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Hegde A, Ghosh S, Ananthan ASHP, Kataria S, Dutta A, Prabhu S, Khedkar SU, Dutta A, Jamora C. Extracellular Caspase-1 induces hair stem cell migration in wounded and inflamed skin conditions. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306028. [PMID: 38587472 PMCID: PMC11001599 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The wound-healing process is a paradigm of the directed migration of various pools of stem cells from their niche to the site of injury where they replenish damaged cells. Two decades have elapsed since the observation that wounding activates multipotent hair follicle stem cells to infiltrate the epidermis, but the cues that coax these cells out of their niche remain unknown. Here, we report that Caspase-1, a protein classically known as an integral component of the cytosolic inflammasome, is secreted upon wounding and has a non-canonical role in the extracellular milieu. Through its caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD), Caspase-1 is sufficient to initiate the migration of hair follicle stem cells into the epidermis. Uncovering this novel function of Caspase-1 also facilitates a deeper understanding of the mechanistic basis of the epithelial hyperplasia found to accompany numerous inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Hegde
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subhasri Ghosh
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Akhil SHP Ananthan
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunny Kataria
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhik Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Srilekha Prabhu
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Uday Khedkar
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Brzeski J, Wyrzykowski D, Makowska J. Application of a modern theoretical approach to the study of the interaction of KR-12 peptides derived from human cathelicidins with Cu(II) ions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9942-9951. [PMID: 38809157 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP) corresponding to the overlapping sequences of 151-162 of hCAP named KR-12 peptide is the smallest portion of the only type of human Cathelicidin, which has been shown to be modifiable into a more effective antimicrobial. In this study, an in silico analysis, supported by potentiometric titration and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques, was performed to identify potential Cu(II) binding sites of KR-12. The analysis of the presented data at the given theoretical level (GFN2-xTB/ALPB) revealed which peptide chain fragments are involved in the most favourable KR-12-Cu(II) binding mode. Based on a quantum chemical approach, the most favourable coordination modes of Cu(II) to peptides are proposed together with the discussion of the chemical nature of the interactions. The presented results demonstrated that KR-12 interacts with metal ions mostly via the main chain's oxygen atoms; however, the two types of amino acids that are expected to be vital for the interaction of Cu(II) are D (aspartic acid) and R29 (arginine). It was demonstrated that in order to explain the complexity of the interaction process in peptide-metal ion systems, the use of theoretical methods is sometimes necessary to explain the details of the experimental results and provide an in-depth understanding of these dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brzeski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Joanna Makowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Memariani M, Memariani H. Antifungal properties of cathelicidin LL-37: current knowledge and future research directions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:34. [PMID: 38057654 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The threat of fungal diseases is substantially underestimated worldwide, but they have serious consequences for humans, animals, and plants. Given the limited number of existing antifungal drugs together with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, many researchers have actively sought alternatives or adjuvants to antimycotics. The best way to tackle these issues is to unearth potential antifungal agents with new modes of action. Antimicrobial peptides are being hailed as a promising source of novel antimicrobials since they exhibit rapid and broad-spectrum microbicidal activities with a reduced likelihood of developing drug resistance. Recent years have witnessed an explosion in knowledge on microbicidal activity of LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin. Herein, we provide a summary of the current understanding about antifungal properties of LL-37, with particular emphasis on its molecular mechanisms. We further illustrate fruitful areas for future research. LL-37 is able to inhibit the growth of clinically and agronomically relevant fungi including Aspergillus, Candida, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Pythium, and Trichophyton. Destruction of the cell wall integrity, membrane permeabilization, induction of oxidative stress, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, formation of autophagy-like structures, alterations in expression of numerous fungal genes, and inhibition of cell cycle progression are the key mechanisms underlying antifungal effects of LL-37. Burgeoning evidence also suggests that LL-37 may act as a potential anti-virulence peptide. It is hoped that this review will not only motivate researchers to conduct more detailed studies in this field, but also inspire further innovations in the design of LL-37-based drugs for the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Kalimuthu S, Pudipeddi A, Braś G, Tanner JA, Rapala-Kozik M, Leung YY, Neelakantan P. A heptadeca amino acid peptide subunit of cathelicidin LL-37 has previously unreported antifungal activity. APMIS 2023; 131:584-600. [PMID: 37150907 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts such as Candida albicans, albeit being ubiquitous members of the skin, oral and vaginal microbiome, can cause superficial to life-threatening infections. Human cathelicidin LL-37-based peptides have antibacterial activity and yet, their antifungal activity remains to be thoroughly characterized. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the activity of LL-37-based peptides against C. albicans. LL-37 and its derivatives were tested for their ability to kill C. albicans planktonic cells in the presence of various biological matrices (serum, plasma, saliva and urine), that have been reported to inactivate peptides. The antibiofilm activity, resistance development and biocompatibility were investigated for the lead peptide. GK-17, a 17 amino acid peptide, showed remarkable stability to fungal aspartyl proteases and rapidly killed planktonic C. albicans despite the presence of biological matrices. GK-17 also inhibited adhesion to biotic and abiotic substrates, inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated preformed biofilms in the presence of biological matrices. Compared to nystatin, GK-17 had a lower propensity to allow for resistance development by C. albicans. The peptide showed concentration-dependent biocompatibility to red blood cells, with only 30% hemolysis even at 4× the fungicidal concentration. Taken together, GK-17 is a novel antifungal peptide with promising effects against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthini Kalimuthu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Akhila Pudipeddi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Grażyna Braś
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Julian A Tanner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR
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Leite ML, Duque HM, Rodrigues GR, da Cunha NB, Franco OL. The LL-37 domain: a clue to cathelicidin immunomodulatory response? Peptides 2023; 165:171011. [PMID: 37068711 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are naturally occurring polypeptide sequences that, in addition to being active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other parasites, may stimulate immunomodulatory responses. Cathelicidins, a family of HDPs, are produced by diverse animal species, such as mammals, fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, to protect them against pathogen infections. These peptides have variable C-terminal domains responsible for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and a highly conserved N-terminal pre-pro region homologous to cathelin. Although cathelicidins are the major components of innate immunity, the molecular basis by which they induce an immune response is still unclear. In this review, we will address the role of the LL-37 domain and its SK-24, IV-20, FK-13 and LL-37 fragments in the immunity response. Other cathelicidins also share structural and functional characteristics with the LL-37 domain, suggesting that these fragments may be responsible for interaction between these peptides and receptors in humans. Fragments of the LL-37 domain can give us clues about how homologous cathelicidins, in general, induce an immune response. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL: No data was used for the research described in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lopes Leite
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Harry Morales Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brasil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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6
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Lappin MJ, Dellett M, Mills KI, Lundy FT, Irwin CR. The neutralising and stimulatory effects of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 148:105634. [PMID: 36773560 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of LL-37, a broad spectrum antimicrobial peptide expressed in periodontal tissues, on human gingival fibroblast responsiveness to microbial challenge and to explore the direct effects of LL-37 on human gingival fibroblasts. DESIGN The effect of LL-37 on bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of Interleukin (IL-6) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) 8 was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). LL-37's influence on bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced IκBα degradation was investigated by western blot. DNA microarray analysis initially determined the direct effects of LL-37 on gene expression, these findings were subsequently confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA analysis of selected genes. RESULTS Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 production by human gingival fibroblasts was significantly reduced in the presence of LL-37 at concentrations in the range of 1-10 µg/ml. LL-37 led to a reduction in lipopolysaccharide-induced IκBα degradation by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/ml). LL-37 (50 µg/ml) significantly altered the gene expression of 367 genes in human gingival fibroblasts by at least 2-fold. CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, Interleukin-24 (IL-24), CXCL8, Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2, and Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 3 mRNA were significantly upregulated by LL-37. LL-37 also significantly stimulated expression of CXCL8, hepatocyte growth factor and CXCL1 at the protein level. CONCLUSION LL-37 plays an important regulatory role in the immunomodulatory activity of gingival fibroblasts by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide -induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and directly stimulating the expression of an array of bioactive molecules involved in inflammation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Dellett
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, UK
| | - K I Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, UK
| | - F T Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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7
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Keikha M, Kamali H, Ghazvini K, Karbalaei M. Antimicrobial peptides: natural or synthetic defense peptides against HBV and HCV infections. Virusdisease 2022; 33:445-455. [PMID: 36447811 PMCID: PMC9701303 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the literature, treatment of HCV and HBV infections faces challenges due to problems such as the emergence of drug-resistant mutants, the high cost of treatment, and the side effects of current antiviral therapy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a group of small peptides, are a part of the immune system and are considered as an alternative treatment for microbial infections. These peptides are water-soluble with amphiphilic (hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces) characteristics. AMPs are produced by a wide range of organisms including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The antiviral mechanisms of AMPs include inhibiting virus entry, inhibiting intracellular virus replication, inhibiting intracellular viral packaging, and inducing immune responses. In addition, AMPs are a new generation of antiviral biomolecules that have very low toxicity for human host cells, particularly liver cell lines. AMPs can be considered as one of the most important strategies for developing new adjuvant drugs in the treatment of HBV and HCV infections. In the present study, several groups of AMPs (with a net positive charge) such as Human cathelicidin, Claudin-1, Defensins, Hepcidin, Lactoferrin, Casein, Plectasin, Micrococcin P1, Scorpion venom, and Synthetic peptides were reviewed with antiviral properties against HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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8
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Chinipardaz Z, Zhong JM, Yang S. Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101533. [PMID: 36294968 PMCID: PMC9604716 DOI: 10.3390/life12101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative therapy is to restore the structure and function of the lost tissues in the fields of medicine and dentistry. However, there are some challenges in regeneration therapy such as the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, and the risk of infection in conditions such as periodontitis, osteomyelitis, etc. Leucine leucine-37 (LL-37) is a 37-residue, amphipathic, and helical peptide found only in humans and is expressed throughout the body. It has been shown to induce neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. LL-37 also stimulates the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies have shown that LL-37 plays an important role in the innate defense system through the elimination of pathogenic microbes and the modulation of the host immune response. LL-37 also manifests other functions such as promoting wound healing, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and modulating apoptosis. This review summarizes the current studies on the structure, expression, and function of LL-37 and highlights the contributions of LL-37 to oral cavity, periodontium, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica M. Zhong
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Antimicrobial Peptides in Early-Life Host Defense, Perinatal Infections, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis—An Update. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175074. [PMID: 36079001 PMCID: PMC9457252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against early-life infections such as chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) relies primarily on innate immunity, in which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a major role. AMPs that are important for the fetus and neonate include α and β defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, antiproteases (elafin, SLPI), and hepcidin. They can be produced by the fetus or neonate, the placenta, chorioamniotic membranes, recruited neutrophils, and milk-protein ingestion or proteolysis. They possess antimicrobial, immunomodulating, inflammation-regulating, and tissue-repairing properties. AMPs are expressed as early as the 13th week and increase progressively through gestation. Limited studies are available on AMP expression and levels in the fetus and neonate. Nevertheless, existing evidence supports the role of AMPs in pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and NEC, and their association with disease severity. This suggests a potential role of AMPs in diagnosis, prevention, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis and NEC. Herein, we present an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of human AMPs, their sources in the intrauterine environment, fetus, and neonate, and their changes during pre- and post-natal infections and NEC. We also discuss emerging data regarding the potential utility of AMPs in early-life infections, as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers and as therapeutic alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotic therapy considering the increase of antibiotic resistance in neonatal intensive care units.
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10
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Wu F, Gong Y, Song L, Li H, Zhang X, Li H, Zhang S. In vitro and in vivo wound healing-promoting activities of phosvitin-derived peptide Pt5-1c. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Structure and Activity of a Selective Antibiofilm Peptide SK-24 Derived from the NMR Structure of Human Cathelicidin LL-37. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121245. [PMID: 34959645 PMCID: PMC8703873 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deployment of the innate immune system in humans is essential to protect us from infection. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a linear host defense peptide with both antimicrobial and immune modulatory properties. Despite years of studies of numerous peptides, SK-24, corresponding to the long hydrophobic domain (residues 9–32) in the anionic lipid-bound NMR structure of LL-37, has not been investigated. This study reports the structure and activity of SK-24. Interestingly, SK-24 is entirely helical (~100%) in phosphate buffer (PBS), more than LL-37 (84%), GI-20 (75%), and GF-17 (33%), while RI-10 and 17BIPHE2 are essentially randomly coiled (helix%: 7–10%). These results imply an important role for the additional N-terminal amino acids (likely E16) of SK-24 in stabilizing the helical conformation in PBS. It is proposed herein that SK-24 contains the minimal sequence for effective oligomerization of LL-37. Superior to LL-37 and RI-10, SK-24 shows an antimicrobial activity spectrum comparable to the major antimicrobial peptides GF-17 and GI-20 by targeting bacterial membranes and forming a helical conformation. Like the engineered peptide 17BIPHE2, SK-24 has a stronger antibiofilm activity than LL-37, GI-20, and GF-17. Nevertheless, SK-24 is least hemolytic at 200 µM compared with LL-37 and its other peptides investigated herein. Combined, these results enabled us to appreciate the elegance of the long amphipathic helix SK-24 nature deploys within LL-37 for human antimicrobial defense. SK-24 may be a useful template of therapeutic potential.
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13
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Rumpret M, von Richthofen HJ, van der Linden M, Westerlaken GHA, Talavera Ormeño C, van Strijp JAG, Landau M, Ovaa H, van Sorge NM, Meyaard L. Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 recognizes bacterial and endogenous amphipathic α-helical peptides. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21875. [PMID: 34533845 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) is a negative regulator of myeloid cell function and dampens antimicrobial responses. We here show that different species of the genus Staphylococcus secrete SIRL-1-engaging factors. By screening a library of single-gene transposon mutants in Staphylococcus aureus, we identified these factors as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are amphipathic α-helical peptides involved in multiple aspects of staphylococcal virulence and physiology. They are cytotoxic and activate the chemotactic formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) on immune cells. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is also an amphipathic α-helical peptide with antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, structurally and functionally similar to α-type PSMs. We demonstrate that α-type PSMs from multiple staphylococcal species as well as human cathelicidin LL-37 activate SIRL-1, suggesting that SIRL-1 recognizes α-helical peptides with an amphipathic arrangement of hydrophobicity, although we were not able to show direct binding to SIRL-1. Upon rational peptide design, we identified artificial peptides in which the capacity to ligate SIRL-1 is segregated from cytotoxic and FPR2-activating properties, allowing specific engagement of SIRL-1. In conclusion, we propose staphylococcal PSMs and human LL-37 as a potential new class of natural ligands for SIRL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Rumpret
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J von Richthofen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Linden
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje H A Westerlaken
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cami Talavera Ormeño
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Kulkarni NN, O'Neill AM, Dokoshi T, Luo EWC, Wong GCL, Gallo RL. Sequence determinants in the cathelicidin LL-37 that promote inflammation via presentation of RNA to scavenger receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100828. [PMID: 34048712 PMCID: PMC8214221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins such as the human 37-amino acid peptide (LL-37) are peptides that not only potently kill microbes but also trigger inflammation by enabling immune recognition of endogenous nucleic acids. Here, a detailed structure-function analysis of LL-37 was performed to understand the details of this process. Alanine scanning of 34-amino acid peptide (LL-34) showed that some variants displayed increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus. In contrast, different substitutions clustered on the hydrophobic face of the LL-34 alpha helix inhibited the ability of those variants to promote type 1 interferon expression in response to U1 RNA or to present U1 to the scavenger receptor (SR) B1 on the keratinocyte cell surface. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of the LL-34 variants LL-34, F5A, I24A, and L31A demonstrated that these peptides form cognate supramolecular structures with U1 characterized by inter-dsRNA spacings of approximately 3.5 nm, a range that has been previously shown to activate toll-like receptor 3 by the parent peptide LL-37. Therefore, while alanine substitutions on the hydrophobic face of LL-34 led to loss of binding to SRs and the complete loss of autoinflammatory responses in epithelial and endothelial cells, they did not inhibit the ability to organize with U1 RNA in solution to associate with toll-like receptor 3. These observations advance our understanding of how cathelicidin mediates the process of innate immune self-recognition to enable inert nucleic acids to trigger inflammation. We introduce the term "innate immune vetting" to describe the capacity of peptides such as LL-37 to enable certain nucleic acids to become an inflammatory stimulus through SR binding prior to cell internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil N Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth W C Luo
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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15
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Moretta A, Scieuzo C, Petrone AM, Salvia R, Manniello MD, Franco A, Lucchetti D, Vassallo A, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668632. [PMID: 34195099 PMCID: PMC8238046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge and has led to the need for new alternative molecules less prone to bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they are bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, and representing the first line of defense against fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs are commonly classified according to their sources, which are represented by microorganisms, plants and animals, as well as to their secondary structure, their biosynthesis and their mechanism of action. They find application in different fields such as agriculture, food industry and medicine, on which we focused our attention in this review. Particularly, we examined AMP potential applicability in wound healing, skin infections and metabolic syndrome, considering their ability to act as potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides as well as antioxidant peptides. Moreover, we argued about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to develop new antibiotics, the drug development strategies and the formulation approaches which need to be taken into account in developing clinically suitable AMP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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16
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Lakshmaiah Narayana J, Golla R, Mishra B, Wang X, Lushnikova T, Zhang Y, Verma A, Kumar V, Xie J, Wang G. Short and Robust Anti-Infective Lipopeptides Engineered Based on the Minimal Antimicrobial Peptide KR12 of Human LL-37. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1795-1808. [PMID: 33890759 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to push the frontier of the engineering of human cathelicidin LL-37, a critical antimicrobial innate immune peptide that wards off invading pathogens. By sequential truncation of the smallest antibacterial peptide (KR12) of LL-37 and conjugation with fatty acids, with varying chain lengths, a library of lipopeptides is generated. These peptides are subjected to antibacterial activity and hemolytic assays. Candidates (including both forms made of l- and d-amino acids) with the optimal cell selectivity are subsequently fed to the second layer of in vitro filters, including salts, pH, serum, and media. These practices lead to the identification of a miniature LL-37 like peptide (d-form) with selectivity, stability, and robust antimicrobial activity in vitro against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Proteomic studies reveal far fewer serum proteins that bind to the d-form than the l-form peptide. C10-KR8d targets bacterial membranes to become helical, making it difficult for bacteria to develop resistance in a multiple passage experiment. In vivo, C10-KR8d is able to reduce bacterial burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 LAC in neutropenic mice. In addition, this designer peptide prevents bacterial biofilm formation in a catheter-associated mouse model. Meanwhile, C10-KR8d also recruits cytokines to the vicinity of catheters to clear infection. Thus, based on the antimicrobial region of LL-37, this study succeeds in identifying the smallest anti-infective peptide C10-KR8d with both robust antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and immune modulation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Radha Golla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Tamara Lushnikova
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Atul Verma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68130, United States
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
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17
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Inomata M, Horie T, Into T. Effect of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 on Gene Expression of Chemokines and 29 Toll-like Receptor-Associated Proteins in Human Gingival Fibroblasts Under Stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:64-72. [PMID: 31686299 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 neutralizes the biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while it upregulates the expression of several immune-related genes. We investigated the effect of LL-37 on gene regulation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), stimulated with or without Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived LPS, a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR). LL-37 was non-toxic to HGFs up to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. P. gingivalis LPS upregulated the expression of IL8, CXCL10, and CCL2, whereas LL-37 reduced this upregulation. In absence of LPS, LL-37 itself upregulated the expression of IL8 and CCL2. LL-37 increased the expression of P2X7, which was constitutively expressed in HGFs. The P2X7 antagonist A-438079 suppressed the cytotoxicity and upregulatory effect of LL-37 on chemokine response, but not its downregulatory effect on P. gingivalis LPS-induced chemokine response. Whether LL-37 alters the expression of 29 genes that encode TLR-associated proteins, including TLRs, co-receptors, signaling molecules, and negative regulators, in HGFs, under stimulation with LPS, was examined. Among TLRs, P. gingivalis LPS upregulated the level of TLR4, whereas LL-37 reduced it. In co-receptors, LL-37 downregulated the level of CD14. Among signaling molecules, LL-37 augmented the LPS-upregulated expression of IRAK1. Similar effects were observed in the specific negative regulators TNFAIP3, RNF216, TOLLIP, and SIGIRR. Our results suggest that LL-37 exerts cytotoxicity and upregulation of chemokine response via the P2X7 receptor, while it induces downregulation of P. gingivalis LPS-induced chemokine response through alteration in the expression of 7 specific TLR-associated genes: downregulation of TLR4 and CD14 and upregulation of IRAK1, TNFAIP3, RNF216, TOLLIP, and SIGIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inomata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan.
| | - Toshi Horie
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan.
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18
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Elyass ME, Mahdi AA, Semeih AE, Eltaib FI, Attitalla IH. Exploratory investigation on the antibacterial effect of antimicrobial peptides of four mammalian plasmas. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104839. [PMID: 33689814 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are presently being revisited as promising potential antimicrobial combat agents. Acquisition of resistance to AMPs is very rare compared to conventional antibiotics as they kill microbes by direct disruption of cellular components including the microbial membrane and DNA. In this study four sources of mammalian plasma (human, bovine, caprine and ovine) were explored for presence and effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides by the spot-on-lawn method, followed by the agar well diffusion assay to confirm their antibacterial activity. This was followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the broth macrodilusion method. The MICs were compared to those produced by the antibiotics Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole. All four plasma types exhibited antibacterial activity in their native form (plasmaN) or in presence of added pepsin (plasmap). The highest antibacterial activity was shown by ovine plasmap against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC at dilution of 1:128), while least activity (MIC at dilution of 1:2) was shown by bovine plasmap and ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae, ovine plasmaN against E. coli, and ovine plasmap against Staph. aureus. All plasma sources achieved bactericidal effect. Activity of ovine plasmaN against K. pneumoniae was higher than that due to Ampilcillin, Amoxicillin, Doxycycline or Metronidazole. The least antibacterial activity was achieved by Ampicillin against K. pneumoniae, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Metronidazole had no effect on any of the four bacteria tested. These results indicate that AMPs hold great promise as a valuable renewed tool in the control of pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona E Elyass
- National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan; Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | - Ahmed A Mahdi
- Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | | | | | - Idrerss H Attitalla
- Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya; Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Faculty of Medical Technology, Box 919, Al-Bayda, Libya.
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19
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Biswas D, Ambalavanan P, Ravins M, Anand A, Sharma A, Lim KXZ, Tan RYM, Lim HY, Sol A, Bachrach G, Angeli V, Hanski E. LL-37-mediated activation of host receptors is critical for defense against group A streptococcal infection. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108766. [PMID: 33657368 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes diverse human diseases, including life-threatening soft-tissue infections. It is accepted that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 protects the host by killing GAS. Here, we show that GAS extracellular protease ScpC N-terminally cleaves LL-37 into two fragments of 8 and 29 amino acids, preserving its bactericidal activity. At sub-bactericidal concentrations, the cleavage inhibits LL-37-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis, shortens neutrophil lifespan, and eliminates P2X7 and EGF receptors' activation. Mutations at the LL-37 cleavage site protect the peptide from ScpC-mediated splitting, maintaining all its functions. The mouse LL-37 ortholog CRAMP is neither cleaved by ScpC nor does it activate P2X7 or EGF receptors. Treating wild-type or CRAMP-null mice with sub-bactericidal concentrations of the non-cleavable LL-37 analogs promotes GAS clearance that is abolished by the administration of either P2X7 or EGF receptor antagonists. We demonstrate that LL-37-mediated activation of host receptors is critical for defense against GAS soft-tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Biswas
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Poornima Ambalavanan
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miriam Ravins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aparna Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abhinay Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kimberly Xuan Zhen Lim
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Ying Min Tan
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, LSI Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asaf Sol
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, LSI Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emanuel Hanski
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), MMID Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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20
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Lo SC, Xie ZR, Chang KY. Structural and Functional Enrichment Analyses for Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8783. [PMID: 33233636 PMCID: PMC7699717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether there is any inclination between structures and functions of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is a mystery yet to be unraveled. AMPs have various structures associated with many different antimicrobial functions, including antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral activities. However, none has yet reported any antimicrobial functional tendency within a specific category of protein/peptide structures nor any structural tendency of a specific antimicrobial function with respect to AMPs. Here, we examine the relationships between structures categorized by three structural classification methods (CATH, SCOP, and TM) and seven antimicrobial functions with respect to AMPs using an enrichment analysis. The results show that antifungal activities of AMPs were tightly related to the two-layer sandwich structure of CATH, the knottin fold of SCOP, and the first structural cluster of TM. The associations with knottin and TM Cluster 1 even sustained through the AMPs with a low sequence identity. Moreover, another significant mutual enrichment was observed between the third cluster of TM and anti-Gram-positive-bacterial/anti-Gram-negative-bacterial activities. The findings of the structure-function inclination further our understanding of AMPs and could help us design or discover new therapeutic potential AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng C. Lo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan;
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Kuan Y. Chang
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan;
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21
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Takahashi T, Yamasaki K. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186791. [PMID: 32947991 PMCID: PMC7555190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by crosstalk between various cells such as T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensin, S100, and cathelicidin are secreted from these cells and activate the innate immune system through various mechanisms to induce inflammation, thus participating in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In particular, these antimicrobial peptides enhance the binding of damage-associated molecular patterns such as self-DNA and self-RNA to their receptors and promote the secretion of interferon from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and keratinocytes to promote inflammation in psoriasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complexes of self-DNA and proteins including LL-37 released from neutrophils in psoriatic skin, induce Th17. Activated myeloid dendritic cells secrete a mass of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 in psoriasis, which is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of T cells that produce IL-17. AMPs enhance the production of some of Th17 and Th1 cytokines and modulate receptors and cellular signaling in psoriasis. Inflammation induced by DAMPs, including self-DNA and RNA released due to microinjuries or scratches, and the enhanced recognition of DAMPs by AMPs, may be involved in the mechanism underlying the Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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22
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Pahar B, Madonna S, Das A, Albanesi C, Girolomoni G. Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E517. [PMID: 32927756 PMCID: PMC7565865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as epithelial cells, and are an essential component of innate immunity system against infection, including several viral infections. AMPs, in particular the cathelicidin LL-37, also exert numerous immunomodulatory activities by inducing cytokine production and attracting and regulating the activity of immune cells. AMPs are scarcely expressed in normal skin, but their expression increases when skin is injured by external factors, such as trauma, inflammation, or infection. LL-37 complexed to self-DNA acts as autoantigen in psoriasis and lupus erythematosus (LE), where it also induces production of interferon by plasmocytoid dendritic cells and thus initiates a cascade of autocrine and paracrine processes, leading to a disease state. In these disorders, epidermal keratinocytes express high amounts of AMPs, which can lead to uncontrolled inflammation. Similarly, LL-37 had several favorable and unfavorable roles in virus replication and disease pathogenesis. Targeting the antiviral and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 opens a new approach to limit virus dissemination and the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Stefania Madonna
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermopathic Institute of the Immaculate IDI, 00167 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
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23
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Yang B, Good D, Mosaiab T, Liu W, Ni G, Kaur J, Liu X, Jessop C, Yang L, Fadhil R, Yi Z, Wei MQ. Significance of LL-37 on Immunomodulation and Disease Outcome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8349712. [PMID: 32509872 PMCID: PMC7246396 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8349712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LL-37, also called cathelicidin, is an important part of the human immune system, which can resist various pathogens. A plethora of experiments have demonstrated that it has the multifunctional effects of immune regulation, in addition to antimicrobial activity. Recently, there have been increasing interest in its immune function. It was found that LL-37 can have two distinct functions in different tissues and different microenvironments. Thus, it is necessary to investigate LL-37 immune functions from the two sides of the same coin. On the one side, LL-37 promotes inflammation and immune response and exerts its anti-infective and antitumor effects; on the other side, it has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. This review presents a brief summary of its expression, structure, and immunomodulatory effects as well as brief discussions on the role of this small peptide as a key factor in the development and treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - David Good
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Qld 4014, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Calvin Jessop
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Rushdi Fadhil
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Zhengjun Yi
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
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Sorour NE, Elesawy FM, Abdou AG, Abdelazeem SE, Akl EM. Intralesional injection of vitamin D in verruca vulgaris increases cathelicidin (LL37) expression; therapeutic and immunohistochemical study. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:291-296. [PMID: 32237947 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1750554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the promising results of intralesional vitamin D in verruca treatment; its precise mechanism of action is not fully understood.Aim of the work: To investigate immunohistochemical expression of cathelicidin (LL 37) before and after injection of vitamin D in verruca vulgaris and to clarify its possible role in pathogenesis of verruca.Patients and methods: This study included 20 patients with multiple verrucae vulgaris. Vitamin D was intralesionally injected every 2 weeks for a maximum of 4 sessions or clearance of verrucae. Skin biopsies were taken from the patients before and at the end of the study and compared to skin samples from ten apparently healthy, age and sex matched individuals for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of LL37 expression.Results: Eight (40%) verrucae showed complete response, seven (35%) showed partial response and five (25%) showed no response. Decreased epidermal thickness and reduced density of inflammatory cells in dermis were observed after injection. Significant increase in LL37 intensity of expression was observed after intralesional injection of vitamin D3 (p = .003) and in verrucae showing complete clinical response (p = .022).Conclusions: Intralesional injection of vitamin D is effective and safe treatment for verruca vulgaris and causes increase in LL37 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen E Sorour
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Elesawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Asmaa G Abdou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom, Egypt
| | - Sara E Abdelazeem
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Essam M Akl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Hitchhiking with Nature: Snake Venom Peptides to Fight Cancer and Superbugs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040255. [PMID: 32326531 PMCID: PMC7232197 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract For decades, natural products in general and snake venoms (SV) in particular have been a rich source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery, and they remain a promising substrate for therapeutic development. Currently, a handful of SV-based drugs for diagnosis and treatment of various cardiovascular disorders and blood abnormalities are on the market. Likewise, far more SV compounds and their mimetics are under investigation today for diverse therapeutic applications, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria and cancer. In this review, we analyze the state of the art regarding SV-derived compounds with therapeutic potential, focusing on the development of antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. Specifically, information about SV peptides experimentally validated or predicted to act as antimicrobial and anticancer peptides (AMPs and ACPs, respectively) has been collected and analyzed. Their principal activities both in vitro and in vivo, structures, mechanisms of action, and attempts at sequence optimization are discussed in order to highlight their potential as drug leads. Key Contribution This review describes the state of the art in snake venom-derived peptides and their therapeutic applications. This work reinforces the potential of snake venom components as therapeutic agents, particularly in the quest for new antimicrobial and anticancer drugs.
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Engineered Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit Ebola Virus Infection. iScience 2020; 23:100999. [PMID: 32252021 PMCID: PMC7104201 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak coupled with the most recent outbreaks in Central Africa underscore the need to develop effective treatment strategies against EBOV. Although several therapeutic options have shown great potential, developing a wider breadth of countermeasures would increase our efforts to combat the highly lethal EBOV. Here we show that human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL-37 and engineered LL-37 AMPs inhibit the infection of recombinant virus pseudotyped with EBOV glycoprotein (GP) and the wild-type EBOV. These AMPs target EBOV infection at the endosomal cell-entry step by impairing cathepsin B-mediated processing of EBOV GP. Furthermore, two engineered AMPs containing D-amino acids are particularly potent in blocking EBOV infection in comparison with other AMPs, most likely owing to their resistance to intracellular enzymatic degradation. Our results identify AMPs as a novel class of anti-EBOV therapeutics and demonstrate the feasibility of engineering AMPs for improved therapeutic efficacy. Cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) potently inhibit EBOV infection D-form AMPs are more resistant to proteolytic cleavage than L-form AMPs in the cell AMPs prevent cathepsin B-mediated processing of EBOV GP1, 2
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27
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Innocenti Malini R, Zabara M, Gontsarik M, Maniura-Weber K, Rossi RM, Spano F, Salentinig S. Self-assembly of glycerol monooleate with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37: a molecular dynamics study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8291-8302. [PMID: 35497861 PMCID: PMC9049931 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10037g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the rapid increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has promoted research towards alternative therapeutics such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), but their biodegradability limits their application. Encapsulation into nanocarriers based on the self-assembly of surfactant-like lipids is emerging as a promising strategy for the improvement of AMPs' stability and their protection against degradation when in biological media. An in-depth understanding of the interactions between the structure-forming lipids and AMPs is required for the design of nanocarriers. This in silico study, demonstrates the self-assembly of the amphiphilic lipid glycerol monooleate (GMO) with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 into nanocarriers on the molecular scale. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show the formation of direct micelles, with either one or two interacting LL-37, and vesicles in this two-component system in agreement with experimental results from small-angle X-ray scattering studies. The hydrophobic contacts between LL-37 and GMOs in water appear responsible for the formation of these nanoparticles. The results also suggest that the enhanced antimicrobial efficiency of LL-37 in these nanocarriers that was previously observed experimentally can be explained by the availability of its side chains with charged amino acids, an increase of the electrostatic interaction and a decrease of the peptide's conformational entropy upon interacting with GMO. The results of this study contribute to the fundamental understanding of lipid-AMP interactions and may guide the comprehensive design of lipid-based self-assembled nanocarriers for antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Innocenti Malini
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - M Zabara
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department Materials meet Life Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - M Gontsarik
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department Materials meet Life Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - K Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department Materials meet Life Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - R M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - F Spano
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - S Salentinig
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Department Materials meet Life Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Salivary Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 and Its Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Different Periodontal Treatment Needs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Brice DC, Diamond G. Antiviral Activities of Human Host Defense Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1420-1443. [PMID: 31385762 PMCID: PMC9008596 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found widely expressed throughout nature. As they participate in a number of different aspects of innate immunity in mammals, they have been termed Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Due to their common structural features, including an amphipathic structure and cationic charge, they have been widely shown to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes. Thus, it is not surprising that human HDPs have activity against enveloped viruses as well as bacteria and fungi. However, these peptides also exhibit activity against a wide range of non-enveloped viruses as well, acting at a number of different steps in viral infection. This review focuses on the activity of human host defense peptides, including alpha- and beta-defensins and the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37, against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of these peptides, both in vitro and in vivo suggest that they play an important role in the innate antiviral defense against viral infections. Furthermore, the literature suggests that they may be developed into antiviral therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Bacterial Virus Lambda Gpd-Fusions to Cathelicidins, α- and β-Defensins, and Disease-Specific Epitopes Evaluated for Antimicrobial Toxicity and Ability to Support Phage Display. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090869. [PMID: 31533281 PMCID: PMC6784203 DOI: 10.3390/v11090869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that antimicrobial polypeptides, when translated as gene fusions to the bacteriophage lambda capsid decoration protein gpD, formed highly toxic molecules within E. coli, suggesting that they can retain their antimicrobial activity conformation when fused to gpD. These include gpD-fusions to human and porcine cathelicidins LL37 and PR39, β-defensins HBD3 and DEFB126-Δ (deleted for its many COOH-terminal glycosylation sites), and α-defensin HD5. Antimicrobial toxicity was only observed when the peptides were displayed from the COOH-terminal, and not the NH2-terminal end, of gpD. This suggests that COOH-terminal displayed polypeptides of gpD-fusions can more readily form an active-state conformation than when they are displayed from the NH2-terminal end of gpD. The high toxicity of the COOH-displayed gpD-defensins suggests either that the fused defensin peptides can be oxidized, forming three correct intramolecular disulfide bonds within the cytosol of bacterial cells, or that the versions without disulfide bonds are highly toxigenic. We showed the high efficiency of displaying single epitope 17 amino-acid fusions to gpD on LDP (lambda display particles), even when the gpD-fusion protein was toxic. The efficient formation of high display density LDP, displaying a single disease specific epitope (DSE), suggests the utility of LDP-DSE constructs for use as single epitope vaccines (SEV).
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Narayana JL, Mishra B, Lushnikova T, Golla RM, Wang G. Modulation of antimicrobial potency of human cathelicidin peptides against the ESKAPE pathogens and in vivo efficacy in a murine catheter-associated biofilm model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1592-1602. [PMID: 31319057 PMCID: PMC6689428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are essential components of innate immune systems that protect hosts from infection. They are also useful candidates for developing a new generation of antibiotics to fight antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Human innate immune peptide LL-37 can inhibit biofilm formation, but suffers from high cost due to a long peptide length and rapid protease degradation. To improve the peptide, we previously identified the major active region and changed the peptide backbone structure. This study designed two families of new peptides by altering peptide side chains. Interestingly, these peptides displayed differential potency against various ESKAPE pathogens in vitro and substantially reduced hemolysis. Further potency test in vivo revealed that 17tF-W eliminated the burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 in both mouse-embedded catheters and their surrounding tissues. In addition, peptide treatment suppressed the level of chemokine TNFα, and boosted the levels of chemokines MCP-1, IL-17A and IL-10 in the surrounding tissues of the infected catheter embedded in mice. In conclusion, we have designed a set of new LL-37 peptides with varying antimicrobial activities, opening the door to potential topical treatment of infections involving different drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Tamara Lushnikova
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Radha M Golla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
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32
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Agrahari G, Sah SK, Nguyen CT, Choi SS, Kim HY, Kim TY. Superoxide Dismutase 3 Inhibits LL-37/KLK-5-Mediated Skin Inflammation through Modulation of EGFR and Associated Inflammatory Cascades. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:656-665.e8. [PMID: 31465746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expressions of LL-37 and KLK-5 were found to be altered in various dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea. However, the downstream inflammatory effect of LL-37 and KLK-5 is not as well studied. In addition, there is little high-quality evidence for the treatment of LL-37- and KLK-5-mediated inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) on LL-37- or KLK-5-induced skin inflammation in vitro and in vivo and its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our data showed that SOD3 significantly reduced both LL-37- and KLK-5-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and suppressed the activation of EGFR, protease-activated receptor 2, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways in human keratinocytes. Moreover, SOD3 suppressed LL-37-induced expression of inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species production, and p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in mast cells. In addition, subcutaneous injection of KLK-5 in SOD3 knockout mice exhibited erythema with increased epidermal thickness, mast cell and neutrophil infiltration, expression of inflammatory mediators, and activation of EGFR, protease-activated receptor 2, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. However, treatment with SOD3 in SOD3 knockout mice rescued KLK-5-induced inflammatory cascades. Similarly, KLK-5-induced inflammation in wild-type mice was also ameliorated when treated with SOD3. Taken together, our data suggest that SOD3 is a potentially effective therapy for both LL-37-and KLK-5-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrahari
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shyam Kishor Sah
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sung Sik Choi
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ahmad B, Hanif Q, Xubiao W, Lulu Z, Shahid M, Dayong S, Rijun Z. Expression and Purification of Hybrid LL-37Tα1 Peptide in Pichia pastoris and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Activities by LPS Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1365. [PMID: 31258535 PMCID: PMC6587124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study pertains to the new approach for the development of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 and its biomedical applications. A linear cationic hybrid peptide, LL-37Tα1 was derived from two parental peptides (LL-37 and Tα1) recognized as potent anti-endotoxin without any hemolytic or cytotoxic activity. We successfully cloned the gene of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 in PpICZαA vector and expressed in the Pichia pastoris. The recombinant peptide was purified by Ni-affinity column and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with an estimated molecular mass of 3.9 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. We analyzed the LPS neutralization by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) activity and the results indicate that the hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 directly binds endotoxin and significantly (p < 0.05) neutralizes the effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that LL-37Tα1 successfully reduces the LPS-induced cytotoxicity in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, it significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the levels of nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and diminished the number of apoptotic cells in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that the P. pastoris expression system is cost-effective for commercial production of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hybrid peptide (IAHP) LL-37Tα1 and the peptide may serve as effective anti-endotoxin/anti-inflammatory agent with minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quratulain Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei Xubiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Lulu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Dayong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Rijun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Acosta J, Roa F, González-Chavarría I, Astuya A, Maura R, Montesino R, Muñoz C, Camacho F, Saavedra P, Valenzuela A, Sánchez O, Toledo JR. In vitro immunomodulatory activities of peptides derived from Salmo salar NK-lysin and cathelicidin in fish cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:587-594. [PMID: 30885741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are amphipathic peptides, which play an important role in innate defence. These peptides are gene-encoded and either constitutively expressed and/or upregulated during an infection. NK-lysins are AMPs with a three-dimensional globular structure. They are larger molecules, which comprise 74-78 amino acid residues and six conserved cysteine residues forming three disulphide bonds. Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as important components of the innate immune system with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory properties. Although they are widely studied in mammals, little is known about their immunomodulatory function. In the present study, we identified and characterized for the first time four NK-lysin-like transcripts from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on EST reported sequences. In vitro, NK-lysin derived peptides were able to induce the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 in Salmo salar head kidney leukocytes. We also tested Salmo salar cathelicidin 1 derived peptide in a similar assay, showing its ability to induce the expression of IFN-γ. These results indicate that NK-lysin and cathelicidin 1 derived peptides are able to modulated immune response, suggesting their potential use to enhance immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannel Acosta
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Francisco Roa
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Iván González-Chavarría
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Allison Astuya
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Department of Oceanography and COPAS Sur-Austral, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rafael Maura
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Muñoz
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Frank Camacho
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulina Saavedra
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Fish Culture and Aquatic Pathology, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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de Miguel Catalina A, Forbrig E, Kozuch J, Nehls C, Paulowski L, Gutsmann T, Hildebrandt P, Mroginski MA. The C-Terminal VPRTES Tail of LL-37 Influences the Mode of Attachment to a Lipid Bilayer and Antimicrobial Activity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2447-2462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Forbrig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Jacek Kozuch
- Division of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, Californa 94305, United States
| | - Christian Nehls
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Laura Paulowski
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Biophysics Department, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
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Macleod T, Ward J, Alase AA, Bridgewood C, Wittmann M, Stonehouse NJ. Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Facilitates Intracellular Uptake of RNA Aptamer Apt 21-2 Without Inducing an Inflammatory or Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31068939 PMCID: PMC6491520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers are synthetic single stranded RNA oligonucleotides that function analogously to antibodies. Recently, they have shown promise for use in treating inflammatory skin disease as, unlike antibody-based biologics, they are able to enter the skin following topical administration. However, it is important to understand the inflammatory milieu into which aptamers are delivered, as numerous immune-modulating mediators will be present at abnormal levels. LL-37 is an important immune-modifying protein upregulated in several inflammatory skin conditions, including psoriasis, rosacea and eczema. This inflammatory antimicrobial peptide is known to complex nucleic acids and induce both inflammatory and interferon responses from keratinocytes. Given the attractive notion of using RNA aptamers in topical medication and the prevalence of LL-37 in these inflammatory skin conditions, we examined the effect of LL-37 on the efficacy and safety of the anti-IL-17A RNA aptamer, Apt 21-2. LL-37 was demonstrated to complex with the RNA aptamer by electrophoretic mobility shift and filter binding assays. In contrast to free Apt 21-2, LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 was observed to efficiently enter both keratinocytes and fibroblasts by confocal microscopy. Despite internalization of LL-37-complexed aptamers, measurement of inflammatory mediators and interferon stimulated genes showed LL-37-complexed Apt 21-2 remained immunologically inert in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells including infiltrating dendritic cells and monocytes. The findings of this study suggest RNA aptamers delivered into an inflammatory milieu rich in LL-37 may become complexed and subsequently internalized by surrounding cells in the skin. Whilst the results of this study indicate delivery of RNA aptamers into tissue rich in LL-37 should not cause an unwarranted inflammatory of interferon response, these results have significant implications for the efficacy of aptamers with regards to extracellular vs. intracellular targets that should be taken into consideration when developing treatment strategies utilizing RNA aptamers in inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Ward
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adewonuola A Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Design of Antimicrobial Peptides: Progress Made with Human Cathelicidin LL-37. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1117:215-240. [PMID: 30980360 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3588-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the innate immune system into humans is essential for survival and health due to the rapid replication of invading microbes and the delayed action of the adaptive immune system. Antimicrobial peptides are important components of human innate immunity. Over 100 such peptides have been identified in various human tissues. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is best studied, and there has been a growing interest in designing new peptides based on LL-37. This chapter describes the alternative processing of the human cathelicidin precursor, protease digestion, and lab cutting of LL-37. Both a synthetic peptide library and structure-based design are utilized to identify the active regions. Although challenging, the determination of the 3D structure of LL-37 enabled the identification of the core antimicrobial region. The minimal region of LL-37 can be function-dependent. We discuss the design and potential applications of LL-37 into antibacterial, antibiofilm, antiviral, antifungal, immune modulating, and anticancer peptides. LL-37 has been engineered into 17BIPHE2, a stable, selective, and potent antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer peptide. Both 17BIPHE2 and SAAP-148 can eliminate the ESKAPE pathogens and show topical in vivo antibiofilm efficacy. Also discussed are other application strategies, including peptide formulation, antimicrobial implants, and peptide-inducing factors such as vitamin D and sunlight. Finally, we summarize what we learned from peptide design based on human LL-37.
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Jin HS, Song K, Baek JH, Lee JE, Kim DJ, Nam GW, Kang NJ, Lee DW. Identification of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1-Suppressive Peptides in Feather Keratin Hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12719-12729. [PMID: 30395462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen and elastin in the dermis of normal skin, is a key strategy for anti-skin aging. In this study, we identified five low-molecular-weight (LMW, <1 kDa) MMP-1-suppressive peptides in feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) obtained by anaerobic digestion with an extremophilic bacterium. FKH was first subjected to ultrafiltration, followed by size-exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chemically synthesized peptides identical to the sequences identified suppressed MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). To investigate the impact of the MMP-1-suppressive peptides on the signaling pathway, we performed antibody array phosphorylation profiling of HDFs. The results suggested that the peptide GGFDL regulates ultraviolet-B-induced MMP-1 expression by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways as well as histone modification. Thus, LMW feather keratin peptides could serve as novel bioactive compounds to protect the skin against intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Su Jin
- Department of Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , South Korea
| | - Kyeongseop Song
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Je-Hyun Baek
- Center of Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (CBMS) , DiatechKorea Company, Limited , Seoul 05808 , South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Da Jeong Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Gae-Won Nam
- School of Cosmetics , Seowon University , Cheongju 28674 , South Korea
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , South Korea
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Pacor S, Guida F, Xhindoli D, Benincasa M, Gennaro R, Tossi A. Effect of targeted minimal sequence variations on the structure and biological activities of the human cathelicidin LL‐37. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pacor
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Filomena Guida
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Daniela Xhindoli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Trieste, Building Q, Via Giorgieri 5 Trieste 34127 Italy
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A frog cathelicidin peptide effectively promotes cutaneous wound healing in mice. Biochem J 2018; 475:2785-2799. [PMID: 30045878 PMCID: PMC6134359 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although cathelicidins in mammals have been well characterized, little is known about the function of cathelicidin in amphibians. In the present study, a novel 24-residue peptide (cathelicidin-NV, ARGKKECKDDRCRLLMKRGSFSYV) belonging to the cathelicidin family was identified from the skin of the plateau frog Nanorana ventripunctata. Cathelicidin-NV showed strong wound healing-promoting activity in a murine model with a full-thickness dermal wound. It directly enhanced the proliferation of keratinocyte cells, resulting in accelerated re-epithelialization of the wound site. Cathelicidin-NV also promoted the proliferation of fibroblasts, the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and collagen production in fibroblasts, which are implicated in wound contraction and repair processes. Furthermore, cathelicidin-NV promoted the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 in vivo and in vitro, which are essential in the wound-healing processes such as migration, proliferation and differentiation. The MAPK (ERK, JNK and p38) signaling pathways were involved in the wound healing-promoting effect. Additionally, unlike other cathelicidins, cathelicidin-NV did not have any direct effect on microbes and showed no cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity toward mammalian cells at concentrations up to 200 µg/ml. This current study may facilitate the understanding of the cellular and molecular events that underlie quick wound healing in N. ventripunctata. In addition, the combination of these properties makes cathelicidin-NV an excellent candidate for skin wound therapeutics.
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Lozeau LD, Youssefian S, Rahbar N, Camesano TA, Rolle MW. Concentration-Dependent, Membrane-Selective Activity of Human LL37 Peptides Modified with Collagen Binding Domain Sequences. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4513-4523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jahangiri S, Jafari M, Arjomand M, Mehrnejad F. Molecular insights into the interactions of GF‐17 with the gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacterial lipid bilayers. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9205-9216. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jahangiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Jafari
- Computational Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences Engineering Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Arjomand
- Department of Chemical Engineering South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Faramarz Mehrnejad
- Computational Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences Engineering Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Cho HS, Soundrarajan N, Le Van Chanh Q, Jeon H, Cha SY, Kang M, Ahn B, Hong K, Song H, Kim JH, Oh KS, Park C. The novel cathelicidin of naked mole rats, Hg-CATH, showed potent antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity. Gene 2018; 676:164-170. [PMID: 29981419 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We performed the in silico genome-wide identification of antimicrobial peptides against the available genome sequence of the naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber (H. glaber). Our results showed the presence of Hg-CATH, the single cathelicidin containing the antimicrobial domain in H. glaber. We chemically synthesized a 25 amino-acid peptide (ΔHg-CATH) corresponding to the predicted antimicrobial-active core region of Hg-CATH, and evaluated its antibacterial activity against seven bacterial strains. The ΔHg-CATH peptide exhibited strong bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria, including a multi-drug resistant strain, while showing low toxicity towards mammalian cells, including erythrocytes. Scanning electron microscopy images of bacterial cells treated with ΔHg-CATH showed disruption of their membranes due to the formation of toroidal pores. Identifying novel antimicrobial peptides, such as Hg-CATH, may be important for identifying candidate peptides for the control of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Quy Le Van Chanh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Infectious and Avian Diseases, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingue Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - ByeongYong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Oh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Lee MW, Lee EY, Wong GCL. What Can Pleiotropic Proteins in Innate Immunity Teach Us about Bioconjugation and Molecular Design? Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2127-2139. [PMID: 29771496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A common bioengineering strategy to add function to a given molecule is by conjugation of a new moiety onto that molecule. Adding multiple functions in this way becomes increasingly challenging and leads to composite molecules with larger molecular weights. In this review, we attempt to gain a new perspective by looking at this problem in reverse, by examining nature's strategies of multiplexing different functions into the same pleiotropic molecule using emerging analysis techniques such as machine learning. We concentrate on examples from the innate immune system, which employs a finite repertoire of molecules for a broad range of tasks. An improved understanding of how diverse functions are multiplexed into a single molecule can inspire new approaches for the deterministic design of multifunctional molecules.
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45
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Glyoxal-induced exacerbation of pruritus and dermatitis is associated with staphylococcus aureus colonization in the skin of a rat model of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Cathelicidin promotes inflammation by enabling binding of self-RNA to cell surface scavenger receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4032. [PMID: 29507358 PMCID: PMC5838106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions the release of self-RNA from dying cells does not promote inflammation. However, following injury or inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and rosacea, expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37 breaks tolerance to self-nucleic acids and triggers inflammation. Here we report that LL37 enables keratinocytes and macrophages to recognize self-non-coding U1 RNA by facilitating binding to cell surface scavenger receptors that enable recognition by nucleic acid pattern recognition receptors within the cell. The interaction of LL37 with scavenger receptors was confirmed in human psoriatic skin, and the ability of LL37 to stimulate expression of interleukin-6 and interferon-β1 was dependent on a 3-way binding interaction with scavenger receptors and subsequent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These results demonstrate that the inflammatory activity of LL37 is mediated by a cell-surface-dependent interaction and provides important new insight into mechanisms that drive auto-inflammatory responses in the skin.
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47
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Park BW, Ha JM, Cho EB, Jin JK, Park EJ, Park HR, Kang HJ, Ko SH, Kim KH, Kim KJ. A Study on Vitamin D and Cathelicidin Status in Patients with Rosacea: Serum Level and Tissue Expression. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:136-142. [PMID: 29606809 PMCID: PMC5839883 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by centrofacial erythema. Excess cathelicidin is suggested to be important to the pathophysiology of the disease. Recently, presence of a vitamin D response element was revealed in the cathelicidin gene promoter. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether vitamin D and cathelicidin are associated with rosacea, both serologically and histopathologically. Methods Subjects with rosacea and without chronic skin disorders were enrolled in the patient and control groups, respectively. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and cathelicidin levels were measured. Tissue expression of cathelicidin and vitamin D receptor were measured with immunostaining-intensity-distribution index. Results The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of patients with rosacea was 12.18±5.65 ng/ml, which is lower than that of the controls (17.41±6.75 ng/ml). Mean serum cathelicidin levels in patients with rosacea and the controls were 85.0±26.1 ng/ml and 55.0±23.3 ng/ml, respectively. Cathelicidin expression in rosacea tissue was significantly higher than that in control tissue (5.21 vs. 4.03). No significant difference was observed in vitamin D receptor expression. Conclusion Higher cathelicidin expression in rosacea supports the hypothesis that an abnormal inflammatory response of the innate immune system is important in pathogenesis of rosacea, but the role of high cathelicidin serum levels is complicated. Serum vitamin D was lower in patients with rosacea, although serum cathelicidin was higher than that of the controls. This suggests that the role of vitamin D level in the pathogenesis of rosacea merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Won Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ji Min Ha
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Eun Byul Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Park
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Ko
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Joong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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48
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Local Burn Injury Promotes Defects in the Epidermal Lipid and Antimicrobial Peptide Barriers in Human Autograft Skin and Burn Margin: Implications for Burn Wound Healing and Graft Survival. J Burn Care Res 2018; 38:e212-e226. [PMID: 27183442 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Burn injury increases the risk of morbidity and mortality by promoting severe hemodynamic shock and risk for local or systemic infection. Graft failure due to poor wound healing or infection remains a significant problem for burn subjects. The mechanisms by which local burn injury compromises the epithelial antimicrobial barrier function in the burn margin, containing the elements necessary for healing of the burn site, and in distal unburned skin, which serves as potential donor tissue, are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to establish defects in epidermal barrier function in human donor skin and burn margin, to identify potential mechanisms that may lead to graft failure and/or impaired burn wound healing. In this study, we established that epidermal lipids and respective lipid synthesis enzymes were significantly reduced in both donor skin and burn margin. We further identified diverse changes in the gene expression and protein production of several candidate skin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in both donor skin and burn margin. These results also parallel changes in cutaneous AMP activity against common burn wound pathogens, aberrant production of epidermal proteases known to regulate barrier permeability and AMP activity, and greater production of proinflammatory cytokines known to be induced by AMPs. These findings suggest that impaired epidermal lipid and AMP regulation could contribute to graft failure and infectious complications in subjects with burn or other traumatic injury.
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Pink A, Anzengruber F, Navarini A. Acne and hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:619-631. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Pink
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Guy's Hospital; King's College; London SE1 9RT U.K
| | - F. Anzengruber
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich 8091 Switzerland
| | - A.A. Navarini
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich 8091 Switzerland
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50
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Li H, Zhang S, Nie B, Du Z, Long T, Yue B. The antimicrobial peptide KR-12 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells by stimulating BMP/SMAD signaling. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15547-15557. [PMID: 35539499 PMCID: PMC9080063 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KR-12 is the smallest fragment of human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37), and could play key roles in the treatment of multiple infections, including osteomyelitis. Our preliminary work found that KR-12 enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs). The present study investigated whether KR-12 affects HBMSC osteogenic differentiation, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. HBMSC proliferation in the presence of KR-12 was observed with a cell counting 8 assay, and its effects on HBMSC cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase, Sirius Red, and Alizarin Red staining and quantitative assays were used to study the osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs. The expression of osteogenic differentiation markers was detected by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. The activation of potentially related pathways was examined by luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis. KR-12 treatment increased the osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs without cytotoxicity and did not influence the cell cycle or induce apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assays showed that KR-12 activated the transcription of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), a key gene in the BMP/SMAD pathway. Western blot analysis indicated that BMP/SMAD signaling was markedly activated by KR-12 stimulation in osteogenic induction conditions. SMAD phosphorylation was activated by KR-12 treatment, and was inhibited by both a transforming growth factor-β/SMAD inhibitor (LDN-193189 HCL) and BMP2 small interfering RNA (si-BMP2). LDN-193189 HCL and si-BMP2 treatment also abolished the KR-12-induced osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that KR-12 promotes HBMSC osteogenesis through the activation of BMP/SMAD signaling. KR-12 is the smallest fragment of human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37), and could play key roles in the treatment of multiple infections, including osteomyelitis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bin'en Nie
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhe Du
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Teng Long
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery
- Renji Hospital
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
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