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Ederer KU, Holzinger JM, Maier KT, Zeller L, Werner M, Toelge M, Gessner A, Bülow S. A Polymorphism of Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Affects Its Neutralization Efficiency towards Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031324. [PMID: 35163248 PMCID: PMC8836039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative sepsis driven by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has detrimental outcomes, especially in neonates. The neutrophil-derived bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) potently neutralizes LPS. Interestingly, polymorphism of the BPI gene at position 645 (rs4358188) corresponds to a favorable survival rate of these patients in the presence of at least one allele 645 A as opposed to 645 G. When we exploited the existing X-ray crystal structure, the corresponding amino acid at position 216 was revealed as surface exposed and proximal to the lipid-binding pocket in the N-terminal domain of BPI. Our further analysis predicted a shift in surface electrostatics by a positively charged lysine (BPI216K) exchanging a negatively charged glutamic acid (BPI216E). To investigate differences in interaction with LPS, we expressed both BPI variants recombinantly. The amino acid exchange neither affected affinity towards LPS nor altered bactericidal activity. However, when stimulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, BPI216K exhibited a superior LPS-neutralizing capacity (IC50 12.0 ± 2.5 pM) as compared to BPI216E (IC50 152.9 ± 113.4 pM, p = 0.0081) in respect to IL-6 secretion. In conclusion, we provide a functional correlate to a favorable outcome of sepsis in the presence of BPI216K.
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2
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Linh NTT, Giang NH, Lien NTK, Trang BK, Trang DT, Ngoc NT, Nghia VX, My LT, Mao CV, Hoang NH, Xuan NT. Association of PSORS1C3, CARD14 and TLR4 genotypes and haplotypes with psoriasis susceptibility. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20220099. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Le Tra My
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam
| | - Can Van Mao
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- University of Science and Technology, Vietnam; Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Xuan
- University of Science and Technology, Vietnam; Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam
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3
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Zhou X, Yu W, Lyu SC, Macaubas C, Bunning B, He Z, Mellins ED, Nadeau KC. A positive feedback loop reinforces the allergic immune response in human peanut allergy. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201793. [PMID: 33944900 PMCID: PMC8103542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are a leading cause of anaphylaxis, and cellular mechanisms involving antigen presentation likely play key roles in their pathogenesis. However, little is known about the response of specific antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets to food allergens in the setting of food allergies. Here, we show that in peanut-allergic humans, peanut allergen drives the differentiation of CD209+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and CD23+ (FcєRII) myeloid dendritic cells through the action of allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. CD209+ DCs act reciprocally on the same peanut-specific CD4+ T cell population to reinforce Th2 cytokine expression in a positive feedback loop, which may explain the persistence of established food allergy. In support of this novel model, we show clinically that the initiation of oral immunotherapy (OIT) in peanut-allergic patients is associated with a decrease in CD209+ DCs, suggesting that breaking the cycle of positive feedback is associated with therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Wong Yu
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Bryan Bunning
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ziyuan He
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research at Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford, CA
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4
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Jiang T, Xu S, Shen Y, Xu Y, Li Y. Genistein Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting TLR4-Mediated Microglial-Polarization in vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2587-2600. [PMID: 34168482 PMCID: PMC8216758 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s304336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflurane, a widely used anesthetic in surgery, has been found to induce neurotoxicity. In parallel, genistein is thought to attenuate isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity, although underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we studied the protective effects of genistein on isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in rats and BV2 cells. Methods Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 hours at postnatal day 7 (P7), and genistein (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/day) or saline administered from P3 to P15. Hippocampal single-cell suspensions were prepared and apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry. mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR, while protein expression was assessed using Western blot, immunochemistry and immunofluorescence. TLR4 was knocked-out in BV2 cells through CRISPR-Cas9. Results Genistein treatment reduced isoflurane-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat hippocampus. Importantly, genistein promoted M2 and suppressed M1 microglia polarization in rat hippocampus after stimulation with isoflurane. In addition, genistein reduced isoflurane-induced protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, p-TAK1, p-p38, p-ERK, p-IκBα and p-NF-κB in rat hippocampus. In BV2 cells exposed to isoflurane, genistein treatment decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions, promoted M2 and suppressed M1 microglia polarization. Similarly, genistein also decreased TLR4 protein levels in isoflurane-induced BV2 cells. However, genistein did not affect CD16, iNOS, CD206 and Arg1 protein levels in TLR4-KO BV2 cells exposed to isoflurane. Conclusion Genistein attenuates isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial inflammation in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Shandong Cancer Research Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Xu
- Shandong Cancer Research Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Shandong Cancer Research Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Shandong Cancer Research Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Shandong Cancer Research Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
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5
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Li A, Yang J, Zhang C, Chi H, Zhang C, Li T, Zhang J, Du P. Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0738 inhibits TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in β-lactoglobulin-induced macrophages via modulating miR-146a. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13662. [PMID: 33990976 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has confirmed that Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0738 (La KLDS 1.0738) could alleviate β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg)-induced allergic inflammation. This study further explored its molecular regulation mechanism through an in vitro macrophage model. β-Lg-induced macrophages were treated with strains of viable or non-viable L. acidophilus and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor or miR-146a inhibitor. Our results revealed that β-Lg stimulation led to the increased expression of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway in macrophages. Similar to TLR4 inhibitor treatment, La KLDS 1.0738 interventions significantly reduced the allergic inflammation by inhibition of TLR4 pathway, which was superior to the commercial L. acidophilus GMNL-185 strains (La GMNL-185) or the control, especially in living L. acidophilus-treated group. Furthermore, La KLDS 1.0738 strains could remarkably reduce transduction of TLR4 and inflammatory cytokine production, which was closely associated with up-regulation of miR-146a levels. MiR-146a inhibitor attenuated the alleviative effect of La KLDS 1.0738, indicating miR-146a might be a crucial mediator of L. acidophilus strains to reduce β-Lg-induced inflammation in macrophages through TLR4 pathway. In conclusion, these observations highlighted that probiotics might regulate host miRNA levels to down-regulate TLR4/NF-κB-dependent inflammation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common diseases of food allergy, which has a high prevalence in infants and young children. La KLDS 1.0738 has been shown to be effective in alleviating β-Lg-induced allergic inflammation. Our study further found that treatment with La KLDS 1.0738 could suppress the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway via modulating miR-146a expression, thereby reducing the overexpression of downstream inflammatory factors. This study not only elucidates the specific pathway of La KLDS 1.0738 to relieve allergic inflammation, but also provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism for the remission and treatment of CMA by probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Houyu Chi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Congwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
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6
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Percopo CM, Krumholz JO, Fischer ER, Kraemer LS, Ma M, Laky K, Rosenberg HF. Impact of eosinophil-peroxidase (EPX) deficiency on eosinophil structure and function in mouse airways. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:151-161. [PMID: 30285291 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0318-090rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) is a major constituent of the large cytoplasmic granules of both human and mouse eosinophilic leukocytes. Human EPX deficiency is a rare, autosomal-recessive disorder limited to the eosinophil lineage. Our intent was to explore the impact of EPX gene deletion on eosinophil content, structure, and function. In response to repetitive intranasal challenge with a filtrate of the allergen, Alternaria alternata, we found significantly fewer eosinophils peripherally and in the respiratory tracts of EPX-/- mice compared to wild-type controls; furthermore, both the major population (Gr1-/lo ) and the smaller population of Gr1hi eosinophils from EPX-/- mice displayed lower median fluorescence intensities (MFIs) for Siglec F. Quantitative evaluation of transmission electron micrographs of lung eosinophils confirmed the relative reduction in granule outer matrix volume in cells from the EPX-/- mice, a finding analogous to that observed in human EPX deficiency. Despite the reduced size of the granule matrix, the cytokine content of eosinophils isolated from allergen-challenged EPX-/ - and wild-type mice were largely comparable to one another, although the EPX-/- eosinophils contained reduced concentrations of IL-3. Other distinguishing features of lung eosinophils from allergen-challenged EPX-/- mice included a reduced fraction of surface TLR4+ cells and reduced MFI for NOD1. Interestingly, the EPX gene deletion had no impact on eosinophil-mediated clearance of gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae from the airways. As such, although no clinical findings have been associated with human EPX deficiency, our findings suggest that further evaluation for alterations in eosinophil structure and function may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia O Krumholz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Laura S Kraemer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Laky
- Food Allergy Research Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Lin L, Xie M, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu Y, Lei K, Wang D, Zeng J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Zuo D, Sun L. Toll-like receptor 4 attenuates a murine model of atopic dermatitis through inhibition of langerin-positive DCs migration. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1015-1022. [PMID: 29851146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that is often associated with skin barrier dysfunction leading to a higher frequency of bacterial and viral skin infections. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on resident skin cells was involved in sensing pathogens and eliciting pathogen-specific innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 was linked to AD severity in context of pathogen infection. However, the immune regulatory role of TLR4 in AD remains to be defined. We here investigated the immune regulatory function of TLR4 in AD induced by repeated epicutaneous application of a hapten, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Our results showed that TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/- ) mice exhibited more severe AD symptoms than WT mice after DNCB challenge. The DNCB-treated TLR4-/- mice also displayed higher expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and stronger Th2 response than WT counterparts. Moreover, the skin expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an important potential contributor to allergic inflammation, was significantly elevated in TLR4-/- mice compared with that in WT mice upon DNCB administration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the migration of langerin-positive dendritic cells (DCs) into draining lymph nodes was enhanced in TLR4-/- mice following DNCB challenge, which is partially dependent on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Together, these results determined that TLR4 affected the hapten-induced skin inflammation in the absence of exogenous pathogen infection, suggesting that TLR4 not only regulates infection but also may serve as a modulator of the immune response during AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ledong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Ishii T, Niikura Y, Kurata K, Muroi M, Tanamoto K, Nagase T, Sakaguchi M, Yamashita N. Time-dependent distinct roles of Toll-like receptor 4 in a house dust mite-induced asthma mouse model. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [PMID: 29337391 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites (HDMs) are a common source of allergens that trigger both allergen-specific and innate immune responses in humans. Here, we examined the effect of allergen concentration and the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the process of sensitization to house dust mite allergens in an HDM extract-induced asthma mouse model. Intranasal administration of HDM extract induced an immunoglobulin E response and eosinophilic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner from 2.5 to 30 μg/dose. In TLR4-knockout mice, the infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils into the lung was decreased compared with that in wild-type mice in the early phase of inflammation (total of three doses). However, in the late phase of inflammation (total of seven doses), eosinophil infiltration was significantly greater in TLR4-knockout mice than in wild-type mice. This suggests that the roles of TLR4 signaling are different between the early phase and the later phase of HDM allergen-induced inflammation. Thus, innate immune response through TLR4 regulated the response to HDM allergens, and the regulation was altered during the phase of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishii
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Niikura
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kurata
- ITEA Inc., Institute of Tokyo Environmental Allergy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Muroi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tanamoto
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nagase
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sakaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Williams MA, Cheadle C, Watkins T, Tailor A, Killedar S, Breysse P, Barnes KC, Georas SN. TLR2 and TLR4 as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Particulate Matter Exposed Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In many subjects who are genetically susceptible to asthma, exposure to environmental stimuli may exacerbate their condition. However, it is unknown how the expression and function of a family of pattern-recognition receptors called toll-like receptors (TLR) are affected by exposure to particulate pollution. TLRs serve a critical function in alerting the immune system of tissue damage or infection—the so-called “danger signals”. We are interested in the role that TLRs play in directing appropriate responses by innate immunity, particularly dendritic cells (DC), after exposing them to particulate pollution. Dendritic cells serve a pivotal role in directing host immunity. Thus, we hypothesized that alterations in TLR expression could be further explored as potential biomarkers of effect related to DC exposure to particulate pollution. We show some preliminary data that indicates that inhaled particulate pollution acts directly on DC by down-regulating TLR expression and altering the activation state of DC. While further studies are warranted, we suggest that alterations in TLR2 and TLR4 expression should be explored as potential biomarkers of DC exposure to environmental particulate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Williams
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
| | - Chris Cheadle
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Tonya Watkins
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Anitaben Tailor
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Smruti Killedar
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
| | - Patrick Breysse
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen C. Barnes
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Steve N. Georas
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rochester, New York, U.S.A
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10
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Bauer AK, Upham BL, Rondini EA, Tennis MA, Velmuragan K, Wiese D. Toll-like receptor expression in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: potential prognostic indicators of disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91860-91875. [PMID: 29190881 PMCID: PMC5696147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer remains the highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are innate immune receptors that have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. Based on findings from epidemiological studies and in rodents, we hypothesized that elevated TLR expression would be a positive prognostic indicator of disease in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Results Higher mRNA expression of TLR1-3 and 5-8 were significantly associated with increased overall survival (OS) when analyzed individually or as a group in both non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and in the adenocarcinoma (ADC) subtype. Significant co-expression of many TLR combinations in ADC patients were also observed via RNA sequencing. Immunostaining demonstrated TLR4 and 8 significantly correlated in tumor tissue, similar to RNA. Methods We used kmplot.com to perform a meta-analysis on mRNA expression of TLR1-10 to determine any significant associations with OS in NSCLC and the ADC subtype. cBioportal was also used simultaneously to assess co-expression in TLR1-10 in ADC patients via RNA sequencing and to identify any molecular alterations. Lastly, immunostaining for a subset of TLRs was conducted on ADC patients. Conclusions Expression of innate immune receptors TLR1-10 is associated with improved survival outcomes in NSCLC. Thus, further evaluation of their predictive capacity and therapeutic utility is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brad L Upham
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rondini
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Meredith A Tennis
- Department of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kalpana Velmuragan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Wiese
- McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, MI, 48532, USA
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11
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Jones JT, Tassew DD, Herrera LK, Walton-Filipczak SR, Montera MA, Chand HS, Delgado M, Mebratu YA, Tesfaigzi Y. Extent of allergic inflammation depends on intermittent versus continuous sensitization to house dust mite. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:106-112. [PMID: 28413916 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1311389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE House dust mite (HDM) exposure is used to model experimental asthma in mice. However, a direct comparison of inflammatory responses following continuous versus intermittent HDM exposure has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether the HDM dose at sensitization or challenge affects extent of inflammation in mice that were either continuously or intermittently sensitized with HDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice received either 10 continuous exposures with 10 μg HDM per exposure or two intermittent HDM exposures over a period of two weeks and were subsequently challenged by three instillations with HDM during the third week. For the intermittent model, mice were sensitized with 1 or 10 μg HDM and challenged on three consecutive days with 1 or 10 μg HDM. Inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and epithelial cell hyperplasia and mucous cell metaplasia were quantified. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of inflammation and mucous cell metaplasia were observed when mice were sensitized intermittently compared with continuously. Intermittent sensitization and challenge with 10 μg HDM caused maximum inflammation, mucous cell metaplasia, and epithelial cell hyperplasia. However, sensitization with 1 μg HDM only also showed increased inflammation when challenged with 10 μg HDM. DISCUSSION These findings suggest major differences in adaptive immunity, depending on the sensitization protocol. CONCLUSIONS Because of significant differences, the HDM sensitization protocol should be carefully considered when designing studies to investigate the underlying mechanisms of immunity in mouse models of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Tully Jones
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Dereje D Tassew
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Lois K Herrera
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | - Marena A Montera
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Monica Delgado
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Yohannes A Mebratu
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- a COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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12
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Huang YJ, Marsland BJ, Bunyavanich S, O'Mahony L, Leung DYM, Muraro A, Fleisher TA. The microbiome in allergic disease: Current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1099-1110. [PMID: 28257972 PMCID: PMC5899886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTALL is a joint initiative of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology to provide shared evidence-based recommendations on cutting-edge topics in the field of allergy and immunology. PRACTALL 2017 is focused on what has been established regarding the role of the microbiome in patients with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. This is complemented by outlining important knowledge gaps regarding its role in allergic disease and delineating strategies necessary to fill these gaps. In addition, a review of progress in approaches used to manipulate the microbiome will be addressed, identifying what has and has not worked to serve as a baseline for future directions to intervene in allergic disease development, progression, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Service de Pneumologie, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre Veneto Region, Department of Women and Child Health, Padua General University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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Kumar S, Adhikari A. Dose-dependent immunomodulating effects of endotoxin in allergic airway inflammation. Innate Immun 2017; 23:249-257. [PMID: 28142300 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917690443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How very high exposure levels to endotoxin in a farming environment provide protection against respiratory allergic symptoms and low-to-moderate levels of endotoxin in urban homes promote allergic response is unclear. Dose-specific bacterial endotoxin or LPS-induced tolerance mechanisms can affect lung inflammations, coupled with the Th2 immune responses. Here, we explored the effects of intranasal exposure of LPS at two different doses (based on occupational exposures during handling of agricultural wastes) in OVA-sensitized allergic wild type (WT) and TLR4-KO mice, particularly, with respect to Th2 cytokines and Tregs level. Low-dose LPS (100 ng) exposure prohibited airway tolerance and failed to generate T-cell-dependent protection against lung inflammations in allergic mice. Furthermore, low Tregs at the inflammatory site and induced Th2 cytokines, as well as IL-6 and IL-25, suggested that low-dose LPS might be associated with the suppression of tolerance mechanisms. In contrast, high-dose LPS (20 µg) favored the suppression of Th2 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-25, but failed to induce Th1 cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ). Our results suggest that low-dose LPS can enhance airway allergic inflammation through failing of antigen-dependent immune regulatory homeostasis. The exposure levels of LPS can determine the generation of inflammatory responses in airway allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Atin Adhikari
- 3 Department of Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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14
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Athari SS, Athari SM, Beyzay F, Movassaghi M, Mortaz E, Taghavi M. Critical role of Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:21-27. [PMID: 27894811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an airway disease, characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation of the airway, and thickness of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. Asthma is orchestrated by an excessive Th2-adaptive immune response, in which innate immunity plays a key role. Recently TLRs have received more and more attention as they are central to orchestrate the innate immune responses. TLRs are localized as integral membrane or intracellular glycoproteins with those on the cell surface sensing microbial antigens and the ones, localized in intracellular vesicles, sensing microbial nucleic acid species. Having recognized microbial antigens, TLRs conduct the immune response towards a pro- or anti-allergy response. As a double-edged sword, they could initiate either harmful or helpful responses by the immune system in case of allergic asthma. In the current review, we will describe the role of TLRs and their signaling pathways in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Health policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Beyzay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Taghavi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ueda K, Nishimoto Y, Kimura G, Masuko T, Barnes PJ, Ito K, Kizawa Y. Repeated lipopolysaccharide exposure causes corticosteroid insensitive airway inflammation via activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase δ pathway. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:367-373. [PMID: 28955927 PMCID: PMC5613638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid resistance is one of major barriers to effective management of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe asthma. These patients often experience exacerbations with viral and/or bacterial infection, which may cause continuous corticosteroid insensitive inflammation. In this study, we observed that repeated exposure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intranasally attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (FP) on neutrophils and CXCL1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in an in vivo murine model. Histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) and NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels in lungs after LPS administration for 3 consecutive days were significantly decreased to 38.9±6.3% (mean±SEM) and 77.5±2.7% of the levels seen after only one day of LPS exposure, respectively. In addition, 3 days LPS exposure resulted in an increase of Akt phosphorylation, indicating activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway by 4-fold in lungs compared with 1 day of exposure. Furthermore, combination treatment with theophylline and FP significantly decreased the neutrophil accumulation and CXCL1 concentrations in BAL fluid from 22.5±1.8×104 cells/mL and 214.6±20.6 pg/mL to 7.9±0.5×104 cells/mL and 61.9±13.3 pg/mL, respectively. Combination treatment with IC87114, a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, and FP also significantly decreased neutrophils and CXCL1 levels from 16.8±0.7×104 cells/mL and 182.4±4.6 pg/mL to 5.9±0.3×104 cells/mL and 71.4±2.7 pg/mL, respectively. Taken together, repeated exposure of LPS causes corticosteroid-insensitive airway inflammation in vivo, and the corticosteroid-resistance induced by LPS is at least partly mediated through the activation of PI3Kδ, resulting in decreased levels of HDAC2 and Nrf2. These findings provide a potentially new therapeutic approach to COPD and severe asthma. We first time proposed clinically relevant steroid insensitive exacerbation model. LPS caused corticosteroid insensitive airway inflammation via PI3Kδ activation. This murine model are useful to discover new therapies for airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Ueda
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan.,PMS Business Solutions Division, CMIC-PMS Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Kimura
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Division, NHLI, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airway Disease Division, NHLI, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuo Kizawa
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Thorburn AN, Tseng HY, Donovan C, Hansbro NG, Jarnicki AG, Foster PS, Gibson PG, Hansbro PM. TLR2, TLR4 AND MyD88 Mediate Allergic Airway Disease (AAD) and Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Suppression of AAD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156402. [PMID: 27309732 PMCID: PMC4911048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to non-pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae and vaccination are inversely associated with asthma. Studies in animal models demonstrate that airway administration of S. pneumoniae (live or killed), or its vaccines or components, suppresses the characteristic features of asthma in mouse models of allergic airway disease (AAD). These components could be developed into immunoregulatory therapies. S. pneumoniae components are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4, and both induce inflammatory cell responses through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). The involvement of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in the pathogenesis of AAD and asthma is incompletely understood, and has not been studied in S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD. We investigated the role of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in the development of AAD and S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD. Methods and Findings OVA-induced AAD and killed S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD were assessed in wild-type, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, TLR2/4-/- and MyD88-/- BALB/c mice. During OVA-induced AAD, TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 were variously involved in promoting eosinophil accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood, and T-helper type (Th)2 cytokine release from mediastinal lymph node T cells and splenocytes. However, all were required for the induction of airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD, TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 were variously involved in the suppression of eosinophilic and splenocyte Th2 responses but all were required for the reduction in AHR. Conclusions These results highlight important but complex roles for TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in promoting the development of OVA-induced AAD, but conversely in the S. pneumoniae-mediated suppression of AAD, with consistent and major contributions in both the induction and suppression of AHR. Thus, TLR signaling is likely required for both the development of asthma and the suppression of asthma by S. pneumoniae, and potentially other immunoregulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N. Thorburn
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G. Hansbro
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Jarnicki
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G. Gibson
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- The Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Prado RQ, Bertolini TB, Piñeros AR, Gembre AF, Ramos SG, Silva CL, Borges MC, Bonato VLD. Attenuation of experimental asthma by mycobacterial protein combined with CpG requires a TLR9-dependent IFN-γ-CCR2 signalling circuit. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1459-71. [PMID: 25944185 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by a Th2 inflammatory response. The modulation of a Th2 immune response based on immune deviation to a Th1 pattern or induction and migration of regulatory T cells to the lungs constitutes one of the major therapeutic approaches that is being investigated for the treatment of allergic asthma. The potentials of Mycobacterium leprae 65-kD heat-shock protein or Toll-like receptor 9 ligand (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) as immune modulators for the treatment of airway allergic disease have been studied individually. OBJECTIVE Mycobacterial protein combined with CpG was used as immunotherapy for airway allergy. METHODS Using an ovalbumin-induced asthma model, mice were sensitized and challenged, and then treated with mycobacterial heat-shock protein (Hsp65) combined with CpG. RESULTS The treatment of mice with established allergy led to the attenuation of eosinophilia, Th2 cytokines and airway hyperresponsiveness. Hsp65 plus CpG treatment also induced an increase in OVA-specific IFN-γ levels and in the frequency of lung inflammatory monocytes. Moreover, we show that the reduction of eosinophilia and the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the lungs required early triggering of TLR9, IFN-γ and CCR2 by immunotherapy components. CONCLUSION In addition to immune deviation to a Th1 response in the modulation of Th2 allergic inflammation, our findings also attribute an important role to the innate response mediated by TLR9, associated with the recruitment of CCR2-dependent monocytes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings show that the Hsp65/CpG treatment is a promising strategy for consideration in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Q Prado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T B Bertolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A R Piñeros
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A F Gembre
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - S G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - C L Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M C Borges
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - V L D Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Tilp C, Bucher H, Haas H, Duechs MJ, Wex E, Erb KJ. Effects of conventional tobacco smoke and nicotine-free cigarette smoke on airway inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in a triple allergen model of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:957-72. [PMID: 26502779 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma who smoke have reduced lung function, increased exacerbation rates and increased steroid resistance compared to non-smoking asthmatics. In mice, cigarette smoke has been reported to have both pro- and anti-Th2 response effects. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that combining tobacco cigarette smoke (tCS) with allergen exposure increases inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in mice. To test this hypothesis, we combined a severe triple allergen model with tCS exposure and investigated whether effects were due to Toll-like receptor 4 signalling and/or nicotine and also observed when nicotine-free cigarettes were used. METHODS Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin, cockroach and house dust mite allergen in alum followed by intratracheal challenges with allergen twice a week for 6 weeks or additionally exposed to tCS during the allergen challenge period. Nicotine or nicotine-free herbal cigarette smoke was also applied to allergen challenged mice. RESULTS tCS significantly reduced eosinophil numbers, IL-4 and IL-5 concentrations in the lung, total and allergen-specific IgE in serum, improved lung function and reduced collagen I levels. With the exception of collagen I all parameters reduced by tobacco cigarette smoke were also reduced in Toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice. Nicotine-free cigarette smoke also had significant anti-inflammatory effects on eosinophils, IL-4 and IL-5 concentrations in the lung and reduced airway hyperreactivity, albeit weaker than tobacco smoke. Applying nicotine alone also reduced Th2 cytokine levels and eosinophil numbers in the airways. CONCLUSION Our experiments show that tCS exposure reduces allergen-induced Th2 response in the lung and associated collagen I production and development of airway hyperreactivity. With the exception on collagen I formation, these effects were not dependent on Toll-like receptor 4. The observed anti-Th2 effects of both nicotine and nicotine-free herbal cigarette smoke together suggests that tCS reduces the Th2 responses through nicotine and other products released by burning tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tilp
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - H Bucher
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - H Haas
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - M J Duechs
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - E Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - K J Erb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
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19
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Alexander CM, Xiong KN, Velmurugan K, Xiong J, Osgood RS, Bauer AK. Differential innate immune cell signatures and effects regulated by toll-like receptor 4 during murine lung tumor promotion. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:154-73. [PMID: 27093379 PMCID: PMC5506691 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2016.1164263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor promotion is an early and critical stage during lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). We previously demonstrated that Tlr4 mutant mice were more susceptible to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced pulmonary inflammation and tumor promotion in comparison to Tlr4-sufficient mice. Our study objective was to elucidate the underlying differences in Tlr4 mutant mice in innate immune cell populations, their functional responses, and the influence of these cellular differences on ADC progenitor (type II) cells following BHT-treatment. BALB (Tlr4-sufficient) and C.C3-Tlr4(Lps-d)/J (BALB(Lpsd); Tlr4 mutant) mice were treated with BHT (promoter) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and flow cytometry processing on the lungs. ELISAs, Club cell enrichment, macrophage function, and RNA isolation were also performed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) co-cultured with a type II cell line were used for wound healing assays. Innate immune cells significantly increased in whole lung in BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice compared to BALB mice. BHT-treated BALB(Lpsd) mice demonstrated enhanced macrophage functionality, increased epithelial wound closure via BMDMs, and increased Club cell number in BALB(Lpsd) mice, all compared to BALB BHT-treated mice. Cytokine/chemokine (Kc, Mcp1) and growth factor (Igf1) levels also significantly differed among the strains and within macrophages, gene expression, and cell surface markers collectively demonstrated a more plastic phenotype in BALB(Lpsd) mice. Therefore, these correlative studies suggest that distinct innate immune cell populations are associated with the differences observed in the Tlr4-mutant model. Future studies will investigate the macrophage origins and the utility of the pathways identified herein as indicators of immune system deficiencies and lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Maria Alexander
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Julie Xiong
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Ross S Osgood
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Colorado School of Public Health , University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
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Ferreira TPT, Mariano LL, Ghilosso-Bortolini R, de Arantes ACS, Fernandes AJ, Berni M, Cecchinato V, Uguccioni M, Maj R, Barberis A, Silva PMRE, Martins MA. Potential of PEGylated Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligands for Controlling Inflammation and Functional Changes in Mouse Models of Asthma and Silicosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27014274 PMCID: PMC4786742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior investigations show that signaling activation through pattern recognition receptors can directly impact a number of inflammatory lung diseases. While toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists have raised interest for their ability to inhibit allergen-induced pathological changes in experimental asthma conditions, the putative benefit of this treatment is limited by adverse effects. Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two PEGylated purine-like compounds, TMX-302 and TMX-306, characterized by TLR7 partial agonistic activity; therefore, the compounds are expected to induce lower local and systemic adverse reactions. In vitro approaches and translation to murine models of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases were explored. In vitro studies with human PBMCs showed that both TMX-302 and TMX-306 marginally affects cytokine production as compared with equivalent concentrations of the TLR7 full agonist, TMX-202. The PEGylated compounds did not induce monocyte-derived DC maturation or B cell proliferation, differently from what observed after stimulation with TMX-202. Impact of PEGylated ligands on lung function and inflammatory changes was studied in animal models of acute lung injury, asthma, and silicosis following Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), allergen (ovalbumin), and silica inhalation, respectively. Subcutaneous injection of TMX-302 prevented LPS- and allergen-induced airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), leukocyte infiltration, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung. However, intranasal instillation of TMX-302 led to neutrophil infiltration and failed to prevent allergen-induced AHR, despite inhibiting leukocyte counts in the BAL. Aerosolized TMX-306 given prophylactically, but not therapeutically, inhibited pivotal asthma features. Interventional treatment with intranasal instillation of TMX-306 significantly reduced the pulmonary fibrogranulomatous response and the number of silica particles in lung interstitial space in silicotic mice. These findings highlight the potential of TMX-306, emphasizing its value in drug development for lung diseases, and particularly silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lívia Lacerda Mariano
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Berni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Elevated Toll-Like Receptor-Induced CXCL8 Secretion in Human Blood Basophils from Allergic Donors Is Independent of Toll-Like Receptor Expression Levels. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149275. [PMID: 26870962 PMCID: PMC4752351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human blood basophils have recently gained interest in addition to their function as allergic effector cells. Previous work suggests the involvement of innate immune mechanisms in the development and exacerbation of allergic responses, which might be mediated by basophils. We assayed the expression levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, 2, 4 and 6 on purified basophils from birch pollen-, house dust mite-, and non-allergic individuals. Additionally, we compared cytokine and chemokine secretion upon TLR stimulation in these basophil donor groups. Expression of TLR4 on the basophils of the allergic donor groups was decreased and CXCL8 secretion was elevated upon stimulation of TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 compared to the non-allergic donors. Decreased TLR expression and elevated CXCL8 secretion may represent possible mechanisms for aggravation of allergic symptoms in case of parasitic infection.
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22
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van Tongeren J, Röschmann KIL, Reinartz SM, Luiten S, Fokkens WJ, de Jong EC, van Drunen CM. Expression profiling and functional analysis of Toll-like receptors in primary healthy human nasal epithelial cells shows no correlation and a refractory LPS response. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:42. [PMID: 26668716 PMCID: PMC4677436 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immune recognition via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on barrier cells like epithelial cells has been shown to influence the regulation of local immune responses. Here we determine expression level variations and functionality of TLRs in nasal epithelial cells from healthy donors. Methods Expression levels of the different TLRs on primary nasal epithelial cells from healthy donors derived from inferior turbinates was determined by RT-PCR. Functionality of the TLRs was determined by stimulation with the respective ligand and evaluation of released mediators by Luminex ELISA. Results Primary nasal epithelial cells express different levels of TLR1-6 and TLR9. We were unable to detect mRNA of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR10. Stimulation with Poly(I:C) resulted in a significant increased secretion of IL-4, IL-6, RANTES, IP-10, MIP-1β, VEGF, FGF, IL-1RA, IL-2R and G-CSF. Stimulation with PGN only resulted in significant increased production of IL-6, VEGF and IL-1RA. Although the expression of TLR4 and co-stimulatory molecules could be confirmed, primary nasal epithelial cells appeared to be unresponsive to stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, we observed huge individual differences in TLR agonist-induced mediator release, which did not correlate with the respective expression of TLRs. Conclusion Our data suggest that nasal epithelium seems to have developed a delicate system of discrimination and recognition of microbial patterns. Hypo-responsiveness to LPS could provide a mechanism to dampen the inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa in order to avoid a chronic inflammatory response. Individual, differential expression of TLRs on epithelial cells and functionality in terms of released mediators might be a crucial factor in explaining why some people develop allergies to common inhaled antigens, and others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Tongeren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I L Röschmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Reinartz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Luiten
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M van Drunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Patni S, Bryant AH, Wynen LP, Seager AL, Morgan G, Thornton CA. Functional activity but not gene expression of toll-like receptors is decreased in the preterm versus term human placenta. Placenta 2015; 36:1031-8. [PMID: 26190036 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity within gestation-associated tissues might have a role in normal pregnancy progression as well as adverse obstetric outcomes such as preterm birth (PTB). METHODS The expression and activity of TLRs 1-9 in placentas collected following preterm vaginal delivery after infection-associated preterm labour (IA-PTL) at 25-36 weeks of gestation (preterm-svd, n = 10) were compared with those obtained after normal vaginal delivery at term (term-laboured; n = 17). Placental explants were cultured in the presence of agonists for TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 and cytokine production after 24 h examined. Expression of TLR transcripts was determined using real time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Reactivity to all agonists except CpG oligonucleotides was observed indicating that other than TLR9 all of the receptors studied yielded functional responses both term and preterm. Significantly less TNFα and IL-6, but not IL-10, were produced by preterm than term samples in response to all TLR agonists. Changes in TLR mRNA expression did not underlie functional differences in the preterm and term groups; nor does a pre-exposure/tolerance model mimic this finding. While glucocorticoids suppressed cytokine production in an in vitro model using term tissue the association between lower gestational age and decreased cytokine outputs suggests a temporally regulated response. DISCUSSION Pro-inflammatory cytokine output in response to multiple TLR ligands was decreased in the preterm compared to the term placenta but gene expression for each TLR tended to be similar. Reduced cytokine production by the preterm placenta in response to stimulation of TLRs therefore must be regulated at the post-transcriptional level in a gestational age dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Patni
- Princess of Wales Maternity Unit, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aled H Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Louise P Wynen
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Sun XJ, Li XQ, Wang XL, Tan WF, Wang JK. Sevoflurane inhibits nuclear factor-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammatory lung injury via toll-like receptor 4 signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122752. [PMID: 25875290 PMCID: PMC4397052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection is a common cause of acute lung injury (ALI). This study was aimed to explore whether Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) play a role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and potential mechanisms. Methods In vivo: A sensitizing dose of LPS (50 µg) was administered i.p. to female mice before anesthesia with either 3% sevoflurane or phenobarbital i.p. After stabilization, the mice were challenged with 5 µg of intratracheal LPS to mimic inflammatory attack. The effects of sevoflurane were assessed by measurement of airway responsiveness to methacholine, histological examination, and IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Protein and gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were also assessed. In vitro: After pre-sensitization of ASMCs and ASM segments for 24h, levels of TLR4 and NF-κB proteins in cultured ASMCs were measured after continuous LPS exposure for 1, 3, 5, 12 and 24h in presence or absence of sevoflurane. Constrictor and relaxant responsiveness of ASM was measured 24 h afterwards. Results The mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and TLR4 in ASM were increased and maintained at high level after LPS challenge throughout 24h observation period, both in vivo and in vitro. Sevoflurane reduced LPS-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines release in BALF as well as maximal isometric contractile force of ASM segments to acetylcholine, but it increased maximal relaxation response to isoproterenol. Treatment with specific NF-κB inhibitor produced similar protections as sevoflurane, including decreased expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB in cultured ASMCs and improved pharmacodynamic responsiveness of ASM to ACh and isoproterenol. Conclusions This study demonstrates the crucial role of TLR4 activation in ASMCs during ALI in response to LPS. Sevoflurane exerts direct relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wen Fei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Ke Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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Tabeling C, Scheer H, Schönrock SM, Runge F, Gutbier B, Lienau J, Hamelmann E, Opitz B, Suttorp N, Mayer K, Behrens GM, Tschernig T, Witzenrath M. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 ligation suppressed murine allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:903-11. [PMID: 24279792 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and NOD2 are important contributors to the intracellular recognition of pathogens including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, but little is known about their influence on allergen-induced airway inflammation. In BALB/c mice, we observed that infection with C. pneumoniae before systemic sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) and local OVA airway exposure diminished airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Thus, the impact of the NOD1 agonist FK156 and the NOD2 agonist muramyl dipeptide given 6 hours before each sensitization or airway challenge was evaluated regarding AHR, OVA-specific plasma immunoglobulins, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid differentials, and cytokines. Spleen dendritic cells of FK156-treated mice were isolated and cocultured with OVA-specific T cells isolated from DO11.10 mice, and T-cell proliferation was quantified after OVA restimulation. T-cell proliferation was investigated in vivo in lungs and lymph nodes of FK156-treated and OVA-exposed DO11.10 mice. FK156, but not muramyl dipeptide, reduced AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration if given before OVA sensitization or challenge, whereas T-helper (Th)2 cytokines were not diminished. Dendritic cells from FK156-treated mice evoked less OVA-specific T-cell proliferation as compared with solvent-treated controls. Similarly, antigen-specific T-cell activation in lung tissue was diminished after FK156 treatment. We conclude that NOD1 activation reduced AHR in allergen-induced lung inflammation, which was accompanied by a reduction of allergen-specific T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tabeling
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Guibas GV, Makris M, Papadopoulos NG. Key Regulators of Sensitization and Tolerance: GM-CSF, IL-10, TGF-β and the Notch Signaling Pathway in Adjuvant-Free Experimental Models of Respiratory Allergy. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:307-23. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.794457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Denis O, Vincent M, Havaux X, De Prins S, Treutens G, Huygen K. Induction of the specific allergic immune response is independent of proteases from the fungusAlternaria alternata. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:907-17. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Denis
- Program Allergology; WIV-ISP (site Ukkel); Brussels; Belgium
| | - Muriel Vincent
- Program Allergology; WIV-ISP (site Ukkel); Brussels; Belgium
| | - Xavier Havaux
- Cardiology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain; UCL; Brussels; Belgium
| | - Sofie De Prins
- Program Allergology; WIV-ISP (site Ukkel); Brussels; Belgium
| | - Greta Treutens
- Program Allergology; WIV-ISP (site Ukkel); Brussels; Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Service Immunology; WIV-ISP (site Ukkel); Brussels; Belgium
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Guibas GV, Makris M, Spandou E, Priftis KN. Exposure of immunologically naive laboratory rodents to antigen via the airways. Where does tolerance stop and sensitization begin? Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1552-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Makris
- Allergy Unit; 2nd Department of dermatology and Venereology; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
| | - E. Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - K. N. Priftis
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
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Lawson JA, Dosman JA, Rennie DC, Beach JR, Newman SC, Crowe T, Senthilselvan A. Endotoxin as a determinant of asthma and wheeze among rural dwelling children and adolescents: a case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2012; 12:56. [PMID: 22966977 PMCID: PMC3545854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between endotoxin exposure and asthma is complex and has been associated with rural living. We examined the relationship between domestic endotoxin and asthma or wheeze among rural school-aged children (6-18 years) and assessed the interaction between endotoxin and other characteristics with these outcomes. METHODS Between 2005 and 2007 we conducted a case-control study of children 6-18 years in the rural region of Humboldt, Canada. Cases (n = 102) reported doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze in the past year. Controls (n = 208) were randomly selected from children without asthma or wheeze. Data were collected to ascertain symptoms, asthma history and indoor environmental exposures (questionnaire), endotoxin (dust collection from the play area floor and child's mattress), and tobacco smoke exposure (saliva collection). Statistical testing was completed using multiple logistic regression to account for potential confounders and to assess interaction between risk factors. A stratified analysis was also completed to examine the effect of personal history of allergy. RESULTS Among children aged 6-12 years, mattress endotoxin concentration (EU/mg) and load (EU/m2) were inversely associated with being a case [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.98; and OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20-0.75, respectively]. These associations were not observed in older children or with play area endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endotoxin exposure might be protective for asthma or wheeze. The protective effect is found in younger school-aged, non-allergic children. These results may help explain the inconsistencies in previous studies and suggest that the protective effects of endotoxin in the prevention of atopy and asthma or wheeze are most effective earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lawson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture & Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture Royal University Hospital University of Saskatchewan, 3641-103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0 W8, Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Donna C Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, and the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Beach
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen C Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Trever Crowe
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Shalaby KH, Jo T, Nakada E, Allard-Coutu A, Tsuchiya K, Hirota N, Qureshi ST, Maghni K, Rioux CR, Martin JG. ICOS-expressing CD4 T cells induced via TLR4 in the nasal mucosa are capable of inhibiting experimental allergic asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2793-804. [PMID: 22908333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of adaptive immune responses via the innate immune pattern recognition receptors, such as the TLRs, is an emerging strategy for vaccine development. We investigated whether nasal rather than intrapulmonary application of Protollin, a mucosal adjuvant composed of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, is sufficient to elicit protection against murine allergic lower airway disease. Wild-type, Tlr2(-/-), or Tlr4(-/-) BALB/c mice were sensitized to a birch pollen allergen extract (BPEx), then received either intranasal or intrapulmonary administrations of Protollin or Protollin admixed with BPEx, followed by consecutive daily BPEx challenges. Nasal application of Protollin or Protollin admixed with BPEx was sufficient to inhibit allergic lower airway disease with minimal collateral lung inflammation. Inhibition was dependent on TLR4 and was associated with the induction of ICOS in cells of the nasal mucosa and on both CD4+Foxp3+ and CD4+Foxp3- T cells of the draining lymph nodes (LNs), as well as their recruitment to the lungs. Adoptive transfer of cervical LN CD4+ICOS+, but not CD4+ICOS-, cells inhibited BPEx-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia. Thus, our data indicate that expansion of resident ICOS-expressing CD4+ T cells of the cervical LNs by nasal mucosal TLR4 stimulation may inhibit the development of allergic lower airway disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim H Shalaby
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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Zhou F, Ciric B, Li H, Yan Y, Li K, Cullimore M, Lauretti E, Gonnella P, Zhang GX, Rostami A. IL-10 deficiency blocks the ability of LPS to regulate expression of tolerance-related molecules on dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1449-58. [PMID: 22622800 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in regulating the local inflammatory immune response, but regulatory mechanisms of this cytokine have not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that IL-10 deficiency renders LPS treatment ineffective in regulating the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, B7-H2, and B7-DC on dendritic cells (DCs) and blocks upregulation of IL-27. This inability to respond to LPS was found in both IL-10(-/-) bone marrow derived and splenic DCs. Compared with wild-type DCs, IL-10(-/-) DCs expressed similar levels of TLR4 and CD14, but produced less LPS-binding protein. The deficiency in LPS-binding protein production may explain the failure of IL-10(-/-) DCs to respond normally to LPS. Moreover, lack of IL-10 modulated the proportions of CD11c(+) CD8(+) and CD11c(+) B220(+) DCs, which play an important role in local inflammatory responses and tolerance. IL-10 deficiency also blocked expression of galectin-1, CD205, and CD103, which are necessary for central and peripheral tolerance. While they did not respond to LPS, IL-10(-/-) DCs produced increased levels of IL-6 and CCL4 after TNF-α treatment. Together, our results demonstrate that IL-10 deficiency affects the immune functions of DCs, which may contribute to the increased severity of autoimmune diseases seen in IL-10(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Natarajan S, Kim J, Bouchard J, Cruikshank W, Remick DG. Pulmonary endotoxin tolerance protects against cockroach allergen-induced asthma-like inflammation in a mouse model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:120-30. [PMID: 22269653 DOI: 10.1159/000330896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compounds which activate the innate immune system, such as lipopolysaccharide, are significant components of ambient air, and extremely difficult to remove from the environment. It is currently unclear how prior inhalation of endotoxin affects allergen sensitization. We examined whether lung-specific endotoxin tolerance induction prior to sensitization can modulate the response to allergen. METHODS Endotoxin tolerance was induced by repeated intratracheal exposure to endotoxin. All mice were then sensitized and challenged by direct intratracheal instillation of cockroach allergen. RESULTS After allergen sensitization and challenge, endotoxin tolerant mice had significantly decreased airways hyperresponsiveness to methacholine challenge, which was confirmed by invasive lung function tests. Decreased goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus production were also found by histological assessment. Tolerant mice were protected from airway eosinophilia through the mechanism of reduced CCL11 and CCL24. Interestingly, endotoxin tolerant mice had only a modest reduction in cockroach-specific IgE; however, total IgE was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS These data show that induction of endotoxin tolerance prior to sensitization protects against the hallmark features of asthma-like inflammation, and that transient modulation of innate immunity can have long-lasting effects on adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Natarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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IL-35 production by inducible costimulator (ICOS)-positive regulatory T cells reverses established IL-17-dependent allergic airways disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:207-15.e1-5. [PMID: 21906794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that IL-17 contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR); however, the mechanisms that suppress the production of this cytokine remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the regulatory cells and molecules that suppress IL-17-dependent allergic airways disease. METHODS Mice were sensitized by means of airway instillations of ovalbumin together with low levels of LPS. Leukocyte recruitment to the lung and AHR were assessed after daily challenges with aerosolized ovalbumin. Flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and gene-targeted mice were used to identify naturally arising subsets of regulatory T (Treg) cells and their cytokines required for the suppression of established allergic airway disease. RESULTS Allergic sensitization through the airway primed both effector and regulatory responses. Effector responses were initially dominant and led to airway inflammation and IL-17-dependent AHR. However, after multiple daily allergen challenges, IL-17 production and AHR decreased, even though pulmonary levels of T(H)17 cells remained high. This loss of AHR was reversible and required the expansion of a Treg cell subset expressing both forkhead box protein 3 and inducible costimulator. These Treg cells also expressed the regulatory cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35. Whereas IL-10 and TGF-β were dispensable for suppression of AHR, IL-35 was required. CONCLUSION IL-35 production by inducible costimulator-positive Treg cells can suppress IL-17 production and thereby reverse established, IL-17-dependent AHR in mice. Targeting this pathway might therefore be of therapeutic value for treating allergic asthma in human subjects.
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Qiu H, KuoLee R, Harris G, Zhou H, Miller H, Patel GB, Chen W. Acinetobacter baumannii infection inhibits airway eosinophilia and lung pathology in a mouse model of allergic asthma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22004. [PMID: 21789200 PMCID: PMC3138758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a dysregulation of the immune system which leads to the development of Th2 responses to innocuous antigens (allergens). Some infections and microbial components can re-direct the immune response toward the Th1 response, or induce regulatory T cells to suppress the Th2 response, thereby inhibiting the development of allergic asthma. Since Acinetobacter baumannii infection can modulate lung cellular and cytokine responses, we studied the effect of A. baumannii in modulating airway eosinophilia in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were treated with live A. baumannii or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), then intranasally challenged with OVA. Compared to PBS, A. baumannii treatment significantly reduced pulmonary Th2 cytokine and chemokine responses to OVA challenge. More importantly, the airway inflammation in A. baumannii-treated mice was strongly suppressed, as seen by the significant reduction of the proportion and the total number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, A. baumannii-treated mice diminished lung mucus overproduction and pathology. However, A. baumannii treatment did not significantly alter systemic immune responses to OVA. Serum OVA-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a levels were comparable between A. baumannii- and PBS-treated mice, and tracheobronchial lymph node cells from both treatment groups produced similar levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in response to in vitro OVA stimulation. Moreover, it appears that TLR-4 and IFN-γ were not directly involved in the A. baumannii-induced suppression of airway eosinophilia. Our results suggest that A. baumannii inhibits allergic airway inflammation by direct suppression of local pulmonary Th2 cytokine responses to the allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qiu
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhonda KuoLee
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Harris
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harvey Miller
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Girishchandra B. Patel
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chung SH, Choi SH, Cho KJ, Joo CK. Toll-like receptor 4 signalling attenuates experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:275-81. [PMID: 21391988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis from an allergen-driven T helper type 2 (Th2) response is characterized by conjunctival eosinophilic infiltration. Association between signalling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and adaptive immune responses has been observed in allergic airway disease. We examined whether administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a prototypic bacterial product that activates immune cells via TLR-4, could affect the development of allergic conjunctivitis and modify the immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) allergen in an experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) model. Mice were challenged with two doses of OVA via conjunctival sac after systemic challenge with OVA in alum. Several indicators for allergy were evaluated in wild-type and TLR-4(-/-) mice with or without adding of different doses of LPS into OVA in alum. Mice challenged with OVA via conjunctival sac following systemic challenge with OVA in alum had severe allergic conjunctivitis. Of interest, LPS administration markedly suppressed immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated and eosinophil-dependent conjunctival inflammation. In addition, mice sensitized with OVA plus LPS had less interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and eotaxin secretion than mice sensitized with OVA only. The suppression of allergic response by LPS administration was due to Th1 shift. In contrast, the presence of LPS during sensitization with OVA had no effect on severity of allergic conjunctivitis and Th2 responses in TLR4-4(-/-) mice. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that LPS suppresses Th2 responses via the TLR-4-dependent pathway in the EAC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Korea
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Préfontaine D, Banville-Langelier AA, Fiset PO, Guay J, An J, Mazer M, Hamid Q, Mazer BD. Children with atopic histories exhibit impaired lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor-4 signalling in peripheral monocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 40:1648-57. [PMID: 20636402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hygiene hypothesis states that early exposure to bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may be protective against the development of allergic diseases. Whether atopic disease affects the ability of immune cells to respond to LPS is unclear. Our laboratory has demonstrated previously that children express high levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 on CD4(+) cells in nasal mucosa. OBJECTIVE To determine if children with a history of allergic disease have impaired responses to LPS on circulating CD4(+) leucocytes. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children (aged 2-18) and adults with or without a history of atopic conditions were cultured with/without IL-4 or LPS for up to 24 h. Expression of surface TLR-4, CD14, CD4, CD3, as well as of intracellular phosphorylated (p42/p44) ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS A history of atopy in children was associated with impaired LPS-induced TLR-4-dependent phosphorylation of (p42/44) ERK and p38 MAPK by CD4(+) monocytes. Decreased LPS signalling was reproduced by pre-incubation of control cells with recombinant IL-4. LPS stimulation also decreased TLR-4 expression on monocytes from children without atopic histories but not from atopic subjects. CD4(+) T lymphocytes showed limited LPS responsiveness, regardless of atopic status. In contrast with non-atopic children, TLR-4 expression on monocytes of children with atopic histories decreased as a function of age. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for defective LPS recognition on circulating CD4(+) leucocytes of subjects with atopic histories compared with those from non-atopic children. CD4(+) TLR4(+) monocytes from children with atopic histories failed to phosphorylate MAPKs. Our results suggest that a history of atopic disease is associated with impaired TLR-4-mediated innate immune function compared with non-atopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Préfontaine
- Meakins Christie Laboratories and Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wills-Karp M. Allergen-specific pattern recognition receptor pathways. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:777-82. [PMID: 21093238 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases continue to plague modernized societies, underscoring the need to identify the molecular basis for the propensity of a small number of environmental proteins to provoke maladaptive, allergic responses. Recent data suggest that the ability of allergenic proteins to drive allergic responses in susceptible hosts is driven by their unique innate immune activating capabilities. Although the identification of allergen-specific pattern recognition receptors is in its infancy, studies to date have shown that allergens drive Th2-biased immune responses via directly engaging C-type lectin receptors (dectin-2, DC-SIGN, and mannose receptor) on dendritic cells and/or mimicking toll-like receptor 4 signaling complex molecules expressed on airway structural cells. Elucidation of the specific innate immune pathways activated by allergens holds great promise in defining new therapeutic targets for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Wills-Karp
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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Duan W, Mehta AK, Magalhaes JG, Ziegler SF, Dong C, Philpott DJ, Croft M. Innate signals from Nod2 block respiratory tolerance and program T(H)2-driven allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1284-93.e10. [PMID: 21051079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway tolerance is critical for protecting the lung from inflammatory disease driven by allergens. However, factors that disrupt tolerance processes and then lead to susceptibility to developing allergic asthma remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether recognition of bacterial microbial-associated molecular patterns in the lung may result in susceptibility to developing allergic reactions, and to understand the molecular mechanisms by which such triggers block natural tolerance. METHODS Ligands of intracellular microbial-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors-the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors, Nod1 and Nod2-were given intranasally with antigen, and their ability to modulate airway tolerance was analyzed. RESULTS Intranasal Nod2 ligand rapidly induced lung expression of the innate cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin promoted expression of OX40 ligand, a T-cell-costimulatory ligand, on lung CD11c(+)CD11b(+) cells and B220(+) cells. Together these 3 molecules blocked the generation of antigen-specific CD4(+)forkhead box protein 3(+) adaptive regulatory T cells and concomitantly drove IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. By altering the regulatory T/T(H)2-cell balance, tolerance was blocked, and sensing of Nod2 ligand resulted in subsequent susceptibility to developing eosinophil-dominated airway inflammation. CONCLUSION We show that a Nod-like receptor is a novel, previously unrecognized, pathway that adversely links innate and adaptive immunity and leads to allergic disease and asthmatic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the 'hygiene hypothesis' for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen-induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings.
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40
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Aumeunier A, Grela F, Ramadan A, Pham Van L, Bardel E, Gomez Alcala A, Jeannin P, Akira S, Bach JF, Thieblemont N. Systemic Toll-like receptor stimulation suppresses experimental allergic asthma and autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11484. [PMID: 20628601 PMCID: PMC2900205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections may be associated with exacerbation of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, epidemiological and experimental data have shown that some microorganisms can also prevent these pathologies. This observation is at the origin of the hygiene hypothesis according to which the decline of infections in western countries is at the origin of the increased incidence of both Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases and Th2-mediated allergic diseases over the last decades. We have tested whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation can recapitulate the protective effect of infectious agents on allergy and autoimmunity. Methods and Findings Here, we performed a systematic study of the disease-modifying effects of a set of natural or synthetic TLR agonists using two experimental models, ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma and spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, presenting the same genetic background of the non obese diabetic mouse (NOD) that is highly susceptible to both pathologies. In the same models, we also investigated the effect of probiotics. Additionally, we examined the effect of the genetic invalidation of MyD88 on the development of allergic asthma and spontaneous diabetes. We demonstrate that multiple TLR agonists prevent from both allergy and autoimmunity when administered parenterally. Probiotics which stimulate TLRs also protect from these two diseases. The physiological relevance of these findings is further suggested by the major acceleration of OVA-induced asthma in MyD88 invalidated mice. Our results strongly indicate that the TLR-mediated effects involve immunoregulatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and different subsets of regulatory T cells, notably CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells for TLR4 agonists and NKT cells for TLR3 agonists. Conclusions/Significance These observations demonstrate that systemic administration of TLR ligands can suppress both allergic and autoimmune responses. They provide a plausible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis. They also open new therapeutic perspectives for the prevention of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Aumeunier
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8147, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Grela
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8147, Paris, France
| | | | - Linh Pham Van
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8147, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Bardel
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8147, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Modulation of allergic airway inflammation by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2488-96. [PMID: 20308298 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01270-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that bacteria associated with periodontal disease may exert systemic immunomodulatory effects. Although the improvement in oral hygiene practices in recent decades correlates with the increased incidence of asthma in developed nations, it is not known whether diseases of the respiratory system might be influenced by the presence of oral pathogens. The present study sought to determine whether subcutaneous infection with the anaerobic oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis exerts a regulatory effect on allergic airway inflammation. BALB/c mice sensitized and subsequently challenged with ovalbumin exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine aerosol and increased airway inflammatory cell influx and Th2 cytokine (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-5, and IL-13) content relative to those in nonallergic controls. Airway inflammatory cell and cytokine contents were significantly reduced by establishment of a subcutaneous infection with P. gingivalis prior to allergen sensitization, whereas serum levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE and airway responsiveness were not altered. Conversely, subcutaneous infection initiated after allergen sensitization did not alter inflammatory end points but did reduce airway responsiveness in spite of increased serum IgE levels. These data provide the first direct evidence of a regulatory effect of an oral pathogen on allergic airway inflammation and responsiveness. Furthermore, a temporal importance of the establishment of infection relative to allergen sensitization is demonstrated for allergic outcomes.
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Abstract
IgE was the last of the five immunoglobulin classes to be discovered and is the antibody that is responsible for much of human type I allergic disease. This review summarizes recent developments with respect to control of IgE synthesis with an emphasis on Th2 (T helper 2) control and regulation using IgE Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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Bauer AK, Fostel J, Degraff LM, Rondini EA, Walker C, Grissom SF, Foley J, Kleeberger SR. Transcriptomic analysis of pathways regulated by toll-like receptor 4 in a murine model of chronic pulmonary inflammation and carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:107. [PMID: 19925653 PMCID: PMC2785769 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies exist for human pulmonary neoplasia, however due to the heterogeneity of the disease, most are not very effective. The innate immunity gene, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), protects against chronic pulmonary inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice, but the mechanism is unclear. This study was designed to identify TLR4-mediated gene expression pathways that may be used as prognostic indicators of susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis in mice and provide insight into the mechanism. Methods Whole lung mRNA was isolated from C.C3H-Tlr4Lps-d (BALBLps-d; Tlr4 mutant) and BALB/c (Tlr4 normal) mice following butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treatment (four weekly ip. injections; 150-200 mg/kg/each; "promotion"). mRNA from micro-dissected tumors (adenomas) and adjacent uninvolved tissue from both strains were also compared 27 wks after a single carcinogen injection (3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 10 μg/g; "control") or followed by BHT (6 weekly ip. injections; 125-200 mg/kg/each; "progression"). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cell content and total protein determination, a marker of lung hyperpermeability; inflammation was also assessed using immunohistochemical staining for macrophages (F4/80) and lymphocytes (CD3) in mice bearing tumors (progression). Results During promotion, the majority of genes identified in the BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice (P < 0.05) were involved in epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling (e.g. epiregulin (Ereg)), secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1)), which can lead to cell growth and eventual tumor development. Inflammation was significantly higher in BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice during progression, similar to the observed response during tumor promotion in these strains. Increases in genes involved in signaling through the EGFR pathway (e.g. Ereg, Spp1) were also observed during progression in addition to continued inflammation, chemotactic, and immune response gene expression in the BALBLps-d versus BALB/c mice (P < 0.05), which appears to provide more favorable conditions for cell growth and tumor development. In support of these findings, the BALB/c mice also had significantly reduced expression of many immune response and inflammatory genes in both the tumors and uninvolved tissue. Conclusion This transcriptomic study determined the protective effect of TLR4 in lung carcinogenesis inhibition of multiple pathways including EGFR (e.g. Ereg), inflammatory response genes (e.g. Cxcl5), chemotaxis (e.g. Ccr1) and other cell proliferation genes (e.g. Arg1, Pthlh). Future studies will determine the utility of these pathways as indicators of immune system deficiencies and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Wilson RH, Whitehead GS, Nakano H, Free ME, Kolls JK, Cook DN. Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:720-30. [PMID: 19661246 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0573oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE In humans, immune responses to inhaled aeroallergens develop in the lung and draining lymph nodes. Many animal models of asthma bypass this route and instead use intraperitoneal injections of allergen using aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether allergic sensitization through the airway elicits immune responses qualitatively different than those arising in the peritoneum. METHODS Mice were sensitized to allergen through the airway using low-dose LPS as an adjuvant, or through the peritoneum using aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. After a single allergen challenge, ELISA and flow cytometry were used to measure cytokines and leukocyte subsets. Invasive measurements of airway resistance were used to measure allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sensitization through the peritoneum primed strong Th2 responses and eosinophilia, but not AHR, after a single allergen challenge. By contrast, allergic sensitization through the airway primed only modest Th2 responses, but strong Th17 responses. Th17 cells homed to the lung and released IL-17 into the airway on subsequent encounter with inhaled allergen. As a result, these mice developed IL-17-dependent airway neutrophilia and AHR. This AHR was neutrophil-dependent because it was abrogated in CXCR2-deficient mice and also in wild-type mice receiving a neutrophil-depleting antibody. Individually, neither IL-17 nor ongoing Th2 responses were sufficient to confer AHR, but together they acted synergistically to promote neutrophil recruitment, eosinophil recruitment and AHR. CONCLUSIONS Allergic sensitization through the airway primes modest Th2 responses but strong Th17 responses that promote airway neutrophilia and acute AHR. These findings support a causal role for neutrophils in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda H Wilson
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Boyle RJ, Morley R, Mah LJ, Kivivuori S, Tang MLK. Reduced membrane bound CD14 expression in the cord blood of infants with a family history of allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:982-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Koller B, Bals R, Roos D, Korting HC, Griese M, Hartl D. Innate immune receptors on neutrophils and their role in chronic lung disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:535-47. [PMID: 19453653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the prototypic cells of the innate immune system, are recruited to infected sites to protect the human body from invading pathogens. To accomplish this function, neutrophils sense pathogens and endogenous damage-associated molecules via innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors. This defence function is essential for the pulmonary microenvironment where the host is faced with millions of particles and pathogens inhaled daily. Chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are characterized by a neutrophil accumulation and chronic bacterial colonization of the airways. Consequently, insights into the role of TLRs on neutrophils in chronic lung diseases are of high relevance for further diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Here we summarize and discuss recent advances in the expression, regulation and functional role of TLRs on neutrophils in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koller
- Children's Hospital Research Center, Department of Dermatology, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Dong L, Li H, Wang S, Li Y. Different doses of lipopolysaccharides regulate the lung inflammation of asthmatic mice via TLR4 pathway in alveolar macrophages. J Asthma 2009; 46:229-33. [PMID: 19373628 DOI: 10.1080/02770900802610050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complicated genetic disorder caused by interaction of the acquired and innate immune responses. Acquired immune responses to protein antigens could induce type 2 T lymphocyte-driven responses and result in atopic asthma. Recent studies demonstrated that endotoxin, LPS and air pollution-induced innate immunity induce asthma through Toll-like receptors (TLR). However, the definite mechanism of LPS-induced asthma is still not known. Here, we investigated the effects of different doses of LPS in a mouse model of allergic asthma to define the molecular mechanism of LPS-induced asthma. We found that low doses of LPS in OVA induced significant inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue of asthmatic mice. Histologic studies demonstrated that lungs of these asthmatic mice were characterized by the recruitment of both eosinophils and neutrophils, increased airway mucus secretion and the elevated levels of Th2 cytokines. A high dose of LPS in OVA can induce a Th1 associated response, histologically characterized by neutrophil recruitment, the absence of airway mucus secretion and an increase of IFN-gamma production. Regardless of high or low dose of LPS, TLR4 in alveolar macrophages (AM) was up-regulated in lungs of asthmatic mice. Our data demonstrated that the dose of LPS exposure determines the type of inflammatory response and a low dose of LPS together with OVA augments the antigen-induced lung inflammation in asthma. This study demonstrates that the TLR4 signaling pathway plays a vital role in the development of asthma and indicates the tight connection between endotoxin exposure and asthma prevalence in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Chung SH, Nam KH, Kweon MN. Staphylococcus aureus accelerates an experimental allergic conjunctivitis by Toll-like receptor 2-dependent manner. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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A TLR2 ligand suppresses inflammation by modulation of chemokine receptors and redirection of leukocyte migration. Blood 2009; 113:4224-31. [PMID: 19202130 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-174698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors orchestrate rapid local protective innate-immune responses to invading pathogens and optimize leukocyte priming of subsequent adaptive responses. Paradoxically, systemic excess of the TLR2 ligand, bacterial lipoprotein (BLP), suppresses peripheral inflammatory responses. Here, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is regulated via the TLR2-dependent, cell-autonomous down-regulation of inflammatory chemokine receptor expression on a variety of leukocyte subsets. Remarkably, BLP mediated no effect on constitutive chemokine receptor expression. By tracking adoptively transferred wild-type and TLR2(-/-) leukocytes in vivo, we observed that BLP mediated chemokine receptor switching directed leukocytes away from inflamed sites toward secondary lymphoid organs. These data highlight a novel role for TLR ligands, such as BLP, in regulating leukocyte retention and migration away from innate immune lesions via discrete constitutive and inflammatory chemokine receptor regulation.
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50
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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