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Fan W, Xu Y, He X, Luo P, Zhu J, Li J, Wang R, Yuan Q, Wu K, Hu W, Zhao Y, Xu S, Cheng X, Wang Y, Xu HE, Zhuang Y. Molecular basis for the activation of PAF receptor by PAF. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114422. [PMID: 38943642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid mediator crucial in multiple inflammatory and immune responses through binding and activating the PAF receptor (PAFR). However, drug development targeting the PAFR has been limited, partly due to an incomplete understanding of its activation mechanism. Here, we present a 2.9-Å structure of the PAF-bound PAFR-Gi complex. Structural and mutagenesis analyses unveil a specific binding mode of PAF, with the choline head forming cation-π interactions within PAFR hydrophobic pocket, while the alkyl tail penetrates deeply into an aromatic cleft between TM4 and TM5. Binding of PAF modulates conformational changes in key motifs of PAFR, triggering the outward movement of TM6, TM7, and helix 8 for G protein coupling. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests a membrane-side pathway for PAF entry into PAFR via the TM4-TM5 cavity. By providing molecular insights into PAFR signaling, this work contributes a foundation for developing therapeutic interventions targeting PAF signal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinheng He
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junrui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; The Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; The Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; The Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Youwen Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Mandrou E, Thomason PA, Paschke PI, Paul NR, Tweedy L, Insall RH. A Reliable System for Quantitative G-Protein Activation Imaging in Cancer Cells. Cells 2024; 13:1114. [PMID: 38994966 PMCID: PMC11240385 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors have proven to be an indispensable tool in cell biology and, more specifically, in the study of G-protein signalling. The best method of measuring the activation status or FRET state of a biosensor is often fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), as it does away with many disadvantages inherent to fluorescence intensity-based methods and is easily quantitated. Despite the significant potential, there is a lack of reliable FLIM-FRET biosensors, and the data processing and analysis workflows reported previously face reproducibility challenges. Here, we established a system in live primary mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, where we can detect the activation of an mNeonGreen-Gαi3-mCherry-Gγ2 biosensor through the lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) with 2-photon time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) FLIM. This combination gave a superior signal to the commonly used mTurquoise2-mVenus G-protein biosensor. This system has potential as a platform for drug screening, or to answer basic cell biology questions in the field of G-protein signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mandrou
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | - Nikki R. Paul
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Luke Tweedy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Voronkov NS, Maslov LN, Vyshlov EV, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Ryabov VV, Derkachev IA, Kan A, Gusakova SV, Gombozhapova AE, Panteleev OO. Do platelets protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury or exacerbate cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury? The role of PDGF, VEGF, and PAF. Life Sci 2024; 347:122617. [PMID: 38608835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of death. It is quite obvious that there is an urgent need to develop new approaches for treatment of AMI. OBJECTIVE This review analyzes data on the role of platelets in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS It was performed a search of topical articles using PubMed databases. FINDINGS Platelets activated by a cholesterol-enriched diet, thrombin, and myocardial ischemia exacerbate I/R injury of the heart. The P2Y12 receptor antagonists, remote ischemic postconditioning and conditioning alter the properties of platelets. Platelets acquire the ability to increase cardiac tolerance to I/R. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) increase tolerance of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells to I/R. PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) were found in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. PDGFs decrease infarct size and partially abrogate adverse postinfarction remodeling. Protein kinase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and Akt involved in the cytoprotective effect of PDGFs. Vascular endothelial growth factor increased cardiac tolerance to I/R and alleviated adverse postinfarction remodeling. The platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor inhibitors increase cardiac tolerance to I/R in vivo. PAF enhances cardiac tolerance to I/R in vitro. It is possible that PAF receptor inhibitors could protect the heart by blocking PAF receptor localized outside the heart. PAF protects the heart through activation of PAF receptor localized in cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells. Reactive oxygen species and kinases are involved in the cardioprotective effect of PAF. CONCLUSION Platelets play an important role in the regulation of cardiac tolerance to I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Voronkov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Leonid N Maslov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy V Vyshlov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Mukhomedzyanov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Ryabov
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivan A Derkachev
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Artur Kan
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Gusakova
- Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra E Gombozhapova
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg O Panteleev
- Department of Emergency Cardiology and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
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Silva IS, Almeida AD, Lima Filho ACM, Fernandes-Braga W, Barra A, Oliveira HMC, Cassali GD, Capettini LSA, Menezes GB, Alvarez-Leite JI, Leite MF, Klein A. Platelet-activating factor and protease-activated receptor 2 cooperate to promote neutrophil recruitment and lung inflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B transactivation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21637. [PMID: 38062077 PMCID: PMC10703791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that platelet-activated receptor (PAF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of lung and airway inflammatory diseases, a role for a PAR2-PAFR cooperation in lung inflammation has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 in PAF-induced lung inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in lungs of BALB/c mice. Mice were pretreated with the PAR2 antagonist ENMD1068, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonist WEB2086, or aprotinin prior to intranasal instillation of carbamyl-PAF (C-PAF) or the PAR2 agonist peptide SLIGRL-NH2 (PAR2-AP). Leukocyte infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL)1 and CXCL2 chemokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and N-acetyl-glycosaminidase (NAG) levels in BALF, or lung inflammation were evaluated. Intracellular calcium signaling, PAFR/PAR2 physical interaction, and the expression of PAR2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-КB, p65) transcription factor were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with C-PAF in the presence or absence of ENMD1068. C-PAF- or PAR2-AP-induced neutrophil recruitment into lungs was inhibited in mice pretreated with ENMD1068 and aprotinin or WEB2086, respectively. PAR2 blockade impaired C-PAF-induced neutrophil rolling and adhesion, lung inflammation, and production of MPO, NAG, CXCL1, and CXCL2 production in lungs of mice. PAFR activation reduced PAR2 expression and physical interaction of PAR2 and PAFR; co-activation is required for PAFR/PAR2 physical interaction. PAR2 blockade impaired C-PAF-induced calcium signal and NF-κB p65 translocation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. This study provides the first evidence for a cooperation between PAFR and PAR2 mediating neutrophil recruitment, lung inflammation, and macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irismara Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline D Almeida
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry (LABIN-UFMG), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayslan Barra
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciano S A Capettini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Department of Morphology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry (LABIN-UFMG), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria F Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Klein
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Wang X, Chen D, Zhao Y, Men M, Chen Z, Jiang F, Zheng R, Stamou MI, Plummer L, Balasubramanian R, Li JD. A functional spectrum of PROKR2 mutations identified in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1722-1729. [PMID: 36694982 PMCID: PMC10422949 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disease with hypogonadism and infertility caused by the defects in embryonic migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, hypothalamic GnRH secretion or GnRH signal transduction. PROKR2 gene, encoding a G-protein coupled receptor PROKR2, is one of the most frequently mutated genes identified in IHH patients. However, the functional consequences of several PROKR2 mutants remain elusive. In this study, we systematically analyzed the Gαq, Gαs and ERK1/2 signaling of 23 IHH-associated PROKR2 mutations which are yet to be functionally characterized. We demonstrate that blockage of Gαq, instead of MAPK/ERK pathway, inhibited PROK2-induced migration of PROKR2-expressing cells, implying that PROKR2-related IHH results primarily due to Gαq signaling pathway disruption. Combined with previous reports, we categorized a total of 63 IHH-associated PROKR2 mutations into four distinct groups according Gαq pathway functionality: (i) neutral (N, >80% activity); (ii) low pathogenicity (L, 50-80% activity); (iii) medium pathogenicity (M, 20-50% activity) and (iv) high pathogenicity (H, <20% activity). We further compared the cell-based functional results with in silico mutational prediction programs. Our results indicated that while Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant predictions were accurate for transmembrane region mutations, mutations localized in the intracellular and extracellular domains were accurately predicted by the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion prediction tool. Our results thus provide a functional database that can be used to guide diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling in IHH patients with PROKR2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Danna Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Maria I Stamou
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is probably due to the excessive production of mitochondrial ROS caused by the activation of 5-HT degradation system mediated by PAF receptor. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:27-43. [PMID: 36682136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Previously, we revealed a crucial role of 5-HT degradation system (5DS), consisting of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT synthases and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), in ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-caused organ injury. Whereas, platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) also mediates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Here, we try to clarify the relationship between 5DS and PAFR in mediating MIRI. METHODS H9c2 cell injury and rat MIRI were caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) or PAF, and by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery then untying, respectively. 5-HT2AR and PAFR antagonists [sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) and BN52021], MAO-A, AKT, mTOR and 5-HT synthase inhibitors (clorgyline, perifosine, rapamycin and carbidopa), and gene-silencing PKCε were used in experiments RESULTS: The mitochondrial ROS production, respiratory chain damage, inflammation, apoptosis and myocardial infarction were significantly prevented by BN52021, SH and clorgyline in H/R and PAF-treated cells and in IR myocardium. BN52021 also significantly suppressed the upregulation of PAFR, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT synthases and MAO-A expression (mRNA and protein), and Gαq and PKCε (in plasmalemma) expression induced by H/R, PAF or IR; the effects of SH were similar to that of BN52021 except for no affecting the expression of PAFR and 5-HT2AR. Gene-silencing PKCε suppressed H/R and PAF-induced upregulation of 5-HT synthases and MAO-A expression in cells; perifosine and rapamycin had not such effects; however, clorgyline suppressed H/R and PAF-induced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. CONCLUSION MIRI is probably due to PAFR-mediated 5-HT2AR activation, which further activates PKCε-mediated 5-HT synthesis and degradation, leading to mitochondrial ROS production.
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Tan P, Xian B, Jiang H, Wu Q, Huang X, Zhang P, Xiao X, Pei J. Mechanism of platelet activation and potential therapeutic effects of natural drugs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154463. [PMID: 36347177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is one of the most concerning chronic diseases in the world. Many studies have shown that platelet overactivation is a very important factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. At present, the widely used antiplatelet drugs have some defects, such as drug resistance and adverse reactions. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to summarize the main mechanisms and pathways of platelet activation, the main targets of antiplatelet aggregation, and the antiplatelet aggregation components of natural drugs and their mechanisms of action to provide new research ideas for the development and application of antiplatelet drugs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this review, we systematically searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI databases and selected studies based on predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. RESULTS ADP, AA, THR, AF, collagen, SDF-1α, and Ca2+ can induce platelet aggregation and trigger thrombosis. Natural drugs have a good inhibitory effect on platelet activation. More than 50 kinds of natural drugs and over 120 kinds of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, coumarins, and organic acids, have significantly inhibited platelet activation activity. The MAPK pathway, cGMP-PKG pathway, cAMP-PKA pathway, PI3K-AKT pathway, PTK pathway, PLC pathway, and AA pathway are the main mechanisms and pathways of platelet activation. CONCLUSION Natural drugs and their active ingredients have shown good activity and application prospects in anti-platelet aggregation. We hope that this review provides new research ideas for the development and application of antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Medical Supplies Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Liver Disease, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 10039, China.
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Ginkgolide B Regulates CDDP Chemoresistance in Oral Cancer via the Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246299. [PMID: 34944919 PMCID: PMC8699349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is a key molecule that participates in intracellular signaling pathways. It is involved in cancer progression, but the detailed mechanism of its chemosensitivity is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism regulating cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity through PAFR functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These results suggest that PAFR is a therapeutic target for modulating CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. In addition, we found that ginkgolide B (GB), a specific inhibitor of PAFR, enhanced both CDDP chemosusceptibility and apoptosis. Thus, GB may be a novel drug that could enhance combination chemotherapy with CDDP for OSCC patients. Abstract The platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is a key molecule that participates in intracellular signaling pathways, including regulating the activation of kinases. It is involved in cancer progression, but the detailed mechanism of its chemosensitivity is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism regulating cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity through PAFR functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We first analyzed the correlation between PAFR expression and CDDP sensitivity in seven OSCC-derived cell lines based upon cell viability assays. Among them, we isolated 2 CDDP-resistant cell lines (Ca9-22 and Ho-1-N-1). In addition to conducting PAFR-knockdown (siPAFR) experiments, we found that ginkgolide B (GB), a specific inhibitor of PAFR, enhanced both CDDP chemosusceptibility and apoptosis. We next evaluated the downstream signaling pathway of PAFR in siPAFR-treated cells and GB-treated cells after CDDP treatment. In both cases, we observed decreased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt and increased expression of cleaved caspase-3. These results suggest that PAFR is a therapeutic target for modulating CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. Thus, GB may be a novel drug that could enhance combination chemotherapy with CDDP for OSCC patients.
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9
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Di Minno A, Orsini RC, Chiesa M, Cavalca V, Calcaterra I, Tripaldella M, Anesi A, Fiorelli S, Eligini S, Colombo GI, Tremoli E, Porro B, Di Minno MND. Treatment with PCSK9 Inhibitors in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Lowers Plasma Levels of Platelet-Activating Factor and Its Precursors: A Combined Metabolomic and Lipidomic Approach. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081073. [PMID: 34440277 PMCID: PMC8391636 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by extremely high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and is caused by mutations of genes involved in LDL-C metabolism, including LDL receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Accordingly, PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are effective in LDL-C reduction. However, no data are available on the pleiotropic effect of PCSK9i. To this end, we performed an untargeted metabolomics approach to gather a global view on changes in metabolic pathways in patients receiving treatment with PCSK9i. METHODS Twenty-five FH patients starting treatment with PCSK-9i were evaluated by an untargeted metabolomics approach at baseline (before PCSK9i treatment) and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS All the 25 FH subjects enrolled were on maximal tolerated lipid-lowering therapy prior to study entry. After a 12 week treatment with PCSK9i, we observed an expected significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels (from 201.0 ± 69.5 mg/dL to 103.0 ± 58.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001). The LDL-C target was achieved in 36% of patients. After peak validation and correction, after 12 weeks of PCSK9i treatment as compared to baseline, we observed increments in creatine (p-value = 0.041), indole (p-value = 0.045), and indoleacrylic acid (p-value= 0.045) concentrations. Conversely, significant decreases in choline (p-value = 0.045) and phosphatidylcholine (p-value < 0.01) together with a reduction in platelet activating factor (p-value = 0.041) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of untargeted metabolomics, we first provided evidence of concomitant reductions in inflammation and platelet activation metabolites in FH patients receiving a 12 week treatment with PCSK9i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Mattia Chiesa
- Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Electronics, Information and Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 38010 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Cavalca
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Ilenia Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Tripaldella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach Research and Innovation Centre, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010 S. Michele all’ Adige, Italy;
| | - Susanna Fiorelli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Benedetta Porro
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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Bioactive Ether Lipids: Primordial Modulators of Cellular Signaling. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010041. [PMID: 33430006 PMCID: PMC7827237 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primacy of lipids as essential components of cellular membranes is conserved across taxonomic domains. In addition to this crucial role as a semi-permeable barrier, lipids are also increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules with diverse functional mechanisms ranging from cell surface receptor binding to the intracellular regulation of enzymatic cascades. In this review, we focus on ether lipids, an ancient family of lipids having ether-linked structures that chemically differ from their more prevalent acyl relatives. In particular, we examine ether lipid biosynthesis in the peroxisome of mammalian cells, the roles of selected glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids in signal transduction in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and finally, the potential therapeutic contributions of synthetic ether lipids to the treatment of cancer.
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11
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Dalmaso B, da Silva-Junior IA, Fragel-Madeira L, Jancar S, Del Debbio CB. Platelet activating factor in the eye: Physiological roles, diseases and future perspectives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 153:106522. [PMID: 33358892 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) is a known phospholipid mediator of inflammation. Since its first description in 1972, it has emerged as a key regulator of vital cellular signaling functions, as proliferation, cell adhesion, and apoptosis. Evidence suggests that interactions between PAF and its receptor (PAFR) play a critical role in nervous system tissues, including the retina. The retina is a very important constituent of the visual system, along with the cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, and ciliary body, that acts synergistically to provide vision and to maintain optical homeostasis. There is evidence that PAF may regulate a wide range of physiological functions in the visual system tissues, such as eye development, inflammation, epithelial wound healing, and synapsis. Due to their multiple functions, PAF and PAFR also have important pathological and clinical implications in ocular disorders such as Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV), Age Macular Degeneration, (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), transplant responses, and pharmacological interactions. Studies with PAFR antagonists have shown promising results such as inhibition of neovascularization and chloroquine-induced retinopathies, as well as reducing inflammation and retinal cell death. Due to the importance of PAFR signaling in the visual system and ophthalmology research, this review aims to provide a general overview of current and future perspectives about PAF in eye biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dalmaso
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucianne Fragel-Madeira
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Beltrame Del Debbio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Wimmer I, Berger J. Plasmalogens, platelet-activating factor and beyond - Ether lipids in signaling and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105061. [PMID: 32861763 PMCID: PMC7116601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-based ether lipids including ether phospholipids form a specialized branch of lipids that in mammals require peroxisomes for their biosynthesis. They are major components of biological membranes and one particular subgroup, the plasmalogens, is widely regarded as a cellular antioxidant. Their vast potential to influence signal transduction pathways is less well known. Here, we summarize the literature showing associations with essential signaling cascades for a wide variety of ether lipids, including platelet-activating factor, alkylglycerols, ether-linked lysophosphatidic acid and plasmalogen-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. The available experimental evidence demonstrates links to several common players like protein kinase C, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, ether lipid levels have repeatedly been connected to some of the most abundant neurological diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and more recently also neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. Thus, we critically discuss the potential role of these compounds in the etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases with an emphasis on signaling processes. Finally, we review the emerging interest in plasmalogens as treatment target in neurological diseases, assessing available data and highlighting future perspectives. Although many aspects of ether lipid involvement in cellular signaling identified in vitro still have to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties and contributions of these lipids to health and disease that will trigger further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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13
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Metzemaekers M, Gouwy M, Proost P. Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: double-edged swords. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:433-450. [PMID: 32238918 PMCID: PMC7192912 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are frontline cells of the innate immune system. These effector leukocytes are equipped with intriguing antimicrobial machinery and consequently display high cytotoxic potential. Accurate neutrophil recruitment is essential to combat microbes and to restore homeostasis, for inflammation modulation and resolution, wound healing and tissue repair. After fulfilling the appropriate effector functions, however, dampening neutrophil activation and infiltration is crucial to prevent damage to the host. In humans, chemoattractant molecules can be categorized into four biochemical families, i.e., chemotactic lipids, formyl peptides, complement anaphylatoxins and chemokines. They are critically involved in the tight regulation of neutrophil bone marrow storage and egress and in spatial and temporal neutrophil trafficking between organs. Chemoattractants function by activating dedicated heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role for atypical chemoattractant receptors (ACKRs) that do not couple to G proteins in fine-tuning neutrophil migratory and functional responses. The expression levels of chemoattractant receptors are dependent on the level of neutrophil maturation and state of activation, with a pivotal modulatory role for the (inflammatory) environment. Here, we provide an overview of chemoattractant receptors expressed by neutrophils in health and disease. Depending on the (patho)physiological context, specific chemoattractant receptors may be up- or downregulated on distinct neutrophil subsets with beneficial or detrimental consequences, thus opening new windows for the identification of disease biomarkers and potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Hamel-Côté G, Lapointe F, Véronneau S, Mayhue M, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Stankova J. Regulation of platelet-activating factor-mediated interleukin-6 promoter activation by the 48 kDa but not the 45 kDa isoform of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 31289638 PMCID: PMC6593612 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An underlying state of inflammation is thought to be an important cause of cardiovascular disease. Among cells involved in the early steps of atherosclerosis, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) respond to inflammatory stimuli, including platelet-activating factor (PAF), by the induction of various cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). PAF is a potent phospholipid mediator involved in both the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. It mediates its effects by binding to its cognate G-protein coupled receptor, PAFR. Activation of PAFR-induced signaling pathways is tightly coordinated to ensure specific cell responses. Results Here, we report that PAF stimulated the phosphatase activity of both the 45 and 48 kDa isoforms of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2). However, we found that only the 48 kDa PTPN2 isoform has a role in PAFR-induced signal transduction, leading to activation of the IL-6 promoter. In luciferase reporter assays, expression of the 48 kDa, but not the 45 kDa, PTPN2 isoform increased human IL-6 (hIL-6) promoter activity by 40% after PAF stimulation of HEK-293 cells, stably transfected with PAFR (HEK-PAFR). Our results suggest that the differential localization of the PTPN2 isoforms and the differences in PAF-induced phosphatase activation may contribute to the divergent modulation of PAF-induced IL-6 promoter activation. The involvement of PTPN2 in PAF-induced IL-6 expression was confirmed in immature Mo-DCs (iMo-DCs), using siRNAs targeting the two isoforms of PTPN2, where siRNAs against the 48 kDa PTPN2 significantly inhibited PAF-stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression. Pharmacological inhibition of several signaling pathways suggested a role for PTPN2 in early signaling events. Results obtained by Western blot confirmed that PTPN2 increased the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway via the modulation of protein kinase D (PKD) activity. WT PKD expression counteracted the effect of PTPN2 on PAF-induced IL-6 promoter transactivation and phosphorylation of Akt. Using siRNAs targeting the individual isoforms of PTPN2, we confirmed that these pathways were also active in iMo-DCs. Conclusion Taken together, our data suggest that PTPN2, in an isoform-specific manner, could be involved in the positive regulation of PI3K/Akt activation, via the modulation of PKD activity, allowing for the maximal induction of PAF-stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Hamel-Côté
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Fanny Lapointe
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Steeve Véronneau
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Jana Stankova
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
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15
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In vivo RNAi screening identifies Pafah1b3 as a target for combination therapy with TKIs in BCR-ABL1+ BCP-ALL. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1229-1242. [PMID: 29853524 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to the treatment of patients with BCR-ABL1+ B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCR-ABL1+ BCP-ALL), relapse both with and without BCR-ABL1 mutations is a persistent clinical problem. To identify BCR-ABL1-independent genetic mediators of response to the TKI dasatinib, we performed in vivo and in vitro RNA interference (RNAi) screens in a transplantable syngeneic mouse model of BCR-ABL1+ BCP-ALL. By using a novel combination of a longitudinal screen design and independent component analysis of screening data, we identified hairpins that have distinct behavior in different therapeutic contexts as well as in the in vivo vs in vitro settings. In the set of genes whose loss sensitized BCR-ABL1+ BCP-ALL cells to dasatinib, we identified Pafah1b3, which regulates intracellular levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF), as an in vivo-specific mediator of therapeutic response. Pafah1b3 loss significantly sensitized leukemia cells to the multiple TKIs, indicating that inhibition of PAFAH1B3 in combination with TKI treatment may be an effective therapeutic strategy for BCR-ABL1+ BCP-ALL patients. PAF-induced cell death as well as surface levels of PAF receptor (PAFR) in our model are altered upon dasatinib treatment and depend on the local leukemia microenvironment; the response of Pafah1b3 KO vs overexpressing cells to dasatinib is also dependent on microenvironmental context. Antagonism of the PAFR partially reverses the observed sensitization to TKI treatment upon Pafah1b3 loss in vivo, suggesting that signaling via the PAF/PAFR pathway is at least partially responsible for this effect.
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16
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Cervantes-Villagrana RD, Adame-García SR, García-Jiménez I, Color-Aparicio VM, Beltrán-Navarro YM, König GM, Kostenis E, Reyes-Cruz G, Gutkind JS, Vázquez-Prado J. Gβγ signaling to the chemotactic effector P-REX1 and mammalian cell migration is directly regulated by Gα q and Gα 13 proteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:531-546. [PMID: 30446620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors stimulate Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors that promote mammalian cell migration. Rac and Rho GTPases exert opposing effects on cell morphology and are stimulated downstream of Gβγ and Gα12/13 or Gαq, respectively. These Gα subunits might in turn favor Rho pathways by preventing Gβγ signaling to Rac. Here, we investigated whether Gβγ signaling to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 1 (P-REX1), a key Gβγ chemotactic effector, is directly controlled by Rho-activating Gα subunits. We show that pharmacological inhibition of Gαq makes P-REX1 activation by Gq/Gi-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors more effective. Moreover, chemogenetic control of Gi and Gq by designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) confirmed that Gi differentially activates P-REX1. GTPase-deficient GαqQL and Gα13QL variants formed stable complexes with Gβγ, impairing its interaction with P-REX1. The N-terminal regions of these variants were essential for stable interaction with Gβγ. Pulldown assays revealed that chimeric Gα13-i2QL interacts with Gβγ unlike to Gαi2-13QL, the reciprocal chimera, which similarly to Gαi2QL could not interact with Gβγ. Moreover, Gβγ was part of tetrameric Gβγ-GαqQL-RGS2 and Gβγ-Gα13-i2QL-RGS4 complexes, whereas Gα13QL dissociated from Gβγ to interact with the PDZ-RhoGEF-RGS domain. Consistent with an integrated response, Gβγ and AKT kinase were associated with active SDF-1/CXCL12-stimulated P-REX1. This pathway was inhibited by GαqQL and Gα13QL, which also prevented CXCR4-dependent cell migration. We conclude that a coordinated mechanism prioritizes Gαq- and Gα13-mediated signaling to Rho over a Gβγ-dependent Rac pathway, attributed to heterotrimeric Gi proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sendi Rafael Adame-García
- Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irving García-Jiménez
- Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gabriele M König
- the University of Bonn, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, 53115 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Evi Kostenis
- the University of Bonn, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, 53115 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- the Moores Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF. Decoding the chemotactic signal. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:359-374. [PMID: 29873835 PMCID: PMC6099250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0218-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Thomas
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew B. Kleist
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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18
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Holdfeldt A, Dahlstrand Rudin A, Gabl M, Rajabkhani Z, König GM, Kostenis E, Dahlgren C, Forsman H. Reactivation of Gαi‐coupled formyl peptide receptors is inhibited by Gαq‐selective inhibitors when induced by signals generated by the platelet‐activating factor receptor. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:871-880. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0317-086rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes Dahlstrand Rudin
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahra Rajabkhani
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriele M. König
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hamel-Côté G, Gendron D, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Stankova J. Regulation of platelet-activating factor-mediated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activation by a Janus kinase 2/calpain pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180336. [PMID: 28686728 PMCID: PMC5501562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a pro-inflammatory condition underlying many cardiovascular diseases. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are actively involved in the onset and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The involvement of monocyte-derived macrophages is well characterized in the installation of inflammatory conditions in the plaque, but less is known about the contribution of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). In the same way, the involvement of calcium, phospholipase C and A2 in PAF-induced IL-6 production, in different cells types, has been shown; however, the importance of the Jak/STAT pathway and its regulation by protein-tyrosine phosphatases in this response have not been addressed. In this study, we report that PAF stimulates PTP1B activity via Jak2, thereby modulating PAF-induced IL-6 production. Using HEK 293 cells stably transfected with the PAF receptor in order to discriminate the pathway components, our results suggest that Jak2 modulates PAF-induced IL-6 production via both positive and negative pathways. Jak2 kinase activity was necessary for maximal transactivation of the IL-6 promoter, as seen by luciferase assays, whereas the same kinase also downregulated this promoter transactivation through the activation of a calcium/calpain/PTP1B pathway. The same pathways were operational in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, since PAF-induced PTP1B activation negatively regulated PAF-induced IL-6 mRNA production and, in addition, Jak2 activated calpain, one of the components involved in PAF-induced PTP1B activation. Results obtained in this study indicate that Jak2 activation is important for maximal IL-6 promoter transactivation by PAF and that PTP1B is involved in the negative regulation of this transactivation. However, PTP1B does not directly regulate Jak2 activation, but rather Jak2 regulates PAF-induced PTP1B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Hamel-Côté
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Gendron
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jana Stankova
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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4-Aminopyridine, A Blocker of Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels, Restores Blood Pressure and Improves Survival in the Wistar Rat Model of Anaphylactic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e1082-e1089. [PMID: 27270180 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anaphylactic shock is associated with severe hypotension. Potassium channel blockers, such as 4-aminopyridine, induce vasoconstriction. The objective of this study was to test the ability of 4-aminopyridine to restore blood pressure and increase survival in anaphylactic shock. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Physiology laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (1 mg SC), and anaphylactic shock was induced by IV injection of ovalbumin (1 mg). Experimental groups included non-allergic rats (NA) (n = 6); allergic rats (Controls) (n = 6); allergic rats treated with 4-aminopyridine (4-aminopyridine) (1 mg/kg) (n = 6); and allergic rats treated with epinephrine (EPI) (10 µg/kg) (n = 6). Treatments were administered 1 minute after induction of anaphylactic shock. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and survival were measured for 60 minutes. Plasma levels of histamine, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, pH, and HCO3 were measured. Mean arterial blood pressure was normal in the NA group; severe hypotension and high mortality were observed in controls; normalization of mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and increased survival were observed in 4-aminopyridine and EPI groups. All allergic 4-aminopyridine-treated rats survived after the induction of anaphylactic shock. Histamine level was higher in controls and the 4-aminopyridine group but reduced in the EPI group. Prostaglandin E2 increased in controls and EPI group and decreased in 4-aminopyridine group; prostaglandin F2 increased in controls but decreased in 4-aminopyridine and EPI groups. Leukotriene B4 decreased in 4-aminopyridine and EPI groups. Metabolic acidosis was prevented in the 4-aminopyridine group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that voltage-dependent K+ channel inhibition with 4-aminopyridine treatment restores blood pressure and increases survival in the Wistar rat model of anaphylactic shock. 4-aminopyridine or related voltage-dependent K channel blockers could be a useful additional therapeutic approach to treatment of refractory anaphylactic shock.
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Rodríguez M, Márquez S, Montero O, Alonso S, Frade JG, Crespo MS, Fernández N. Pharmacological inhibition of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor signaling impairs zymosan-induced release of IL-23 by dendritic cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 102:78-96. [PMID: 26673542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The engagement of the receptors for fungal patterns induces the expression of cytokines, the release of arachidonic acid, and the production of PGE2 in human dendritic cells (DC), but few data are available about other lipid mediators that may modulate DC function. The combined antagonism of leukotriene (LT) B4, cysteinyl-LT, and platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) inhibited IL23A mRNA expression in response to the fungal surrogate zymosan and to a lower extent TNFA (tumor necrosis factor-α) and CSF2 (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) mRNA. The combination of lipid mediators and the lipid extract of zymosan-conditioned medium increased the induction of IL23A by LPS (bacterial lipopolysaccharide), thus suggesting that unlike LPS, zymosan elicits the production of mediators at a concentration enough for optimal response. Zymosan induced the release of LTB4, LTE4, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), and PAF C16:0. DC showed a high expression and detectable Ser663 phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase in response to zymosan, and a high expression and activity of LPCAT1/2 (lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 and 2), the enzymes that incorporate acetate from acetyl-CoA into choline-containing lysophospholipids to produce PAF. Pharmacological modulation of the arachidonic acid cascade and the PAF receptor inhibited the binding of P-71Thr-ATF2 (activating transcription factor 2) to the IL23A promoter, thus mirroring their effects on the expression of IL23A mRNA and IL-23 protein. These results indicate that LTB4, cysteinyl-LT, and PAF, acting through their cognate G protein-coupled receptors, contribute to the phosphorylation of ATF2 and play a central role in IL23A promoter trans-activation and the cytokine signature induced by fungal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saioa Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Olimpio Montero
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Biotecnología, CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sara Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier García Frade
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Rio-Hortega, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Molecular mechanisms of target recognition by lipid GPCRs: relevance for cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:4021-35. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hergott CB, Roche AM, Naidu NA, Mesaros C, Blair IA, Weiser JN. Bacterial exploitation of phosphorylcholine mimicry suppresses inflammation to promote airway infection. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3878-90. [PMID: 26426079 DOI: 10.1172/jci81888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of neutrophil activity is critical for immune evasion among extracellular pathogens, yet the mechanisms by which many bacteria disrupt phagocyte function remain unclear. Here, we have shown that the respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae disables neutrophils by exploiting molecular mimicry to degrade platelet-activating factor (PAF), a host-derived inflammatory phospholipid. Using mass spectrometry and murine upper airway infection models, we demonstrated that phosphorylcholine (ChoP) moieties that are shared by PAF and the bacterial cell wall allow S. pneumoniae to leverage a ChoP-remodeling enzyme (Pce) to remove PAF from the airway. S. pneumoniae-mediated PAF deprivation impaired viability, activation, and bactericidal capacity among responding neutrophils. In the absence of Pce, neutrophils rapidly cleared S. pneumoniae from the airway and impeded invasive disease and transmission between mice. Abrogation of PAF signaling rendered Pce dispensable for S. pneumoniae persistence, reinforcing that this enzyme deprives neutrophils of essential PAF-mediated stimulation. Accordingly, exogenous activation of neutrophils overwhelmed Pce-mediated phagocyte disruption. Haemophilus influenzae also uses an enzyme, GlpQ, to hydrolyze ChoP and subvert PAF function, suggesting that mimicry-driven immune evasion is a common paradigm among respiratory pathogens. These results identify a mechanism by which shared molecular structures enable microbial enzymes to subvert host lipid signaling, suppress inflammation, and ensure bacterial persistence at the mucosa.
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Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Severe Anaphylaxis Targeting Platelet-Activating Factor and PAF Acetylhydrolase. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-014-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Singh V, Raghuwanshi SK, Smith N, Rivers EJ, Richardson RM. G Protein-coupled receptor kinase-6 interacts with activator of G protein signaling-3 to regulate CXCR2-mediated cellular functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2186-94. [PMID: 24510965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The IL-8 (CXCL8) receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. We recently showed that CXCR1 couples predominantly to the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to regulate cellular responses. In addition to G protein-coupled receptors, GRKs displayed a more diverse protein/protein interaction in cells. In this study, we sought to identify GRK6 binding partner(s) that may influence CXCL8 activities, using RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 (RBL-CXCR1) or CXCR2 (RBL-CXCR2), as well as human and murine neutrophils. Our data demonstrated that, upon CXCR2 activation, GRK6 interacts with activator of G protein signaling (AGS)3 and Gαi2 to form a GRK6/AGS3/Gαi2 complex. This complex is time dependent and peaked at 2-3 min postactivation. GTPγS pretreatment blocked GRK6/AGS3/Gαi2 formation, suggesting that this assembly depends on G protein activation. Surprisingly, CXCR2 activation induced AGS3 phosphorylation in a PKC-dependent, but GRK6-independent, fashion. Overexpression of AGS3 in RBL-CXCR2 significantly inhibited CXCL8-induced Ca(2+) mobilization, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and chemotaxis. In contrast, short hairpin RNA inhibition of AGS3 enhanced CXCL8-induced Ca(2+) mobilization, receptor resistance to desensitization, and recycling to the cell surface, with no effect on receptor internalization. Interestingly, RBL-CXCR2-AGS3(-/-) cells displayed a significant increase in CXCR2 expression on the cell surface but decreased ERK1/2 and P38 MAPK activation. Taken together, these results indicate that GRK6 complexes with AGS3-Gαi2 to regulate CXCR2-mediated leukocyte functions at different levels, including downstream effector activation, receptor trafficking, and expression at the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singh
- Department of Biology, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707
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Waller AK, Sage T, Kumar C, Carr T, Gibbins JM, Clarke SR. Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation via the Paf receptor. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:2046-57. [PMID: 23911710 PMCID: PMC3836464 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired healing is common in wounds infected with the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) inhibits platelet aggregation caused by physiological agonists and S. aureus and reduced platelet thrombus formation in vitro. The presence of D-alanine on LTA is necessary for the full inhibitory effect. Inhibition of aggregation was blocked using a monoclonal anti-platelet activating factor receptor (PafR) antibody and Ginkgolide B, a well-defined PafR antagonist, demonstrating that the LTA inhibitory signal occurs via PafR. Using a cyclic AMP (cAMP) assay and a Western blot for phosphorylated VASP, we determined that cAMP levels increase upon platelet incubation with LTA, an effect which inhibits platelet activation. This was blocked when platelets were preincubated with Ginkgolide B. Furthermore, LTA reduced hemostasis in a mouse tail-bleed assay.
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Raghuwanshi SK, Su Y, Singh V, Haynes K, Richmond A, Richardson RM. The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct G protein-coupled receptor kinases to mediate and regulate leukocyte functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2824-32. [PMID: 22869904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, couple to Gαi to induce leukocyte recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation. Upon activation by CXCL8, these receptors become phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized. In this study, we investigated the role of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in CXCR1- and CXCR2-mediated cellular functions. To that end, short hairpin RNA was used to inhibit GRK2, 3, 5, and 6 in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing CXCR1 or CXCR2, and CXCL8-mediated receptor activation and regulation were assessed. Inhibition of GRK2 and GRK6 increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 resistance to phosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization, respectively, and enhanced CXCL8-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and exocytosis in vitro. GRK2 depletion diminished CXCR1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation but had no effect on CXCR2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. GRK6 depletion had no significant effect on CXCR1 function. However, peritoneal neutrophils from mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6(-/-)) displayed an increase in CXCR2-mediated G protein activation but in vitro exhibited a decrease in chemotaxis, receptor desensitization, and internalization relative to wild-type (GRK6(+/+)) cells. In contrast, neutrophil recruitment in vivo in GRK6(-/-) mice was increased in response to delivery of CXCL1 through the air pouch model. In a wound-closure assay, GRK6(-/-) mice showed enhanced myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and faster wound closure compared with GRK6(+/+) animals. Taken together, the results indicate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct GRK isoforms to mediate and regulate inflammatory responses. CXCR1 predominantly couples to GRK2, whereas CXCR2 interacts with GRK6 to negatively regulate receptor sensitization and trafficking, thus affecting cell signaling and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Raghuwanshi
- Department of Biology, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Rios FJO, Gidlund M, Jancar S. Pivotal role for platelet-activating factor receptor in CD36 expression and oxLDL uptake by human monocytes/macrophages. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:363-72. [PMID: 21471725 DOI: 10.1159/000327962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of oxLDL by CD36 is not regulated by intracellular levels of cholesterol, leading to macrophage differentiation into foam cells which play a major role in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, oxLDL competes with PAF in macrophages for binding to PAF receptors (PAFR). Here we investigated the involvement of PAFR in CD36 expression and uptake of oxLDL by human monocytes/macrophages. Adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with PAFR-antagonists (WEB2170, CV3988); inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), JNK (SP600125) or diluents, before stimulation with oxLDL or PAF. After 24 h, uptake of FITC-oxLDL and expression of CD36 was determined by flow cytometry and phosphorylation of MAP-kinases by Western blot. It was shown that the uptake of oxLDL was reduced by PAFR antagonists. CD36 expression was up-regulated by oxLDL, an effect reversed by PAFR antagonists. The up-regulation of CD36 and oxLDL uptake both required MAP-kinases activation. The oxLDL-induced ERK1/2 and JNK but not p38 phosphorylation was reversed by PAFR-antagonists suggesting that oxLDL signalling involves PAFR dependent and independent pathways. In macrophages from PAFR(-/-) mice, oxLDL was unable to up-regulate CD36 expression and the oxLDL uptake was reduced compared to wild type. These results suggest that oxLDL interacts with PAFR in macrophages to increase CD36 expression and oxLDL uptake. Whereas pharmacological intervention at the level of PAFR would be beneficial in atherosclerosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J O Rios
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kajiwara N, Sasaki T, Bradding P, Cruse G, Sagara H, Ohmori K, Saito H, Ra C, Okayama Y. Activation of human mast cells through the platelet-activating factor receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1137-1145.e6. [PMID: 20392487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human subjects platelet-activating factor (PAF) concentrations are markedly increased in the plasma after anaphylactic reactions, and these correlate strongly with the severity of the response. The mechanism for the systemic spread of mast cell (MC) activation in anaphylaxis is often assumed to relate to the hematogenous spread of allergen, but this is implausible, and amplification mechanisms need to be considered. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the ability of PAF to induce human MC degranulation using skin, lung, and peripheral blood (PB)-derived cultured MCs and the signaling pathways activated in PB-derived MCs in response to PAF. METHODS The expression of PAF receptor was investigated by means of RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell-signaling pathways in PB-derived MCs in response to PAF were investigated by analyzing the effect of various inhibitors and the silencing of phospholipase C (PLC) mRNA on PAF-mediated histamine release. RESULTS We show for the first time that PAF induces histamine release from human lung MCs and PB-derived MCs but not skin MCs. Activation of PAF receptor-coupled G(alphai) leads to degranulation through PLCgamma1 and PLCbeta2 activation in human MCs. PAF-induced degranulation was rapid, being maximal at 5 seconds, and was partially dependent on extracellular Ca(2+). CONCLUSION Our findings provide a mechanism whereby PAF mediates an amplification loop for MC activation in the generation of anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kajiwara
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Weng L, Enomoto A, Ishida-Takagishi M, Asai N, Takahashi M. Girding for migratory cues: roles of the Akt substrate Girdin in cancer progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:836-42. [PMID: 20132219 PMCID: PMC11159251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental aspect of a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. A variety of proteins are essential for cell migration, but context-specific signaling pathways and promigratory proteins must now be identified for our understanding of cancer biology to continue to advance. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of Girdin (also designated KIAA1212, APE, GIV, and HkRP1), a novel component of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling pathway that is a core-signaling transduction pathway in cancer progression. Girdin is expressed in some types of cancer cells and immature endothelial cells, and is therefore at the crossroads of multiple intracellular processes, including reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, and modulation of Akt activity, which ultimately lead to cancer invasion and angiogenesis. It also acts as a nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Galphai proteins. A significant observation is that Girdin, although vital for cancer progression and postnatal vascular remodelling, is dispensable for cell migratory events during embryonic development. These findings suggest that Girdin and its interacting proteins are potential pharmaceutical targets for cancer therapies and pathological anigiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Weng
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Pantaler E, Lückhoff A. Inhibitors of TRP channels reveal stimulus-dependent differential activation of Ca2+ influx pathways in human neutrophil granulocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:497-507. [PMID: 19894037 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacological characterization of Ca(2+) influx pathways in neutrophil granulocytes is problematic because of the lack of specific inhibitors. The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2) channels by intracellular adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR), well characterized in neutrophils, is reportedly inhibited by 8-bromo-ADPR (8Br-ADPR). TRPM2 is blocked by N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA) interfering with the pore, but ACA is as well effective on other transient receptor potential channels, especially transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. We wished to analyze whether ACA and 8Br-ADPR were suitable probes to demonstrate that different Ca(2+) entry pathways are activated in human neutrophil granulocytes by the receptor-dependent stimuli N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) and the receptor-independent thapsigargin. Ca(2+)-influx-related increases in [Ca(2+)](i) were calculated by comparing aliquots of fluo-3-loaded neutrophils in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Moreover, Mn(2+) quenching was used in fura-2-loaded cells. We compared 8Br-ADPR with ACA. 8Br-ADPR was exclusively effective when Ca(2+) influx (or Mn(2+) quenching) was induced by fMLP; it did not affect influx when PAF or thapsigargin was the stimulus. ACA inhibited Ca(2+) influx significantly more strongly when this was induced by PAF than by fMLP. Moreover, it reduced thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) influx. The contribution of TRPM2 to Ca(2+) influx in neutrophils strongly depends on the stimulus; it is sizeable in the case of fMLP and minimal in the case of PAF. PAF induces Ca(2+) entry pathways different from TRPM2; the inhibition by ACA suggests the contribution of channels of the TRPC family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pantaler
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Reinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
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Nasser MW, Raghuwanshi SK, Grant DJ, Jala VR, Rajarathnam K, Richardson RM. Differential activation and regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 by CXCL8 monomer and dimer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3425-32. [PMID: 19667085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL8 (also known as IL-8) activates CXCR1 and CXCR2 to mediate neutrophil recruitment and trigger cytotoxic effect at sites of infection. Under physiological conditions, CXCL8 could exist as monomers, dimers, or a mixture of monomers and dimers. Therefore, both forms of CXCL8 could interact with CXCR1 and CXCR2 with different affinities and potencies to mediate different cellular responses. In the present study, we have used a "trapped" nonassociating monomer (L25NMe) and a nondissociating dimer (R26C) to investigate their activities for human neutrophils that express both receptors and for RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing either CXCR1(RBL-CXCR1) or CXCR2 (RBL-CXCR2). The monomer was more active than the dimer for activities such as intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, chemotaxis. and exocytosis. Receptor regulation, however, is distinct for each receptor. The rate of monomer-mediated regulation of CXCR1 is greater for activities such as phosphorylation, desensitization, beta-arrestin translocation, and internalization. In contrast, for CXCR2, both monomeric and dimeric CXCL8 mediate these activities to a similar extent. Interestingly, receptor-mediated signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in response to all three CXCL8 variants was more sustained for CXCR2 relative to CXCR1. Taken together, the results indicate that the CXCL8 monomer and dimer differentially activate and regulate CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. These distinct properties of the ligand and the receptors play a critical role in orchestrating neutrophil recruitment and eliciting cytotoxic activity during an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W Nasser
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Xu J, Krüger B, Vernunft A, Löhrke B, Viergutz T. Platelet-activating factor-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species in ovarian granulosa cells from periovulatory follicles. Cytometry A 2009; 75:658-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun Y, Wang YQ, Yang R, Zhu JJ, Le YY, Zhong JG, Lu J. Exogenous porcine surfactants increase the infiltration of leukocytes in the lung of rats. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:253-9. [PMID: 19489120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have investigated the influence of exogenous surfactants on inflammatory response in the lung, however results reported about effects of surfactants on the lung infiltration of leukocytes are controversial. Our previous study noticed that treatment of porcine surfactant (PS) significantly increased the lung infiltration of leukocytes in rats with acute lung injury (ALI). The objective of this study was to verify the effect of exogenous PS on the lung infiltration of leukocytes in vivo and investigate the possible mechanisms involved in vitro. METHODS The number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI was determined after treatment with different concentrations of PS, dexamethasone (Dex) or PS + Dex. The effect of PS and Curosurf, a commercially available porcine surfactant, on human peripheral neutrophil migration was determined by the Boyden Chamber Assay. RESULTS Instillation of PS significantly increased the number of leukocytes in BALF of normal rats and rats with LPS-induced ALI. Most of the increased leukocytes were neutrophils. Dex significantly decreased the number of leukocytes and TNF-alpha concentration in BALF caused by LPS, but did not significantly reduce the number of leukocytes increased by PS. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that both PS and Curosurf had direct chemotactic effects on neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PS contain chemoattractant(s) which induce the infiltration of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, into lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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G protein-coupled receptors stimulation and the control of cell migration. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1045-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Korhonen H, Fisslthaler B, Moers A, Wirth A, Habermehl D, Wieland T, Schütz G, Wettschureck N, Fleming I, Offermanns S. Anaphylactic shock depends on endothelial Gq/G11. J Exp Med 2009; 206:411-20. [PMID: 19171764 PMCID: PMC2646572 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction involving multiple organs including the bronchial and cardiovascular system. Most anaphylactic mediators, like platelet-activating factor (PAF), histamine, and others, act through G protein-coupled receptors, which are linked to the heterotrimeric G proteins G(q)/G(11), G(12)/G(13), and G(i). The role of downstream signaling pathways activated by anaphylactic mediators in defined organs during anaphylactic reactions is largely unknown. Using genetic mouse models that allow for the conditional abrogation of G(q)/G(11)- and G(12)/G(13)-mediated signaling pathways by inducible Cre/loxP-mediated mutagenesis in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling in ECs is required for the opening of the endothelial barrier and the stimulation of nitric oxide formation by various inflammatory mediators as well as by local anaphylaxis. The systemic effects of anaphylactic mediators like histamine and PAF, but not of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are blunted in mice with endothelial G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency. Mice with endothelium-specific G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency, but not with G alpha(12)/G alpha(13) deficiency, are protected against the fatal consequences of passive and active systemic anaphylaxis. This identifies endothelial G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling as a critical mediator of fatal systemic anaphylaxis and, hence, as a potential new target to prevent or treat anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Korhonen
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Moers
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Wirth
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Habermehl
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell 1, German Cancer Research Center,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günther Schütz
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell 1, German Cancer Research Center,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Cho H, Kehrl JH. Chapter 9 Regulation of Immune Function by G Protein‐Coupled Receptors, Trimeric G Proteins, and RGS Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 86:249-98. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)86009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kobayashi H, Yamada Y, Kanayama S, Furukawa N, Noguchi T, Haruta S, Yoshida S, Sakata M, Sado T, Oi H. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:39-52. [PMID: 19165662 DOI: 10.1080/09513590802366204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis may cause symptoms including chronic pelvic pain and infertility, and increases susceptibility to the development of ovarian cancer. Genomic studies have started to delineate the wide array of mediators involved in the development of endometriosis. Understanding the mechanisms of endometriosis development and elucidating its pathogenesis and pathophysiology are intrinsic to prevention and the search for effective therapies. METHOD OF STUDY The present article reviews the English language literature for biological, pathogenetic and pathophysiological studies on endometriosis. Several recent genomic studies are discussed in the context of endometriosis biology. RESULTS Severe hemolysis occurring during the development of endometriosis results in high levels of free heme and iron. These compounds oxidatively modify lipids and proteins, leading to cell and DNA damage, and subsequently fibrosis development. Recent studies based on genome-wide expression analysis technology have noted specific expression of heme/iron-dependent mediators in endometriosis. The heme/iron-dependent signaling pathway of endometriosis, which is providing new insights into the regulation of inflammation, detoxification and survival, is discussed. CONCLUSION Several important endometriosis-specific genes overlap with those known to be regulated by iron. Other genes are involved in oxidative stress. Iron has a significant impact on endometriotic-cell gene expression. This review summarizes recent advances in the heme/iron-mediated signaling and its target genes, outlines the potential challenges to understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis, and proposes a possible novel model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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Versleijen MWJ, van Esterik JCJ, Roelofs HMJ, van Emst-de Vries SE, Willems PHGM, Wanten GJA. Parenteral medium-chain triglyceride-induced neutrophil activation is not mediated by a Pertussis Toxin sensitive receptor. Clin Nutr 2008; 28:59-64. [PMID: 18952326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lipid-induced immune modulation might contribute to the increased infection rate that is observed in patients using parenteral nutrition. We previously showed that emulsions containing medium-chain triglycerides (LCT/MCTs or pure MCTs), but not pure long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), impair neutrophil functions, modulate cell-signaling and induce neutrophil activation in vitro. It has recently been shown that medium-chain fatty acids are ligands for GPR84, a pertussis toxin (PT)-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). This finding urged us to investigate whether MCT-induced neutrophil activation is mediated by PT-sensitive GPCRs. METHODS Neutrophils isolated from blood of healthy volunteers were pre-incubated with PT (0.5-1 microg/mL, 1.5 h) and analyzed for the effect of this pre-incubation on LCT/MCT (2.5 mmol/L)-dependent modulation of serum-treated zymosan (STZ)-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and on LCT/MCT (5 mmol/L)-induced expression of cell surface adhesion (CD11b) and degranulation (CD66b) markers and oxygen radical (ROS) production. RESULTS PT did not inhibit the effects of LCT/MCT on the STZ-induced increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration. LCT/MCT increased ROS production to 146% of unstimulated cells. However, pre-incubation with PT did not inhibit the LCT/MCT-induced ROS production. Furthermore, the LCT/MCT-induced increase in CD11b and CD66b expression (196% and 235% of unstimulated cells, respectively) was not inhibited by pre-incubation with PT. CONCLUSION LCT/MCT-induced neutrophil activation does not involve the action of a PT-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W J Versleijen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Welch EJ, Naikawadi RP, Li Z, Lin P, Ishii S, Shimizu T, Tiruppathi C, Du X, Subbaiah PV, Ye RD. Opposing effects of platelet-activating factor and lyso-platelet-activating factor on neutrophil and platelet activation. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:227-34. [PMID: 18931035 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent, bioactive phospholipid that acts on multiple cells and tissues through its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). PAF is not stored but is rapidly generated via enzymatic acetylation of the precursor 1-O-hexadecyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPAF). The bioactivity of PAF is effectively and tightly regulated by PAF acetylhydrolases, which convert PAF back to lysoPAF. Previous studies report that lysoPAF is an inactive precursor and metabolite of PAF. However, lysoPAF has not been carefully studied in its own context. Here we report that lysoPAF has an opposing effect of PAF in the activation of neutrophils and platelets. Whereas PAF potentiates neutrophil NADPH oxidase activation, lysoPAF dose-dependently inhibits this function. Inhibition by lysoPAF is not affected by the use of a PAF receptor antagonist or genetic deletion of the PAF receptor gene. The mechanism of lysoPAF-mediated inhibition of neutrophils involves an elevation in the intracellular cAMP level, and pharmacological blockade of adenylyl cyclase completely reverses the inhibitory effect of lysoPAF. In addition, lysoPAF increases intracellular cAMP levels in platelets and inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, which can be reversed by inhibition of protein kinase A. These findings identify lysoPAF as a bioactive lipid with opposing functions of PAF and suggest a novel and intrinsic regulatory mechanism for balance of the potent activity of PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Welch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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McLaughlin NJD, Banerjee A, Khan SY, Lieber JL, Kelher MR, Gamboni-Robertson F, Sheppard FR, Moore EE, Mierau GW, Elzi DJ, Silliman CC. Platelet-activating factor-mediated endosome formation causes membrane translocation of p67phox and p40phox that requires recruitment and activation of p38 MAPK, Rab5a, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8192-203. [PMID: 18523285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs) are vital to innate immunity and receive proinflammatory signals that activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Because GPCRs transduce signals through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), we hypothesized that platelet-activating factor (PAF), an effective chemoattractant that primes the PMN oxidase, would signal through CME, specifically via dynamin-2 activation and endosomal formation resulting in membrane translocation of cytosolic phagocyte oxidase (phox) proteins. PMNs were incubated with buffer or 2 muM PAF for 1-3 min, and in some cases activated with PMA, and O(2)(-) was measured, whole-cell lysates and subcellular fractions were prepared, or the PMNs were fixed onto slides for digital or electron microscopy. PAF caused activation of dynamin-2, resulting in endosomal formation that required PI3K and contained early endosomal Ag-1 (EEA-1) and Rab5a. The apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1/MAPK kinase-3/p38 MAPK signalosome assembled on Rab5a and phosphorylated EEA-1 and Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor, with the latter causing Rab5a activation. Electron microscopy demonstrated that PAF caused two distinct sites for activation of p38 MAPK. EEA-1 provided a scaffold for recruitment of the p40(phox)-p67(phox) complex and PI3K-dependent Akt1 phosphorylation of these two phox proteins. PAF induced membrane translocation of p40(phox)-p67(phox) localizing to gp91(phox), which was PI3K-, but not p47(phox)-, dependent. In conclusion, PAF transduces signals through CME, and such GPCR signaling may allow for pharmacological manipulation of these cells to decrease PMN-mediated acute organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J D McLaughlin
- Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Denver, CO 80230, USA
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G[alpha]i2 and G[alpha]q expression change in pancreatic tissues and BN52021 effects in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2008; 37:170-5. [PMID: 18665079 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181661b07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate change of G[alpha]i2, G[alpha]q mRNA, and their proteins in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and BN52021 effects. METHODS Rats were assigned into negative-controlled group (NC), SAP-modeled group (SAP), and BN52051-remedial group (BN). Each group was assigned into 6 subgroups at different time points. G[alpha]i2, G[alpha]q mRNA, and their proteins were determined. RESULTS In the SAP group, G[alpha]i2 at 12 and 24 hours and G[alpha]q at 1 and 6 hours were remarkably higher than those in the NC group; in the BN Group, G[alpha]i2 is not remarkably different from that in the SAP group, but G[alpha]q at 1 and 6 hours was lower than those in the SAP group (P < 0.01), and G[alpha]i2 at 12 hours was higher than that in the NC group (P < 0.05), but G[alpha]q was not remarkably different from that in the NC group; in the SAP group, G[alpha]i2 and G[alpha]q proteins were higher than those in the NC group (P < 0.05); in the BN group, G[alpha]i2 proteins at 6, 12, and 24 hours and G[alpha]q proteins were lower than those in the SAP group (P < 0.05), and G[alpha]i2 and G[alpha]q proteins at each time phase point except 24 hours were higher than those in the NC group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS G[alpha]i2, G[alpha]q mRNA, and their proteins in SAP increase. BN52021 decreases G[alpha]i2 and G[alpha]q.
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Zhang X, Pan XL, Liu XT, Wang S, Wang LJ. Down-regulation of platelet-activating factor receptor gene expression during focal reversible cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:451-6. [PMID: 17268849 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an endogenous potent phospholipid mediator in stroke and related to the post-ischemic brain damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation and mechanisms of PAF receptor gene expression in the perifocal regions of cerebral infarction after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Sixty mature Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 groups: sham-operated control group, simple ischemia 90 min group, 6, 12, 18 h, 1 day (1 d), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 d reperfusion groups. After the right middle cerebral artery occluded, the rats were suffered from ischemia for 90 min, and then reperfusion was allowed for different time courses. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay were applied to evaluate the PAF receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and PAF levels in the perifocal regions of cerebral infarction respectively. RT-PCR analysis revealed that PAF receptor mRNA was 0.95 +/- 0.15 in control group. However, following ischemia-reperfusion, the levels of PAF receptor mRNA progressively decreased until 2 d of reperfusion (0.54 +/- 0.10), then returned to control group's levels gradually. Compared with the control group's (582 +/- 72 pg/g wet weight), the PAF concentrations of simple ischemic and 6, 12, 18 h, 1, 2 d reperfusion group were significantly higher than that of any other groups. These results indicate that PAF receptor gene expression may be subject to down-regulation in the perifocal regions of cerebral infarction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and relative to the increase of endogenous PAF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, 106, Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China
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Nasser MW, Raghuwanshi SK, Malloy KM, Gangavarapu P, Shim JY, Rajarathnam K, Richardson RM. CXCR1 and CXCR2 Activation and Regulation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6906-15. [PMID: 17204468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 (interleukin-8) interacts with two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, to activate leukocytes. Upon activation, CXCR2 internalizes very rapidly relative to CXCR1 ( approximately 90% versus approximately 10% after 5 min). The C termini of the receptors have been shown to be necessary for internalization but are not sufficient to explain the distinct kinetics of down-regulation. To determine the structural determinant(s) that modulate receptor internalization, various chimeric and point mutant receptors were generated by progressively exchanging specific domains or amino acids between CXCR1 and CXCR2. The receptors were stably expressed in rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cells and characterized for receptor binding, intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, phosphorylation, internalization, and MAPK activation. The data herein indicate that the second extracellular loop (2ECL) of the receptors is critical for the distinct rate of internalization. Replacing the 2ECL of CXCR2 with that of CXCR1 (B(2ECL)A) or Asp(199) with its CXCR1 valine counterpart (B(D199V)A) delayed CXCR2 internalization similarly to CXCR1. Replacing Asp(199) with Asn (B(D199N)) restored CXCR2 rapid internalization. Structure modeling of the 2ECL of the receptors also suggested that Asp(199) plays a critical role in stabilizing and modulating CXCR2 rapid internalization relative to CXCR1. B(D199N) internalized rapidly but migrated as a single phosphorylated form like CXCR1 ( approximately 75 kDa), whereas B(2ECL)A and B(D199V)A showed slow and fast migrating forms like CXCR2 ( approximately 45 and approximately 65 kDa, respectively) but internalized like CXCR1. These data further undermine the role of receptor oligomerization in CXCL8 receptor internalization. Like CXCR1, B(D199V)A also induced sustained ERK activation and cross-desensitized Ca(2+) mobilization to CCR5 relative to B(D199N) and CXCR2. Altogether, the data suggest that the 2ECL of the CXCL8 receptors is important in modulating their distinct rate of down-regulation and thereby signal length and post-internalization activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W Nasser
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute and the Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
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