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Han J, Kyu Lee M, Jang Y, Cho WJ, Kim M. Repurposing of cyclophilin A inhibitors as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1895-1912. [PMID: 35609743 PMCID: PMC9123807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is linked to diverse human diseases including viral infections. With the worldwide emergence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), drug repurposing has been highlighted as a strategy with the potential to speed up antiviral development. Because CypA acts as a proviral component in hepatitis C virus, coronavirus and HIV, its inhibitors have been suggested as potential treatments for these infections. Here, we review the structure of cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A analogs as well as synthetic micromolecules inhibiting CypA; and we discuss their broad-spectrum antiviral efficacy in the context of the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Jang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Meeheyin Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bhargava A, Williart A, Maurin M, Davidson PM, Jouve M, Piel M, Lahaye X, Manel N. Inhibition of HIV infection by structural proteins of the inner nuclear membrane is associated with reduced chromatin dynamics. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109763. [PMID: 34592156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the nucleus to establish infection, but the role of nuclear envelope proteins in this process is incompletely understood. Inner nuclear transmembrane proteins SUN1 and SUN2 connect nuclear lamins to the cytoskeleton and participate in the DNA damage response (DDR). Increased levels of SUN1 or SUN2 potently restrict HIV infection through an unresolved mechanism. Here, we find that the antiviral activities of SUN1 and SUN2 are distinct. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are preferentially inhibited by SUN1 and SUN2, respectively. We identify DNA damage inducers that stimulate HIV-1 infection and show that SUN1, but not SUN2, neutralizes this effect. Finally, we show that chromatin movements and nuclear rotations are associated with the effects of SUN proteins and Lamin A/C on infection. These results reveal an emerging role of chromatin dynamics and the DDR in the control of HIV infection by structural components of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Bhargava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Alice Williart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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3
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Li X, Peng T. Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660710. [PMID: 34017257 PMCID: PMC8129523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cell Type-Dependent Escape of Capsid Inhibitors by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01338-20. [PMID: 32907979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the result of the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes (SIVcpzPtt). The related subspecies Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii is the host of a similar virus, SIVcpzPts, which did not spread to humans. We tested these viruses with small-molecule capsid inhibitors (PF57, PF74, and GS-CA1) that interact with a binding groove in the capsid that is also used by CPSF6. While HIV-1 was sensitive to capsid inhibitors in cell lines, human macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), SIVcpzPtt was resistant in rhesus FRhL-2 cells and human PBMCs but was sensitive to PF74 in human HOS and HeLa cells. SIVcpzPts was insensitive to PF74 in FRhL-2 cells, HeLa cells, PBMCs, and macrophages but was inhibited by PF74 in HOS cells. A truncated version of CPSF6 (CPSF6-358) inhibited SIVcpzPtt and HIV-1, while in contrast, SIVcpzPts was resistant to CPSF6-358. Homology modeling of HIV-1, SIVcpzPtt, and SIVcpzPts capsids and binding energy estimates suggest that these three viruses bind similarly to the host proteins cyclophilin A (CYPA) and CPSF6 as well as the capsid inhibitor PF74. Cyclosporine treatment, mutation of the CYPA-binding loop in the capsid, or CYPA knockout eliminated the resistance of SIVcpzPts to PF74 in HeLa cells. These experiments revealed that the antiviral capacity of PF74 is controlled by CYPA in a virus- and cell type-specific manner. Our data indicate that SIVcpz viruses can use infection pathways that escape the antiviral activity of PF74. We further suggest that the antiviral activity of PF74 capsid inhibitors depends on cellular cofactors.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 originated from SIVcpzPtt but not from the related virus SIVcpzPts, and thus, it is important to describe molecular infection by SIVcpzPts in human cells to understand the zoonosis of SIVs. Pharmacological HIV-1 capsid inhibitors (e.g., PF74) bind a capsid groove that is also a binding site for the cellular protein CPSF6. SIVcpzPts was resistant to PF74 in HeLa cells but sensitive in HOS cells, thus indicating cell line-specific resistance. Both SIVcpz viruses showed resistance to PF74 in human PBMCs. Modulating the presence of cyclophilin A or its binding to capsid in HeLa cells overcame SIVcpzPts resistance to PF74. These results indicate that early cytoplasmic infection events of SIVcpzPts may differ between cell types and affect, in an unknown manner, the antiviral activity of capsid inhibitors. Thus, capsid inhibitors depend on the activity or interaction of currently uncharacterized cellular factors.
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Metformin attenuates effects of cyclophilin A on macrophages, reduces lipid uptake and secretion of cytokines by repressing decreased AMPK activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:719-738. [PMID: 29382697 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates cyclophilin A secreted by vascular wall cells and monocytes as a key mediator in atherosclerosis. Cyclophilin A in addition to its proliferative effects, during hyperglycemic conditions, increases lipid uptake in macrophages by increasing scavenger receptors on the cell's surface. It also promotes macrophage migration across endothelial cells and conversion of macrophages into foam cells. Given the known effects of metformin in reducing vascular complications of diabetes, we investigated the effect of metformin on cyclophilin A action in macrophages. Using an ex vivo model of cultured macrophages isolated from patients with type 2 diabetes with and without coronary artery disease (CAD), we measured the effect of metformin on cyclophilin A expression, lipid accumulation, expression of scavenger receptors, plasma cytokine levels and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in macrophages. In addition, the effects of metformin on migration of monocytes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid uptake in the presence of cyclophilin A inhibitors and comparison with pioglitazone were studied using THP-1 monocytes. Metformin reduced cyclophilin A expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Metformin also decreased the effects of cyclophilin A on macrophages such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake, scavenger receptor expression, ROS formation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in high-glucose conditions. Metformin reversed cyclophilin A-induced decrease in AMPK-1α activity in macrophages. These effects of metformin were similar to those of cyclophilin A inhibitors. Metformin can thus function as a suppressor of pro-inflammatory effects of cyclophilin A in high-glucose conditions by attenuating its expression and repressing cyclophilin A-induced decrease in AMPK-1α activity in macrophages.
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Bhargava A, Lahaye X, Manel N. Let me in: Control of HIV nuclear entry at the nuclear envelope. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018. [PMID: 29526438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope is a physical barrier that isolates the cellular DNA from the rest of the cell, thereby limiting pathogen invasion. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has a remarkable ability to enter the nucleus of non-dividing target cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. While this step is critical for replication of the virus, it remains one of the less understood aspects of HIV infection. Here, we review the viral and host factors that favor or inhibit HIV entry into the nucleus, including the viral capsid, integrase, the central viral DNA flap, and the host proteins CPSF6, TNPO3, Nucleoporins, SUN1, SUN2, Cyclophilin A and MX2. We review recent perspectives on the mechanism of action of these factors, and formulate fundamental questions that remain. Overall, these findings deepen our understanding of HIV nuclear import and strengthen the favorable position of nuclear HIV entry for antiviral targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Bhargava
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France.
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Liu H, Huang D, Jin L, Wang C, Liang S, Wen J. Integrating multi-omics analyses of Nonomuraea dietziae to reveal the role of soybean oil in [(4'-OH)MeLeu] 4-CsA overproduction. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:120. [PMID: 28709434 PMCID: PMC5512743 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonomuraea dietziae is a promising microorganism to mediate the region-specific monooxygenation reaction of cyclosporine A (CsA). The main product [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA possesses high anti-HIV/HCV and hair growth-stimulating activities while avoiding the immunosuppressive effect of CsA. However, the low conversion efficiency restricts the clinical application. In this study, the production of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA was greatly improved by 55.6% from 182.8 to 284.4 mg/L when supplementing soybean oil into the production medium, which represented the highest production of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA so far. Results To investigate the effect of soybean oil on CsA conversion, some other plant oils (corn oil and peanut oil) and the major hydrolysates of soybean oil were fed into the production medium, respectively. The results demonstrated that the plant oils, rather than the hydrolysates, could significantly improve the [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA production, suggesting that soybean oil might not play its role in the lipid metabolic pathway. To further unveil the mechanism of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA overproduction under the soybean oil condition, a proteomic analysis based on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was implemented. The results showed that central carbon metabolism, genetic information processing and energy metabolism were significantly up-regulated under the soybean oil condition. Moreover, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis indicated that soybean oil had a great effect on amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, the transcription levels of cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP) genes for CsA conversion were determined by RT-qPCR and the results showed that most of the CYP genes were up-regulated under the soybean oil condition. Conclusions These findings indicate that soybean oil could strengthen the primary metabolism and the CYP system to enhance the mycelium growth and the monooxygenation reaction, respectively, and it will be a guidance for the further metabolic engineering of this strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0739-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Jin
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiong Liang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Xiao J, Song X, Deng J, Lv L, Ma P, Gao B, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Xu J. Inhibition of cyclophilin A suppresses H2O2-enhanced replication of HCMV through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:961-71. [PMID: 27642560 PMCID: PMC5011495 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can be accelerated by intracellular and extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation, mediated by the activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, it remains unknown whether host gene expression is involved in H2O2‐upregulated HCMV replication. Here, we show that the expression of the host gene, cyclophilin A (CyPA), could be facilitated by treatment with H2O2 in a dose‐dependent manner. Experiments with CyPA‐specific siRNA, or with cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of CyPA, confirmed that H2O2‐mediated upregulation of HCMV replication is specifically mediated by upregulation of CyPA expression. Furthermore, depletion or inhibition of CyPA reduced H2O2‐induced p38 activation, consistent with that of H2O2‐upregulated HCMV lytic replication. These results show that H2O2 is capable of activating ROS‐CyPA–p38 MAPK interactions to enhance HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Xin Song
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Jiang Deng
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Liping Lv
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Ping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Bo Gao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Xipeng Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
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Lahaye X, Satoh T, Gentili M, Cerboni S, Silvin A, Conrad C, Ahmed-Belkacem A, Rodriguez EC, Guichou JF, Bosquet N, Piel M, Le Grand R, King MC, Pawlotsky JM, Manel N. Nuclear Envelope Protein SUN2 Promotes Cyclophilin-A-Dependent Steps of HIV Replication. Cell Rep 2016; 15:879-892. [PMID: 27149839 PMCID: PMC4850421 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early phase of replication, HIV reverse transcribes its RNA and crosses the nuclear envelope while escaping host antiviral defenses. The host factor Cyclophilin A (CypA) is essential for these steps and binds the HIV capsid; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains elusive. Here, we identify related capsid mutants in HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIVmac that are restricted by CypA. This antiviral restriction of mutated viruses is conserved across species and prevents nuclear import of the viral cDNA. Importantly, the inner nuclear envelope protein SUN2 is required for the antiviral activity of CypA. We show that wild-type HIV exploits SUN2 in primary CD4+ T cells as an essential host factor that is required for the positive effects of CypA on reverse transcription and infection. Altogether, these results establish essential CypA-dependent functions of SUN2 in HIV infection at the nuclear envelope. HIV capsid mutants reveal that Cyclophilin A can restrict viral nuclear import Nuclear envelope protein SUN2 is implicated in the restriction of HIV mutants SUN2 is essential for wild-type HIV infection in CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells In CD4+ T cells, the activities of CypA on HIV-1 infection require SUN2
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lahaye
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Takeshi Satoh
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Cerboni
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Conrad
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Elisa C Rodriguez
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
| | - Jean-François Guichou
- CNRS UMR5048, INSERM U1054 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- Université Paris Sud, INSERM, CEA, DRF-Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), UMR1184, IDMIT Infrastructure, iMETI, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris Sud, INSERM, CEA, DRF-Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), UMR1184, IDMIT Infrastructure, iMETI, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Megan C King
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- INSERM U955, 94010 Créteil, France; Department of Virology, National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and D, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France.
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10
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Viral and cellular requirements for the nuclear entry of retroviral preintegration nucleoprotein complexes. Viruses 2013; 5:2483-511. [PMID: 24103892 PMCID: PMC3814599 DOI: 10.3390/v5102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses integrate their reverse transcribed genomes into host cell chromosomes as an obligate step in virus replication. The nuclear envelope separates the chromosomes from the cell cytoplasm during interphase, and different retroviral groups deal with this physical barrier in different ways. Gammaretroviruses are dependent on the passage of target cells through mitosis, where they are believed to access chromosomes when the nuclear envelope dissolves for cell division. Contrastingly, lentiviruses such as HIV-1 infect non-dividing cells, and are believed to enter the nucleus by passing through the nuclear pore complex. While numerous virally encoded elements have been proposed to be involved in HIV-1 nuclear import, recent evidence has highlighted the importance of HIV-1 capsid. Furthermore, capsid was found to be responsible for the viral requirement of various nuclear transport proteins, including transportin 3 and nucleoporins NUP153 and NUP358, during infection. In this review, we describe our current understanding of retroviral nuclear import, with emphasis on recent developments on the role of the HIV-1 capsid protein.
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Iordanskiy S, Santos S, Bukrinsky M. Nature, nurture and HIV: The effect of producer cell on viral physiology. Virology 2013; 443:208-13. [PMID: 23747196 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and CD4-positive T lymphocytes are the major targets and producers of HIV-1. While the molecular details underlying HIV replication in macrophages and T cells become better understood, it remains unclear whether viruses produced by these target cells differ in their biological properties. Recent reports suggest that HIV virions incorporate a large number of producer cell proteins and lipids which have an effect on subsequent viral replication in newly infected cells. The identity and abundance of these incorporated factors varies between different types of producer cells, suggesting that they may influence the replication capacity and pathogenic activity of the virions produced by T cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Hawley T, Spear M, Guo J, Wu Y. Inhibition of HIV replication in vitro by clinical immunosuppressants and chemotherapeutic agents. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:22. [PMID: 23672887 PMCID: PMC3680316 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that a functional cure for HIV-1 infection, purportedly resultant from allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, may be possible. Additionally, the first such patient was treated with whole-body irradiation, immunosuppressants, and the chemotherapeutic, cytarabine. However, the precise role of the coinciding medical interventions in diminishing detectable HIV reservoirs remains unstudied. FINDINGS In this article, we demonstrate that the immunosuppressants, mycophenolic acid and cyclosporine, and the chemotherapeutic, cytarabine, are potent antiretroviral agents at clinically relevant dosages. These drugs strongly inhibit HIV-1 replication in a GFP indicator T cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that certain clinical immunosuppressants and chemotherapeutic agents may act combinatorially to inhibit HIV infection. Additionally, chemotherapy-mediated cytotoxicity may also affect the stability of viral reservoirs. Thus, further study is needed to examine potential therapeutic value of these interventions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Hawley
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, 10900, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mark Spear
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, 10900, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, 10900, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, 10900, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA, USA
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Brennan DC, Aguado JM, Potena L, Jardine AG, Legendre C, Säemann MD, Mueller NJ, Merville P, Emery V, Nashan B. Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:97-125. [PMID: 23165654 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggesting a potential anti-CMV effect of mTORis is of great interest to the transplant community. However, the concept of an immunosuppressant with antiviral properties is not new, with many accounts of the antiviral properties of several agents over the years. Despite these reports, to date, there has been little effort to collate the evidence into a fuller picture. This manuscript was developed to gather the evidence of antiviral activity of the agents that comprise a typical immunosuppressive regimen against viruses that commonly reactivate following transplant (HHV1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV6, 7, and 8, HCV, HBV, BKV, HIV, HPV, and parvovirus). Appropriate immunosuppressive regimens posttransplant that avoid acute rejection while reducing risk of viral reactivation are also reviewed. The existing literature was disparate in nature, although indicating a possible stimulatory effect of tacrolimus on BKV, potentiation of viral reactivation by steroids, and a potential advantage of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in several viral infections, including BKV, HPV, and several herpesviruses.
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14
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Keyes LR, Bego MG, Soland M, St Jeor S. Cyclophilin A is required for efficient human cytomegalovirus DNA replication and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:722-732. [PMID: 22238232 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a large DNA virus belonging to the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Haematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage have been shown to harbour latent HCMV. However, following terminal differentiation of these cells, virus is reactivated, and in an immunocompromised host acute infection can occur. It is currently unknown which viral and cellular factors are involved in regulating the switch between lytic and latent infections. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a cellular protein that acts as a major factor in virus replication and/or virion maturation for a number of different viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, murine cytomegalovirus, influenza A virus and vaccinia virus. This study investigated the role of CyPA during HCMV infection. CyPA expression was silenced in human foreskin fibroblast (HF) and THP-1 cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, or the cells were treated with cyclosporin A (CsA) to inhibit CyPA activity. Silencing CyPA in HF cells with siRNA resulted in an overall reduction in virus production characterized by delayed expression of immediate-early (IE) proteins, decreased viral DNA loads and reduced titres. Furthermore, silencing of CyPA in THP-1 cells pre- and post-differentiation prevented IE protein expression and virus reactivation from a non-productive state. Interestingly, it was observed that treatment of THP-1 cells with CsA prevented the cells from establishing a fully latent infection. In summary, these results demonstrate that CyPA expression is an important factor in HCMV IE protein expression and virus production in lytically infected HF cells, and is a major component in virus reactivation from infected THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Keyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Mariana G Bego
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Melisa Soland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Stephen St Jeor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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15
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Schaller T, Ocwieja KE, Rasaiyaah J, Price AJ, Brady TL, Roth SL, Hué S, Fletcher AJ, Lee K, KewalRamani VN, Noursadeghi M, Jenner RG, James LC, Bushman FD, Towers GJ. HIV-1 capsid-cyclophilin interactions determine nuclear import pathway, integration targeting and replication efficiency. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002439. [PMID: 22174692 PMCID: PMC3234246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses such as HIV-1 traverse nuclear pore complexes (NPC) and infect terminally differentiated non-dividing cells, but how they do this is unclear. The cytoplasmic NPC protein Nup358/RanBP2 was identified as an HIV-1 co-factor in previous studies. Here we report that HIV-1 capsid (CA) binds directly to the cyclophilin domain of Nup358/RanBP2. Fusion of the Nup358/RanBP2 cyclophilin (Cyp) domain to the tripartite motif of TRIM5 created a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 replication, consistent with an interaction in vivo. In contrast to CypA binding to HIV-1 CA, Nup358 binding is insensitive to inhibition with cyclosporine, allowing contributions from CypA and Nup358 to be distinguished. Inhibition of CypA reduced dependence on Nup358 and the nuclear basket protein Nup153, suggesting that CypA regulates the choice of the nuclear import machinery that is engaged by the virus. HIV-1 cyclophilin-binding mutants CA G89V and P90A favored integration in genomic regions with a higher density of transcription units and associated features than wild type virus. Integration preference of wild type virus in the presence of cyclosporine was similarly altered to regions of higher transcription density. In contrast, HIV-1 CA alterations in another patch on the capsid surface that render the virus less sensitive to Nup358 or TRN-SR2 depletion (CA N74D, N57A) resulted in integration in genomic regions sparse in transcription units. Both groups of CA mutants are impaired in replication in HeLa cells and human monocyte derived macrophages. Our findings link HIV-1 engagement of cyclophilins with both integration targeting and replication efficiency and provide insight into the conservation of viral cyclophilin recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schaller
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Ocwieja
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jane Rasaiyaah
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Price
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Troy L. Brady
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shoshannah L. Roth
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Hué
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Fletcher
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - KyeongEun Lee
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vineet N. KewalRamani
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Jenner
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Greg J. Towers
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Survase SA, Kagliwal LD, Annapure US, Singhal RS. Cyclosporin A--a review on fermentative production, downstream processing and pharmacological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:418-35. [PMID: 21447377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In present times, the immunosuppressants have gained considerable importance in the world market. Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a cyclic undecapeptide with a variety of biological activities including immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antiparasitic properties. CyA is produced by various types of fermentation techniques using Tolypocladium inflatum. In the present review, we discuss the biosynthetic pathway, fermentative production, downstream processing and pharmacological activities of CyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant A Survase
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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17
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Montano-Loza AJ, Wasilenko S, Bintner J, Mason AL. Cyclosporine A inhibits in vitro replication of betaretrovirus associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int 2010; 30:871-7. [PMID: 20492501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Up to one-third of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) experience recurrent disease following liver transplantation, which is associated with earlier and more severe recurrence in patients treated with tacrolimus as compared with cyclosporine A (CsA). As the latter has known antiviral activity, we hypothesized that CsA has the ability to inhibit the betaretrovirus characterized from patients with PBC. METHODS We investigated whether CsA, the cyclosporine analogue NIM811, tacrolimus and other compounds can modulate the mouse mammary tumour virus production from Mm5MT cells. Viral load was evaluated in the cell supernatants by quantifying reverse transcriptase (RT) levels and betaretrovirus RNA. RESULTS A significant correlation was observed with increasing concentrations of CsA and NIM811, and decreasing of RT levels (rho-0.59, P=0.04 and rho-0.74, P=0.006 respectively), whereas tacrolimus had no significant effect (rho-0.27, P=0.4). At a dose of 3 microg/ml, CsA, NIM811 and the human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl protease inhibitor, lopinavir, were all associated with greater than three-fold reduction in the betaretrovirus RNA production from Mm5MT cells as compared with tacrolimus (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that the cyclophilin inhibitors CsA and NIM811 have antiviral activity against betaretrovirus production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Zeidler Ledcor Centre, Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by Debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1302-17. [PMID: 18212100 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01324-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Debio-025 is a synthetic cyclosporine with no immunosuppressive capacity but a high inhibitory potency against cyclophilin A (CypA)-associated cis-trans prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. A lack of immunosuppressive effects compared to that of cyclosporine was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. For three cyclosporines, the inhibitory potential against PPIase activity was quantitatively correlated with that against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Debio-025 selectively inhibited the replication of HIV-1 in a CD4+ cell line and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: potent activity was demonstrated against clinical isolates of various HIV-1 subtypes, including isolates with multidrug resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. Simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV-2 strains were generally resistant to inhibition by Debio-025; however, some notable exceptions of sensitive HIV-2 clinical isolates were detected. In two-drug combination studies, additive inhibitory effects were found between Debio-025 and 19 clinically used drugs of different classes. Clinical HIV-1 isolates that are naturally resistant to Debio-025 and that do not depend on CypA for infection were identified. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the CypA binding domain of the capsid (CA) protein from Debio-025-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 isolates indicated that resistance was mostly associated with an H87Q/P exchange. Mechanistically, cyclosporines competitively inhibit the binding of CypA to the HIV-1 CA protein, which is an essential interaction required for early steps in HIV-1 replication. By real-time PCR we demonstrated that early reverse transcription is reduced in the presence of Debio-025 and that late reverse transcription is almost completely blocked. Thus, Debio-025 seems to interfere with the function of CypA during the progression/completion of HIV-1 reverse transcription.
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19
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Song C, Aiken C. Analysis of human cell heterokaryons demonstrates that target cell restriction of cyclosporine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants is genetically dominant. J Virol 2007; 81:11946-56. [PMID: 17715216 PMCID: PMC2168785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00620-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA) binds to CA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and promotes HIV-1 infection of target cells. Disruption of the CypA-CA interaction, either by mutation of the CA residue at G89 or P90 or with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA), reduces HIV-1 infection. Two CA mutants, A92E and G94D, previously were identified by selection for growth of wild-type HIV-1 in cultures of CD4(+) HeLa cell cultures containing CsA. Interestingly, infection of some cell lines by these mutants is enhanced in the presence of CsA, while in other cell lines these mutants are minimally affected by the drug. Little is known about this cell-dependent phenotype of the A92E and G94D mutants, except that it is not dependent on expression of the host factor TRIM5alpha. Here, we show that infection by the A92E and G94D mutants is restricted at an early post-entry stage of the HIV-1 life cycle. Analysis of heterokaryons between CsA-dependent HeLa-P4 cells and CsA-independent 293T cells indicated that the CsA-dependent infection by A92E and G94D mutants is due to a dominant cellular restriction. We also show that addition of CsA to target cells inhibits infection by wild-type HIV-1 prior to reverse transcription. Collectively, these results support the existence of a cell-specific human cellular factor capable of restricting HIV-1 at an early post-entry step by a CypA-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisu Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A-5301 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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20
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Mitra D, Mukherjee S, Das AK. Cyclosporin A binding toMycobacterium tuberculosispeptidyl-prolylcis-transisomerase A - Investigation by CD, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6846-60. [PMID: 17141764 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism and resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared reveal induction of secondary structural elements on peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (PpiA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon binding cyclosporin A (CsA). Thermal denaturation shows aggregation of PpiA at higher temperatures (>70 degrees C) and CsA fails to impart stabilization in protein structure. However, CsA stabilizes PpiA structure in urea denaturation. In presence/absence of CsA, urea-induced reversible unfolding of secondary and tertiary structures follows two-state and three-state transition, respectively. The chemical unfolding results also demonstrate that loss in the tertiary structure precedes the loss in secondary structure both in presence and absence of CsA at the initial stages. Fluorescence quenching suggests presence of a positive barrier around tryptophan microenvironment of PpiA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrani Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal--721302, India
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