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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Posttranscriptional Events Orchestrate Immune Homeostasis of CD8 + T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:65-80. [PMID: 38622392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining immune homeostasis is instrumental for host health. Immune cells, such as T cells, are instrumental for the eradication of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Furthermore, T cells also play a major role in the fight against cancer. Through the formation of immunological memory, a pool of antigen-experienced T cells remains in the body to rapidly protect the host upon reinfection or retransformation. In order to perform their protective function, T cells produce cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes and perforin, and cytokines such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. Recently, it has become evident that posttranscriptional regulatory events dictate the kinetics and magnitude of cytokine production by murine and human CD8+ T cells. Here, the recent literature regarding the role posttranscriptional regulation plays in maintaining immune homeostasis of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is reviewed.
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Pawletko K, Jędrzejowska-Szypułka H, Bogus K, Pascale A, Fahmideh F, Marchesi N, Grajoszek A, Gendosz de Carrillo D, Barski JJ. After Ischemic Stroke, Minocycline Promotes a Protective Response in Neurons via the RNA-Binding Protein HuR, with a Positive Impact on Motor Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119446. [PMID: 37298395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cause of adult disability and one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with a serious socio-economic impact. In the present work, we used a new thromboembolic model, recently developed in our lab, to induce focal cerebral ischemic (FCI) stroke in rats without reperfusion. We analyzed selected proteins implicated in the inflammatory response (such as the RNA-binding protein HuR, TNFα, and HSP70) via immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques. The main goal of the study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of a single administration of minocycline at a low dose (1 mg/kg intravenously administered 10 min after FCI) on the neurons localized in the penumbra area after an ischemic stroke. Furthermore, given the importance of understanding the crosstalk between molecular parameters and motor functions following FCI, motor tests were also performed, such as the Horizontal Runway Elevated test, CatWalk™ XT, and Grip Strength test. Our results indicate that a single administration of a low dose of minocycline increased the viability of neurons and reduced the neurodegeneration caused by ischemia, resulting in a significant reduction in the infarct volume. At the molecular level, minocycline resulted in a reduction in TNFα content coupled with an increase in the levels of both HSP70 and HuR proteins in the penumbra area. Considering that both HSP70 and TNF-α transcripts are targeted by HuR, the obtained results suggest that, following FCI, this RNA-binding protein promotes a protective response by shifting its binding towards HSP70 instead of TNF-α. Most importantly, motor tests showed that reduced inflammation in the brain damaged area after minocycline treatment directly translated into a better motor performance, which is a fundamental outcome when searching for new therapeutic options for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawletko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 4, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Halina Jędrzejowska-Szypułka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogus
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Foroogh Fahmideh
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aniela Grajoszek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 4, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Daria Gendosz de Carrillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Jerzy Barski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 4, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Zhou Y, Chen L, Ni S. Identification and functional characterization of zebrafish ELAVL1b as a new member of antimicrobial protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108671. [PMID: 36893928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ELAVL1 play multiple roles and may be associated with immune response. However, it remains largely unknown about the direct roles of ELAVL1 during a bacterial infection. After reporting the zebrafish ELAVL1a is a maternal immune factor that can protect zebrafish embryos from bacterial infection, here we studied the immune function of zebrafish ELAVL1b. In this study, we showed that zebrafish elavl1b was markedly up-regulated by LTA and LPS treatment, suggesting it may be involved in anti-infectious responses. We also showed that zebrafish recombinant ELAVL1b (rELAVL1b) could bind to both the Gram-positive and negative bacteria M. luteus and S. aureus, E. coli and A. hydrophila as well as their signature molecules LTA and LPS, hinting it may act as a pattern recognition receptor, capable of identifying pathogens. In addition, rELAVL1b could directly kill the Gram-positive and negative bacteria tested via inducing membrane depolarization and intracellular ROS production. Collectively, our results indicate that zebrafish ELAVL1b plays an immune-relevant role as a newly-characterized antimicrobial protein. This work also provides further information to understand the biological roles of ELAVL family and the innate immunity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- School of bioscience and technology, Weifang medical university, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of pharmacy, Weifang medical university, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shousheng Ni
- School of bioscience and technology, Weifang medical university, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
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Badaoui M, Sobolewski C, Luscher A, Bacchetta M, Köhler T, van Delden C, Foti M, Chanson M. Targeting HuR-Vav3 mRNA interaction prevents Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to the cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161961. [PMID: 36602863 PMCID: PMC9977432 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by chronic bacterial infections leading to progressive bronchiectasis and respiratory failure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is the predominant opportunistic pathogen infecting the CF airways. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 plays a critical role in Pa adhesion to the CF airways by inducing luminal fibronectin deposition that favors bacteria trapping. Here we report that Vav3 overexpression in CF is caused by upregulation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR. We found that HuR accumulates in the cytoplasm of CF airway epithelial cells and that it binds to and stabilizes Vav3 mRNA. Interestingly, disruption of the HuR-Vav3 mRNA interaction improved the CF epithelial integrity, inhibited the formation of the fibronectin-made bacterial docking platforms, and prevented Pa adhesion to the CF airway epithelium. These findings indicate that targeting HuR represents a promising antiadhesive approach in CF that can prevent initial stages of Pa infection in a context of emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Luscher
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thilo Köhler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Estravís M, García-Sánchez A, Martin MJ, Pérez-Pazos J, Isidoro-García M, Dávila I, Sanz C. RNY3 modulates cell proliferation and IL13 mRNA levels in a T lymphocyte model: a possible new epigenetic mechanism of IL-13 regulation. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:59-69. [PMID: 36089628 PMCID: PMC9905197 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most common type of asthma. It is characterized by TH2 cell-driven inflammation in which interleukin-13 (IL-13) plays a pivotal role. Cytoplasmic RNAs (Y-RNAs), a variety of non-coding RNAs that are dysregulated in many cancer types, are also differentially expressed in patients with allergic asthma. Their function in the development of the disease is still unknown. We investigated the potential role of RNY3 RNA (hY3) in the TH2 cell inflammatory response using the Jurkat cell line as a model. hY3 expression levels were modulated to mimic the upregulation effect in allergic disease. We evaluated the effect of hY3 over cell stimulation and the expression of the TH2 cytokine IL13. Total RNA was isolated and retrotranscribed, and RNA levels were assessed by qPCR. In Jurkat cells, hY3 levels increased upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. When transfecting with high levels of hY3 mimic molecules, cell proliferation rate decreased while IL13 mRNA levels increased upon stimulation compared to stimulated control cells. Our results show the effect of increased hY3 levels on cell proliferation and the levels of IL13 mRNA in Jurkat cells. Also, we showed that hY3 could act over other cells via exosomes. This study opens up new ways to study the potential regulatory function of hY3 over IL-13 production and its implications for asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Estravís
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maria J Martin
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Pérez-Pazos
- Unidad de Farmacogenética y Medicina de Precisión, Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Servicio de Alergología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y del Diagnóstico, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunoalergia, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Investigación en Salud-RETICS ARADyAL, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Hu Antigen R (HuR) Protein Structure, Function and Regulation in Hepatobiliary Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112666. [PMID: 35681645 PMCID: PMC9179498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatobiliary tumors are a group of primary malignancies encompassing the liver, the intra- and extra-hepatic biliary tracts, and the gall bladder. Within the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary cancer, which is, also, representing the third-most recurrent cause of cancer-associated death and the sixth-most prevalent type of tumor worldwide, nowadays. Although less frequent, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is, currently, a fatal cancer with limited therapeutic options. Here, we review the regulatory role of Hu antigen R (HuR), a ubiquitous member of the ELAV/Hu family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of HCC and CCA. Overall, HuR is proposed as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic target in hepatobiliary cancers. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that can selectively modulate HuR function appear to be highly attractive for the clinical management of these types of tumors. Abstract Hu antigen R (HuR) is a 36-kDa ubiquitous member of the ELAV/Hu family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which plays an important role as a post-transcriptional regulator of specific RNAs under physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Herein, we review HuR protein structure, function, and its regulation, as well as its implications in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of hepatobiliary cancers. In particular, we focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), tumors where the increased cytoplasmic localization of HuR and activity are proposed, as valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers. An overview of the main regulatory axes involving HuR, which are associated with cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy in HCC, is provided. These include the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modulators of HuR function, in addition to HuR target transcripts. Finally, whereas studies addressing the relevance of targeting HuR in CCA are limited, in the past few years, HuR has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in HCC. In fact, the therapeutic efficacy of some pharmacological inhibitors of HuR has been evaluated, in early experimental models of HCC. We, further, discuss the major findings and future perspectives of therapeutic approaches that specifically block HuR interactions, either with post-translational modifiers or cognate transcripts in hepatobiliary cancers.
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Monticelli S. Emerging roles for RNA-binding proteins in T lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:52-56. [PMID: 35594947 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are essential effectors in defining and regulating gene expression, and as such their function underlies all cellular processes. Within the immune system in general, and in T lymphocytes in particular, RBPs have been shown to crucially modulate almost every aspect of T cell biology, including differentiation, inflammatory responses and effector functions. However, questions remain regarding the function of many RBPs that have been recently discovered, their regulation, and in general their role within gene regulatory networks that control immune responses. Here, I will focus on unconventional RBPs with an emerging role in T lymphocytes, including proteins with unusual or unknown mode of binding, and proteins displaying enzymatic or regulatory roles in addition to their RNA-binding feature. I will also discuss how in the future distinguishing RBP:mRNA interactions that are functional and biologically relevant from those that have only limited impact will be crucial to fully dissect the intricacies of RBP-mediated regulation in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monticelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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8
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Macrophage IL-1β promotes arteriogenesis by autocrine STAT3- and NF-κB-mediated transcription of pro-angiogenic VEGF-A. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110309. [PMID: 35108537 PMCID: PMC8865931 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to considerable morbidity, yet strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis fall short of being impactful. Inflammatory macrophage subsets play an important role in orchestrating post-developmental angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that macrophage VEGF-A expression is dependent upon the potent inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. IL-1β promotes pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a isoform transcription via activation and promoter binding of STAT3 and NF-κB, as demonstrated by gene-deletion, gain-of-function, inhibition, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Conversely, IL-1β-deletion or inhibition of STAT3 or NF-κB increases anti-angiogenic VEGF-A165b isoform expression, indicating IL-1β signaling may also direct splice variant selection. In an experimental PAD model of acute limb ischemia, macrophage IL-1β expression is required for pro-angiogenic VEGF-A expression and for VEGF-A-induced blood flow recovery via angio- or arteriogenesis. Though further study is needed, macrophage IL-1β-dependent transcription of VEGF-A via STAT3 and NF-κB may have potential to therapeutically promote angiogenesis in the setting of PAD. Mantsounga et al. show inflammatory macrophage IL-1β expression to be required for pro-angiogenic VEGF-A expression and consequent post-developmental angio- or arteriogenesis in an experimental model of peripheral artery disease. Autocrine IL-1β signaling promotes transcription of pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a isoform expression relative to anti-angiogenic isoform, VEGF-A165b, through activation of STAT3 and NF-κB.
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Herjan T, Xiao J, Dziendziel Kolanek M. RNA-Binding Protein HuR Promotes Airway Inflammation in a House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Asthma Model. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:29-38. [PMID: 35041516 PMCID: PMC8787712 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that interleukin 17 (IL-17) is critically involved in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. We have previously reported that upon IL-17 stimulation, Act1, an IL-17-receptor-complex adaptor, directly binds to its target mRNAs and utilizes other proteins, such as HuR, to upregulate mRNA stability and translation. HuR mRNA targets include multiple asthma-related genes. In this study, we have used house dust mite (HDM), a natural allergen, to test the role of HuR in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. We found that HuR deletion in airway epithelium diminished HDM-induced lung inflammation, including neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration. While Th2 cytokines were not altered, the production of CXCL1, CXCL5 and CCL11 chemokines was significantly diminished. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma by orchestrating inflammatory and remodeling responses. We found that IL-17 treatment of ASM cells induced translocation of HuR from nucleus to cytoplasm, where it bound directly to Cxcl1 and Ccl11 mRNA. Deletion of HuR in ASM cells decreased their proliferation as well as CXCL1 and CCL11 production in response to IL-17. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the importance of HuR-mediated regulation of gene expression to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, in both airway epithelial and ASM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Herjan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Monika Dziendziel Kolanek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Fattahi F, Ellis JS, Sylvester M, Bahleda K, Hietanen S, Correa L, Lugogo NL, Atasoy U. HuR-Targeted Inhibition Impairs Th2 Proinflammatory Responses in Asthmatic CD4 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:38-48. [PMID: 34862257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding protein HuR (ELAVL1) is a master regulator of gene expression in human pathophysiology. Its dysregulation plays an important role in many diseases. We hypothesized that HuR plays an important role in Th2 inflammation in asthma in both mouse and human. To address this, we used a model of airway inflammation in a T cell-specific knockout mouse model, distal lck-Cre HuRfl/fl, as well as small molecule inhibitors in human peripheral blood-derived CD4+ T cells. Peripheral CD4+ T cells were isolated from 26 healthy control subjects and 45 asthmatics (36 type 2 high and 9 non-type 2 high, determined by blood eosinophil levels and fraction of exhaled NO). Our mouse data showed conditional ablation of HuR in T cell-abrogated Th2 differentiation, cytokine production, and lung inflammation. Studies using human T cells showed that HuR protein levels in CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in asthmatics compared with healthy control subjects. The expression and secretion of Th2 cytokines were significantly higher in asthmatics compared with control subjects. AMP-activated protein kinase activator treatment reduced the expression of several cytokines in both type 2 high and non-type 2 high asthma groups. However, the effects of CMLD-2 (a HuR-specific inhibitor) were more specific to endotype-defining cytokines in type 2 high asthmatics. Taken together, these data suggest that HuR plays a permissive role in both allergen and non-allergen-driven airway inflammation by regulating key genes, and that interfering with its function may be a novel method of asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fattahi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jason S Ellis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael Sylvester
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristin Bahleda
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Samuel Hietanen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Luis Correa
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Njira L Lugogo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | - Ulus Atasoy
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; .,Division of Allergy-Immunology, Ann Arbor VA Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
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11
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Nicolet BP, Zandhuis ND, Lattanzio VM, Wolkers MC. Sequence determinants as key regulators in gene expression of T cells. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:10-29. [PMID: 34486113 PMCID: PMC9292449 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostasis, T cell differentiation, and T cell effector function rely on the constant fine-tuning of gene expression. To alter the T cell state, substantial remodeling of the proteome is required. This remodeling depends on the intricate interplay of regulatory mechanisms, including post-transcriptional gene regulation. In this review, we discuss how the sequence of a transcript influences these post-transcriptional events. In particular, we review how sequence determinants such as sequence conservation, GC content, and chemical modifications define the levels of the mRNA and the protein in a T cell. We describe the effect of different forms of alternative splicing on mRNA expression and protein production, and their effect on subcellular localization. In addition, we discuss the role of sequences and structures as binding hubs for miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins in T cells. The review thus highlights how the intimate interplay of post-transcriptional mechanisms dictate cellular fate decisions in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit P. Nicolet
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nordin D. Zandhuis
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - V. Maria Lattanzio
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
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12
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Post-transcriptional control of T-cell cytokine production: Implications for cancer therapy. Immunology 2021; 164:57-72. [PMID: 33884612 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are vital for the eradication of infected and malignantly transformed cells. To perform their protective function, T cells produce effector molecules that are either directly cytotoxic, such as granzymes, perforin, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor α, or attract and stimulate (immune) cells, such as interleukin-2. As these molecules can also induce immunopathology, tight control of their production is required. Indeed, inflammatory cytokine production is regulated on multiple levels. Firstly, locus accessibility and transcription factor availability and activity determine the amount of mRNA produced. Secondly, post-transcriptional mechanisms, influencing mRNA splicing/codon usage, stability, decay, localization and translation rate subsequently determine the amount of protein that is produced. In the immune suppressive environments of tumours, T cells gradually lose the capacity to produce effector molecules, resulting in tumour immune escape. Recently, the role of post-transcriptional regulation in fine-tuning T-cell effector function has become more appreciated. Furthermore, several groups have shown that exhausted or dysfunctional T cells from cancer patients or murine models possess mRNA for inflammatory mediators, but fail to produce effector molecules, hinting that post-transcriptional events also play a role in hampering tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte effector function. Here, the post-transcriptional regulatory events governing T-cell cytokine production are reviewed, with a specific focus on the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in anti-tumour responses. Furthermore, potential approaches to circumvent tumour-mediated dampening of T-cell effector function through the (dis)engagement of post-transcriptional events are explored, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or chimeric antigen receptors.
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Matsumoto K, Kurasawa T, Yoshimoto K, Suzuki K, Takeuchi T. Identification of neutrophil β2-integrin LFA-1 as a potential mechanistic biomarker in ANCA-associated vasculitis via microarray and validation analyses. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:136. [PMID: 33957974 PMCID: PMC8101175 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte activation by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and the subsequent leukocyte-endothelium interaction play a key role in the development of endothelial damage in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). In contrast to that of leukocyte activation, the exact role of the leukocyte-endothelium interaction via integrin remains unclear. Here, we performed microarray and validation analyses to explore association between the expression levels of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and the clinical characteristics of patients with AAV. METHODS We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify the functional gene sets differentially expressed between patients with AAV and other types of vasculitis and the healthy controls (HCs). Flow cytometry was performed to validate the GSEA results. Treatment-naïve patients were monitored until 24 weeks of treatment. To examine the role of LFA-1 in the neutrophil-endothelium interaction, we performed a leukocyte adhesion and transmigration assay using peripheral blood and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS GSEA revealed that the molecular pathways involving integrin-related genes were significantly upregulated in patients with AAV compared to that in patients with other types of vasculitis and the HCs. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of neutrophils expressing LFA-1 was significantly higher in patients with AAV than in those with large-vessel vasculitis or polyarteritis nodosa and the HCs. LFA-1 levels in the neutrophils were higher in patients with MPO-ANCA-positive expression than in those with a positive PR3-ANCA expression and correlated with the peripheral eosinophil count, serum rheumatoid factor titre, serum C-reactive protein levels, and the vasculitis activity score of systemic and chest components. After 24 weeks of treatment, including prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, azathioprine, methotrexate, and/or tacrolimus, neutrophil LFA-1 expression remained high in the non-responder patients, but decreased in the responder patients. The in vitro assay showed that leukocyte migration toward HUVECs was dependent on the interaction between LFA-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1); the migration of leukocytes was inhibited by blocking the adhesion of LFA-1 to ICAM1. CONCLUSIONS The expression of LFA-1 in neutrophils is increased in patients with AAV. Neutrophil LFA-1 levels correlate with the clinical features of AAV. Inhibiting the adhesion of LFA-1 and ICAM1 impedes the neutrophil-endothelium interaction and may have a therapeutic role in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Matsumoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kurasawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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ELAVL1a is an immunocompetent protein that protects zebrafish embryos from bacterial infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:251. [PMID: 33637956 PMCID: PMC7910469 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ELAVL1 plays multiple roles, but its overall biological function remains ill-defined. Here we clearly demonstrated that zebrafish ELAVL1a was a lipoteichoic acid (LTA)- and LPS-binding protein abundantly stored in the eggs/embryos of zebrafish. ELAVL1a acted not only as a pattern recognition receptor, capable of identifying LTA and LPS, as well as bacteria, but also as an effector molecule, capable of inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Furthermore, we reveal that the C-terminal 62 residues of ELAVL1a positioned at 181–242 were indispensable for ELAVL1a antibacterial activity. Additionally, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the hydrophobic residues Val192/Ile193, as well as the positively charged residues Arg203/Arg204, were the functional determinants contributing to the antimicrobial activity of rELAVL1a. Importantly, microinjection of rELAVL1a into embryos markedly promoted their resistance against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, and this pathogen-resistant activity was considerably reduced by co-injection of anti-ELAVL1a antibody or by knockdown with morpholino for elavl1a. Collectively, our results indicate that ELAVL1a is a maternal immune factor that can protect zebrafish embryos from bacterial infection. This work also provides another angle for understanding the biological roles of ELAVL1a. Ni et al. show that RNA-binding protein ELAVL1a is abundantly stored in the eggs and embryos of zebrafish, serving as a first-line innate immune player. They find that ELAVL1a recognizes molecular patterns of bacteria to inhibit bacterial growth. This study suggests that ELAVL1a is a maternal immune factor protecting zebrafish embryos from bacterial infection.
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15
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Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies ELAVL1 and APP as Candidate Crucial Genes for Crohn's Disease. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3067273. [PMID: 32724827 PMCID: PMC7382743 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3067273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance and barrier destruction of intestinal mucosa are the central pathogenic factors of Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, three independent microarray studies of CD were integrated and 9912 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed by NetworkAnalyst to screen candidate crucial genes. NetworkAnalyst identified ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) as the most crucial upregulated gene and amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) as the most crucial downregulated gene in peripheral blood of CD patients. By computing significance with hypergeometric test based on the KEGG pathway database, upregulated DEGs highlight the pathways of T cell receptor signaling and the differentiation of T helpers. Downregulated DEGs were found enriched in pathways in multiple cancers, MAPK signaling, Rap1 signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling. Further taking all DEGs together, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) brought out the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway which could be regulated by ELAVL1. xCell found decreased naïve and differentiated T cell proportions in the peripheral blood of CD patients suggesting T cell migration to the intestinal tissue and/or exhaustion. Further, ELAVL1 expression correlating with multiple T cell proportions suggests that ELAVL1 may regulate T cell activation. These findings illustrated that ELAVL1 and APP were candidate crucial genes in the peripheral blood of CD patients. ELAVL1 possibly acts as a key regulator of T cell activation via the NLR signaling pathway. APP might be a downstream effector of infliximab treatment connecting with MAPK signaling.
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16
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Noor S, Sanchez JJ, Sun MS, Pervin Z, Sanchez JE, Havard MA, Epler LT, Nysus MV, Norenberg JP, Wagner CR, Davies S, Wagner JL, Savage DD, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. The LFA-1 antagonist BIRT377 reverses neuropathic pain in prenatal alcohol-exposed female rats via actions on peripheral and central neuroimmune function in discrete pain-relevant tissue regions. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:339-358. [PMID: 31918004 PMCID: PMC7316595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports show that moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) poses a risk factor for developing neuropathic pain following adult-onset peripheral nerve injury in male rats. Recently, evidence suggests that immune-related mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain in females are different compared to males despite the fact that both sexes develop neuropathy of similar magnitude and duration following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Data suggest that the actions of peripheral T cells play a greater role in mediating neuropathy in females. The goal of the current study is to identify specificity of immune cell and cytokine changes between PAE and non-PAE neuropathic females by utilizing a well-characterized rodent model of sciatic nerve damage, in an effort to unmask unique signatures of immune-related factors underlying the risk of neuropathy from PAE. Cytokines typically associated with myeloid cell actions such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1, are examined. In addition, transcription factors and cytokines associated with various differentiated T cell subtypes are examined (anti-inflammatory FOXP3, proinflammatory IL-17A, IL-21, ROR-γt, interferon (IFN)-γ and T-bet). Lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is an adhesion molecule expressed on peripheral immune cells including T cells, and regulates T cell activation and extravasation into inflamed tissue regions. A potential therapeutic approach was explored with the goal of controlling proinflammatory responses in neuroanatomical regions critical for CCI-induced allodynia by blocking LFA-1 actions using BIRT377. The data show profound development of hindpaw allodynia in adult non-PAE control females following standard CCI, but not following minor CCI, while minor CCI generated allodynia in PAE females. The data also show substantial increases in T cell-associated proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and proteins, along with evidence of augmented myeloid/glial activation (mRNA) and induction of myeloid/glial-related proinflammatory cytokines, CCL2, IL-1β and TNF in discrete regions along the pain pathway (damaged sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia; DRG, and spinal cord). Interestingly, the characteristic anti-inflammatory IL-10 protein response to nerve damage is blunted in neuropathic PAE females. Moreover, T cell profiles are predominantly proinflammatory in neuropathic Sac and PAE females, augmented levels of Th17-specific proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-21, as well as the Th1-specific factor, T-bet, are observed. Similarly, the expression of RORγt, a critical transcription factor for Th17 cells, is detected in the spinal cord of neuropathic females. Blocking peripheral LFA-1 actions with intravenous (i.v.) BIRT377 reverses allodynia in Sac and PAE rats, dampens myeloid (IL-1β, TNF, CXCL1)- and T cell-associated proinflammatory factors (IL-17A and RORγt) and spinal glial activation. Moreover, i.v. BIRT377 treatment reverses the blunted IL-10 response to CCI observed only in neuropathic PAE rats and elevates FOXP3 in pain-reversed Sac rats. Unexpectedly, intrathecal BIRT377 treatment is unable to alter allodynia in either Sac or PAE neuropathic females. Together, these data provide evidence that: 1) fully differentiated proinflammatory Th17 cells recruited at the sciatic nerve, DRGs and lumbar spinal cord may interact with the local environment to shape the immune responses underlying neuropathy in female rats, and, 2) PAE primes peripheral and spinal immune responses in adult females. PAE is a risk factor in females for developing peripheral neuropathy after minor nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Joshua J. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melody S. Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Zinia Pervin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Jacob E. Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Mara A. Havard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 8713,USA
| | - Lauren T. Epler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-001, USA
| | - Monique V. Nysus
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Norenberg
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Daniel D. Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Erin. D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131,USA
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Salerno F, Turner M, Wolkers MC. Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Events Governing CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis and Effector Function. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Schultz CW, Preet R, Dhir T, Dixon DA, Brody JR. Understanding and targeting the disease-related RNA binding protein human antigen R (HuR). WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1581. [PMID: 31970930 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression is a characteristic feature of many disease states such as tumorigenesis, and in most cancers, it facilitates cancer cell survival and adaptation. Alterations in global gene expression are strongly impacted by post-transcriptional gene regulation. The RNA binding protein (RBP) HuR (ELAVL1) is an established regulator of post-transcriptional gene regulation and is overexpressed in most human cancers. In many cancerous settings, HuR is not only overexpressed, but it is "overactive" as denoted by increased subcellular localization within the cytoplasm. This dysregulation of HuR expression and cytoplasmic localization allows HuR to stabilize and increase the translation of various prosurvival messenger RNA (mRNAs) involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers and various diseases. Based on almost 20 years of work, HuR is now recognized as a therapeutic target. Herein, we will review the role HuR plays in the pathophysiology of different diseases and ongoing therapeutic strategies to target HuR. We will focus on three ongoing-targeted strategies: (1) inhibiting HuR's translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; (2) inhibiting the ability of HuR to bind target RNA; and (3) silencing HuR expression levels. In an oncologic setting, HuR has been demonstrated to be critical for a cancer cell's ability to survive a variety of cancer relevant stressors (including drugs and elements of the tumor microenvironment) and targeting this protein has been shown to sensitize cancer cells further to insult. We strongly believe that targeting HuR could be a powerful therapeutic target to treat different diseases, particularly cancer, in the near future. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease NRA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability Translation > Translation Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Schultz
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranjan Preet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Teena Dhir
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Zainol MIB, Kawasaki T, Monwan W, Murase M, Sueyoshi T, Kawai T. Innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 3 require human-antigen-R-mediated Atp6v0d2 mRNA stabilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20406. [PMID: 31892731 PMCID: PMC6938500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA derived from virus and its synthetic analogue, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. Upon poly(I:C) binding, TLR3 activates transcription factors to express inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. TLR3 is located in the endosomes and its recognition of poly(I:C) and activation of downstream signaling is regulated by endosomal acidification. However, the mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR3-mediated innate responses remains unclear. Here, we focused on Human antigen R (HuR, also known as ELAVL1) that recognizes and binds to the 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of target mRNAs, thereby protecting them from mRNA degradation, and found that HuR-deficient murine macrophage cells showed significantly reduced Ifnb1 mRNA expression after poly(I:C) stimulation. HuR-deficient cells also showed a marked reduction in the expression of Atp6v0d2 mRNA, which encodes a subunit of vacuolar-type H+ ATPase (V-ATPase), and therefore reduced endosomal acidification. HuR associated with the 3′UTR of Atp6v0d2 mRNA and the stability of Atp6v0d2 mRNA was maintained by its association with HuR. Taken together, our results suggest that HuR stabilizes Atp6v0d2 mRNA, which is required for the TLR3-mediated innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Izwan Bin Zainol
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Warunthorn Monwan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Motoya Murase
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takuya Sueyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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20
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Vanderwall AG, Milligan ED. Cytokines in Pain: Harnessing Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Signaling for Improved Pain Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:3009. [PMID: 31921220 PMCID: PMC6935995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and neural cells is integral to the development of pathological pain. Modulation of these communications may hold the key to improved pain management. In this review we first offer an overview of the relationships between pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signaling and pathological pain, with a focus on the actions of cytokines and chemokines in communication between glia (astrocytes and microglia), immune cells (macrophages and T cells), and neurons. These interactions will be discussed in relation to both peripheral and central nervous system locations. Several novel non-neuronal drug targets for controlling pain are emerging as highly promising, including non-viral IL-10 gene therapy, which offer the potential for substantial pain relief through localized modulation of targeted cytokine pathways. Preclinical investigation of the mechanisms underlying the success of IL-10 gene therapy revealed the unexpected discovery of the powerful anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory properties of D-mannose, an adjuvant in the non-viral gene therapeutic formulation. This review will include gene therapeutic approaches showing the most promise in controlling pro-inflammatory signaling via increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, or by directly limiting the bioavailability of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines, as with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by the TNF soluble receptor (TNFSR). Approaches that increase endogenous anti-inflammatory signaling may offer additional opportunities for pain therapeutic development in patients not candidates for gene therapy. Promising novel avenues discussed here include the disruption of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) activity, antagonism at the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism. Given the partial efficacy of current drugs, new strategies to manipulate neuroimmune and cytokine interactions hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden G. Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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21
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Lourou N, Gavriilidis M, Kontoyiannis DL. Lessons from studying the AU-rich elements in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102334. [PMID: 31604649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AU-rich elements (AREs) comprise one of the most widely studied families of regulatory RNA structures met in RNAs engaged in complex immunological reactions. A multitude of genetic, molecular, holistic and functional studies have been utilized for the analyses of the AREs and their interactions to proteins that bind to them. Data stemming from these studies brought forth a world of RNA-related check-points against infection, chronic inflammation, tumor associated immunity, and autoimmunity; and the interest to capitalize the interactions of AREs for clinical management and therapy. They also provided lessons on the cellular capabilities of post-transcriptional control. Originally thought as transcript-restricted regulators of turnover and translation, ARE-binding proteins do in fact harbor great versatility and interactivity across nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments; and act as functional coordinators of immune-cellular programs. Harnessing these deterministic functions requires extensive knowledge of their synergies or antagonisms at a cell-specific level; but holds great promise since it can provide the efficacy of combinatorial therapies with single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Lourou
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maxim Gavriilidis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece
| | - Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- School of Biology, Department of Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Greece.
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22
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Chateauvieux S, Gaigneaux A, Gérard D, Orsini M, Morceau F, Orlikova-Boyer B, Farge T, Récher C, Sarry JE, Dicato M, Diederich M. Inflammation regulates long non-coding RNA-PTTG1-1:1 in myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2019; 105:e280-e284. [PMID: 31582551 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.217281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Chateauvieux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anthoula Gaigneaux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Déborah Gérard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marion Orsini
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Franck Morceau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Barbora Orlikova-Boyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thomas Farge
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Noor S, Sun MS, Vanderwall AG, Havard MA, Sanchez JE, Harris NW, Nysus MV, Norenberg JP, West HT, Wagner CR, Jantzie LL, Mellios N, Milligan ED. LFA-1 antagonist (BIRT377) similarly reverses peripheral neuropathic pain in male and female mice with underlying sex divergent peripheral immune proinflammatory phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6. [PMID: 31763376 PMCID: PMC6873931 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2019.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The majority of preclinical studies investigating aberrant glial-neuroimmune actions underlying neuropathic pain have focused on male rodent models. Recently, studies have shown peripheral immune cells play a more prominent role than glial cells in mediating pathological pain in females. Here, we compared the onset and duration of allodynia in males and females, and the anti-allodynic action of a potentially novel therapeutic drug (BIRT377) that not only antagonizes the action of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) to reduce cell migration in the periphery, but may also directly alter the cellular inflammatory bias. Methods: Male and female mice were subjected to peripheral nerve injury chronic constriction injury (CCI) applying two methods, using either 4–0 or 5–0 chromic gut suture material, to examine potential sex differences in the onset, magnitude and duration of allodynia. Hindpaw sensitivity before and after CCI and application of intravenous BIRT377 was assessed. Peripheral and spinal tissues were analyzed for protein (multiplex electrochemiluminescence technology) and mRNA expression (quantitative real-time PCR). The phenotype of peripheral T cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results: Sex differences in proinflammatory CCL2 and IL-1β and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed from a set of cytokines analyzed. A profound proinflammatory T cell (Th17) response in the periphery and spinal cord was also observed in neuropathic females. BIRT377 reversed pain, reduced IL-1β and TNF, and increased IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, also an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in both sexes. However, female-derived T cell cytokines are transcriptionally regulated by BIRT377, as demonstrated by reducing proinflammatory IL-17A production with concurrent increases in IL-10, TGF-β1 and the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell-related factor, FOXP3. Conclusion: This study supports that divergent peripheral immune and neuroimmune responses during neuropathy exists between males and females. Moreover, the modulatory actions of BIRT377 on T cells during neuropathy are predominantly specific to females. These data highlight the necessity of including both sexes for studying drug efficacy and mechanisms of action in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Melody S Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Arden G Vanderwall
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mara A Havard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jacob E Sanchez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nathan W Harris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Monique V Nysus
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Norenberg
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, New Mexico Center for Isotopes in Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Harrison T West
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carsten R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Karginov FV. HuR controls apoptosis and activation response without effects on cytokine 3' UTRs. RNA Biol 2019; 16:686-695. [PMID: 30777501 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1582954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins regulate gene expression through several post-transcriptional mechanisms. The broadly expressed HuR/ELAVL1 is important for proper function of multiple immune cell types, and has been proposed to regulate cytokine and other mRNA 3' UTRs upon activation. However, this mechanism has not been previously dissected in stable cellular settings. In this study, HuR demonstrated strong anti-apoptotic and activation roles in Jurkat T cells. Detailed transcriptomic analysis of HuR knockout cells revealed a substantial negative impact on the activation program, coordinately preventing the expression of immune response gene categories, including all cytokines. Knockout cells showed a significant defect in IL-2 production, which was rescued upon reintroduction of HuR. Interestingly, the mechanism of HuR regulation did not involve control of the cytokine 3' UTRs: HuR knockout did not affect the activity of 3' UTR reporters in 293 cells, and had no effect on IL-2 and TNF 3' UTRs in resting or activated Jurkats. Instead, impaired cytokine production corresponded with defective induction of the IL-2 promoter upon activation. Accordingly, upregulation of NFATC1 was also impaired, without 3' UTR effects. Together, these results indicate that HuR controls cytokine production through coordinated upstream pathways, and that additional mechanisms must be considered in investigating its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor V Karginov
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology , Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California , Riverside , CA , USA
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25
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Olkowski R, Czarnowska E, Wojasiński M, Niderla-Bielińska J, Ciach T, Ratajska A. Three-dimensional nanofibrous polystyrene scaffolds modify macrophage phenotypes and activate macrophage angiogenic potential. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:265-278. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Olkowski
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure; Medical University of Warsaw; Chałubińskiego 5 Warsaw 02-004 Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czarnowska
- Department of Pathology; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- BioMedical Engineering Laboratory; Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Division; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Justyna Niderla-Bielińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Center for Biostructure; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- BioMedical Engineering Laboratory; Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Division; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Ratajska
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure; Medical University of Warsaw; Chałubińskiego 5 Warsaw 02-004 Poland
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26
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Salerno F, Freen-van Heeren JJ, Guislain A, Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. Costimulation through TLR2 Drives Polyfunctional CD8 + T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:714-723. [PMID: 30578304 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation requires Ag recognition through the TCR, engagement of costimulatory molecules, and cytokines. T cells can also directly recognize danger signals through the expression of TLRs. Whether TLR ligands have the capacity to provide costimulatory signals and enhance Ag-driven T cell activation is not well understood. In this study, we show that TLR2 and TLR7 ligands potently lower the Ag threshold for cytokine production in T cells. To investigate how TLR triggering supports cytokine production, we adapted the protocol for flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization to mouse T cells. The simultaneous detection of cytokine mRNA and protein with single-cell resolution revealed that TLR triggering primarily drives de novo mRNA transcription. Ifng mRNA stabilization only occurs when the TCR is engaged. TLR2-, but not TLR7-mediated costimulation, can enhance mRNA stability at low Ag levels. Importantly, TLR2 costimulation increases the percentage of polyfunctional T cells, a hallmark of potent T cell responses. In conclusion, TLR-mediated costimulation effectively potentiates T cell effector function to suboptimal Ag levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aurelie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Rao GK, Wong A, Collinge M, Sarhan J, Yarovinsky TO, Ramgolam VS, Gaestel M, Pardi R, Bender JR. T cell LFA-1-induced proinflammatory mRNA stabilization is mediated by the p38 pathway kinase MK2 in a process regulated by hnRNPs C, H1 and K. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201103. [PMID: 30048492 PMCID: PMC6065199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the β2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in T cells induces stabilization of proinflammatory AU-rich element (ARE)-bearing mRNAs, by triggering the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA-binding and -stabilizing protein HuR. However, the mechanism by which LFA-1 engagement controls HuR localization is not known. Here, we identify and characterize four key regulators of LFA-1-induced changes in HuR activity: the p38 pathway kinase MK2 and the constitutive nuclear proteins hnRNPs C, H1 and K. LFA-1 engagement results in rapid, sequential activation of p38 and MK2. Post-LFA-1 activation, MK2 inducibly associates with both hnRNPC and HuR, resulting in the dissociation of HuR from hnRNPs C, H1 and K. Freed from the three hnRNPs, HuR translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and mediates the stabilization of labile cytokine transcripts. Our results suggest that the modulation of T cell cytokine mRNA half-life is an intricate process that is negatively regulated by hnRNPs C, H1 and K and requires MK2 as a critical activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham K. Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert Wong
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark Collinge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sarhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Timur O. Yarovinsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vinod S. Ramgolam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Hannover, Hannover,
Germany
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele,
Milan, Italy
| | - Jeffrey R. Bender
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, New
Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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28
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Pober JS, Merola J, Liu R, Manes TD. Antigen Presentation by Vascular Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29312357 PMCID: PMC5744398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by cells of the vessel wall may initiate rapid and localized memory immune responses in peripheral tissues. Peptide antigens displayed on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) can be recognized by T cell receptors on circulating effector memory T cells (TEM), triggering both transendothelial migration and activation. The array of co-stimulatory receptors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines expressed by ECs serves to modulate T cell activation responses. While the effects of these interactions vary among species, vascular beds, and vascular segments within the same tissue, they are capable of triggering allograft rejection without direct involvement of professional antigen-presenting cells and may play a similar role in host defense against infections and in autoimmunity. Once across the endothelium, extravasating TEM then contact mural cells of the vessel wall, including pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells, which may also present antigens and provide signals that further regulate T cell responses. Collectively, these interactions provide an unexplored opportunity in which targeting of vascular cells can be used to modulate immune responses. In organ transplantation, targeting ECs with siRNA to reduce expression of MHC molecules may additionally mitigate perioperative injuries by preformed alloantibodies, further reducing the risk of graft rejection. Similarly, genetic manipulation of vascular cells to minimize antigen-dependent responses can be used to increase perfusion of tissue engineered organs without triggering rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan Merola
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas D Manes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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29
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Interaction of RNA-binding protein HuR and miR-466i regulates GM-CSF expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17233. [PMID: 29222492 PMCID: PMC5722853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells plays an essential role in autoimmune diseases. Transcriptional regulation of Th17 cell differentiation has been extensively studied, but post-transcriptional regulation of Th17 cell differentiation has remained less well characterized. The RNA-binding protein HuR functions to promote the stability of target mRNAs via binding the AU-rich elements of the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-13, IL-17 and TNF-α. However, whether HuR regulates GM-CSF expression in Th17 cells has not been fully investigated. Here we showed that HuR conditional knockout (KO) Th17 cells have decreased GM-CSF mRNA in comparison with wild-type (WT) Th17 cells, and that HuR binds directly to GM-CSF mRNA 3′UTR. Interestingly, HuR deficiency increased the levels of certain microRNA expression in Th17 cells; for example, miR-466i functioned to mediate GM-CSF and IL-17 mRNA decay, which was confirmed by in vitro luciferase assay. Furthermore, we found that HuR promoted Mxi1 expression to inhibit certain miRNA expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that interaction of HuR and miR-466i orchestrates GM-CSF expression in Th17 cells.
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30
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Ezegbunam W, Foronjy R. Posttranscriptional control of airway inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 9. [PMID: 29071794 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation in the lungs is a vital protective response, efficiently and swiftly eliminating inciters of tissue injury. However, in respiratory diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators leads to tissue damage and impaired lung function. Although transcription is an essential first step in the induction of proinflammatory genes, tight regulation of inflammation requires more rapid, flexible responses. Increasing evidence shows that such responses are achieved by posttranscriptional mechanisms directly affecting mRNA stability and translation initiation. RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs interact with messenger RNA and each other to impact the stability and/or translation of mRNAs implicated in lung inflammation. Recent research has shown that these biological processes play a central role in the pathogenesis of several important pulmonary conditions. This review will highlight several posttranscriptional control mechanisms that influence lung inflammation and the known associations of derangements in these mechanisms with common respiratory diseases. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1455. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1455 This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ezegbunam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Robert Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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31
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Distinct PKC-mediated posttranscriptional events set cytokine production kinetics in CD8 + T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9677-9682. [PMID: 28835535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704227114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective T cell responses against invading pathogens require the concerted production of three key cytokines: TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. The cytokines functionally synergize, but their production kinetics widely differ. How the differential timing of expression is regulated remains, however, poorly understood. We compared the relative contribution of transcription, mRNA stability, and translation efficiency on cytokine production in murine effector and memory CD8+ T cells. We show that the immediate and ample production of TNF-α is primarily mediated by translation of preformed mRNA through protein kinase C (PKC)-induced recruitment of mRNA to polyribosomes. Also, the initial production of IFN-γ uses translation of preformed mRNA. However, the magnitude and subsequent expression of IFN-γ, and of IL-2, depends on calcium-induced de novo transcription and PKC-dependent mRNA stabilization. In conclusion, PKC signaling modulates translation efficiency and mRNA stability in a transcript-specific manner. These cytokine-specific regulatory mechanisms guarantee that T cells produce ample amounts of cytokines shortly upon activation and for a limited time.
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32
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Visualizing the life of mRNA in T cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:563-570. [PMID: 28408496 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells release ample amounts of cytokines during infection. This property is critical to prevent pathogen spreading and persistence. Nevertheless, whereas rapid and ample cytokine production supports the clearance of pathogens, the production must be restricted in time and location to prevent detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and immunopathology. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes determine the levels of cytokine production. How these regulatory mechanisms are interconnected, and how they regulate the magnitude of protein production in primary T cells is to date not well studied. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field that boost our understanding of the regulatory processes of cytokine production of T cells, with a focus on transcription, mRNA stability, localization and translation.
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CD49a Expression Defines Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cells Poised for Cytotoxic Function in Human Skin. Immunity 2017; 46:287-300. [PMID: 28214226 PMCID: PMC5337619 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells form a heterogeneous population that provides localized protection against pathogens. Here, we identify CD49a as a marker that differentiates CD8+ Trm cells on a compartmental and functional basis. In human skin epithelia, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells produced interferon-γ, whereas CD8+CD49a− Trm cells produced interleukin-17 (IL-17). In addition, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells from healthy skin rapidly induced the expression of the effector molecules perforin and granzyme B when stimulated with IL-15, thereby promoting a strong cytotoxic response. In skin from patients with vitiligo, where melanocytes are eradicated locally, CD8+CD49a+ Trm cells that constitutively expressed perforin and granzyme B accumulated both in the epidermis and dermis. Conversely, CD8+CD49a– Trm cells from psoriasis lesions predominantly generated IL-17 responses that promote local inflammation in this skin disease. Overall, CD49a expression delineates CD8+ Trm cell specialization in human epithelial barriers and correlates with the effector cell balance found in distinct inflammatory skin diseases. CD49a expression marks CD8+ Trm cells poised for IFN-γ production in human skin IL-15 drives potent cytotoxic capacity in CD49a+ Trm cells IL-17 is preferentially produced by CD49a− CD8+ Trm cells in the skin CD49a+ versus CD49- Trm cell functional dichotomy is preserved in vitiligo and psoriasis
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Nicolet BP, Guislain A, Wolkers MC. Combined Single-Cell Measurement of Cytokine mRNA and Protein Identifies T Cells with Persistent Effector Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:962-970. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ganguly K, Giddaluru J, August A, Khan N. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Immunological Responses through Riboclustering. Front Immunol 2016; 7:161. [PMID: 27199986 PMCID: PMC4850162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological programing of immune cells varies in response to changing environmental signals. This process is facilitated by modifiers that regulate the translational fate of mRNAs encoding various immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which in turn determine the rapid activation, tolerance, and plasticity of the immune system. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recruited by the specific sequence elements in mRNA transcripts are one such modifiers. These RBPs form RBP-RNA complexes known as "riboclusters." These riboclusters serve as RNA sorting machinery, where depending upon the composition of the ribocluster, translation, degradation, or storage of mRNA is controlled. Recent findings suggest that this regulation of mRNA homeostasis is critical for controlling the immune response. Here, we present the current knowledge of the ribocluster-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of immune mediators and highlight recent findings regarding their implications for the pathogenesis of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Jeevan Giddaluru
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
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36
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T-cells require post-transcriptional regulation for accurate immune responses. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells are crucial to protect us from intracellular pathogens and malignant cells. When T-cells become activated, they rapidly secrete cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxic granules that are critical to clear infected cells. However, when not properly regulated, these toxic effector molecules become one of the key mediators of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a tight and multi-layered regulation of gene expression and protein production is required to ensure a protective yet balanced immune response. In this review, we describe how post-transcriptional events modulate the production of effector molecules in T-cells. In particular, we will focus on the role of cis-regulatory elements within the 3′-UTR of specific mRNAs and on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and non-coding RNAs that control the initiation and resolution of T-cell responses.
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37
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Techasintana P, Davis JW, Gubin MM, Magee JD, Atasoy U. Transcriptomic-Wide Discovery of Direct and Indirect HuR RNA Targets in Activated CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129321. [PMID: 26162078 PMCID: PMC4498740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to poor correlation between steady state mRNA levels and protein product, purely transcriptomic profiling methods may miss genes posttranscriptionally regulated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) methods developed to identify in vivo targets of RBPs have greatly elucidated those mRNAs which may be regulated via transcript stability and translation. The RBP HuR (ELAVL1) and family members are major stabilizers of mRNA. Many labs have identified HuR mRNA targets; however, many of these analyses have been performed in cell lines and oftentimes are not independent biological replicates. Little is known about how HuR target mRNAs behave in conditional knock-out models. In the present work, we performed HuR RIP-Seq and RNA-Seq to investigate HuR direct and indirect targets using a novel conditional knock-out model of HuR genetic ablation during CD4+ T activation and Th2 differentiation. Using independent biological replicates, we generated a high coverage RIP-Seq data set (>160 million reads) that was analyzed using bioinformatics methods specifically designed to find direct mRNA targets in RIP-Seq data. Simultaneously, another set of independent biological replicates were sequenced by RNA-Seq (>425 million reads) to identify indirect HuR targets. These direct and indirect targets were combined to determine canonical pathways in CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation for which HuR plays an important role. We show that HuR may regulate genes in multiple canonical pathways involved in T cell activation especially the CD28 family signaling pathway. These data provide insights into potential HuR-regulated genes during T cell activation and immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsharaporn Techasintana
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - J. Wade Davis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Magee
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ulus Atasoy
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Missan DS, Mitchell K, Subbaram S, DiPersio CM. Integrin α3β1 signaling through MEK/ERK determines alternative polyadenylation of the MMP-9 mRNA transcript in immortalized mouse keratinocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119539. [PMID: 25751421 PMCID: PMC4353714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α3β1 is highly expressed in both normal and tumorigenic epidermal keratinocytes where it regulates genes that control cellular function and extracellular matrix remodeling during normal and pathological tissue remodeling processes, including wound healing and development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Previous studies identified a role for α3β1 in immortalized and transformed keratinocytes in the regulation of genes that promote tumorigenesis, invasion, and pro-angiogenic crosstalk to endothelial cells. One such gene, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), is induced by α3β1 through a post-transcriptional mechanism of enhanced mRNA stability. In the current study, we sought to investigate the mechanism through which α3β1 controls MMP-9 mRNA stability. First, we utilized a luciferase reporter assay to show that AU-rich elements (AREs) residing within the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of the MMP-9 mRNA renders the transcript unstable in a manner that is independent of α3β1. Next, we cloned a truncated variant of the MMP-9 mRNA which is generated through usage of an alternative, upstream polyadenylation signal and lacks the 3’-UTR region containing the destabilizing AREs. Using an RNase protection assay to distinguish “long” (full-length 3’-UTR) and “short” (truncated 3’-UTR) MMP-9 mRNA variants, we demonstrated that the shorter, more stable mRNA that lacks 3’-UTR AREs was preferentially generated in α3β1-expressing keratinocytes compared with α3β1-deficient (i.e., α3-null) keratinocytes. Moreover, we determined that α3β1-dependent alternative polyadenylation was acquired by immortalized keratinocytes, as primary neonatal keratinocytes did not display α3β1-dependent differences in the long and short transcripts. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in α3β1-expressing keratinocytes caused a shift towards long variant expression, while Raf-1-mediated activation of ERK in α3-null keratinocytes dramatically enhanced short variant expression, indicating a role for ERK/MAPK signaling in α3β1-mediated selection of the proximal polyadenylation site. These findings identify a novel mode of integrin α3β1-mediated gene regulation through alternative polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Missan
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kara Mitchell
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sita Subbaram
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - C. Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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HuR represses Wnt/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity by promoting cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 457:65-70. [PMID: 25534855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Catenin is the key transcriptional activator of canonical Wnt signaling in the nucleus; thus, nuclear accumulation of β-catenin is a critical step for expressing target genes. β-Catenin accumulates in the nucleus of cancer cells where it activates oncogenic target genes. Hu antigen R (HuR) is a RNA binding protein that regulates multiple post-transcriptional processes including RNA stability. Thus, cytoplasmic HuR protein may be involved in tumorigenesis by stabilizing oncogenic transcripts, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we observed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling induced export of the HuR protein, whereas HuR overexpression promoted accumulation of the β-catenin protein in the cytoplasm. Thus, Wnt/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity in the nucleus was reduced by overexpressing HuR. These results suggest novel and uncharacterized cytoplasmic β-catenin functions related to HuR-mediated RNA metabolism in cancer cells.
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40
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Morrison AR, Yarovinsky TO, Young BD, Moraes F, Ross TD, Ceneri N, Zhang J, Zhuang ZW, Sinusas AJ, Pardi R, Schwartz MA, Simons M, Bender JR. Chemokine-coupled β2 integrin-induced macrophage Rac2-Myosin IIA interaction regulates VEGF-A mRNA stability and arteriogenesis. J Exp Med 2014; 211:1957-68. [PMID: 25180062 PMCID: PMC4172219 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells are important contributors to arteriogenesis, but their key molecular triggers and cellular effectors are largely unknown. We report, in inflammatory monocytes, that the combination of chemokine receptor (CCR2) and adhesion receptor (β2 integrin) engagement leads to an interaction between activated Rac2 and Myosin 9 (Myh9), the heavy chain of Myosin IIA, resulting in augmented vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression and induction of arteriogenesis. In human monocytes, CCL2 stimulation coupled to ICAM-1 adhesion led to rapid nuclear-to-cytosolic translocation of the RNA-binding protein HuR. This activation of HuR and its stabilization of VEGF-A mRNA were Rac2-dependent, and proteomic analysis for Rac2 interactors identified the 226 kD protein Myh9. The level of induced Rac2-Myh9 interaction strongly correlated with the degree of HuR translocation. CCL2-coupled ICAM-1 adhesion-driven HuR translocation and consequent VEGF-A mRNA stabilization were absent in Myh9(-/-) macrophages. Macrophage VEGF-A production, ischemic tissue VEGF-A levels, and flow recovery to hind limb ischemia were impaired in myeloid-specific Myh9(-/-) mice, despite preserved macrophage recruitment to the ischemic muscle. Micro-CT arteriography determined the impairment to be defective induced arteriogenesis, whereas developmental vasculogenesis was unaffected. These results place the macrophage at the center of ischemia-induced arteriogenesis, and they establish a novel role for Myosin IIA in signal transduction events modulating VEGF-A expression in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Morrison
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Timur O Yarovinsky
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Bryan D Young
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Filipa Moraes
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Tyler D Ross
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Nicolle Ceneri
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Zhen W Zhuang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Universita Vita Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Michael Simons
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jeffrey R Bender
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
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41
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Hodge DL, Berthet C, Coppola V, Kastenmüller W, Buschman MD, Schaughency PM, Shirota H, Scarzello AJ, Subleski JJ, Anver MR, Ortaldo JR, Lin F, Reynolds DA, Sanford ME, Kaldis P, Tessarollo L, Klinman DM, Young HA. IFN-gamma AU-rich element removal promotes chronic IFN-gamma expression and autoimmunity in mice. J Autoimmun 2014; 53:33-45. [PMID: 24583068 PMCID: PMC4148478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We generated a mouse model with a 162 nt AU-rich element (ARE) region deletion in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) gene that results in chronic circulating serum IFN-γ levels. Mice homozygous for the ARE deletion (ARE-Del) (-/-) present both serologic and cellular abnormalities typical of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ARE-Del(-/-) mice display increased numbers of pDCs in bone marrow and spleen. Addition of IFN-γ to Flt3-ligand (Flt3L) treated in vitro bone marrow cultures results in a 2-fold increase in pDCs with concurrent increases in IRF8 expression. Marginal zone B (MZB) cells and marginal zone macrophages (MZMs) are absent in ARE-Del(-/-) mice. ARE-Del(+/-) mice retain both MZB cells and MZMs and develop no or mild autoimmunity. However, low dose clodronate treatment in ARE-Del(+/-) mice specifically eliminates MZMs and promotes anti-DNA antibody development and glomerulonephritis. Our findings demonstrate the consequences of a chronic IFN-γ milieu on B220(+) cell types and in particular the impact of MZB cell loss on MZM function in autoimmunity. Furthermore, similarities between disease states in ARE-Del(-/-) mice and SLE patients suggest that IFN-γ may not only be a product of SLE but may be critical for disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Hodge
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Cyril Berthet
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Oncodesign, 20 Rue Jean Mazen, Dijon 21076, France.
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics at The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Cellular Interactions and Immunimaging Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, Bonn 53105, Germany.
| | - Matthew D Buschman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Paul M Schaughency
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Hidekazu Shirota
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Anthony J Scarzello
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeff J Subleski
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Miriam R Anver
- Laboratory Animal Science Program (LASP), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John R Ortaldo
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Fanching Lin
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Della A Reynolds
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael E Sanford
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Howard A Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Post-transcriptional mechanisms that modulate global and/or transcript-specific mRNA stability and translation contribute to the rapid and flexible control of gene expression in immune effector cells. These mechanisms rely on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that direct regulatory complexes (e.g. exosomes, deadenylases, decapping complexes, RNA-induced silencing complexes) to the 3'-untranslated regions of specific immune transcripts. Here, we review the surprising variety of post-transcriptional control mechanisms that contribute to gene expression in the immune system and discuss how defects in these pathways can contribute to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ivanov
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Herjan T, Yao P, Qian W, Li X, Liu C, Bulek K, Sun D, Yang WP, Zhu J, He A, Carman JA, Erzurum SC, Lipshitz HD, Fox PL, Hamilton TA, Li X. HuR is required for IL-17-induced Act1-mediated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA stabilization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:640-9. [PMID: 23772036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-17, a major inflammatory cytokine plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune inflammatory diseases. In this study, we report a new function of RNA-binding protein HuR in IL-17-induced Act1-mediated chemokine mRNA stabilization. HuR deficiency markedly reduced IL-17-induced chemokine expression due to increased mRNA decay. Act1-mediated HuR polyubiquitination was required for the binding of HuR to CXCL1 mRNA, leading to mRNA stabilization. Although IL-17 induced the coshift of Act1 and HuR to the polysomal fractions in a sucrose gradient, HuR deficiency reduced the ratio of translation-active/translation-inactive IL-17-induced chemokine mRNAs. Furthermore, HuR deletion in distal lung epithelium attenuated IL-17-induced neutrophilia. In summary, HuR functions to couple receptor-proximal signaling to posttranscriptional machinery, contributing to IL-17-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Herjan
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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44
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Mou Z, You J, Xiao Q, Wei Y, Yuan J, Liu Y, Brewer G, Ma WJ. HuR posttranscriptionally regulates early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression at the early stage of T cell activation. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4319-25. [PMID: 23127556 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation depends on appropriate and precise regulation of gene expression. Here we find that rapidly translocated RNA-binding protein HuR, forms messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes with transiently expressed mRNAs encoding early-response transcription factors, including c-Fos, c-Jun, and Egr-1. Knockdown and overexpression assays demonstrated that proper posttranscriptional control of Egr-1 expression requires HuR-mediated translation control. Further analysis showed that the Egr-1 3'UTR, which contains AU-rich elements (AREs) and interacts directly with HuR, suppresses reporter gene expression and mediates posttranscriptional regulation of Egr-1 by HuR. These findings underscore an essential role for HuR in regulating early events during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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45
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Schott J, Stoecklin G. Networks controlling mRNA decay in the immune system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2012; 1:432-56. [PMID: 21956941 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The active control of mRNA degradation has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism required for proper gene expression in the immune system. An adenosine/uridine (AU)-rich element (ARE) is at the heart of a first regulatory system that promotes the rapid degradation of a multitude of cytokine and chemokine mRNAs. AREs serve as binding sites for a number of regulatory proteins that either destabilize or stabilize the mRNA. Several kinase pathways regulate the activity of ARE-binding proteins and thereby coordinate the expression of their target mRNAs. Small regulatory micro (mi)-RNAs represent a second system that enhances the degradation of several mRNAs encoding important components of signal transduction cascades that are activated during adaptive and innate immune responses. Specific miRNAs are important for the differentiation of T helper cells, class switch recombination in B cells, and the maturation of dendritic cells. Excitement in this area of research is fueled by the discovery of novel RNA elements and regulatory proteins that exert control over specific mRNAs, as exemplified by an endonuclease that was found to directly cleave interleukin-6 mRNA. Together, these systems make up an extensive regulatory network that controls decay rates of individual mRNAs in a precise manner and thereby orchestrates the dynamic expression of many factors essential for adaptive and innate immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant factors regulated at the level of mRNA stability, summarize RNA-binding proteins and miRNAs that control their degradation rates, and discuss signaling pathways operating within this regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schott
- Helmholtz Junior Research Group Posttranscriptional Control of Gene Expression, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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46
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Zhang J, Modi Y, Yarovinsky T, Yu J, Collinge M, Kyriakides T, Zhu Y, Sessa WC, Pardi R, Bender JR. Macrophage β2 integrin-mediated, HuR-dependent stabilization of angiogenic factor-encoding mRNAs in inflammatory angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1751-60. [PMID: 22322302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HuR is a member of the Drosophila Elav protein family that binds mRNA degradation sequences and prevents RNase-mediated degradation. Such HuR-mediated mRNA stabilization, which is stimulated by integrin engagement and is controlled at the level of HuR nuclear export, is critically involved in T-cell cytokine production. However, HuR's role in macrophage soluble factor production, in particular in response to angiogenic stimuli, has not yet been established. We show that the labile transcripts that encode vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 are stabilized when murine macrophages adhere to the β(2) integrin ligand intercellular adhesion molecule-1. This mRNA stabilization response was absent in bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from conditional macrophage-specific HuR knockout mice. The microvascular angiogenic response to an inflammatory stimulus (ie, subcutaneous polyvinyl alcohol sponge implantation) was markedly diminished in these macrophage HuR knockout mice despite the equal levels of macrophage localization to those observed in littermate wild-type controls. Furthermore, blood flow recovery and ischemic muscle neovascularization after femoral artery ligation were impaired in the conditional macrophage-specific HuR knockout mice. These results demonstrate that dynamic effects on mRNA, mediated by the RNA-binding and RNA-stabilizing protein HuR, are required for macrophage production of angiogenic factors, which play critical roles in the neovascular responses to a variety of stimuli, including tissue ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiange Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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47
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Abstract
The cytoplasmic events that control mammalian gene expression, primarily mRNA stability and translation, potently influence the cellular response to internal and external signals. The ubiquitous RNA-binding protein (RBP) HuR is one of the best-studied regulators of cytoplasmic mRNA fate. Through its post-transcriptional influence on specific target mRNAs, HuR can alter the cellular response to proliferative, stress, apoptotic, differentiation, senescence, inflammatory and immune stimuli. In light of its central role in important cellular functions, HuR's role in diseases in which these responses are aberrant is increasingly appreciated. Here, we review the mechanisms that control HuR function, its influence on target mRNAs, and how impairment in HuR-governed gene expression programs impact upon different disease processes. We focus on HuR's well-recognized implication in cancer and chronic inflammation, and discuss emerging studies linking HuR to cardiovascular, neurological, and muscular pathologies. We also discuss the progress, potential, and challenges of targeting HuR therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya Srikantan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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48
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Stellato C, Gubin MM, Magee JD, Fang X, Fan J, Tartar DM, Chen J, Dahm GM, Calaluce R, Mori F, Jackson GA, Casolaro V, Franklin CL, Atasoy U. Coordinate regulation of GATA-3 and Th2 cytokine gene expression by the RNA-binding protein HuR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:441-9. [PMID: 21613615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The posttranscriptional mechanisms whereby RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate T cell differentiation remain unclear. RBPs can coordinately regulate the expression of functionally related genes via binding to shared regulatory sequences, such as the adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AREs) present in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. The RBP HuR posttranscriptionally regulates IL-4, IL-13, and other Th2 cell-restricted transcripts. We hypothesized that the ARE-bearing GATA-3 gene, a critical regulator of Th2 polarization, is under HuR control as part of its coordinate posttranscriptional regulation of the Th2 program. We report that in parallel with stimulus-induced increase in GATA-3 mRNA and protein levels, GATA-3 mRNA half-life is increased after restimulation in the human T cell line Jurkat, in human memory and Th2 cells, and in murine Th2-skewed cells. We demonstrate by immunoprecipitation of ribonucleoprotein complexes that HuR associates with the GATA-3 endogenous transcript in human T cells and found, using biotin pulldown assay, that HuR specifically interacts with its 3'UTR. Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches in vitro and in animal models, we show that HuR is a critical mediator of stimulus-induced increase in GATA-3 mRNA and protein expression and that it positively influences GATA-3 mRNA turnover, in parallel with selective promotion of Th2 cytokine overexpression. These results suggest that HuR-driven posttranscriptional control plays a significant role in T cell development and effector function in both murine and human systems. A better understanding of HuR-mediated control of Th2 polarization may have utility in altering allergic airway inflammation in human asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Stellato
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Fan J, Ishmael FT, Fang X, Myers A, Cheadle C, Huang SK, Atasoy U, Gorospe M, Stellato C. Chemokine transcripts as targets of the RNA-binding protein HuR in human airway epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2482-94. [PMID: 21220697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HuR is a regulator of mRNA turnover or translation of inflammatory genes through binding to adenylate-uridylate-rich elements and related motifs present in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. We postulate that HuR critically regulates the epithelial response by associating with multiple ARE-bearing, functionally related inflammatory transcripts. We aimed to identify HuR targets in the human airway epithelial cell line BEAS-2B challenged with TNF-α plus IFN-γ, a strong stimulus for inflammatory epithelial responses. Ribonucleoprotein complexes from resting and cytokine-treated cells were immunoprecipitated using anti-HuR and isotype-control Ab, and eluted mRNAs were reverse-transcribed and hybridized to an inflammatory-focused gene array. The chemokines CCL2, CCL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 ranked highest among 27 signaling and inflammatory genes significantly enriched in the HuR RNP-IP from stimulated cells over the control immunoprecipitation. Among these, 20 displayed published HuR binding motifs. Association of HuR with the four endogenous chemokine mRNAs was validated by single-gene ribonucleoprotein-immunoprecipitation and shown to be 3'UTR-dependent by biotin pull-down assay. Cytokine treatment increased mRNA stability only for CCL2 and CCL8, and transient silencing and overexpression of HuR affected only CCL2 and CCL8 expression in primary and transformed epithelial cells. Cytokine-induced CCL2 mRNA was predominantly cytoplasmic. Conversely, CXCL1 mRNA remained mostly nuclear and unaffected, as CXCL2, by changes in HuR levels. Increase in cytoplasmic HuR and HuR target expression partially relied on the inhibition of AMP-dependent kinase, a negative regulator of HuR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. HuR-mediated regulation in airway epithelium appears broader than previously appreciated, coordinating numerous inflammatory genes through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Fan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Ramgolam VS, DeGregorio SD, Rao GK, Collinge M, Subaran SS, Markovic-Plese S, Pardi R, Bender JR. T cell LFA-1 engagement induces HuR-dependent cytokine mRNA stabilization through a Vav-1, Rac1/2, p38MAPK and MKK3 signaling cascade. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14450. [PMID: 21206905 PMCID: PMC3012057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engagement of the β2 integrin, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), results in stabilization of T cell mRNA transcripts containing AU-rich elements (AREs) by inducing rapid nuclear-to-cytosolic translocation of the RNA-stabilizing protein, HuR. However, little is known regarding integrin-induced signaling cascades that affect mRNA catabolism. This study examines the role of the GTPases, Rac 1 and Rac 2, and their downstream effectors, in the LFA-1-induced effects on mRNA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Engagement of LFA-1 to its ligand, ICAM-1, in human peripheral T cells resulted in rapid activation of Rac1 and Rac2. siRNA-mediated knockdown of either Rac1 or Rac2 prevented LFA-1-stimulated stabilization of the labile transcripts encoding IFN-γ and TNF-α, and integrin mediated IFN-γ mRNA stabilization was absent in T cells obtained from Rac2 gene-deleted mice. LFA-1 engagement-induced translocation of HuR and stabilization of TNF- α mRNA was lost in Jurkat cells deficient in the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav-1 (J.Vav1). The transfection of J.Vav1 cells with constitutively active Rac1 or Rac2 stabilized a labile β-globin reporter mRNA, in a HuR-dependent manner. Furthermore, LFA-1-mediated mRNA stabilization and HuR translocation in mouse splenic T cells was dependent on the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MKK3, and its target MAP kinase p38MAPK, and lost in T cells obtained from MKK3 gene-deleted mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these results demonstrate that LFA-1-induced stabilization of ARE-containing mRNAs in T cells is dependent on HuR, and occurs through the Vav-1, Rac1/2, MKK3 and p38MAPK signaling cascade. This pathway constitutes a molecular switch that enhances immune and pro-inflammatory gene expression in T cells undergoing adhesion at sites of activation and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S. Ramgolam
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Scott D. DeGregorio
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gautham K. Rao
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark Collinge
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sharmila S. Subaran
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Department of Neurology and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Universitá Vita-Salute School of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeffrey R. Bender
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Immunobiology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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