feasible use of Gas6 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in certain systemic acute conditions but also its potential therapeutic role in these life-threatening diseases.
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21
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Andrade MMC, Ariga SSK, Barbeiro DF, Barbeiro HV, Pimentel RN, Petroni RC, Soriano FG. Endotoxin tolerance modulates TREG and TH17 lymphocytes protecting septic mice. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3451-3461. [PMID: 31191818 PMCID: PMC6544402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tolerance induces a regulated immune response to infection. We hypothesized that tolerance induction modulated profile of T regulatory cell (Treg) and T lymphocyte 17 (Th17) cells and is related cytokine released in septic animals. Methods: Male black C57/6 mice received subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg) for 5 days, on day 8th was made cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Blood and spleen tissue were collected for cell analysis and cytokines measurements. Results: Cytokines (interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin (IL-6), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interferon γ (INF-γ)) related to Treg and Th17 stimulation were elevated in the spleen of tolerant animals compared to sham. Treg and Th17 lymphocytes showed an increased amount in blood (Treg: 920 ± 84 cells vs. 1946 ± 65 cells, sham vs. tolerant; Th17:38321± 1954 cells vs. 43526 ± 7623 cells, sham vs. tolerant) and spleen (Treg: 5947 ± 273 cells vs. 16521 ± 486 cells, sham vs. tolerant; Th17: 26543 ± 2944 cells vs. 64567 ± 5523 cells, sham vs. tolerant). Treg (135±23 cells) and Th17 (1590 ± 256 cells) cells were reduced in blood of septic animals compared to sham, while CLP tolerant animals presented an increasing number of these cells. Lymphocyte Th17IL6+ were elevated in tolerant and CLP tolerant animals in the blood compared to sham. Conclusion: LPS tolerance was associated with increasing population of Treg and Th17. LPS tolerance reduces the hyper inflammatory response with immunoregulation exerted by Treg and Th17 cells protecting from septic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M C Andrade
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely S K Ariga
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise F Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hermes V Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela N Pimentel
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Petroni
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco G Soriano
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica - LIM 51, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Okeke EB, Uzonna JE. The Pivotal Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Regulation of Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:680. [PMID: 31024539 PMCID: PMC6465517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction between innate and adaptive immunity is one of the basic tenets of immunology. The co-operation between these two arms of the immune system is a major determinant of the resistance or susceptibility of the host following pathogen invasion. Hence, this interactive co-operation between cells of the innate and adaptive immunity is of significant interest to immunologists. The sub-population of CD4+ T cells with regulatory phenotype (regulatory T cells; Tregs), which constitute a part of the adaptive immune system, have been widely implicated in the regulation of the immune system and maintenance of immune homeostasis. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion in research describing the role of Tregs and their relevance in several immunopathologies ranging from inflammation to cancer. The majority of these studies focus on the role of Tregs on the cells of the adaptive immune system. Recently, there is significant interest in the role of Tregs on cells of the innate immune system. In this review, we examine the literature on the role of Tregs in immunology. Specifically, we focus on the emerging knowledge of Treg interaction with dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and γδ T cells. We highlight this interaction as an important link between innate and adaptive immune systems which also indicate the far-reaching role of Tregs in the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Denstaedt SJ, Singer BH, Standiford TJ. Sepsis and Nosocomial Infection: Patient Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Modulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2446. [PMID: 30459764 PMCID: PMC6232897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. After initial trials modulating the hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis failed, generations of researchers have focused on evaluating hypo-inflammatory immune phenotypes. The main goal has been to develop prognostic biomarkers and therapies to reduce organ dysfunction, nosocomial infection, and death. The depressed host defense in sepsis has been characterized by broad cellular reprogramming including lymphocyte exhaustion, apoptosis, and depressed cytokine responses. Despite major advances in this field, our understanding of the dynamics of the septic host response and the balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cellular programs remains limited. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology of nosocomial infections and characteristic immune responses associated with sepsis, as well as immunostimulatory therapies currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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24
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Fay KT, Chihade DB, Chen CW, Klingensmith NJ, Lyons JD, Ramonell K, Liang Z, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Increased mortality in CD43-deficient mice during sepsis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202656. [PMID: 30226896 PMCID: PMC6143188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD43 is a large transmembrane protein involved in T cell activation. Previous studies of CD43-/- mice in viral models have demonstrated a role for CD43 in Th1/Th2 skewing, activation of Foxp3+ Treg, and T cell apoptosis. However, the role of CD43 during sepsis has never been tested. Thus, we interrogated the role of CD43 during sepsis using a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, and found that CD43-/- mice demonstrated significantly worsened mortality compared to B6 mice following CLP. Phenotypic analysis of splenocytes isolated 24 h after septic insult revealed significantly increased apoptosis of central memory cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments in CD43-/- septic mice compared to WT septic mice. Furthermore, CD43-/-septic mice exhibited a prominent Th2 skewing following sepsis relative to WT septic mice, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the frequency of IL-2+ CXCR3+ TH1 cells as a significant increase in the frequency of IL-4+ CCR4+ TH2 cells. Finally, septic CD43-/- animals contained significantly fewer CD25+ Foxp3+ TReg cells as compared to WT septic animals. Importantly, depleting CD25+ Treg eliminated the increased mortality observed in CD43-/- mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate an important role of CD43 in modulating immune dysregulation and mortality following sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Fay
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Deena B. Chihade
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Klingensmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John D. Lyons
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Ramonell
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
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26
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Chen X, Feng Y, Shen X, Pan G, Fan G, Gao X, Han J, Zhu Y. Anti-sepsis protection of Xuebijing injection is mediated by differential regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory Th17 and T regulatory cells in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:358-365. [PMID: 28987599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xuebijing injection (XBJ), a Chinese herbal medicine containing extracts from 5 herbs, is frequently used as an add-on with standard therapies to treat sepsis or septic shock with fewer side effects in China. Nonetheless, its mechanism of action on septic shock remains to be unveiled. We explored the differential effects of XBJ on subtypes of CD4+ T cell differentiation and septic shock protection in a murine model to understand the contribution of XBJ to regulation of the inflammation-immune axis function. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro T cell differentiation assays were performed to determine the effect of XBJ on CD4+ regulatory T cell and T helper cell differentiation. Besides, 2ml/kg, 6ml/kg- and 18ml/kg of XBJ were administered to different groups of septic mice once/day for 5 days after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgeries. 36h after CLP, serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 were determined with Elisa. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells were analyzed after staining with Tregs and T helper cell lineage specific antibodies by flow cytometer. RESULTS XBJ at 18ml/kg stimulated Treg differentiation and moderately inhibited Th17 differentiation in vitro. Accordingly, 18ml/kg XBJ facilitated the expansion of IL-10+ Tregs and normalized pro-inflammatory Th17 population in septic mice. This regimen also significantly reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in septic mice. Additionally, 18ml/kg XBJ injection effectively prevented neutrophil infiltration into the lung and kidney and improved survival in this septic shock model. CONCLUSIONS In summary, XBJ improves survival in septic shock partially through preventing cytokine storm, inhibiting inflammation and regulating the balance of Tregs and Th17 cells. Thus, higher dose of XBJ is a potential regimen to benefit septic shock patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiya Shen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jihong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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27
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Ren C, Zhang H, Wu TT, Yao YM. Autophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Reversing Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1832. [PMID: 29326712 PMCID: PMC5741675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units and an intractable condition due to uncontrolled inflammation together with immune suppression. Dysfunction of immune cells is considered as a major cause for poor outcome of septic patients but with little specific treatments. Currently, autophagy that is recognized as an important self-protective mechanism for cellular survival exhibits great potential for maintaining immune homeostasis and alleviating multiple organ failure, which further improves survival of septic animals. The protective effect of autophagy on immune cells covers both innate and adaptive immune responses and refers to various cellular receptors and intracellular signaling. Multiple drugs and measures are reportedly beneficial for septic challenge by inducing autophagy process. Therefore, autophagy might be an effective target for reversing immunosuppression compromised by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wu
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting in shock and organ dysfunction stemming from a microbial infection. Sepsis has a mortality of 40% and is implicated in half of all in-hospital deaths. The host immune response to microbial infection is critical, with early-phase sepsis characterized by a hyperinflammatory immune response, whereas the later phase of sepsis is often complicated by suppression. Sepsis has no treatment, and management remains supportive.
Stem cells constitute exciting potential therapeutic agents for sepsis. In this review, we examine the rationale for stem cells in sepsis, focusing on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which currently demonstrate the greatest therapeutic promise. We examine the preclinical evidence base and evaluate potential mechanisms of action of these cells that are important in the setting of sepsis. We discuss early-phase clinical trials and critically appraise translational barriers to the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in patients with sepsis.
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29
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Derp1-modified dendritic cells attenuate allergic inflammation by regulating the development of T helper type1(Th1)/Th2 cells and regulatory T cells in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:172-181. [PMID: 28802126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to regulate Th2-induced allergic rhinitis (AR). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Derp1-modified dendritic cells (DCs) in AR immunotherapy. Derp1 was synthesized and transfected into DCs to generate Derp1-modified DCs. Phenotypes of Derp1-modified DCs were analyzed with flow cytometry using antibodies against DC markers CD11c, CD11b, CD59, CD103 and Toll-like receptor 1(TLR1). Four groups of subject mice were formed; the controls were treated with immature DCs, while the AR mice models were sensitized with Derp1(AR) and treated with DCs(DC-AR) or Derp1-modified DCs (Derp1DC-AR). The frequency of sneezing and scratching, eosinophil cell count, and Th1/Th2 ratio in the spleen were measured for all groups. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured using flow cytometry; serum IgE, IgG1, and histamine were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; expression levels of transcription factors T-bet, GATA3, Foxp3+ and IL-10 were analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot used in analyzed expression of Foxp3+ and IL-10 in nasal mucosa. Treatment with Derp1-modified DCs ameliorated the allergic response. The Derp1DC-AR group had significantly lower eosinophil cell count and the IgE, IgG1, and histamine levels than the AR and DC-AR groups, and higher mRNA levels of Th1 transcription factors T-bet, IL-10 and Foxp3 in nasal mucosa than DC-AR mice, but Th2 transcription factors GATA3 mRNA expression level has the opposite results. Furthermore, the Th1/Th2 ratio and percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs was significantly lower in the AR group (p<0.05), but higher in the Derp1DC-AR group than in the control group (p<0.01). Thus, the Derp1-modified DCs increased the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs and influenced the balance of Th1/Th2, showing an immunotherapeutic effect against AR.
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30
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Wang DW, Dong N, Wu Y, Zhu XM, Wang CT, Yao YM. Interleukin-37 Enhances the Suppressive Activity of Naturally Occurring CD4 +CD25 + Regulatory T Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38955. [PMID: 27941849 PMCID: PMC5150235 DOI: 10.1038/srep38955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the suppression of autoimmunity and can control the immune-mediated pathology during the early phase of sepsis. Our previous data showed that silencing interleukin-37 (IL-37) in human CD4+CD25+ Tregs obviously reduced the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Here, we found that rhIL-37 stimulation markedly enhanced the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ Tregs isolated from naive C57BL/6 J mice in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with rhIL-37 could significantly upregulate the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3) on CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Also, rhIL-37 stimulation promoted the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) but not IL-10 in the supernatants of cultured CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Pretreated CD4+CD25+ Tregs with rhIL-37 in the presence or absence of LPS were cocultured with CD4+CD25− T cells, ratio of IL-4/interferon-γ in the supernatants obviously increased in IL-37-stimulated groups. In addition, early administration of IL-37 significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Taken together, we concluded that rhIL-37 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ Tregs and might be a potential immunomodulator for the treatment of septic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250101, P. R.China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R.China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R.China
| | - Yao Wu
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R.China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhu
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R.China
| | - Chun-Ting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250101, P. R.China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P. R.China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R.China
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31
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Liu L, Mbawuike IN. Restoration of Retarded Influenza Virus-specific Immunoglobulin Class Switch in Aged Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27274907 PMCID: PMC4892186 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective The declined immune response to infection causes significant higher morbidity and mortality in aging in spite of the coexisted hyperimmunoglobulinemia (HIG). This study is to reveal the cellular basis of HIG and mechanism of weakened HA-specific IgG response in aged mice and to test cell therapy in the treatment of age-related IgG antibody production deficiency with immunocyte adoptive transfer. Methods BALB/c mice was immunized with Influenza A/Taiwan vaccine and challenged with the same strain of virus. ELISA was used to assess the levels of total immunoglobulins and antigen specific antibody response. The flow cytometry and ELISPOT were used to evaluate the frequencies of total immunoglobulin- and specific antibody-producing and secreting B lymphocytes. In vitro expanded mononuclear cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD20+ B lymphocytes from old and young mice were adoptively transferred into influenza virus-challenged aged mice, and HA-specific IgG responses were observed. Results It is found that old mice exhibited higher levels of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA, higher frequencies of IgG+, IgM+ and IgA+ cells, and greater antigen-specific IgM and IgA responses to influenza infection, in comparison to young mice. However, influenza antigen- specific IgG and its subclass responses in old mice were significantly lower. Conclusion The retarded specific IgG response could be attributed to an insufficiency of immunoglobulin class switch in aging. Correlation analysis indicated that HIG and deficient specific IgG production in aged mice could be independent to each other in their pathogenesis. Correction of deficient specific IgG production by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and unexpanded CD4+ cells from immunized young mice suggests the CD4+ cell dysfunction contributes to the insufficiency of immunoglobulin class switch in aged mice. The transfusion of in vitro expanded lymphocytes could be a potential effective therapy for the age-related immunodeficiency and could play a role in the infection prevention in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA; Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA; Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Zhang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Innocent N Mbawuike
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Rasid O, Cavaillon JM. Recent developments in severe sepsis research: from bench to bedside and back. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:293-314. [PMID: 26849633 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis remains a worldwide threat, not only in industrialized countries, due to their aging population, but also in developing countries where there still are numerous cases of neonatal and puerperal sepsis. Tools for early diagnosis, a prerequisite for rapid and appropriate antibiotic therapy, are still required. In this review, we highlight some recent developments in our understanding of the associated systemic inflammatory response that help deciphering pathophysiology (e.g., epigenetic, miRNA, regulatory loops, compartmentalization, apoptosis and synergy) and discuss some of the consequences of sepsis (e.g., immune status, neurological and muscular alterations). We also emphasize the challenge to better define animal models and discuss past failures in clinical investigations in order to define new efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
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33
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Okeke EB, Uzonna JE. In Search of a Cure for Sepsis: Taming the Monster in Critical Care Medicine. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:156-70. [PMID: 26771196 DOI: 10.1159/000442469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of over half a century of research, sepsis still constitutes a major problem in health care delivery. Although advances in research have significantly increased our knowledge of the pathogenesis of sepsis and resulted in better prognosis and improved survival outcome, sepsis still remains a major challenge in modern medicine with an increase in occurrence predicted and a huge socioeconomic burden. It is generally accepted that sepsis is due to an initial hyperinflammatory response. However, numerous efforts aimed at targeting the proinflammatory cytokine network have been largely unsuccessful and the search for novel potential therapeutic targets continues. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that dysregulated anti-inflammatory responses may also contribute to sepsis mortality. Our previous studies on the role of regulatory T cells and phosphoinositide 3-kinases in sepsis highlight immunological approaches that could be explored for sepsis therapy. In this article, we review the current and emerging concepts in sepsis, highlight novel potential therapeutic targets and immunological approaches for sepsis treatment and propose a biphasic treatment approach for management of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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Swaminathan S, Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Emerging therapeutic targets of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35:38-54. [PMID: 25795498 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is linked to high morbidity and mortality. To date, singular approaches to target specific pathways known to contribute to the pathogenesis of SA-AKI have failed. Because of the complexity of the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, a reassessment necessitates integrative approaches to therapeutics of SA-AKI that include general supportive therapies such as the use of vasopressors, fluids, antimicrobials, and target-specific and time-dependent therapeutics. There has been recent progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of SA-AKI including the temporal nature of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. In this review, we discuss the clinical and experimental basis of emerging therapeutic approaches that focus on targeting early proinflammatory and late anti-inflammatory processes, as well as therapeutics that may enhance cellular survival and recovery. Finally, we include ongoing clinical trials in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundararaman Swaminathan
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA.
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Inoue T, Ikegame K, Kaida K, Okada M, Yoshihara S, Tamaki H, Fujimori Y, Soma T, Ogawa H. Host Foxp3+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Act as a Negative Regulator of Dendritic Cells in the Peritransplantation Period. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:469-83. [PMID: 26621858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in experimental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. To address this issue, we established a murine MHC-haploidentical BMT model (BDF1 (H-2b/d) → B6C3F1 (H-2b/k)), in which transplantation following conditioning with high-dose (13 Gy) or low-dose (5 Gy) total body irradiation corresponds to myeloablative stem cell transplantation (MAST) or reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) BMT. All MAST recipients died of GVHD within 70 d, whereas RIST recipients developed almost no GVHD and survived for at least 3 mo. In this BMT model, we investigated the kinetics of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes because GVHD was most prominent in the intestines. Host Tregs that survived after total body irradiation could proliferate transiently by day 4. Comparing the kinetics of immune cells among MAST, RIST, and anti-CD25 mAb-treated RIST, we found that the transiently surviving host Tregs were fully functional, closely contacted with host dendritic cells (DCs), and significantly restrained the maturation (CD80 and CD86 expression) of DCs in a dose-dependent manner. There was a positive correlation between the ratio of DCs to host Tregs and the extent of maturation of DCs. Host Tregs suppressed alloresponse mainly by contact inhibition. Host Tregs are already active in lymph nodes before transplantation and restrain the maturation of host DCs, thereby dampening the ability of DCs to activate allogeneic donor T cells and consequently reducing the magnitude of graft-versus-host reaction. Thus, host Tregs are negative regulators of host DCs that act in the peritransplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inoue
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiro Ikegame
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Katsuji Kaida
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Masaya Okada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Yoshihara
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Hiroya Tamaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Yoshihiro Fujimori
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Soma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Hiroyasu Ogawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
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Sharma A, Yang WL, Matsuo S, Wang P. Differential alterations of tissue T-cell subsets after sepsis. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:41-50. [PMID: 26362089 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among immune cells in responding to sepsis, macrophages and neutrophils have been extensively studied, while the contribution of T lymphocytes and natural killer T (NKT) cells is less well characterized. Here we monitored tissue specific changes of T cell subsets in male C57BL/6 mice subjected to sham operation or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce polymicrobial sepsis. Thymus, spleen, liver, lungs and blood were processed and analyzed 20h later. Total lymphocyte count showed a significant reduction in septic thymus, spleen and blood but not in lungs and liver. The septic thymi were hypocellular with severe reduction in cell numbers of immature CD4(+)CD8(+) subset. CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers in septic spleens were also significantly reduced, but the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs was significantly increased. In addition, naïve and Tcm CD4(+) T cell numbers were significantly reduced in the septic spleens. By contrast, in septic liver the CD8(+) T cell numbers were significantly increased, whereas NKT cell numbers were reduced, but more activated with increased CD69 and CD25 expression. In the septic lungs, the CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cell numbers showed no significant change, whereas they were severely reduced in the septic blood. Overall, this study provides important information on the alterations of different T-cell subsets in various tissues after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Sharma
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Bulfone-Paus S, Bahri R. Mast Cells as Regulators of T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:394. [PMID: 26300882 PMCID: PMC4528181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are recognized to participate in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their strategic location at the host–environment interface, they control tissue homeostasis and are key cells for starting early host defense against intruders. Upon degranulation induced, e.g., by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-mediated engagement of the high-affinity IgE receptor, complement or certain neuropeptide receptors, MCs release a wide variety of preformed and newly synthesized products including proteases, lipid mediators, and many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests a regulatory role for MCs in inflammatory diseases via the regulation of T cell activities. Furthermore, rather than only serving as effector cells, MCs are now recognized to induce T cell activation, recruitment, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in an antigen-dependent manner and to impact on regulatory T cells. This review synthesizes recent developments in MC–T cell interactions, discusses their biological and clinical relevance, and explores recent controversies in this field of MC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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Tatura R, Zeschnigk M, Hansen W, Steinmann J, Vidigal PG, Hutzler M, Pastille E, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Kehrmann J. Relevance of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells for early and late phases of murine sepsis. Immunology 2015; 146:144-56. [PMID: 26059660 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in the course of the early hyper-inflammatory and subsequent hypo-inflammatory phases of sepsis is ambiguous. Whereas Nrp1 expression has been reported to discriminate natural Treg cells from induced Treg cells, the Treg cell stability depends on the methylation status of foxp3-TSDR. To specifically evaluate the role of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the early and late phases of sepsis, we induced sepsis by caecal ligation and puncture and subsequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in a DEREG (DEpletion of REGulatory T cells) mouse model. We found an increase of Foxp3(+) Treg cells to all CD4(+) T cells during murine sepsis. Using a new methylation-sensitive quantitative RT-PCR method and deep amplicon sequencing, we demonstrated that natural (Nrp1(+) Foxp3(+) ) Treg cells and most induced (Nrp1(-) Foxp3(+) ) Treg cells are stable and exhibit unmethylated foxp3-TSDR, and that both Treg populations are functionally suppressive in healthy and septic mice. DEREG mice depleted of Foxp3(+) Treg cells exhibit higher disease scores, mortality rates and interleukin-6 expression levels than do non-depleted DEREG mice in early-phase sepsis, a finding indicating that Foxp3(+) Treg cells limit the hyper-inflammatory response and accelerate recovery. Treg cell depletion before secondary infection with P. aeruginosa 1 week after caecal ligation and puncture does not influence cytokine levels or the course of secondary infection. However, a moderate Treg cell recurrence, which we observed in DEREG mice during secondary infection, may interfere with these results. In summary, Treg cells contribute to a positive outcome after early-phase sepsis, but the data do not support a significant role of Treg cells in immune paralysis during late-phase sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Tatura
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeschnigk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pedrina Goncalves Vidigal
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marina Hutzler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Kehrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Wynn JL, Scumpia PO, Stocks BT, Romano-Keeler J, Alrifai MW, Liu JH, Kim AS, Alford CE, Matta P, Weitkamp JH, Moore DJ. Neonatal CD71+ Erythroid Cells Do Not Modify Murine Sepsis Mortality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1064-70. [PMID: 26101326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. A recent report suggested that murine neonatal host defense against infection could be compromised by immunosuppressive CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes. We examined the impact of CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes on murine neonatal mortality to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis and characterized circulating CD71(+) erythroid (CD235a(+)) cells in human neonates. Adoptive transfer or an Ab-mediated reduction in neonatal CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes did not alter murine neonatal survival to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis challenge. Ex vivo immunosuppression of stimulated adult CD11b(+) cells was not limited to neonatal splenocytes; it also occurred with adult and neonatal bone marrow. Animals treated with anti-CD71 Ab showed reduced splenic bacterial load following bacterial challenge compared with isotype-treated mice. However, adoptive transfer of enriched CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes to CD71(+)-reduced animals did not reduce bacterial clearance. Human CD71(+)CD235a(+) cells were common among cord blood mononuclear cells and were shown to be reticulocytes. In summary, a lack of effect on murine survival to polymicrobial sepsis following adoptive transfer or diminution of CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes under these experimental conditions suggests that the impact of these cells on neonatal infection risk and progression may be limited. An unanticipated immune priming effect of anti-CD71 Ab treatment, rather than a reduction in immunosuppressive CD71(+) erythroid splenocytes, was likely responsible for the reported enhanced bacterial clearance. In humans, the well-described rapid decrease in circulating reticulocytes after birth suggests that they may have a limited role in reducing inflammation secondary to microbial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Wynn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232;
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Blair T Stocks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Joann Romano-Keeler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mhd Wael Alrifai
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jin-Hua Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Annette S Kim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Pranathi Matta
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Daniel J Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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Activated regulatory T-cells attenuate myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury through a CD39-dependent mechanism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:679-93. [PMID: 25558978 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are generally regarded as key immunomodulators that maintain immune tolerance and counteract tissue damage in a variety of immune-mediated disorders. However, its role in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Tregs exert a beneficial effect on mouse MIRI. We examined the role of Tregs in murine MIRI by depletion using 'depletion of regulatory T-cell' (DEREG) mice and adoptive transfer using Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-GFP knockin mice and the mechanisms of cardio protection were further studied in vivo and in vitro. Tregs rapidly accumulated in murine hearts following MIRI. Selective depletion of Tregs in the DEREG mouse model resulted in aggravated MIRI. In contrast, the adoptive transfer of in vitro-activated Tregs suppressed MIRI, whereas freshly isolated Tregs had no effect. Mechanistically, activated Treg-mediated protection against MIRI was not abrogated by interleukin (IL)-10 or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 inhibition but was impaired by the genetic deletion of cluster of differentiation 39 (CD39). Moreover, adoptive transfer of in vitro-activated Tregs attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, activated a pro-survival pathway involving Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibited neutrophil infiltration, which was compromised by CD39 deficiency. Finally, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) revealed a decrease in CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs and a relative increase in CD39+ cells within the Treg population. In conclusion, our data validated a protective role for Tregs in MIRI. Moreover, in vitro-activated Tregs ameliorated MIRI via a CD39-dependent mechanism, representing a putative therapeutic strategy.
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Cao C, Ma T, Chai YF, Shou ST. The role of regulatory T cells in immune dysfunction during sepsis. World J Emerg Med 2015; 6:5-9. [PMID: 25802559 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key to the maintenance of immunologic homeostasis and tolerance, little is known about Treg-mediated immunosuppression in the stage of sepsis. This article aimed to review the current literature on the role of Tregs in the pathophysiology of septic response, attempting to investigate the role of Tregs in immune dysfunction during sepsis. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed. Articles on the role of Tregs in immune dysfunction during sepsis were identified. RESULTS The identified articles indicated that Treg levels can be used for the assessment of the course of sepsis. The inhibition of Treg activity can promote the recovery of immune function. CONCLUSION Since the mechanism of Tregs is complex during the sepsis, more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cao
- Emergency Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chai
- Emergency Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Song-Tao Shou
- Emergency Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Markwart R, Condotta SA, Requardt RP, Borken F, Schubert K, Weigel C, Bauer M, Griffith TS, Förster M, Brunkhorst FM, Badovinac VP, Rubio I. Immunosuppression after sepsis: systemic inflammation and sepsis induce a loss of naïve T-cells but no enduring cell-autonomous defects in T-cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115094. [PMID: 25541945 PMCID: PMC4277344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis describes the life-threatening systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) of an organism to an infection and is the leading cause of mortality on intensive care units (ICU) worldwide. An acute episode of sepsis is characterized by the extensive release of cytokines and other mediators resulting in a dysregulated immune response leading to organ damage and/or death. This initial pro-inflammatory burst often transits into a state of immune suppression characterised by loss of immune cells and T-cell dysfunction at later disease stages in sepsis survivors. However, despite these appreciations, the precise nature of the evoked defect in T-cell immunity in post-acute phases of SIRS remains unknown. Here we present an in-depth functional analysis of T-cell function in post-acute SIRS/sepsis. We document that T-cell function is not compromised on a per cell basis in experimental rodent models of infection-free SIRS (LPS or CpG) or septic peritonitis. Transgenic antigen-specific T-cells feature an unaltered cytokine response if challenged in vivo and ex vivo with cognate antigens. Isolated CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells from post-acute septic animals do not exhibit defects in T-cell receptor-mediated activation at the the level of receptor-proximal signalling, activation marker upregulation or expansion. However, SIRS/sepsis induced transient lymphopenia and gave rise to an environment of immune attenuation at post acute disease stages. Thus, systemic inflammation has an acute impact on T-cell numbers and adaptive immunity, but does not cause major cell-autonomous enduring functional defects in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Markwart
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Robert P. Requardt
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Farina Borken
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Dept. for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Martin Förster
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank M. Brunkhorst
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Clinical Studies, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Rubio
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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An increase in CD3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells after administration of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells during sepsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110338. [PMID: 25337817 PMCID: PMC4206342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains an important cause of death worldwide, and vigorous immune responses during sepsis could be beneficial for bacterial clearance but at the price of collateral damage to self tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to modulate the immune system and attenuate sepsis. In the present study, MSCs derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord were used and compared. With a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunoregulation during sepsis were studied by determining the changes of circulating inflammation-associated cytokine profiles and peripheral blood mononuclear cells 18 hours after CLP-induced sepsis. In vitro, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) and umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) showed a similar morphology and surface marker expression. UCMSCs had stronger potential for osteogenesis but lower for adipogenesis than BMMSCs. Compared with rats receiving PBS only after CLP, the percentage of circulating CD3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the ratio of Treg cells/T cells were elevated significantly in rats receiving MSCs. Further experiment regarding Treg cell function demonstrated that the immunosuppressive capacity of Treg cells from rats with CLP-induced sepsis was decreased, but could be restored by administration of MSCs. Compared with rats receiving PBS only after CLP, serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly lower in rats receiving MSCs after CLP. There were no differences between BMMSCs and UCMSCs. In summary, this work provides the first in vivo evidence that administering BMMSCs or UCMSCs to rats with CLP-induced sepsis could increase circulating CD3+CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and Treg cells/T cells ratio, enhance Treg cell suppressive function, and decrease serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, suggesting the immunomodulatory association of Treg cells and MSCs during sepsis.
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Shimura E, Shibui A, Narushima S, Nambu A, Yamaguchi S, Akitsu A, Leonard WJ, Iwakura Y, Matsumoto K, Suto H, Okumura K, Sudo K, Nakae S. Potential role of myeloid cell/eosinophil-derived IL-17 in LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:1-6. [PMID: 25204502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-17RA is a shared receptor subunit for several cytokines of the IL-17 family, including IL-17A, IL-17C, IL-17E (also called IL-25) and IL-17F. It has been shown that mice deficient in IL-17RA are more susceptible to sepsis than wild-type mice, suggesting that IL-17RA is important for host defense against sepsis. However, it is unclear which ligands for IL-17RA, such as IL-17A, IL-17C, IL-17E/IL-25 and/or IL-17F, are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Therefore, we examined IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25 and IL-17F for possible involvement in LPS-induced endotoxin shock. IL-17A-deficient mice, but not IL-25- or IL-17F-deficient mice, were resistant to LPS-induced endotoxin shock, as compared with wild-type mice. Nevertheless, studies using IL-6-deficient, IL-21Rα-deficient and Rag-2-deficient mice, revealed that neither IL-6 and IL-21, both of which are important for Th17 cell differentiation, nor Th17 cells were essential for the development of LPS-induced endotoxin shock, suggesting that IL-17A-producing cells other than Th17 cells were important in the setting. In this connection, IL-17A was produced by macrophages, DCs and eosinophils after LPS injection. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-17A, but not IL-17F or IL-25, is crucial for LPS-induced endotoxin shock. In addition, macrophages, DCs and eosinophils, but not Th17 cells or γδ T cells, may be sources of IL-17A during LPS-induced endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Shimura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8412, Japan
| | - Akiko Shibui
- Department of Medical Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Seiko Narushima
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Aya Nambu
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Aoi Akitsu
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hajime Suto
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8412, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8412, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Tilahun AY, Chowdhary VR, David CS, Rajagopalan G. Systemic inflammatory response elicited by superantigen destabilizes T regulatory cells, rendering them ineffective during toxic shock syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2919-30. [PMID: 25092888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, continue to pose serious problems. Greater virulence and increased pathogenicity of certain S. aureus strains are attributed to higher prevalence of exotoxins. Of these exotoxins, the superantigens (SAg) are likely most pathogenic because of their ability to rapidly and robustly activate the T cells even in extremely small quantities. Therefore, countering SAg-mediated T cell activation using T regulatory cells (Tregs) might be beneficial in diseases such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). As the normal numbers of endogenous Tregs in a typical host are insufficient, we hypothesized that increasing the Treg numbers by administration of IL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab immune complexes (IL2C) or by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Tregs might be more effective in countering SAg-mediated immune activation. HLA-DR3 transgenic mice that closely recapitulate human TSS were treated with IL2C to increase endogenous Tregs or received ex vivo expanded Tregs. Subsequently, they were challenged with SAg to induce TSS. Analyses of various parameters reflective of TSS (serum cytokine/chemokine levels, multiple organ pathology, and SAg-induced peripheral T cell expansion) indicated that increasing the Tregs failed to mitigate TSS. On the contrary, serum IFN-γ levels were increased in IL2C-treated mice. Exploration into the reasons behind the lack of protective effect of Tregs revealed IL-17 and IFN-γ-dependent loss of Tregs during TSS. In addition, significant upregulation of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on conventional T cells during TSS could render them resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, contributing to failure of Treg-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaidehi R Chowdhary
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Chella S David
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Okeke EB, Okwor I, Uzonna JE. Regulatory T cells restrain CD4+ T cells from causing unregulated immune activation and hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:655-62. [PMID: 24943218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and defects in Treg function have been linked to several autoimmune diseases. We previously reported that depletion of Tregs resulted in mortality to an otherwise nonlethal dose of LPS or Escherichia coli challenge. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Treg depletion leads to enhanced susceptibility to LPS. Using different murine lymphocyte gene knockout models, we show that the enhanced sensitivity to LPS following Treg depletion is mediated by T cells. SCID or RAG1-deficient mice, which lack T and B cells, do not show enhanced susceptibility to LPS. However, reconstitution of SCID mice with wild-type CD4(+) T cells restored Treg depletion-induced sensitivity to LPS. This CD4(+) T cell-mediated hypersensitivity to LPS challenge in the absence of Tregs was also observed upon reconstitution of SCID mice with CD4(+) T cells from CD25 knockout mice (which lack functional Tregs). Additionally, depletion of Tregs leads to increased CD4(+) T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS challenge. Some CD4(+) T cells express TLR4, and pretreatment of CD4(+) T cells with LPS dramatically enhanced their ability to induce inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Collectively, our results indicate that in the absence of functional Tregs, CD4(+) T cells are pathologic and contribute to exaggerated immune activation that is detrimental for survival in LPS-induced acute inflammation. Our data also provide evidence for direct activation of CD4(+) T cells by LPS through TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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Gao R, Chen J, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang S, Shetty S, Fu J. Sirt1 deletion leads to enhanced inflammation and aggravates endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98909. [PMID: 24896770 PMCID: PMC4045768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxin has been known to induce excessive inflammatory responses and acute kidney injury. In the present study, we used a mouse model of endotoxemia to investigate the role of Sirt1 in inflammatory kidney injury. We examined molecular and cellular responses in inducible Sirt1 knockout (Sirt1-/-) mice and wild type littermates (Sirt1+/+) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced kidney injury. Our studies demonstrated that Sirt1 deletion caused aggravated kidney injury, which was associated with increased inflammatory responses including elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Inflammatory signaling such as STAT3/ERK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation was markedly elevated in kidney tissues of Sirt1 knockout mice after LPS challenge. The results indicate that Sirt1 is protective against LPS-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing kidney inflammation and down-regulating inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jiao Chen
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yuxin Hu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Cavaillon JM, Eisen D, Annane D. Is boosting the immune system in sepsis appropriate? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:216. [PMID: 24886820 PMCID: PMC4035855 DOI: 10.1186/cc13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A relative immunosuppression is observed in patients after sepsis, trauma, burns, or any severe insults. It is currently proposed that selected patients will benefit from treatment aimed at boosting their immune systems. However, the host immune response needs to be considered in context with pathogen-type, timing, and mainly tissue specificity. Indeed, the immune status of leukocytes is not universally decreased and their activated status in tissues contributes to organ failure. Accordingly, any new immune-stimulatory therapeutic intervention should take into consideration potentially deleterious effects in some situations.
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Myles IA, Pincus NB, Fontecilla NM, Datta SK. Effects of parental omega-3 fatty acid intake on offspring microbiome and immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87181. [PMID: 24489864 PMCID: PMC3906117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Western diet" is characterized by increased intake of saturated and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids with a relative reduction in omega-3 (n-3) consumption. These fatty acids can directly and indirectly modulate the gut microbiome, resulting in altered host immunity. Omega-3 fatty acids can also directly modulate immunity through alterations in the phospholipid membranes of immune cells, inhibition of n-6 induced inflammation, down-regulation of inflammatory transcription factors, and by serving as pre-cursors to anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as resolvins and protectins. We have previously shown that consumption by breeder mice of diets high in saturated and n-6 fatty acids have inflammatory and immune-modulating effects on offspring that are at least partially driven by vertical transmission of altered gut microbiota. To determine if parental diets high in n-3 fatty acids could also affect offspring microbiome and immunity, we fed breeding mice an n-3-rich diet with 40% calories from fat and measured immune outcomes in their offspring. We found offspring from mice fed diets high in n-3 had altered gut microbiomes and modestly enhanced anti-inflammatory IL-10 from both colonic and splenic tissue. Omega-3 pups were protected during peanut oral allergy challenge with small but measurable alterations in peanut-related serologies. However, n-3 pups displayed a tendency toward worsened responses during E. coli sepsis and had significantly worse outcomes during Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Our results indicate excess parental n-3 fatty acid intake alters microbiome and immune response in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan B. Pincus
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia M. Fontecilla
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandip K. Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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