1
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Álvarez B, Revilla C, Poderoso T, Ezquerra A, Domínguez J. Porcine Macrophage Markers and Populations: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2103. [PMID: 37626913 PMCID: PMC10453229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides its importance as a livestock species, pig is increasingly being used as an animal model for biomedical research. Macrophages play critical roles in immunity to pathogens, tissue development, homeostasis and tissue repair. These cells are also primary targets for replication of viruses such as African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, which can cause huge economic losses to the pig industry. In this article, we review the current status of knowledge on porcine macrophages, starting by reviewing the markers available for their phenotypical characterization and following with the characteristics of the main macrophage populations described in different organs, as well as the effect of polarization conditions on their phenotype and function. We will also review available cell lines suitable for studies on the biology of porcine macrophages and their interaction with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angel Ezquerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CSIC INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña, km7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.Á.); (C.R.); (T.P.); (J.D.)
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2
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Choe D, Choi D. Cancel cancer: The immunotherapeutic potential of CD200/CD200R blockade. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1088038. [PMID: 36756156 PMCID: PMC9900175 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1088038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules function to inhibit and regulate immune response pathways to prevent hyperactive immune activity from damaging healthy tissues. In cancer patients, targeting these key molecules may serve as a valuable therapeutic mechanism to bolster immune function and restore the body's natural defenses against tumors. CD200, an immune checkpoint molecule, is a surface glycoprotein that is widely but not ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. By interacting with its inhibitory receptor CD200R, CD200 suppresses immune cell activity within the tumor microenvironment, creating conditions that foster tumor growth. Targeting the CD200/CD200R pathway, either through the use of monoclonal antibodies or peptide inhibitors, has shown to be effective in boosting anti-tumor immune activity. This review will explore CD200 and the protein's expression and role within the tumor microenvironment, blood endothelial cells, and lymph nodes. This paper will also discuss the advantages and challenges of current strategies used to target CD200 and briefly summarize relevant preclinical/clinical studies investigating the immunotherapeutic efficacy of CD200/CD200R blockade.
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3
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Linley H, Ogden A, Jaigirdar S, Buckingham L, Cox J, Priestley M, Saunders A. CD200R1 promotes interleukin-17 production by group 3 innate lymphoid cells by enhancing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:167-179. [PMID: 36623588 PMCID: PMC10270648 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with no cure. It is driven by the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17A axis and type 17 T helper cells; however, recently, group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) have also been implicated. Despite being the focus of much research, factors regulating the activity of ILC3s remain incompletely understood. Immune regulatory pathways are particularly important at barrier sites, such as the skin, gut, and lungs, which are exposed to environmental substances and microbes. CD200R1 is an immune regulatory cell surface receptor that inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production in myeloid cells. CD200R1 is also highly expressed on ILCs, where its function remains largely unexplored. We previously observed reduced CD200R1 signaling in psoriasis-affected skin, suggesting that dysregulation may promote disease. Here, we show that contrary to this, psoriasis models are less severe in CD200R1-deficient mice due to reduced IL-17 production. Here, we uncover a key cell-intrinsic role for CD200R1 in promoting IL-23-driven IL-17A production by ILC3s by promoting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Therefore, contrary to its inhibitory role in myeloid cells, CD200R1 is required on ILC3 to promote IL-23-stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, triggering optimal IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Linley
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Alice Ogden
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Shafqat Jaigirdar
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucy Buckingham
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Joshua Cox
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Megan Priestley
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Amy Saunders
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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4
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Poderoso T, De la Riva PM, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Ezquerra Á, Revilla C. CD200R family receptors are expressed on porcine monocytes and modulate the production of IL-8 and TNF-α triggered by TLR4 or TLR7 in these cells. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:166-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Al Mamun A, Ngwa C, Qi S, Honarpisheh P, Datar S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, McCullough LD, Liu F. Neuronal CD200 Signaling Is Protective in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52:3362-3373. [PMID: 34353112 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD200 (cluster of differentiation 200), a highly glycosylated protein primarily expressed on neurons in the central nervous system, binds with its receptor CD200R to form an endogenous inhibitory signal against immune responses. However, little is known about the effect of neuronal CD200 signaling in cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate how neuronal CD200 signaling impacts poststroke inflammation and the ischemic injury. METHODS CD200 tma1lf/fl:Thy1CreER mice were treated with tamoxifen to induce conditional gene knockout (ICKO) of neuronal CD200. The mice were subjected to a 60-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke outcomes, apoptotic cell death, immune cell infiltration, microglia activation, and other inflammatory profiles were evaluated at 3 and 7 days after stroke. RESULTS Infarct volumes were significantly larger, and behavioral deficits more severe in ICKO versus control mice at 3 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay also revealed a significant increase in apoptotic neuronal death in CD200 ICKO mice. An enhancement in lymphocytic infiltration and microglial proinflammatory responses were revealed by flow cytometry at 3 and 7 days after stroke in ICKO mice, accompanied by an increased microglial phagocytosis activity. Plasma proinflammatory cytokine (TNFα [tumor necrosis factor alpha] and IL [interleukin]-1β) levels significantly increased at 3 days, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels increased at 7 days in ICKO versus control animals. ICKO led to significantly lower baseline level of CD200 both in brain and plasma. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal CD200 inhibits proinflammatory responses and is protective against stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Pedram Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Saumil Datar
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston
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6
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CD200R1 and CD200R1L expression is regulated during B cell development in swine and modulates the Ig production in response to the TLR7 ligand imiquimoid. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251187. [PMID: 33961666 PMCID: PMC8104416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD200R family comprises a group of paired receptors that can modulate the activation of immune cells. They are expressed both on myeloid cells and lymphocyte subsets. Here we report that the expression of these receptors on porcine B cells is tightly regulated, being mainly expressed on mature cells. The expression of the inhibitory receptors CD200R1 and/or its splicing variant CD200R1X2, either in combination or not with the activating receptor CD200R1L, is upregulated in sIgM+ effector/memory cells, and tends to decline thereafter as these cells progress to plasmablasts or switch the Ig isotype. sIgM+ naïve and primed cells only express, by contrast, the CD200R1X2 receptor. B-1 like cells also express CD200R1 isoforms, either alone or in combination with CD200R1L. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a monoclonal antibody specific for inhibitory receptors, enhances the IgM and IgG production induced by TLR7 stimulation suggesting a modulatory role of B cell functions of these receptors.
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7
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Pascoal Ramos MI, Keşmir C, Stok JE, Geerdink R, Satravelas N, Westerlaken GHA, Meyaard L, van der Vlist M. CD200R1L is a functional evolutionary conserved activating receptor in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:367-377. [PMID: 33884657 PMCID: PMC9291319 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0520-334r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory and activating immune receptors play a key role in modulating the amplitude and duration of immune responses during infection and in maintaining immune balance in homeostatic conditions. The CD200 Receptor (CD200R) gene family in humans encodes one inhibitory receptor, CD200R1, and one putative activating member, CD200R1 Like (CD200R1L). It is demonstrated that CD200R1L is endogenously expressed by human neutrophils and activates cellular functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via Syk, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and Rac GTPase signaling. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CD200R1L is present in many species among vertebrates, ranging from birds to primates, suggesting that evolutionary conservation of this receptor is critical for protection against co‐evolving pathogens. The duplication event that generated CD200R1L from CD200R occurred several times throughout evolution, supporting convergent evolution of CD200R1L. In our phylogenetic trees, CD200R1L has longer branch lengths than CD200R1 in most species, suggesting that CD200R1L is evolving faster than CD200R1. It is proposed that CD200R1L represents a hitherto uncharacterized activating receptor on human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inês Pascoal Ramos
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Can Keşmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn E Stok
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Geerdink
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Satravelas
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje H A Westerlaken
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Vlist
- Center for Translational Immunology, Dept. Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Kotwica-Mojzych K, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Mojzych M. CD200:CD200R Interactions and Their Importance in Immunoregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041602. [PMID: 33562512 PMCID: PMC7915401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecule CD200, described many years ago as a naturally occurring immunomodulatory agent, capable of regulating inflammation and transplant rejection, has attracted additional interest over the past years with the realization that it may also serve as an important marker for progressive malignancy. A large body of evidence also supports the hypothesis that this molecule can contribute to immunoregulation of, among other diseases, infection, autoimmune disease and allergy. New data have also come to light to characterize the receptors for CD200 (CD200R) and their potential mechanism(s) of action at the biochemical level, as well as the description of a novel natural antagonist of CD200, lacking the NH2-terminal region of the full-length molecule. Significant controversies exist concerning the relative importance of CD200 as a ligand for all reported CD200Rs. Nevertheless, some progress has been made in the identification of the structural constraints determining the interaction between CD200 and CD200R, and this information has in turn proved of use in developing novel small molecule agonists/antagonists of the interaction. The review below highlights many of these newer findings, and attempts to place them in the broad context of our understanding of the role of CD200-CD200R interactions in a variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
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9
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Poderoso T, Martínez de la Riva P, Uenishi H, Alvarez B, Toki D, Nieto-Pelegrín E, Alonso F, Domínguez J, Ezquerra A, Revilla C. Analysis of the expression of porcine CD200R1 and CD200R1L by using newly developed monoclonal antibodies. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103417. [PMID: 31233758 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CD200R1 and CD200R1-like are paired receptors which modulate activation of immune cells. Here, we describe the characterisation of their porcine homologues. Analysis of database porcine sequences shows an exceptionally high homology between the extracellular Ig-like domains of these receptors, being the rest more dissimilar. We have obtained two mAbs, PCT1 and PCT3, against a CD200R1-Fc recombinant protein, that bind on CHO cells expressing GFP-tagged CD200R1. The specificity of these mAbs was analysed on CD200R1 L, and also on a CD200R1 splicing variant that lacks the V-type Ig domain. PCT1 bound to both CD200R1 and CD200R1L, but not to the splicing variant, what suggests that recognises an epitope in the V-type Ig domain. PCT3 reacted with both CD200R1 variants, but not CD200R1L, probably binding to an epitope in the N-terminal sequence of CD200R1. Analysis of porcine cells with these mAbs showed expression of CD200R1/CD200R1L on B cells, monocytes and alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poderoso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Martínez de la Riva
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Uenishi
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - B Alvarez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Toki
- Institute of Japan Association for Techno-innovation in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - E Nieto-Pelegrín
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Alonso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Domínguez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ezquerra
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Revilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Salek-Ardakani S, Bell T, Jagger CP, Snelgrove RJ, Hussell T. CD200R1 regulates eosinophilia during pulmonary fungal infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1380-1390. [PMID: 31365119 PMCID: PMC6773205 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD200 receptor 1(CD200R1) signalling limits myeloid cell responses and reduces autoimmunity, alloimmunity and viral‐mediated immunopathology, but has never been examined in the context of eosinophilic inflammation. Susceptibility to lung fungal infection is associated with T‐helper 2 (Th2) cytokine dominated responses and strong eosinophilic pathology. Blockade of CD200R1 enhances type I cytokine responses in many infectious and non‐infectious settings and so may promote a more protective response to fungal infection. By contrast, we demonstrate that, rather than promoting type I cytokine responses, CD200R1 blockade enhanced eosinophilia in a mouse model of Cryptococcus neoformans infection, whereas CD200R1 agonism reduced lung eosinophilia – with neither strategy completely altering fungal burden. Thus, we reveal a surprising disconnect between pulmonary eosinophilia and cryptococcal burden and dissemination. This research has 2 important implications. Firstly, a lack of CD200R1 signalling enhances immune responses regardless of cytokine polarisation, and secondly reducing eosinophils does not allow protective immunity to develop in susceptible fungal system. Therefore, agonists of CD200R1 may be beneficial for eosinophilic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salek-Ardakani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development & Repair, Imperial College London, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Bell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development & Repair, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christopher P Jagger
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development & Repair, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
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11
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Le CS, Hao XD, Li JW, Zhong JW, Lin HR, Zhou YT, Travis ZD, Tong LS, Gao F. CD200Fc Improves Neurological Function by Protecting the Blood-brain Barrier after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1321-1328. [PMID: 31208229 PMCID: PMC6767889 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719857655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200 is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays an essential role in
the immune response in neurological diseases. However, little is currently known about the
effects of CD200 signaling on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, the role of CD200 during ICH in an autologous blood
induced mouse ICH model was investigated. Following ICH, critical protein expression, BBB
permeability, and neurological function were measured with or without CD200Fc
administration. Our results showed that both the expression of CD200 and CD200R1 decreased
after ICH and administration of CD200Fc attenuated BBB leakage and improved neurological
functions. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that CD200Fc might be a potential
treatment option for ICH by protecting the BBB and improving functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Sheng Le
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiao-di Hao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Ran Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Lu-Sha Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,All the authors contributed equally to this article
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12
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The pro-tumor effect of CD200 expression is not mimicked by agonistic CD200R antibodies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210796. [PMID: 30653571 PMCID: PMC6336379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells can impact tumor growth and progression. The inhibitory CD200 receptor (CD200R) suppresses the activation of myeloid cells and lack of this pathway results in a reduction of tumor growth, conversely a tumorigenic effect of CD200R triggering was also described. Here we investigated the role of CD200R activation in syngeneic mouse tumor models. We showed that agonistic CD200R antibody reached tumors, but had no significant impact on tumor growth and minor effect on infiltration of immune myeloid cells. These effects were reproduced using two different anti-CD200R clones. In contrast, we showed that CD200-deficiency did decrease melanoma tumor burden. The presence of either endogenous or tumor-expressed CD200 restored the growth of metastatic melanoma foci. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that blockade of the endogenous ligand CD200 prevented the tumorigenic effect of CD200R-expressing myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment, whereas agonistic anti-CD200R has no effect on tumor development.
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13
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Frank MG, Fonken LK, Annis JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress disinhibits microglia via down-regulation of CD200R: A mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:62-73. [PMID: 29104062 PMCID: PMC5857401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors primes the neuroinflammatory and microglial proinflammatory response to subsequent immune challenges, suggesting that stress might attenuate immunoregulatory mechanisms in the CNS microenvironment. CD200:CD200R is a key immunoregulatory signaling dyad that constrains microglial activation, and disruption of CD200:CD200R signaling primes microglia to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, the present study examined the mediating role of CD200:CD200R signaling in stress-induced microglial priming. Here, we found that exposure to an acute stressor reduced CD200R expression across sub-regions of the hippocampus, amygdala as well as in isolated hippocampal microglia. A transcriptional suppressor of CD200R, CAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteinβ, was induced by stress and inversely associated with CD200R expression. To examine whether disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling plays a mediating role in stress-induced microglial priming, a soluble fragment of CD200 (mCD200Fc) was administered intra-cisterna magna prior to stressor exposure and stress-induced microglia priming assessed ex vivo 24 h later. Treatment with mCD200Fc blocked the stress-induced priming of the microglial pro-inflammatory response. Further, treatment with mCD200R1Fc recapitulated the effects of stress on microglial priming. We previously found that stress increases the alarmin high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hippocampus, and that HMGB1 mediates stress-induced priming of microglia. Thus, we examined whether stress-induced increases in hippocampal HMGB1 are a consequence of disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling. Indeed, treatment with mCD200Fc prior to stress exposure blocked the stress-induced increase in hippocampal HMGB1. The present study suggests that stress exposure disrupts immunoregulatory mechanisms in the brain, which typically constrain the immune response of CNS innate immune cells. This attenuation of immunoregulatory mechanisms may thus permit a primed activation state of microglia to manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Frank
- Corresponding Author: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA, Tel: +1-303-919-8116, Fax: +1-303-492-2967,
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Flies AS, Blackburn NB, Lyons AB, Hayball JD, Woods GM. Comparative Analysis of Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Their Potential Role in the Transmissible Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:513. [PMID: 28515726 PMCID: PMC5413580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules function as a system of checks and balances that enhance or inhibit immune responses to infectious agents, foreign tissues, and cancerous cells. Immunotherapies that target immune checkpoint molecules, particularly the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have revolutionized human oncology in recent years, yet little is known about these key immune signaling molecules in species other than primates and rodents. The Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease is caused by transmissible cancers that have resulted in a massive decline in the wild Tasmanian devil population. We have recently demonstrated that the inhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-L1 is upregulated on Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) facial tumor cells in response to the interferon-gamma cytokine. As this could play a role in immune evasion by tumor cells, we performed a thorough comparative analysis of checkpoint molecule protein sequences among Tasmanian devils and eight other species. We report that many of the key signaling motifs and ligand-binding sites in the checkpoint molecules are highly conserved across the estimated 162 million years of evolution since the last common ancestor of placental and non-placental mammals. Specifically, we discovered that the CTLA-4 (MYPPPY) ligand-binding motif and the CTLA-4 (GVYVKM) inhibitory domain are completely conserved across all nine species used in our comparative analysis, suggesting that the function of CTLA-4 is likely conserved in these species. We also found that cysteine residues for intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds were also highly conserved. For instance, all 20 cysteine residues involved in disulfide bonds in the human 4-1BB molecule were also present in devil 4-1BB. Although many key sequences were conserved, we have also identified immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs) in genes and protein domains that have not been previously reported in any species. This checkpoint molecule analysis and review of salient features for each of the molecules presented here can serve as road map for the development of a Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease immunotherapy. Finally, the strategies can be used as a guide for veterinarians, ecologists, and other researchers willing to venture into the nascent field of wild immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas B. Blackburn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Alan Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Nakamura T, Fukaya T, Uto T, Takagi H, Arimura K, Tono T, Sato K. Selective depletion of basophils ameliorates immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:29-35. [PMID: 28955985 PMCID: PMC5614540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils, which are the rarest granulocytes, play crucial roles in protective immunity against parasites and development of allergic disorders. Although immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent responses via receptor for IgE (FcεRI) in basophils have been extensively studied, little is known about cell surface molecules that are selectively expressed on this cell subset to utilize the elimination in vivo through treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb). Since CD200 receptor 3 (CD200R3) was exclusively expressed on basophils and mast cells (MCs) using a microarray screening, we have generated anti-CD200R3 mAb recognizing CD200R3A. In this study we examined the expression pattern of CD200R3A on leukocytes, and the influence of the elimination of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb on allergic responses. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and MCs, but not on other leukocytes. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb led to the prominent specific depletion of tissue-resident and circulating basophils, but not MCs. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of basophils ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis. Taken together, these findings suggest that CD200R3A is reliable cell surface marker for basophils in vivo, and targeting this unique molecule with mAb for the elimination of basophils may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in ameliorating the allergic diseases. CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and mast cells. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb depleted basophils, but not MCs. Depletion of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis.
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Key Words
- BMMCs, bone marrow-derived mast cells
- Basophils
- CD200R, CD200 receptor
- DNP, 2,4-dinitrophenol
- DNP-BSA, DNP-conjugated bovine serum albumin
- FcγR, Fcγ receptor
- FcεR, Fcε receptor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IL, Interleukin
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- IgE
- Intervention
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PSA, passive systemic anaphylaxis
- Passive anaphylaxis
- RBC, red blood cells
- Type I hyperreactivity
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukaya
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Uto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keiichi Arimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Novel CD200 homologues iSEC1 and iSEC2 are gastrointestinal secretory cell-specific ligands of inhibitory receptor CD200R. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36457. [PMID: 27819346 PMCID: PMC5098219 DOI: 10.1038/srep36457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200R is an inhibitory receptor expressed on myeloid cells and some lymphoid cells, and plays important roles in negatively regulating immune responses. CD200 is the only known ligand of CD200R and broadly distributed in a variety of cell types. Here we identified novel CD200 homologues, designated iSEC1 and iSEC2, that are expressed exclusively by secretory cell lineages in the gastrointestinal epithelium while authentic CD200 is expressed by none of epithelial cells including secretory cells. Both iSEC1 and iSEC2 could bind to CD200R but not other members of the CD200R family. Notably, CD200R expression was confined to intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) among cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Binding of iSEC1 to CD200R on IELs resulted in the suppression of cytokine production and cytolytic activity by activated IELs. Thus, iSEC1 is a previously unappreciated CD200R ligand with restricted expression in gastrointestinal secretory cells and may negatively regulate mucosal immune responses.
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Rabbit CD200R binds host CD200 but not CD200-like proteins from poxviruses. Virology 2015; 488:1-8. [PMID: 26590792 PMCID: PMC4750549 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD200 is a widely distributed membrane protein that gives inhibitory signals through its receptor (CD200R) on myeloid cells. CD200 has been acquired by herpesviruses where it has been shown to interact with host CD200R and downmodulate the immune system. It has been hypothesized that poxviruses have acquired CD200; but the potential orthologues show less similarity to their hosts. Myxoma virus M141 protein is a potential CD200 orthologue with a potent immune modulatory function in rabbits. Here, we characterized the rabbit CD200, CD200R and tested the CD200-like sequences for binding CD200R. No binding could be detected using soluble recombinant proteins, full length protein expressed on cells or myxoma virus infected cells. Finally, using knockdown models, we showed that the inhibitory effect of M141 on RAW 264.7 cells upon myxoma virus infection is not due to CD200R. We conclude that the rabbit poxvirus CD200-like proteins cause immunomodulation without utilizing CD200R. The coding sequences of rabbit CD200 and rabbit CD200R have been identified. Rabbit CD200-CD200R binding resembles CD200-CD200R interactions in other species. Poxvirus CD200-like molecules (M141, SFV 141) do not interact with rabbit CD200R. M141 can downregulate immune response without utilizing host CD200R.
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Kwong LS, Akkaya M, Barclay AN, Hatherley D. Herpesvirus orthologues of CD200 bind host CD200R but not related activating receptors. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:179-184. [PMID: 26538068 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several herpesviruses have acquired the gene for the CD200 membrane protein from their hosts and can downregulate myeloid activity through interaction of this viral CD200 orthologue with the host receptor for CD200, namely CD200R, which can give inhibitory signals. This receptor is a 'paired receptor', meaning proteins related to the inhibitory CD200R are present but differ in that they can give activating signals and also give a negligible interaction with CD200. We showed that the viral orthologues e127 from rat cytomegalovirus and K14 from human herpesvirus 8 do not bind the activating CD200R-like proteins from their respective species, although they do bind the inhibitory receptors. It is thought that the activating receptors have evolved in response to pathogens targeting the inhibitory receptor. In this case, the CD200 orthologue is not trapped by the activating receptor but has maintained the specificity of the host from which it was acquired, suggesting that the activating members of the CD200R family have evolved to protect against a different pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Shan Kwong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Holmannová D, Koláčková M, Kondělková K, Kuneš P, Krejsek J, Andrýs C. CD200/CD200R Paired Potent Inhibitory Molecules Regulating Immune and Inflammatory Responses; part I: CD200/CD200R Structure, Activation, and Function. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 55:12-7. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CD200/CD200R are highly conserved type I paired membrane glycoproteins that belong to the Ig superfamily containing a two immunoglobulin‑like domain (V, C). CD200 is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types, whereas CD200R is primarily expressed in myeloid and lymphoid cells. They fulfill multiple functions in regulating inflammation. The interaction between CD200/CD200R results in activation of the intracellular inhibitory pathway with RasGAP recruitment and thus contributes to effector cell inhibition. It was confirmed that the CD200R activation stimulates the differentiation of T cells to the Treg subset, upregulates indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase activity, modulates cytokine environment from a Th1 to a Th2 pattern, and facilitates an antiinflammatory IL‑10 and TGF‑β synthesis. CD200/CD200R are required for maintaining self‑tolerance. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of CD200 in controlling autoimmunity, inflammation, the development and spread of cancer, hypersensitivity, and spontaneous fetal loss.
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Langlois A, Lai LJA, Santerre K, Lee-Gosselin A, Bossé Y, Marsolais D, Bissonnette EY. Lung CD200 Receptor Activation Abrogates Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Experimental Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:276-84. [PMID: 25569356 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0229oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In allergic asthma, homeostatic pathways are dysregulated, which leads to an immune response toward normally innocuous antigens. The CD200-CD200 receptor pathway is a central regulator of inflammation, and CD200 expression was recently found to be down-regulated in circulating leukocytes of patients with asthma. Given the antiinflammatory properties of CD200, we investigated whether local delivery of recombinant CD200 (rCD200) could reinstate lung homeostasis in an experimental model of asthma. Brown Norway rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum. rCD200 was intratracheally administered 24 hours before OVA challenge, and airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured 24 hours after the allergen challenge. Inflammation was also assessed by measuring cell recruitment and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavages, as well as lung and draining lymph node accumulation of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. In sensitized rats, rCD200 abolished airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas the sham treatment had no effect. In addition, rCD200 strongly reduced OVA-induced lung accumulation of myeloid DCs, CD4(+) T cells, and T helper type 2 cells. This was associated with a strong reduction of OVA-induced IL-13 level and with an increase of IL-10 in supernatants of bronchoalveolar lavages. Lung eosinophilia and draining lymph node accumulation of myeloid DCs and T cells were not affected by rCD200. Overall, these data reveal that rCD200 can inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of asthma by a multistep mechanism associated with local alterations of the T cell response and the cytokine milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lauzon-Joset
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anick Langlois
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laetitia J A Lai
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kim Santerre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elyse Y Bissonnette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec; and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Immunomodulator CD200 Promotes Neurotrophic Activity by Interacting with and Activating the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:584-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Agonistic CD200R1 DNA Aptamers Are Potent Immunosuppressants That Prolong Allogeneic Skin Graft Survival. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e190. [PMID: 25158092 PMCID: PMC4221601 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD200R1 expressed on the surface of myeloid and lymphoid cells delivers immune inhibitory signals to modulate inflammation when engaged with its ligand CD200. Signalling through CD200/CD200R1 has been implicated in a number of immune-related diseases including allergy, infection, cancer and transplantation, as well as several autoimmune disorders including arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. We report the development and characterization of DNA aptamers, which bind to murine CD200R1 and act as potent signalling molecules in the absence of exogenous CD200. These agonistic aptamers suppress cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction in 5-day allogeneic mixed leukocyte culture and induce rapid phosphorylation of the CD200R1 cytoplasmic tail thereby initiating immune inhibitory signalling. PEGylated conjugates of these aptamers show significant in vivo immunosuppression and enhance survival of allogeneic skin grafts as effectively as soluble CD200Fc. As DNA aptamers exhibit inherent advantages over conventional protein-based therapeutics including low immunogenicity, ease of synthesis, low cost, and long shelf life, such CD200R1 agonistic aptamers may emerge as useful and safe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
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Varin A, Pontikoglou C, Labat E, Deschaseaux F, Sensebé L. CD200R/CD200 inhibits osteoclastogenesis: new mechanism of osteoclast control by mesenchymal stem cells in human. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72831. [PMID: 23940819 PMCID: PMC3733817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by the balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-degrading osteoclasts. Osteoblasts have a mesenchymal origin whereas osteoclasts belong to the myeloid lineage. Osteoclast and osteoblast communication occurs through soluble factors secretion, cell-bone interaction and cell–cell contact, which modulate their activities. CD200 is an immunoglobulin superfamilly member expressed on various types of cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). CD200 receptor (CD200R) is expressed on myeloid cells such as monocytes/macrophages. We assume that CD200 could be a new molecule involved in the control of osteoclastogenesis and could play a role in MSC–osteoclast communication in humans. In this study, we demonstrated that soluble CD200 inhibited the differentiation of osteoclast precursors as well as their maturation in bone-resorbing cells in vitro. Soluble CD200 did not modify the monocyte phenotype but inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) signaling pathway as well as the gene expression of osteoclast markers such as osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). Moreover, MSCs inhibited osteoclast formation, which depended on cell–cell contact and was associated with CD200 expression on the MSC surface. Our results clearly demonstrate that MSCs, through the expression of CD200, play a major role in the regulation of bone resorption and bone physiology and that the CD200-CD200R couple could be a new target to control bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Varin
- STROMALab, UMR Univ. P. Sabatier/CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Toulouse, France.
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Akkaya M, Aknin ML, Akkaya B, Barclay AN. Dissection of agonistic and blocking effects of CD200 receptor antibodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63325. [PMID: 23691022 PMCID: PMC3653949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD200 receptor (CD200R) is present mainly on myeloid cells and gives inhibitory signals when engaged by its ligand CD200. The interaction is currently of therapeutic interest in cancer and inflammation. However functional effects are complicated by the fact that CD200R is itself polymorphic and also a member of a paired receptor family with four closely related gene products in mice called CD200RLa etc. We show that a second allele of CD200R (termed CD200R(2)) that differs in 7 amino acids also binds CD200 but did not react with the widely used CD200R antibody OX110. Biochemical and functional analysis showed that the CD200/CD200R interaction was blocked by the OX131, mAb that recognises both CD200R(1) and CD200R(2), but not by OX110 mAb. Both mAb can give agonistic inhibitory signals but functional analysis shows OX131 mAb also has the potential to block inhibition by preventing the ligand-receptor interaction and hence gives opposing effects. Although OX131 mAb cross-reacts with the activating receptor CD200RLe, it is specific for CD200R in C57BL/6 whilst OX110 mAb cross-reacts on CD200RLc. The results show the importance of the repertoire of paired receptors in strains or individuals and mAb used with implications for paired receptor analysis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Laure Aknin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A. Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hatherley D, Lea SM, Johnson S, Barclay AN. Structures of CD200/CD200 receptor family and implications for topology, regulation, and evolution. Structure 2013; 21:820-32. [PMID: 23602662 PMCID: PMC3664923 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD200 is a widely distributed membrane glycoprotein that regulates myeloid cell activity through its interaction with an inhibitory receptor (CD200R). The interaction is of interest as a target for treating excessive inflammation and for treating leukemia. There are closely related proteins to CD200R that give activating signals making this a “paired receptor.” We report X-ray crystallography structures for the inhibitory CD200R, the activating receptor CD200RLa, and a complex between CD200R and CD200. Both CD200 and CD200R contain two Ig-like domains and interact through their NH2 terminal domains compatible with immunological synapse-like interactions occurring between myeloid cells and other CD200-expressing cells. The failure of the activating receptor to bind CD200 resides in subtle changes around the interface. CD200 has been acquired by herpes viruses to mimic the host interaction. CD200R has evolved rapidly presumably driven by pathogen pressure but it may also be important in homeostasis through interactions with commensal bacteria. Structure of CD200R and in complex with its ligand CD200 complex Structure of an activating member of the CD200 receptor family Mutagenesis showing specificity of CD200 paired receptor family
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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26
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Abstract
The type 1 membrane glycoprotein CD200, widely expressed on multiple cells/tissues, uses a structurally similar receptor (CD200R1), whose expression is more restricted to cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, to transmit signals affecting responses in multiple physiological systems. Thus CD200 expression is reported to exert effects on cancer growth, autoimmune and allergic disorders, infection, transplantation, bone development and homeostasis, and reproductive biology. It was initially thought, based on the idea that CD200R1 was mostly expressed on cells of myeloid origin, that CD200:CD200R1 interactions were primarily dedicated to controlling myeloid cell function. However additional members of the CD200R family have now also been identified, although their function(s) remain unclear, and CD200R1 itself is now known to be expressed by subsets of T cells and other cells. Together these observations add layers of complexity to our understanding of CD200-related regulation. In common with a number of physiological systems, the mechanism(s) of CD200-induced signaling seem to fit within a similar framework of opposing actions of kinases and phosphatases. This paper highlights the advances in our knowledge of immunoregulation achieved following CD200:CD200R interaction and the potential clinical applicability of that information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald M. Gorczynski
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University Health Network and The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
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Stack G, Stacey MA, Humphreys IR. Herpesvirus exploitation of host immune inhibitory pathways. Viruses 2012; 4:1182-201. [PMID: 23012619 PMCID: PMC3446756 DOI: 10.3390/v4081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses employ a plethora of mechanisms to circumvent clearance by host immune responses. A key feature of mammalian immune systems is the employment of regulatory pathways that limit immune responsiveness. The primary functions of these mechanisms are to control autoimmunity and limit exuberant responses to harmless antigen in mucosal surfaces. However, such pathways can be exploited by viral pathogens to enable acute infection, persistence and dissemination. Herein, we outline the current understanding of inhibitory pathways in modulating antiviral immunity during herpesvirus infections in vivo and discuss strategies employed by herpesviruses to exploit these pathways to limit host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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28
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Karnam G, Rygiel TP, Raaben M, Grinwis GCM, Coenjaerts FE, Ressing ME, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM, Meyaard L. CD200 receptor controls sex-specific TLR7 responses to viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002710. [PMID: 22615569 PMCID: PMC3355091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological checkpoints, such as the inhibitory CD200 receptor (CD200R), play a dual role in balancing the immune system during microbial infection. On the one hand these inhibitory signals prevent excessive immune mediated pathology but on the other hand they may impair clearance of the pathogen. We studied the influence of the inhibitory CD200-CD200R axis on clearance and pathology in two different virus infection models. We find that lack of CD200R signaling strongly enhances type I interferon (IFN) production and viral clearance and improves the outcome of mouse hepatitis corona virus (MHV) infection, particularly in female mice. MHV clearance is known to be dependent on Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7)-mediated type I IFN production and sex differences in TLR7 responses previously have been reported for humans. We therefore hypothesize that CD200R ligation suppresses TLR7 responses and that release of this inhibition enlarges sex differences in TLR7 signaling. This hypothesis is supported by our findings that in vivo administration of synthetic TLR7 ligand leads to enhanced type I IFN production, particularly in female Cd200(-/-) mice and that CD200R ligation inhibits TLR7 signaling in vitro. In influenza A virus infection we show that viral clearance is determined by sex but not by CD200R signaling. However, absence of CD200R in influenza A virus infection results in enhanced lung neutrophil influx and pathology in females. Thus, CD200-CD200R and sex are host factors that together determine the outcome of viral infection. Our data predict a sex bias in both beneficial and pathological immune responses to virus infection upon therapeutic targeting of CD200-CD200R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruswamy Karnam
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz P. Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Raaben
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank E. Coenjaerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. M. Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Rygiel TP, Meyaard L. CD200R signaling in tumor tolerance and inflammation: A tricky balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhang S, Wang XJ, Tian LP, Pan J, Lu GQ, Zhang YJ, Ding JQ, Chen SD. CD200-CD200R dysfunction exacerbates microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:154. [PMID: 22053982 PMCID: PMC3226566 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that microglial activation may participate in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). CD200-CD200R signalling has been shown to be critical for restraining microglial activation. We have previously shown that expression of CD200R in monocyte-derived macrophages, induced by various stimuli, is impaired in PD patients, implying an intrinsic abnormality of CD200-CD200R signalling in PD brain. Thus, further in vivo evidence is needed to elucidate the role of malfunction of CD200-CD200R signalling in the pathogenesis of PD. METHODS 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were used as an animal model of PD. CD200R-blocking antibody (BAb) was injected into striatum to block the engagement of CD200 and CD200R. The animals were divided into three groups, which were treated with 6-OHDA/Veh (PBS), 6-OHDA/CAb (isotype control antibody) or 6-OHDA/BAb, respectively. Rotational tests and immunohistochemistry were employed to evaluate motor deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in animals from each group. HPLC analysis was used to measure monoamine levels in striatum. Morphological analysis and quantification of CD11b- (or MHC II-) immunoreactive cells were performed to investigate microglial activation and possible neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra (SN). Finally, ELISA was employed to assay protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Compared with 6-OHDA/CAb or 6-OHDA/Veh groups, rats treated with 6-OHDA/BAb showed a significant increase in counts of contralateral rotation and a significant decrease in TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in SN. A marked decrease in monoamine levels was also detected in 6-OHDA/BAb-treated rats, in comparison to 6-OHDA/Veh-treated ones. Furthermore, remarkably increased activation of microglia as well as up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines was found concomitant with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in 6-OHDA/BAb-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that deficits in the CD200-CD200R system exacerbate microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a 6-OHDA-induced rat model of PD. Our results suggest that dysfunction of CD200-CD200R signalling may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Steevels TAM, Meyaard L. Immune inhibitory receptors: essential regulators of phagocyte function. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:575-87. [PMID: 21312193 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, play a crucial role in host defense by recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. Phagocytic cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, leading to bacterial killing and to recruitment and activation of additional immune cells. However, inflammatory mediators are potentially harmful for the host and their production is therefore tightly controlled by multiple regulatory mechanisms. One such mechanism is immune suppression by immune inhibitory receptors, which are increasingly acknowledged as potent regulators of the immune response. So far, research has focused on the role of these receptors in the regulation of NK cells, B cells, and T cells. Importantly, an accumulating number of inhibitory receptors have been identified on phagocytes. Here, we review the role of inhibitory receptors in the regulation of phagocyte cytokine production, migration, apoptosis, ROS production, and phagocytosis. Furthermore, we discuss the intracellular mechanisms utilized by distinct inhibitory receptors to regulate specific phagocyte functions. We demonstrate that inhibitory receptors are important regulators of the immune response, which bacteria can use to their advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A M Steevels
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Seeds RE, Mukhopadhyay S, Jones IM, Gordon S, Miller JL. The role of myeloid receptors on murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells in induction of type I interferon. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:794-801. [PMID: 21281752 PMCID: PMC3121950 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that a set of predominantly myeloid restricted receptors (F4/80, CD36, Dectin-1, CD200 receptor and mannan binding lectins) and the broadly expressed CD200 played a role in a key function of plasmacytoid DC (pDC), virally induced type I interferon (IFN) production. The Dectin-1 ligands zymosan, glucan phosphate and the anti-Dectin-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2A11 had no effect on influenza virus induced IFNα/β production by murine splenic pDC. However, mannan, a broad blocking reagent against mannose specific receptors, inhibited IFNα/β production by pDC in response to inactivated influenza virus. Moreover, viral glycoproteins (influenza virus haemagglutinin and HIV-1 gp120) stimulated IFNα/β production by splenocytes in a mannan-inhibitable manner, implicating the function of a lectin in glycoprotein induced IFN production. Lastly, the effect of CD200 on IFN induction was investigated. CD200 knock-out macrophages produced more IFNα than wild-type macrophages in response to polyI:C, a MyD88-independent stimulus, consistent with CD200's known inhibitory effect on myeloid cells. In contrast, blocking CD200 with an anti-CD200 mAb resulted in reduced IFNα production by pDC-containing splenocytes in response to CpG and influenza virus (MyD88-dependent stimuli). This suggests there could be a differential effect of CD200 on MyD88 dependent and independent IFN induction pathways in pDC and macrophages. This study supports the hypothesis that a mannan-inhibitable lectin and CD200 are involved in virally induced type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind E. Seeds
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Corresponding author at: Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. Tel.: + 44 1865275339; fax: + 44 1865275216.
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Simelyte E, Alzabin S, Boudakov I, Williams R. CD200R1 regulates the severity of arthritis but has minimal impact on the adaptive immune response. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:163-8. [PMID: 20735439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD200R1 is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family that is thought to play an inhibitory role in immunity. Previous studies have established the anti-arthritic effect of CD200Fc, an agonist of CD200R1. However, the physiological role played by CD200R1 in arthritis remains to be established. The aims of this study are to assess the contribution of endogenous CD200R1 in regulating the severity of arthritis and to determine its role in shaping the immune response to type II collagen within the context of collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen and the kinetics of expression of CD200R1 and CD200 were monitored by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Next, a comparison was made between CD200R1(-/-) and wild-type mice in terms of the progression of collagen-induced arthritis, as well as the B and T cell responses to type II collagen. The expression of both CD200R1 and CD200 was increased after immunization and reached maximal levels at the height of the inflammatory response. In addition, the severity of arthritis was increased significantly in CD200R1(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. However, little or no differences were observed between CD200R1(-/-) and wild-type mice in terms of the T or B cell responses to type II collagen. It was concluded that the CD200R1/CD200 pathway is up-regulated in arthritis and plays a significant physiological role in regulating the severity of disease. In contrast, CD200R1 plays a minimal role in shaping the immune response to collagen in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simelyte
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wright GJ. Signal initiation in biological systems: the properties and detection of transient extracellular protein interactions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 5:1405-12. [PMID: 19593473 PMCID: PMC2898632 DOI: 10.1039/b903580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular glycoprotein interactions are not detected by most high throughput assays creating “blind-spots” in protein interaction maps. This review examines this problem and discusses recent advances that have begun to address it.
Individual cells within biological systems frequently coordinate their functions through signals initiated by specific extracellular protein interactions involving receptors that bridge the cellular membrane. Due to their biochemical nature, these membrane-embedded receptor proteins are difficult to manipulate and their interactions are characterised by very weak binding strengths that cannot be detected using popular high throughput assays. This review will provide a general outline of the biochemical attributes of receptor proteins focussing in particular on the biophysical properties of their transient interactions. Methods that are able to detect these weak extracellular binding events and especially those that can be used for identifying novel interactions will be compared. Finally, I discuss the feasibility of constructing a complete and accurate extracellular protein interaction map, and the methods that are likely to be useful in achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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CD200R1 agonist attenuates mechanisms of chronic disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2025-38. [PMID: 20147531 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4272-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the effects and mechanisms of a CD200R1 agonist administered during the progressive stage of a multiple sclerosis model, we administered CD200R1 agonist (CD200Fc) or control IgG2a during the chronic phase of disease (days 10-30) in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55) peptide. We found that administration of CD200Fc during the chronic stages of EAE reduced disease severity, demyelination, and axonal damage, through the modulation of several key disease mechanisms. CD200Fc treatment suppressed macrophage and microglial accumulation within the CNS, in part through downregulation of adhesion molecules VLA-4 and LFA-1, which are necessary for macrophage migration. Additionally, expression of activation markers MHC-II and CD80 and production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide by CD11b(+) cells were decreased in both the spleen and CNS in CD200Fc-treated animals. Antigen-presenting cell function in the spleen and CNS was suppressed in CD200Fc-treated mice, but there were no significant alterations on T cell activation or phenotype. CD200Fc increased apoptosis of CD11b(+) cells but not astrocytes. In contrast, addition of CD200Fc treatment protected oligodendrocytes from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that CD200R1 agonists modulate both myeloid- and non-myeloid-related mechanisms of chronic disease in the EAE model and may be effective in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Jiang L, Barclay AN. Identification of leucocyte surface protein interactions by high-throughput screening with multivalent reagents. Immunology 2010; 129:55-61. [PMID: 20050330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a high-throughput screening system to detect interactions between leucocyte surface proteins, taking into account that these interactions are usually of very low affinity. The method involves producing the extracellular regions of leucocyte proteins with tags so that they can be bound to nanoparticles to provide an avid reagent to screen over an array of 36 similar proteins immobilized using the Proteon XPR36 with detection by surface plasmon resonance. The system was tested using established interactions that could be detected without spurious binding. The ability to detect new interactions was shown by identifying a new interaction between carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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37
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Akkaya M, Barclay AN. Heterogeneity in the CD200R paired receptor family. Immunogenetics 2009; 62:15-22. [PMID: 19967353 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Paired receptors are groups of closely related membrane proteins that have the potential to either inhibit or activate. The CD200R family consists of one inhibitory member, CD200R and various numbers of activating genes according to species with three defined in C57BL/6 mice. A genomic PCR strategy was used to examine the repertoire of genes in both laboratory and wild-derived mice. Most mouse strains tested (18/22) had three activating genes, and 16 of these had either the combination of CD200RLa, Lb, and Lc or CD200RLa, Lb, and Le. The Lc and Le genes were mutually exclusive and were equally common (10 strains). Wild-derived mice varied more with one example of strains with one, two, and four activating genes. An inhibitory CD200R gene was detected in each mouse strain, although two slightly different sequences were found in both laboratory and wild-derived mice. This diversity is probably being driven by pathogens but is less extensive than for many NK paired receptors such as KIR and Ly49. It is possible that myeloid paired receptors are involved in immune regulation of responses against pathogens rather than directly killing infected cells as for NK cells and, hence, under less intense evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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38
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Jiang L, Barclay AN. New assay to detect low-affinity interactions and characterization of leukocyte receptors for collagen including leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1). Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1167-75. [PMID: 19283782 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte activity is controlled by numerous interactions between membrane receptors and ligands on the cell surface. These interactions are of low affinity making detection difficult. We developed a sensitive assay that could readily detect extremely weak interactions such as that between CD200 and the activating receptor CD200RLa (K(d)>500 microM) at the protein level. We used the new technology to screen for interactions of inhibitory receptors for collagens. We confirmed that both human and mouse leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1, and in addition the related inhibitory leukocyte Ig-like receptor subfamily B member 4 (CD85K, Gp49B), bound collagen specifically, whereas other cell surface proteins gave no binding. The monomeric affinities of the interactions were then determined to allow comparison with other leukocyte interactions and indicate conditions when these interactions might lead to inhibitory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Naturally occurring regulatory dendritic cells regulate murine cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2009; 113:4780-9. [PMID: 19228924 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-183145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a limiting factor in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) for the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies. Relative to the process that initiates and promotes cGVHD, the regulation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the role of naturally occurring regulatory dendritic cells (DC(regs)) in murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-compatible and multiple minor histocompatibility antigen (miHAg)-incompatible model of cGVHD in alloHSCT. DC(regs) generated from bone marrow in vitro (BM-DC(regs)) exclusively expressed CD200 receptor 3 (CD200R3), which exerted a suppressive function in the Ag-specific CD4(+) T-cell response. CD49(+)CD200R3(+) cells showed similarities in phenotype and function to BM-DC(regs), which formally distinguishes them from other leukocytes, suggesting that they are the natural counterpart of BM-DC(regs). Treatment of the recipient mice after alloHSCT with the recipient-type CD49(+)CD200R3(+) cells as well as BM-DC(regs) protected against cGVHD, and the protection was associated with the generation of Ag-specific anergic CD4(+) T cells as well as CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) from donor-derived alloreactive CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) T cells. In addition, the depletion of CD49(+)CD200R3(+) cells before alloHSCT enhanced the progression of cGVHD. In conclusion, CD49(+)CD200R3(+) cells act as naturally occurring DC(regs) to regulate the pathogenesis of cGVHD in alloHSCT mediated through the control of the transplanted alloreactive CD4(+) T cells.
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Abstract
Paired receptors are families of membrane proteins containing similar extracellular regions but differing in their potential for signaling with one type able to give inhibitory signals and the other activating. Inhibitory receptors could be good targets for pathogens to restrict immune responses against them. Here we suggest that activating members may have evolved to counterbalance pathogens utilizing the inhibitory pathway. Thus, if a pathogen utilizes any part of the inhibitory receptor to downregulate responses against itself, it may, because of similarities in structure, also bind the activating receptor and give an opposing signal. We evaluate recent structural data on SIRPalpha (signal regulatory protein) and LILRB1 (leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1) showing evidence of pathogen pressure in nonligand-binding regions of these receptors together with data on pathogen binding to PIRs (paired Ig-like receptors) to provide support for this theory.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bacteria/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Viruses/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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41
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Identification of an Expressed Truncated Form of CD200, CD200tr, which is a Physiologic Antagonist of CD200-Induced Suppression. Transplantation 2008; 86:1116-24. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318186fec2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gorczynski R, Khatri I, Lee L, Boudakov I. An Interaction between CD200 and Monoclonal Antibody Agonists to CD200R2 in Development of Dendritic Cells That Preferentially Induce Populations of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5946-55. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Šimelyte E, Criado G, Essex D, Uger RA, Feldmann M, Williams RO. CD200-FC, a novel antiarthritic biologic agent that targets proinflammatory cytokine expression in the joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1038-43. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kojima T, Obata K, Mukai K, Sato S, Takai T, Minegishi Y, Karasuyama H. Mast cells and basophils are selectively activated in vitro and in vivo through CD200R3 in an IgE-independent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7093-100. [PMID: 17982101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils have been implicated in the host defense system against pathogens and in the development of allergic disorders. Although IgE-dependent responses via FcepsilonRI on these cells have been extensively studied, little is known about cell surface molecules that are selectively expressed by these cells and engaged in their activation via an IgE-independent mechanism. We have recently established two mAbs that reacted specifically with murine mast cells and basophils, and one of them selectively depleted basophils when administered in vivo. Biochemical and flow cytometric analyses revealed that both mAbs specifically recognized a CD200R-like protein, CD200R3, but not other CD200R family members. CD200R3 existed as a disulfide-linked dimer, unlike other CD200Rs, and was expressed on mast cells and basophils primarily in association with an ITAM-bearing adaptor DAP12. Cross-linking of CD200R3 with the mAbs induced degranulation in mast cells and production of the cytokine IL-4 in basophils in vitro. Administration of the nondepleting mAb in vivo elicited systemic and local anaphylaxis in a CD200R3-dependent manner. These results suggest that CD200R3 functions as an activating receptor on mast cells and basophils to regulate IgE-independent immune responses in cooperation with an inhibitory receptor CD200R, similar to the paired receptors expressed on NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Cui W, Cuartas E, Ke J, Zhang Q, Einarsson HB, Sedgwick JD, Li J, Vignery A. CD200 and its receptor, CD200R, modulate bone mass via the differentiation of osteoclasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14436-41. [PMID: 17726108 PMCID: PMC1955461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702811104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion of macrophages is an essential step in the differentiation of osteoclasts, which play a central role in the development and remodeling of bone. Osteoclasts are important mediators of bone loss, which leads, for example, to osteoporosis. Macrophage fusion receptor/signal regulatory protein alpha (MFR/SIRPalpha) and its ligand CD47, which are members of the Ig superfamily (IgSF), have been implicated in the fusion of macrophages. We show that CD200, which is not expressed in cells that belong to the myeloid lineage, is strongly expressed in macrophages at the onset of fusion. By contrast, the CD200 receptor (CD200R), which, like CD200, belongs to the IgSF, is expressed only in cells that belong to the myeloid lineage, including osteoclasts, and in CD4+ T cells. Osteoclasts from CD200-/- mice differentiated at a reduced rate. Activation of the NF-kappaB and MAP kinase signaling pathways downstream of RANK, a receptor that plays a central role in the differentiation of osteoclasts, was depressed in these cells. A soluble recombinant protein that included the extracellular domain of CD200 rescued the fusion of CD200-/- macrophages and their activation downstream of RANK. Conversely, addition of a soluble recombinant protein that included the extracellular domain of CD200R or short-hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of the expression of CD200R prevented fusion. Thus CD200 engagement of the CD200R at the initiation of macrophage fusion regulated further differentiation to osteoclasts. Consistent with in vitro observations, CD200-/- mice contained fewer osteoclasts and accumulated more bone than CD200+/+ mice. The CD200-CD200R axis is therefore a putative regulator of bone mass, via the formation of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Cui
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Esteban Cuartas
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Juan Ke
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Qing Zhang
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Halldor B. Einarsson
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Agnès Vignery
- *Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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46
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Boudakov I, Liu J, Fan N, Gulay P, Wong K, Gorczynski RM. Mice lacking CD200R1 show absence of suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and mixed leukocyte culture responses by CD200. Transplantation 2007; 84:251-7. [PMID: 17667818 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000269795.04592.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD200:CD200R interactions deliver immunoregulatory signals. A family of CD200Rs (CD200R1-5) has been described, and engagement of CD200R1 by its ligand CD200 suppresses LPS-induced macrophage cytokine production, decreases alloimmune responses in vivo and in vitro, and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis. METHODS We generated C57BL/6 mice lacking the genomic exons encoding the extracellular domains of the CD200R1 molecule using transformation of ES cells and explored cell subtypes and immune responses in these mice. RESULTS Myeloid cells/splenocytes from CD200R1(-/-) mice were not stained in FACS by anti-CD200R1 mAb. Stimulation of splenic tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by lipopolysaccharide was enhanced relative to control (+/+) mice and was not suppressed by addition of exogenous CD200Fc. Modulation of alloreactivity in mixed leukocyte cultures by CD200Fc depended upon CD200R1+ stimulatory cells, although maximal immunoregulation by CD200Fc occurred only when CD200R1+ T responder cells also were used. CD200Fc failed to suppress graft rejection in CD200R1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION CD200:CD200R1 plays an immunoregulatory role in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Blotting, Southern
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Survival
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Orexin Receptors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Boudakov
- University Health Network, Transplant Research Division, MaRS Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hatherley D, Harlos K, Dunlop DC, Stuart DI, Barclay AN. The structure of the macrophage signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha) inhibitory receptor reveals a binding face reminiscent of that used by T cell receptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14567-75. [PMID: 17369261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611511200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein (SIRP) alpha is a membrane receptor that sends inhibitory signals to myeloid cells by engagement of CD47. The high resolution x-ray structure of the N-terminal ligand binding domain shows it to have a distinctive immunoglobulin superfamily V-like fold. Site-directed mutagenesis suggests that CD47 is bound at a surface involving the BC, FG, and DE loops, which distinguishes it from other immunoglobulin superfamily surface proteins that use the faces of the fold, but resembles antigen receptors. The SIRP interaction is confined to a single domain, and its use of an extended DE loop strengthens the similarity with T cell receptor binding and the suggestion that they are closely related in evolution. The employment of loops to form the CD47-binding surface provides a mechanism for small sequence changes to modulate binding specificity, explaining the different binding properties of SIRP family members.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- CD47 Antigen/chemistry
- CD47 Antigen/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Ligands
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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48
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No tumor-CD200 expression, please! Blood 2006. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-09-048462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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49
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Abstract
The immune system must be highly regulated to obtain optimal immune responses for the elimination of pathogens without causing undue side effects. This tight regulation involves complex interactions between membrane proteins on leukocytes. Members of the signal-regulatory protein (SIRP) family, which are expressed mainly by myeloid cells, provide one example of these regulatory membrane proteins. There are three SIRP-family genes that encode proteins that have similar extracellular regions but different signalling potentials, and are therefore known as 'paired receptors'. In this Review, we describe recent studies defining the ligands of the SIRP-family members, with particular emphasis on relating the molecular interactions of these proteins to their role in immune-cell regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Multigene Family
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neil Barclay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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50
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Rosenblum MD, Yancey KB, Olasz EB, Truitt RL. CD200, a “no danger” signal for hair follicles. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 41:165-74. [PMID: 16386879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The "danger model" of immune recognition proposes that the immune system does not differentiate between self and non-self when deciding whether to mount a response, but instead, discerns between that which is dangerous or not dangerous to the host. Danger signals incite inflammatory responses, which can lead to the induction of tissue-specific autoimmunity. Immunosuppressive molecules expressed on selected cells have the potential to regulate tissue-specific inflammation, and consequently, autoimmunity. Recent studies have revealed that CD200, a potent immunoregulatory protein, is expressed on Langerhans cells (LCs) and keratinocytes (KCs) in mouse epidermis. CD200 expression is concentrated on KCs comprising the outer root sheath (ORS) of murine hair follicles (HF). Skin deficient in CD200 is highly susceptible to HF-associated inflammation and immune-mediated alopecia. In this concept review, the results of recent studies on CD200 and its inhibitory receptor, CD200R, are summarized and integrated to yield a model whereby CD200-CD200R interaction attenuates perifollicular inflammation, prevents HF-specific autoimmunity and may protect epidermal stem cells from autoimmune destruction. Further elucidation of the CD200-CD200R signaling pathway in cutaneous tissues may advance understanding of how immune homeostasis is established and maintained in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-4801, USA
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