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Hosseinian K, Gerami A, Bral M, Venketaraman V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Role of T Cells in Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:730. [PMID: 39066368 PMCID: PMC11281535 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), remains a widespread fatal health issue that becomes significantly detrimental when coupled with HIV. This study explores the host's innate and adaptive immune system response to TB in HIV immunocompromised patients, highlighting the significant role of CD8+ T cells. While the crucial role of macrophages and cytokines, like TNF-α and IFN-γ, in managing the host's immune response to M. tb is examined, the emphasis is on the changes that occur as a result of HIV coinfection. With the progression of HIV infection, the primary source of IFN-γ changes from CD4+ to CD8+ T cells, especially when latent TB advances to an active state. This study sheds light on the necessity of developing new preventative measures such as vaccines and new treatment approaches to TB, especially for immunocompromised patients, who are at a higher risk of life-threatening complications due to TB-HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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2
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Bellini C, Vergara E, Bencs F, Fodor K, Bősze S, Krivić D, Bacsa B, Surguta SE, Tóvári J, Reljic R, Horváti K. Design and Characterization of a Multistage Peptide-Based Vaccine Platform to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1738-1753. [PMID: 37606258 PMCID: PMC10587871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The complex immunopathology ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) is one of the main challenges in developing a novel vaccine against this pathogen, particularly regarding eliciting protection against both active and latent stages. Multistage vaccines, which contain antigens expressed in both phases, represent a promising strategy for addressing this issue, as testified by the tuberculosis vaccine clinical pipeline. Given this approach, we designed and characterized a multistage peptide-based vaccine platform containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes previously validated for inducing a relevant T cell response against Mtb. After preliminary screening, CFP10 (32-39), GlfT2 (4-12), HBHA (185-194), and PPE15 (1-15) were selected as promising candidates, and we proved that the PM1 pool of these peptides triggered a T cell response in Mtb-sensitized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taking advantage of the use of thiol-maleimide chemoselective ligation, we synthesized a multiepitope conjugate (Ac-CGHP). Our results showed a structure-activity relationship between the conjugation and a higher tendency to fold and assume an ordered secondary structure. Moreover, the palmitoylated conjugate (Pal-CGHP) comprising the same peptide antigens was associated with an enhanced cellular uptake in human and murine antigen-presenting cells and a better immunogenicity profile. Immunization study, conducted in BALB/c mice, showed that Pal-CGHP induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and production of IFNγ and TNFα over PM1 formulated in the Sigma Adjuvant System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Fruzsina Bencs
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department
of Laboratory Animal Science and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Denis Krivić
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernadett Bacsa
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sára Eszter Surguta
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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3
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Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA. The Missing Link in Correlates of Protective Tuberculosis Immunity: Recognizing the Infected Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869057. [PMID: 35493495 PMCID: PMC9040373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most vaccination studies, the assessment of vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has relied upon the measurement of antigen-specific polyfunctional cells, typically using recombinant antigen or peptide pools. However, this approach leaves open the question as to whether or not these cells are responsive to the Mtb-infected cell within the context of Mtb infection and hence leaves open the possibility that a key parameter of vaccine immunogenicity may be overlooked. In this review, we discuss the case that these measurements almost certainly over-estimate the capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to recognize the Mtb-infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah Anne Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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4
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Albumin fusion with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor acts as an immunotherapy against chronic tuberculosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2393-2401. [PMID: 32382128 PMCID: PMC8484439 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long duration of treatment and emerging drug resistance pose significant challenges for global tuberculosis (TB) eradication efforts. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to shorten TB treatment regimens and to treat drug-resistant TB. Using an albumin-fusion strategy, we created a novel albumin-fused granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (albGM-CSF) molecule that harnesses albumin's long half-life and targeting abilities to enhance the biostability of GM-CSF and direct it to the lymph nodes, where the effects of GM-CSF can increase dendritic cell populations crucial for eliciting a potent immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that albGM-CSF serves as a novel immunotherapy for chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections by enhancing GM-CSF biostability in serum. Specifically, albumin is very safe, stable, and has a long half-life, thereby enhancing the biostability of GM-CSF. In the lungs and draining lymph nodes, albGM-CSF is able to increase the numbers of dendritic cells, which are crucial for the activation of naive T cells and for eliciting potent immune responses. Subcutaneous administration of albGM-CSF alone reduced the mean lung bacillary burden in mice with chronic tuberculosis infection. While GM-CSF administration was associated with IL-1β release from Mtb-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, higher IL-1β levels were observed in albGM-CSF-treated mice with chronic tuberculosis infection than in mice receiving GM-CSF. Albumin fusion with GM-CSF represents a promising strategy for the control of chronic lung tuberculosis infections and serves as a novel therapeutic vaccination platform for other infectious diseases and malignancies.
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5
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Iweala OI, Choudhary SK, Addison CT, Commins SP. T and B Lymphocyte Transcriptional States Differentiate between Sensitized and Unsensitized Individuals in Alpha-Gal Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063185. [PMID: 33804792 PMCID: PMC8003943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of pathogenesis driving alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) are not fully understood. Differences in immune gene expression between AGS individuals and non-allergic controls may illuminate molecular pathways and targets critical for AGS development. We performed immune expression profiling with RNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of seven controls, 15 AGS participants, and two participants sensitized but not allergic to alpha-gal using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer immune profiling panel, which includes 770 genes from 14 different cell types. The top differentially expressed genes (DEG) between AGS subjects and controls included transcription factors regulating immune gene expression, such as the NFκB pathway (NFKBIA, NFKB2, REL), antigen presentation molecules, type 2/allergic immune responses, itch, and allergic dermatitis. The differential expression of genes linked to T and B cell function was also identified, including transcription factor BCL-6, markers of antigen experience (CD44) and memory (CD27), chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CXCR6), and regulators of B-cell proliferation, cell cycle entry and immunoglobulin production (CD70). The PBMCs from AGS subjects also had increased TNF and IFN-gamma mRNA expression compared to controls. AGS is associated with a distinct gene expression profile in circulating PBMCs. DEGs related to antigen presentation, antigen-experienced T-cells, and type 2 immune responses may promote the development of alpha-gal specific IgE and the maintenance of AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye I. Iweala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.C.); (C.T.A.); (S.P.C.)
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Shailesh K. Choudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.C.); (C.T.A.); (S.P.C.)
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Claire T. Addison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.C.); (C.T.A.); (S.P.C.)
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott P. Commins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.C.); (C.T.A.); (S.P.C.)
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Sutiwisesak R, Hicks ND, Boyce S, Murphy KC, Papavinasasundaram K, Carpenter SM, Boucau J, Joshi N, Le Gall S, Fortune SM, Sassetti CM, Behar SM. A natural polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the esxH gene disrupts immunodomination by the TB10.4-specific CD8 T cell response. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009000. [PMID: 33075106 PMCID: PMC7597557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells provide limited protection against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in the mouse model. As Mtb causes
chronic infection in mice and humans, we hypothesize that Mtb impairs T cell
responses as an immune evasion strategy. TB10.4 is an immunodominant antigen in
people, nonhuman primates, and mice, which is encoded by the
esxH gene. In C57BL/6 mice, 30–50% of pulmonary CD8 T cells
recognize the TB10.44−11 epitope. However, TB10.4-specific CD8 T
cells fail to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We speculate that Mtb elicits
immunodominant CD8 T cell responses to antigens that are inefficiently presented
by infected cells, thereby focusing CD8 T cells on nonprotective antigens. Here,
we leverage naturally occurring polymorphisms in esxH, which
frequently occur in lineage 1 strains, to test this “decoy hypothesis”. Using
the clinical isolate 667, which contains an EsxHA10T polymorphism, we
observe a drastic change in the hierarchy of CD8 T cells. Using isogenic
Erd.EsxHA10T and Erd.EsxHWT strains, we prove that
this polymorphism alters the hierarchy of immunodominant CD8 T cell responses.
Our data are best explained by immunodomination, a mechanism by which
competition for APC leads to dominant responses suppressing subdominant
responses. These results were surprising as the variant epitope can bind to
H2-Kb and is recognized by TB10.4-specific CD8 T cells. The
dramatic change in TB10.4-specific CD8 responses resulted from increased
proteolytic degradation of A10T variant, which destroyed the
TB10.44-11epitope. Importantly, this polymorphism affected T cell
priming and recognition of infected cells. These data support a model in which
nonprotective CD8 T cells become immunodominant and suppress subdominant
responses. Thus, polymorphisms between clinical Mtb strains, and BCG or H37Rv
sequence-based vaccines could lead to a mismatch between T cells that are primed
by vaccines and the epitopes presented by infected cells. Reprograming host
immune responses should be considered in the future design of vaccines. An important question for vaccine developers is the relative potency of CD4 vs.
CD8 T cells against Mtb, as strategies differ for eliciting these different T
cell subsets. Despite robust antigen-specific pulmonary CD8 T cell responses,
CD4 T cells mediate more protection than CD8 T cells in the murine model. Most
CD8 T cells recognize a single antigen, TB10.4, which is encoded by the
esxH gene. Based on finding that
TB10.44−11-specific CD8 T cells poorly recognize Mtb-infected
macrophages, we hypothesized that Mtb evades detection by CD8 T cells and
focuses the CD8 T cell response on non-protective antigen. We termed these
antigens “decoy antigens.” To test this hypothesis, we took advantage of a
natural variant of the esxH gene, which contains an A10T
polymorphism within the TB10.44−11 epitope. This polymorphism
drastically alters the hierarchy of CD8 T cell responses elicited by Mtb. These
data suggest that immunodomination by the TB10.4 epitope acts to suppress
subdominant CD8 T cell responses to other Mtb antigens, impairing the CD8 T cell
response to other Mtb antigens, some of which might be presented by Mtb-infected
macrophages and be targets of protective immunity. Importantly, this single
amino acid polymorphism, which does not significantly alter MHC-binding or T
cell recognition, alters the half-life of the epitope and consequently, has a
profound effect on CD8 T cell priming and recognition of infected cells. These
data also provide a mechanism that could be exploited to manipulate the
hierarchy of immunodominant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Nathan D. Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Shayla Boyce
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Kenan C. Murphy
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Li K, Ran R, Jiang Z, Fan C, Li T, Yin Z. Changes in T-lymphocyte subsets and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with active tuberculosis. Infection 2020; 48:585-595. [PMID: 32472529 PMCID: PMC7395032 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Immune function imbalance is closely associated with the occurrence and development of infectious diseases. We studied the characteristics of changes in T-lymphocyte subsets and their risk factors in HIV-negative patients with active tuberculosis (ATB). Methods T-lymphocyte subsets in 275 HIV-negative ATB patients were quantitatively analyzed and compared with an Mycobacteriumtuberculosis-free control group. Single-factor and multifactor analyses of clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were also conducted. Results In ATB patients, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts decreased, and the levels were positively interrelated (r = 0.655, P < 0.0001). After 4 weeks of antituberculosis treatment, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts increased significantly but remained lower than in the control group. CD4 and CD8 cell counts were negatively associated with the extent of lesions detected in the chest by computed tomography (all P < 0.05). Although not reflected in the CD4/CD8 ratio, CD4 and CD8 cell counts differed between drug-resistant TB patients and drug-susceptible TB patients (P = 0.030). The multivariate analysis showed prealbumin, alpha-1 globulin, body mass index, and platelet count were independent risk factors for decreased CD4 cell count (all P < 0.05), while age and platelet count were independent risk factors for decreased CD8 cell count (all P < 0.05). Conclusion CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts showed the evident value in predicting ATB severity. An increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio may be a critical clue of drug resistance in ATB. Although the factors influencing CD4 and CD8 are not identical, our results indicated the importance of serum protein and platelets to ATB patients’ immune function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s15010-020-01451-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Renyu Ran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zicheng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanqi Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguo Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Ankang Central Hospital, No. 85, South Jinzhou Road, Hanbin District, Ankang, 725000, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Chuang YM, Dutta NK, Gordy JT, Campodónico VL, Pinn ML, Markham RB, Hung CF, Karakousis PC. Antibiotic Treatment Shapes the Antigenic Environment During Chronic TB Infection, Offering Novel Targets for Therapeutic Vaccination. Front Immunol 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32411131 PMCID: PMC7198710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The lengthy and complicated current regimen required to treat drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) reflects the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in host tissues. The stringent response pathway, governed by the dual (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase, RelMtb, is a major mechanism underlying Mtb persistence and antibiotic tolerance. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that RelMtb is a “persistence antigen” presented during TB chemotherapy and that enhanced immunity to RelMtb can enhance the tuberculocidal activity of the first-line anti-TB drug, isoniazid, which has reduced efficacy against Mtb persisters. C57BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) and, 4 weeks later, received either human-equivalent daily doses of isoniazid alone, or isoniazid in combination with a DNA vaccine targeting relMtb. After isoniazid treatment, there was a significant reduction in dominant antigen ESAT6-reactive CD4+ or TB10.4-reactive CD8+ T cells in the lungs and spleens of mice. However, the total number of RelMtb-reactive CD4+ T cells remained stable in mouse lungs and spleens, as did the number of RelMtb-reactive CD8+T cells. Therapeutic vaccination with relMtb DNA vaccine enhanced the activity of isoniazid in Mtb-infected C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. When treatment with isoniazid was discontinued, mice immunized with the relMtb DNA vaccine showed a lower mean lung bacterial burden at relapse compared to the control group. Our work shows that antitubercular treatment shapes the antigenic environment, and that therapeutic vaccination targeting the Mtb stringent response may represent a novel approach to enhance immunity against Mtb persisters, with the ultimate goal of shortening curative TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Noton K Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James T Gordy
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Victoria L Campodónico
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael L Pinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard B Markham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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10
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Khan A, Bakhru P, Saikolappan S, Das K, Soudani E, Singh CR, Estrella JL, Zhang D, Pasare C, Ma Y, Sun J, Wang J, Hunter RL, Tony Eissa N, Dhandayuthapani S, Jagannath C. An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher R. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jaymie L. Estrella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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11
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Bucsan AN, Rout N, Foreman TW, Khader SA, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Mucosal-activated invariant T cells do not exhibit significant lung recruitment and proliferation profiles in macaques in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S11-S18. [PMID: 31072689 PMCID: PMC7050191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TB is a catastrophic infectious disease, affecting roughly one third of the world's population. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites produced by bacteria, possess effector memory phenotype, and express tissue-homing markers driving migration to sites of infection. Previous research in both Mtb and HIV infections has shown that MAIT cells are depleted in the human periphery, possibly migrating to the tissue sites of infection. We investigated this hypothesis using rhesus macaques (RMs) with active TB, latent TB (LTBI), and SIV-coinfection to explore the effects of different disease states on the MAIT cell populations in vivo. Early in infection, we observed that MAIT cells increased in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of all infected RMs, irrespective of clinical outcome. However, the frequency of MAIT cells rapidly normalized such that they had returned to baseline levels prior to endpoint. Furthermore, following infection, the chemokines expressed on MAIT cells reflected a strong shift towards a Th1 phenotype from a shared Th1/Th17 phenotype. In conclusion, MAIT cells with enhanced Th1 functions migrating to the site of Mtb-infection. The anti-mycobacterial effector functions of MAIT cells, particularly during the early stages of Mtb infection, had been of interest in promoting protective long-term TB immunity. Our research shows, however, that they have relatively short-acting responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namita Rout
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Centre, Covington, LA, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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12
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Zhang H, Xin H, Wang D, Pan S, Liu Z, Cao X, Wang J, Li X, Feng B, Li M, Yang Q, Zhang M, Jin Q, Gao L. Serial testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Chinese village doctors by QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-Tube and T-SPOT.TB. J Infect 2019; 78:305-310. [PMID: 30710557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection test among registered village doctors from China. METHODS MTB infection of the registered village doctors in Zhongmu County were tested using QFT-Plus and two other interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in parallel: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) and T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT). Retests were carried out for baseline positives at 3 and 6 months later, respectively. RESULTS A total of 616 village doctors were included in the baseline examination. The positivity of QFT, QFT-Plus and T-SPOT was 27.91% (168/602), 31.22% (187/599) and 27.70% (169/610), respectively. The concordance between QFT and QFT-Plus was 94.81% (Kappa coefficient: 0.87) and between T-SPOT and QFT-Plus was 88.93% (Kappa coefficient: 0.73). Reversions were frequently observed for all three assays. With respect to QFT-Plus, the quantitative results of reversions in the serial testing were mostly distributed in an "uncertain range" zone (0.2-0.7 IU/mL). Similar patterns of distribution were observed for QFT and T-SPOT as well. CONCLUSION Village doctors should gain more attention as an at-risk group for TB infection control in rural China. Our results support, by means of serial testing, a good agreement between QFT-Plus and QFT in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dakuan Wang
- Zhongmu County Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhongmu 451450, China
| | - Shouguo Pan
- Zhongmu County Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhongmu 451450, China
| | - Zisen Liu
- Zhongmu County Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhongmu 451450, China
| | - Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- Zhongmu County Health Commission, Zhongmu 451450, China
| | - Xiangwei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mufei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qianting Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China.
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13
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Piergallini TJ, Turner J. Tuberculosis in the elderly: Why inflammation matters. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:32-39. [PMID: 29287772 PMCID: PMC5967410 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing old is associated with an increase in the basal inflammatory state of an individual and susceptibility to many diseases, including infectious diseases. Evidence is growing to support the concept that inflammation and disease susceptibility in the elderly is linked. Our studies focus on the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a pathogen that infects approximately one fourth of the world's population. Aging is a major risk factor for developing TB, and inflammation has been strongly implicated. In this review we will discuss the relationship between inflammation in the lung and susceptibility to develop and succumb to TB in old age. Further understanding of the relationship between inflammation, age, and M.tb will lead to informed decisions about TB prevention and treatment strategies that are uniquely designed for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J Piergallini
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States.
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14
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Myllymäki H, Niskanen M, Luukinen H, Parikka M, Rämet M. Identification of protective postexposure mycobacterial vaccine antigens using an immunosuppression-based reactivation model in the zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/3/dmm033175. [PMID: 29590635 PMCID: PMC5897733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one third of the human population carries a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, with a 5-10% lifetime risk of reactivation to active tuberculosis and further spreading the disease. The mechanisms leading to the reactivation of a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are insufficiently understood. Here, we used a natural fish pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum, to model the reactivation of a mycobacterial infection in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). A low-dose intraperitoneal injection (∼40 colony-forming units) led to a latent infection, with mycobacteria found in well-organized granulomas surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous tissue. A latent infection could be reactivated by oral dexamethasone treatment, which led to disruption of the granuloma structures and dissemination of bacteria. This was associated with the depletion of lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells. Using this model, we verified that ethambutol is effective against an active disease but not a latent infection. In addition, we screened 15 mycobacterial antigens as postexposure DNA vaccines, of which RpfB and MMAR_4207 reduced bacterial burdens upon reactivation, as did the Ag85-ESAT-6 combination. In conclusion, the adult zebrafish-M. marinum infection model provides a feasible tool for examining the mechanisms of reactivation in mycobacterial infections, and for screening vaccine and drug candidates.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mirja Niskanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Hanna Luukinen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90220, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, and, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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15
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Yang JD, Mott D, Sutiwisesak R, Lu YJ, Raso F, Stowell B, Babunovic GH, Lee J, Carpenter SM, Way SS, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007060. [PMID: 29782535 PMCID: PMC6013218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires T cell recognition of infected macrophages. Mtb has evolved to tolerate, evade, and subvert host immunity. Despite a vigorous and sustained CD8+ T cell response during Mtb infection, CD8+ T cells make limited contribution to protection. Here, we ask whether the ability of Mtb-specific T cells to restrict Mtb growth is related to their capacity to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We derived CD8+ T cell lines that recognized the Mtb immunodominant epitope TB10.44-11 and compared them to CD4+ T cell lines that recognized Ag85b240-254 or ESAT63-17. While the CD4+ T cells recognized Mtb-infected macrophages and inhibited Mtb growth in vitro, the TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells neither recognized Mtb-infected macrophages nor restricted Mtb growth. TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing TB10.4. However, over-expression of TB10.4 in Mtb did not confer recognition by TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages pulsed with irradiated Mtb, indicating that macrophages can efficiently cross-present the TB10.4 protein and raising the possibility that viable bacilli might suppress cross-presentation. Importantly, polyclonal CD8+ T cells specific for Mtb antigens other than TB10.4 recognized Mtb-infected macrophages in a MHC-restricted manner. As TB10.4 elicits a dominant CD8+ T cell response that poorly recognizes Mtb-infected macrophages, we propose that TB10.4 acts as a decoy antigen. Moreover, it appears that this response overshadows subdominant CD8+ T cell response that can recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. The ability of Mtb to subvert the CD8+ T cell response may explain why CD8+ T cells make a disproportionately small contribution to host defense compared to CD4+ T cells. The selection of Mtb antigens for vaccines has focused on antigens that generate immunodominant responses. We propose that establishing whether vaccine-elicited, Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages could be a useful criterion for preclinical vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mott
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiona Raso
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Britni Stowell
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Greg Hunter Babunovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Kirschner D, Pienaar E, Marino S, Linderman JJ. A review of computational and mathematical modeling contributions to our understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within-host infection and treatment. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 3:170-185. [PMID: 30714019 PMCID: PMC6354243 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient and deadly disease characterized by complex host-pathogen dynamics playing out over multiple time and length scales and physiological compartments. Computational modeling can be used to integrate various types of experimental data and suggest new hypotheses, mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches to TB. Here, we offer a first-time comprehensive review of work on within-host TB models that describe the immune response of the host to infection, including the formation of lung granulomas. The models include systems of ordinary and partial differential equations and agent-based models as well as hybrid and multi-scale models that are combinations of these. Many aspects of M. tuberculosis infection, including host dynamics in the lung (typical site of infection for TB), granuloma formation, roles of cytokine and chemokine dynamics, and bacterial nutrient availability have been explored. Finally, we survey applications of these within-host models to TB therapy and prevention and suggest future directions to impact this global disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Meng L, Tong J, Wang H, Tao C, Wang Q, Niu C, Zhang X, Gao Q. PPE38 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Macrophage MHC Class I Expression and Dampens CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:68. [PMID: 28348981 PMCID: PMC5346565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of CD8+ T cell activation is a critical mechanism used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to escape protective host immune responses. PPE38 belongs to the unique PPE family of MTB and in our previous study, PPE38 protein was speculated to participate in manipulating macrophage MHC class I pathway. To test this hypothesis, the function of mycobacterial PPE38 protein was assessed here using macrophage and mouse infection models. Decreased amount of MHC class I was observed on the surface of macrophages infected with PPE38-expressing mycobacteria. The transcript of genes encoding MHC class I was also inhibited by PPE38. After infection of C57BL/6 mice with Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing PPE38 (Msmeg-PPE38), decreased number of CD8+ T cells was found in spleen, liver, and lungs through immunohistochemical analysis, comparing to the control strain harboring empty vector (Msmeg-V). Consistently, flow cytometry assay showed that fewer effector/memory CD8+ T cells (CD44highCD62Llow) were activated in spleen from Msmeg-PPE38 infected mice. Moreover, Msmeg-PPE38 confers a growth advantage over Msmeg-V in C57BL/6 mice, indicating an effect of PPE38 to favor mycobacterial persistence in vivo. Overall, this study shows a unique biological function of PPE38 protein to facilitate mycobacteria to escape host immunity, and provides hints for TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfeng Tong
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Chengwu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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18
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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19
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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20
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Booty MG, Barreira-Silva P, Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Jacques MK, Stowell BL, Jayaraman P, Beamer G, Behar SM. IL-21 signaling is essential for optimal host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36720. [PMID: 27819295 PMCID: PMC5098191 DOI: 10.1038/srep36720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 is produced predominantly by activated CD4+ T cells and has pleiotropic effects on immunity via the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R), a member of the common gamma chain (γc) cytokine receptor family. We show that IL-21 signaling plays a crucial role in T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by augmenting CD8+ T cell priming, promoting T cell accumulation in the lungs, and enhancing T cell cytokine production. In the absence of IL-21 signaling, more CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in chronically infected mice express the T cell inhibitory molecules PD-1 and TIM-3. We correlate these immune alterations with increased susceptibility of IL-21R−/− mice, which have increased lung bacterial burden and earlier mortality compared to WT mice. Finally, to causally link the immune defects with host susceptibility, we use an adoptive transfer model to show that IL-21R−/− T cells transfer less protection than WT T cells. These results prove that IL-21 signaling has an intrinsic role in promoting the protective capacity of T cells. Thus, the net effect of IL-21 signaling is to enhance host resistance to M. tuberculosis. These data position IL-21 as a candidate biomarker of resistance to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US.,Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, US
| | - Palmira Barreira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stephen M Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
| | - Miye K Jacques
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
| | - Britni L Stowell
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
| | - Pushpa Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA 01536, US
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, US
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21
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Petruccioli E, Chiacchio T, Pepponi I, Vanini V, Urso R, Cuzzi G, Barcellini L, Cirillo DM, Palmieri F, Ippolito G, Goletti D. First characterization of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to QuantiFERON-TB Plus. J Infect 2016; 73:588-597. [PMID: 27717779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) is the new generation of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test to identify latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). QFT-Plus includes TB1 and TB2 tubes which contain selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides designed to stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Aim of this study is the flow cytometric characterization of the specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to Mtb antigens contained within QFT-Plus. METHODS We enrolled 27 active tuberculosis (TB) patients and 30 LTBI individuals. Following stimulation with TB1 and TB2, antigen-specific T-cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Data were also correlated with the grade of TB severity. RESULTS TB1 mainly elicited a CD4 T-cell response while TB2 induced both CD4 and CD8 responses. Moreover, the TB2-specific CD4 response was detected for both active TB and LTBI patients, whereas the TB2-specific CD8 response was primarily associated with active TB (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we report the first characterization of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell response to QFT-Plus. CD8 T-cell response is mainly due to TB2 stimulation which is largely associated to active TB. These results provide a better knowledge on the use of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Chiacchio
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pepponi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Barcellini
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy.
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22
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CD4+ T-cell-independent mechanisms suppress reactivation of latent tuberculosis in a macaque model of HIV coinfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5636-44. [PMID: 27601645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611987113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV in coinfected patients has profoundly impacted global mortality because of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS. HIV significantly increases rates of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease, with the decline in CD4(+) T cells believed to be the major causality. In this study, nonhuman primates were coinfected with Mtb and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), recapitulating human coinfection. A majority of animals exhibited rapid reactivation of Mtb replication, progressing to disseminated TB and increased SIV-associated pathology. Although a severe loss of pulmonary CD4(+) T cells was observed in all coinfected macaques, a subpopulation of the animals was still able to prevent reactivation and maintain LTBI. Investigation of pulmonary immune responses and pathology in this cohort demonstrated that increased CD8(+) memory T-cell proliferation, higher granzyme B production, and expanded B-cell follicles correlated with protection from reactivation. Our findings reveal mechanisms that control SIV- and TB-associated pathology. These CD4-independent protective immune responses warrant further studies in HIV coinfected humans able to control their TB infection. Moreover, these findings will provide insight into natural immunity to Mtb and will guide development of novel vaccine strategies and immunotherapies.
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Tanner R, O'Shea MK, Fletcher HA, McShane H. In vitro mycobacterial growth inhibition assays: A tool for the assessment of protective immunity and evaluation of tuberculosis vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:4656-4665. [PMID: 27527814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a serious global health threat, and the current vaccine, BCG, has variable efficacy. However, the development of a more effective vaccine is severely hampered by the lack of an immune correlate of protection. Candidate vaccines are currently evaluated using preclinical animal models, but experiments are long and costly and it is unclear whether the outcomes are predictive of efficacy in humans. Unlike measurements of single immunological parameters, mycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs) represent an unbiased functional approach which takes into account a range of immune mechanisms and their complex interactions. Such a controlled system offers the potential to evaluate vaccine efficacy and study mediators of protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). This review discusses the underlying principles and relative merits and limitations of the different published MGIAs, their demonstrated abilities to measure mycobacterial growth inhibition and vaccine efficacy, and what has been learned about the immune mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sarkar P, Mitra S, Pant P, Kotwal A, Kakati B, Masih V, Sindhwani G, Biswas D. Granzyme B as a diagnostic marker of tuberculosis in patients with and without HIV coinfection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:47-52. [PMID: 26915636 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) are based on the estimation of interferon γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cells following ex vivo stimulation with ESAT6 and CFP-10. Sensitivity of these tests is likely to be compromised in CD4(+) T-cell-depleted situations, like HIV-TB coinfection. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, isolated from 3 groups, viz., HIV-negative patients with active TB, HIV-TB coinfected patients, and healthy household contacts (HHCs) were cocultivated with autologous dendritic cells, and the cytokine response to rESAT6 stimulation was compared between groups in supernatants. While CD4(+) T-cell stimulation yielded significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ and interleukin 4 in HIV-negative TB patients, compared to HHCs, the levels of both these cytokines were nondiscriminatory between HIV-positive TB patients and HHCs. However, CD8(+) T-cell stimulation yielded significantly elevated granzyme B titers in both groups of patients, irrespective of HIV coinfection status. Hence, contrary to IFN-γ, granzyme B might be a useful diagnostic marker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection particularly in HIV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronoti Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Soumik Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Priyannk Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Aarti Kotwal
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Barnali Kakati
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Victor Masih
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Girish Sindhwani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
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25
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Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Way SS, Behar SM. A Higher Activation Threshold of Memory CD8+ T Cells Has a Fitness Cost That Is Modified by TCR Affinity during Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005380. [PMID: 26745507 PMCID: PMC4706326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRβ deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3β sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and -independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection. CD8+ T cells are important for enforcing latency of tuberculosis, and for Mtb control in patients with HIV and low CD4 counts. While vaccines that primarily elicit CD4+ T cell responses have had difficulty preventing active pulmonary TB, a TB vaccine that elicits a potent memory CD8+ T cells is a logical alternative strategy. Memory T cells are thought to respond more rapidly than the primary (naïve) response. However, by directly comparing naïve and memory TCR retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 antigen during infection, we observe memory-derived T cells to be less fit than naïve-derived T cells. We relate the reduced fitness of memory CD8+ T cells to their lower sensitivity to antigen and show that fitness can be improved by increasing TCR affinity. Using a novel method for tracking CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination during the response to Mtb aerosol challenge in intact mice, we observe the robust expansion of a new primary response as well as clonal selection of the secondary response, likely driven by TCR affinity. We propose that generating memory T cells with high affinities should be a goal of vaccination against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
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Rashidian S, Teimourpour R, Meshkat Z. Designing and Construction of a DNA Vaccine Encoding Tb10.4 Gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:112-119. [PMID: 27499771 PMCID: PMC4939640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains as a major cause of death. Construction of a new vaccine against tuberculosis is an effective way to control it. Several vaccines against this disease have been developed. The aim of the present study was to cloning of tb10.4 gene in pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid and evaluation of its expression in eukaryotic cells. METHODS Firstly, tb10.4 fragment was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes. Next, it was cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid. Following that, pcDNA3.1(+)/tb10.4 recombinant plasmid was transfected into eukaryotic cells. RESULTS 5700 bp band for pcDNA3.1(+)/tb10.4 recombinant plasmid and 297 bp fragment for tb10.4 were observed. Cloning and transfection were successful. CONCLUSION Successful cloning provides a basis for the development of new DNA vaccines against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rashidian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Teimourpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Silva-Sánchez A, Meza-Pérez S, Flores-Langarica A, Donis-Maturano L, Estrada-García I, Calderón-Amador J, Hernández-Pando R, Idoyaga J, Steinman RM, Flores-Romo L. ESAT-6 Targeting to DEC205+ Antigen Presenting Cells Induces Specific-T Cell Responses against ESAT-6 and Reduces Pulmonary Infection with Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124828. [PMID: 25915045 PMCID: PMC4411092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airways infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contained mostly by T cell responses, however, Mtb has developed evasion mechanisms which affect antigen presenting cell (APC) maturation/recruitment delaying the onset of Ag-specific T cell responses. Hypothetically, bypassing the natural infection routes by delivering antigens directly to APCs may overcome the pathogen's naturally evolved evasion mechanisms, thus facilitating the induction of protective immune responses. We generated a murine monoclonal fusion antibody (α-DEC-ESAT) to deliver Early Secretory Antigen Target (ESAT)-6 directly to DEC205+ APCs and to assess its in vivo effects on protection associated responses (IFN-γ production, in vivo CTL killing, and pulmonary mycobacterial load). Treatment with α-DEC-ESAT alone induced ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and prime-boost immunization prior to Mtb infection resulted in early influx (d14 post-infection) and increased IFN-γ+ production by specific T cells in the lungs, compared to scarce IFN-γ production in control mice. In vivo CTL killing was quantified in relevant tissues upon transferring target cells loaded with mycobacterial antigens. During infection, α-DEC-ESAT-treated mice showed increased target cell killing in the lungs, where histology revealed cellular infiltrate and considerably reduced bacterial burden. Targeting the mycobacterial antigen ESAT-6 to DEC205+ APCs before infection expands specific T cell clones responsible for early T cell responses (IFN-γ production and CTL activity) and substantially reduces lung bacterial burden. Delivering mycobacterial antigens directly to APCs provides a unique approach to study in vivo the role of APCs and specific T cell responses to assess their potential anti-mycobacterial functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Load
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Silva-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Selene Meza-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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28
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Flórido M, Pillay R, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Epitope-specific CD4+, but not CD8+, T-cell responses induced by recombinant influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:780-93. [PMID: 25430701 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, in part due to failure of the currently available vaccine, BCG, to protect adults against pulmonary forms of the disease. We explored the impact of pulmonary delivery of recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) on the induction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and the resultant protection against M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal infection with rIAVs expressing a CD4(+) T-cell epitope from the Ag85B protein (PR8.p25) or CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the TB10.4 protein (PR8.TB10.4) generated strong T-cell responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific epitopes in the lung that persisted long after the rIAVs were cleared. Infection with PR8.p25 conferred protection against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in the lung, and this was associated with increased levels of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge. By contrast, infection with PR8.TB10.4 did not induce protection despite the presence of IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung at the time of challenge and during infection. Therefore, the induction of pulmonary M. tuberculosis epitope-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cells, is essential for protection against acute M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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29
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Nandakumar S, Kannanganat S, Posey JE, Amara RR, Sable SB. Attrition of T-cell functions and simultaneous upregulation of inhibitory markers correspond with the waning of BCG-induced protection against tuberculosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113951. [PMID: 25419982 PMCID: PMC4242676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most widely used live attenuated vaccine. However, the correlates of protection and waning of its immunity against tuberculosis is poorly understood. In this study, we correlated the longitudinal changes in the magnitude and functional quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response over a period of two years after mucosal or parenteral BCG vaccination with the strength of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. The BCG vaccination-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited comparable response kinetics but distinct functional attributes in-terms of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α co-production and CD62L memory marker expression. Despite a near life-long BCG persistence and the induction of enduring CD4+ T-cell responses characterized by IFN-γ and/or TNF-α production with comparable protection, the protective efficacy waned regardless of the route of vaccination. The progressive decline in the multifactorial functional abilities of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in-terms of type-1 cytokine production, proliferation and cytolytic potential corresponded with the waning of protection against M. tuberculosis infection. In addition, simultaneous increase in the dysfunctional and terminally-differentiated T cells expressing CTLA-4, KLRG-1 and IL-10 during the contraction phase of BCG-induced response coincided with the loss of protection. Our results question the empirical development of BCG-booster vaccines and emphasize the pursuit of strategies that maintain superior T-cell functional capacity. Furthermore, our results underscore the importance of understanding the comprehensive functional dynamics of antigen-specific T-cell responses in addition to cytokine polyfunctionality in BCG-vaccinated hosts while optimizing novel vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Nandakumar
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suraj B. Sable
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:559-77. [PMID: 25311810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
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31
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Henao-Tamayo M, Ordway DJ, Orme IM. Memory T cell subsets in tuberculosis: what should we be targeting? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:455-61. [PMID: 24993316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination is to establish a stable population of long lived memory T cells. In the context of tuberculosis, the BCG vaccine has been widely used for well over 60 years, but during that time its weaknesses, particularly its ineffectiveness in adults, has been increasingly recognized. In this commentary we review what is known about memory T cells, both in general and in the context of their role in expressing specific acquired resistance to tuberculosis. Current knowledge indicates that both effector memory and central memory can be generated, depending on the experimental conditions, but both in animal models and in clinical studies it is clear that effector memory T cells are the predominant subset. These issues are of importance, given the concerted effort to make new TB vaccines, not all of which may work in precisely the same manner. At the present time whether a TB vaccine would work better if it targeted one specific T cell subset rather than another is as yet completely unknown, and this is now further complicated by new evidence that suggests other subsets such as IL-17 secreting CD4 T cells and cells with stem cell-like qualities may also play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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32
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts the TLR-2-MyD88 pathway to facilitate its translocation into the cytosol. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86886. [PMID: 24475192 PMCID: PMC3903598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has evolved mechanisms to evade its destruction in phagolysosomes, where it successfully survives and replicates within phagocytes. Recent studies have shown that virulent strains of M.tb can translocate from the phagosome into the cytosol of dendritic cells (DC). The molecular mechanisms by which virulent M.tb strains can escape the phagosome remain unknown. Here we show that the virulent M.tb strain H37Rv, but not the vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), escapes from the phagolysosome and enters the cytosol by interfering with the TLR-2-MyD88 signaling pathway. Using H37Rv mutants, we further demonstrate that the region of difference-1 (RD-1) locus and ESAT-6, a gene within the RD-1 locus, play an important role in the capacity of M.tb to migrate from the phagosome to the cytosol of macrophages. H37Rv, BCG, H37RvΔRD1, and H37RvΔESAT6 were able to translocate to the cytosol in macrophages derived from TLR-2- and MyD88-deficient animals, whereas only virulent H37Rv was able to enter the cytosol in macrophages from wild type mice. Therefore, signaling through the TLR-2-MyD88 pathway in macrophages plays an important role in confining M.tb within phagolysomes. Virulent strains of M.tb have evolved mechanisms to subvert this pathway, thus facilitating their translocation to the cytosol and to escape the toxic microenvironment of the phagosome or phagolysosome.
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33
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Savolainen LE, Koskivirta P, Kantele A, Valleala H, Pusa L, Tuompo R, Westerlund-Wikström B, Tuuminen T. Cytotoxic response persists in subjects treated for tuberculosis decades ago. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:573. [PMID: 24308801 PMCID: PMC4029532 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data exploring the potential use of effector molecules produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immunodiagnostics of tuberculosis (TB) are scarce. The present study focused a) to gain an insight into the discriminatory power of CTLs in patients with acute pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI); and b) to evaluate the influence of various anti-TB therapeutic schemes on the immunological profiles of residual CTLs. METHODS Immunological signatures of antigen-specific CTLs were explored in patients with active pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, LTBI and in those treated for TB decades ago by using ELISPOT, intracellular flow cytometry and extracellular CD107a detection. RESULTS No difference was seen between active TB, LTBI or any of those treated for TB in the ELISPOT analysis of antigen-specific Granzyme B (GrB), Perforin (Prf) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing lymphocytes, the FACS analysis of the intracellular expression of IFN-γ, or the surface expression of CD107a degranulation factor of both CD8+ and CD4+ antigen-specific T cell subsets. The effector memory (TEM) phenotype proved predominant in the surface marker profiling both in active TB and LTBI. The proportion of the CD107a degranulation factor proved higher in the central memory (TCM) than in the other cell subsets in all the study groups. Interestingly, functionally and phenotypically similar CTLs profiles were observed in active TB, LTBI and in all the three groups treated for TB. CONCLUSION The phenotypic and functional profiling of CTLs has a limited potential in the immunodiagnostics of active TB. Antigen-specific CTLs persist in patients treated for TB decades ago regardless of the efficacy of implemented and completed anti-TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Savolainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PL 21, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pekka Koskivirta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PL 21, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PL 21, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Valleala
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liana Pusa
- Länsi-Uusimaa Hospital, Tammisaari, Finland
| | - Riitta Tuompo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tamara Tuuminen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PL 21, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre Joint Authority Enterprise, Mikkeli, Finland
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Nyendak MR, Park B, Null MD, Baseke J, Swarbrick G, Mayanja-Kizza H, Nsereko M, Johnson DF, Gitta P, Okwera A, Goldberg S, Bozeman L, Johnson JL, Boom WH, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific CD8(+) T cells rapidly decline with antituberculosis treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81564. [PMID: 24324704 PMCID: PMC3852504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Biomarkers associated with response to therapy in tuberculosis could have broad clinical utility. We postulated that the frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specific CD8+ T cells, by virtue of detecting intracellular infection, could be a surrogate marker of response to therapy and would decrease during effective antituberculosis treatment. Objectives: We sought to determine the relationship of Mtb specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells with duration of antituberculosis treatment. Materials and Methods We performed a prospective cohort study, enrolling between June 2008 and August 2010, of HIV-uninfected Ugandan adults (n = 50) with acid-fast bacillus smear-positive, culture confirmed pulmonary TB at the onset of antituberculosis treatment and the Mtb specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 were measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT at enrollment, week 8 and 24. Results There was a significant difference in the Mtb specific CD8+ T response, but not the CD4+ T cell response, over 24 weeks of antituberculosis treatment (p<0.0001), with an early difference observed at 8 weeks of therapy (p = 0.023). At 24 weeks, the estimated Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response decreased by 58%. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the Mtb specific CD4+ T cell during the treatment. The Mtb specific CD4+ T cell response, but not the CD8+ response, was negatively impacted by the body mass index. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that the Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response declines with antituberculosis treatment and could be a surrogate marker of response to therapy. Additional research is needed to determine if the Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response can detect early treatment failure, relapse, or to predict disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Nyendak
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MRN); (DML)
| | - Byung Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Megan D. Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joy Baseke
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gwendolyn Swarbrick
- Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Nsereko
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denise F. Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phineas Gitta
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alphonse Okwera
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Goldberg
- Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lorna Bozeman
- Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John L. Johnson
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MRN); (DML)
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35
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Hassan SS, Cho JE, Akram M, Fielding KL, Dockrell HM, Cliff JM. Modulation of NKG2D expression in human CD8(+) T cells corresponding with tuberculosis drug cure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70063. [PMID: 23922903 PMCID: PMC3724721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers predicting tuberculosis treatment response and cure would facilitate drug development. This study investigated expression patterns of the co-stimulation molecule NKG2D in human tuberculosis and treatment to determine its potential usefulness as a host biomarker of tuberculosis drug efficacy. Methods Tuberculosis patients (n = 26) were recruited in Lahore, Pakistan, at diagnosis and followed up during treatment. Household contacts (n = 24) were also recruited. NKG2D expression was measured by qRT-PCR in RNA samples both ex vivo and following overnight mycobacterial stimulation in vitro. Protein expression of NKG2D and granzyme B was measured by flow cytometry. Results NKG2D expression in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients was similar to household contacts in ex vivo RNA, but was higher following in vitro stimulation. The NKG2D expression was dramatically reduced by intensive phase chemotherapy, in both ex vivo blood RNA and CD8+ T cell protein expression, but then reverted to higher levels after the continuation phase in successfully treated patients. Conclusion The changes in NKG2D expression through successful treatment reflect modulation of the peripheral cytotoxic T cell response. This likely reflects firstly in vivo stimulation by live Mycobacterium tuberculosis, followed by the response to dead bacilli, antigen-release and finally immunopathology resolution. Such changes in host peripheral gene expression, alongside clinical and microbiological indices, could be developed into a biosignature of tuberculosis drug-induced cure to be used in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda S. Hassan
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jang-Eun Cho
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine L. Fielding
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M. Cliff
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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36
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Guzzetta G, Kirschner D. The roles of immune memory and aging in protective immunity and endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60425. [PMID: 23580062 PMCID: PMC3620273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding more effective vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) and improved preventive treatments against endogenous reactivation of latent TB is strategic to block transmission and reach the WHO goal of eliminating TB by 2050. Key related open questions in TB research include: i) what are the determinants of a strong memory response upon primary infection? ii) what is the role of cytokines towards protective memory response against a secondary infection? iii) what are the mechanisms responsible for the increased risk of reactivation in elderly individuals? To address these questions, we explored a computational model of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis including a mathematical description of immunosenescence and the generation and maintenance of immune memory. Sensitivity analysis techniques, together with extensive model characterization and in silico experiments, were applied to identify key mechanisms controlling TB reactivation and immunological memory. Key findings of this study are summarized by the following model predictions: i) increased strength and duration of memory protection is associated with higher levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF) during primary infection; ii) production of TNF, but not of interferon-, by memory T cells during secondary infection is a major determinant of effective protection; iii) impaired recruitment of CD4+ T cells may promote reactivation of latent TB infections in aging hosts. This study is a first attempt to consider the immune dynamics of a persistent infection throughout the lifetime of the host, taking into account immunosenescence and memory. While the model is TB specific, the results are applicable to other persistent bacterial infections and can aid in the development, evaluation and refinement of TB treatment and/or vaccine protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guzzetta
- Department of Statistics and Mathematics Applied to Economics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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37
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Nobrega C, Nunes-Alves C, Cerqueira-Rodrigues B, Roque S, Barreira-Silva P, Behar SM, Correia-Neves M. T cells home to the thymus and control infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1646-58. [PMID: 23315077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a target of multiple pathogens. How the immune system responds to thymic infection is largely unknown. Despite being considered an immune-privileged organ, we detect a mycobacteria-specific T cell response in the thymus following dissemination of Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This response includes proinflammatory cytokine production by mycobacteria-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which stimulates infected cells and controls bacterial growth in the thymus. Importantly, the responding T cells are mature peripheral T cells that recirculate back to the thymus. The recruitment of these cells is associated with an increased expression of Th1 chemokines and an enrichment of CXCR3(+) mycobacteria-specific T cells in the thymus. Finally, we demonstrate it is the mature T cells that home to the thymus that most efficiently control mycobacterial infection. Although the presence of mature T cells in the thymus has been recognized for some time, to our knowledge, these data are the first to show that T cell recirculation from the periphery to the thymus is a mechanism that allows the immune system to respond to thymic infection. Maintaining a functional thymic environment is essential to maintain T cell differentiation and prevent the emergence of central tolerance to the invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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38
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Gold MC, Eid T, Smyk-Pearson S, Eberling Y, Swarbrick GM, Langley SM, Streeter PR, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Human thymic MR1-restricted MAIT cells are innate pathogen-reactive effectors that adapt following thymic egress. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:35-44. [PMID: 22692454 PMCID: PMC3443511 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express the semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα7.2 and are restricted by the major histocompatibility complex-Ib molecule MR1. While MAIT cells share similarities with other innate T cells, the extent to which MAIT cells are innate and their capacity to adapt is unknown. We evaluated the function of Vα7.2(+) T cells from the thymus, cord blood, and peripheral blood. Although antigen-inexperienced MAIT cells displayed a naïve phenotype, these had intrinsic effector capacity in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells. Vα7.2(+) effector thymocytes contained signal joint TCR gene excision circles (sjTRECs) suggesting limited replication and thymic origin. In evaluating the capacity of Mtb-reactive MAIT cells to adapt, we found that those from the peripheral blood demonstrated a memory phenotype and had undergone substantial expansion, suggesting that they responded to antigenic stimulation. MAIT cells, an evolutionarily conserved T-cell subset that detects a variety of intracellular infections, share features of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C. Gold
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Tarek Eid
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Sue Smyk-Pearson
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Yvonne Eberling
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Gwendolyn M. Swarbrick
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Stephen M. Langley
- Doernbecher Cardiothoracic Surgery, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Portland, Oregon, 97239, U.S.A
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
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Behar SM. Antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and protective immunity to tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:141-63. [PMID: 23468108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic and the spread of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to the perpetuation of the worldwide tuberculosis epidemic. While M. bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine, it lacks efficacy in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis in adults [1]. To combat this ongoing scourge, vaccine development for tuberculosis is a global priority. Most infected individuals develop long-lived protective immunity, which controls and contains M. tuberculosis in a T cell-dependent manner. An effective T cells response determines whether the infection resolves or develops into clinically evident disease. Consequently, there is great interest in determining which T cells subsets mediate anti-mycobacterial immunity, delineating their effector functions, and evaluating whether vaccination can elicit these T cells subsets and induce protective immunity. CD4(+) T cells are critical for resistance to M. tuberculosis in both humans and rodent models. CD4(+) T cells are required to control the initial infection as well as to prevent recrudescence in both humans and mice [2]. While it is generally accepted that class II MHC-restricted CD4(+) T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis infection elicits CD8(+) T cells responses in both people and in experimental animals. CD8(+) T cells are also recruited to the lung during M. tuberculosis infection and are found in the granulomas of infected people. Thus, how CD8(+) T cells contribute to overall immunity to tuberculosis and whether antigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells would enhance the efficacy of vaccine strategies continue to be important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Behar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Reduced frequency of memory T cells and increased Th17 responses in patients with active tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1667-76. [PMID: 22914361 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00390-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional alterations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis T cell subsets have been reported in patients with active tuberculosis. A better understanding of these alterations will increase the knowledge about immunopathogenesis and also may contribute to the development of new diagnostics and prophylactic strategies. Here, the ex vivo phenotype of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the frequency and phenotype of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing cells elicited in short-term and long-term cultures following CFP-10 and purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation were determined in noninfected persons (non-TBi), latently infected persons (LTBi), and patients with active tuberculosis (ATB). Phenotypic characterization of T cells was done based on the expression of CD45RO and CD27. Results show that ATB had a reduced frequency of circulating CD4(+) CD45RO(+) CD27(+) T cells and an increased frequency of CD4(+) CD45RO(-) CD27(+) T cells. ATB also had a higher frequency of circulating IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells than did LTBi after PPD stimulation, whereas LTBi had more IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells than did non-TBi. The phenotype of IFN-γ-producing cells at 24 h differs from the phenotype of IL-17-producing cells with no differences between LTBi and ATB. At 144 h, IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing cells were mainly CD45RO(+) CD27(+) T cells and they were more frequent in ATB. These results suggest that M. tuberculosis infection induces alterations in T cells which interfere with an adequate specific immune response.
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41
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A mouse model of tuberculosis reinfection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Arlehamn CSL, Sidney J, Henderson R, Greenbaum JA, James EA, Moutaftsi M, Coler R, McKinney DM, Park D, Taplitz R, Kwok WW, Grey H, Peters B, Sette A. Dissecting mechanisms of immunodominance to the common tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10, Rv2031c (hspX), Rv2654c (TB7.7), and Rv1038c (EsxJ). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5020-31. [PMID: 22504645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tuberculosis often relies on the ex vivo IFN-γ release assays QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB. However, understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying their diagnostic use is still incomplete. Accordingly, we investigated T cell responses for the TB Ags included in the these assays and other commonly studied Ags: early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa, culture filtrate protein 10 kDa, Rv2031c, Rv2654c, and Rv1038c. PBMC from latently infected individuals were tested in ex vivo ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning the entirety of these Ags. We found striking variations in prevalence and magnitude of ex vivo reactivity, with culture filtrate protein 10 kDa being most dominant, followed by early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa and Rv2654c being virtually inactive. Rv2031c and Rv1038c were associated with intermediate patterns of reactivity. Further studies showed that low reactivity was not due to lack of HLA binding peptides, and high reactivity was associated with recognition of a few discrete dominant antigenic regions. Different donors recognized the same core sequence in a given epitope. In some cases, the identified epitopes were restricted by a single specific common HLA molecule (selective restriction), whereas in other cases, promiscuous restriction of the same epitope by multiple HLA molecules was apparent. Definition of the specific restricting HLA allowed to produce tetrameric reagents and showed that epitope-specific T cells recognizing either selectively or promiscuously restricted epitopes were predominantly T effector memory. In conclusion, these results highlight the feasibility of more clearly defined TB diagnostic reagent.
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43
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Derrick SC, Dao D, Yang A, Kolibab K, Jacobs WR, Morris SL. Formulation of a mmaA4 gene deletion mutant of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in cationic liposomes significantly enhances protection against tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32959. [PMID: 22442674 PMCID: PMC3307709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new vaccination strategy is urgently needed for improved control of the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. Using a mouse aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge model, we investigated the protective efficacy of a mmaA4 gene deletion mutant of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (ΔmmaA4BCG) formulated in dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) – D(+) trehalose 6,6 dibenenate (TDB) (DDA/TDB) adjuvant. In previous studies, deletion of the mmaA4 gene was shown to reduce the suppression of IL-12 production often seen after mycobacterial infections. While the non-adjuvanted ΔmmaA4BCG strain did not protect mice substantially better than conventional BCG against a tuberculous challenge in four protection experiments, the protective responses induced by the ΔmmaA4BCG vaccine formulated in DDA/TDB adjuvant was consistently increased relative to nonadjuvanted BCG controls. Furthermore, the ΔmmaA4BCG-DDA/TDB vaccine induced significantly higher frequencies of multifunctional (MFT) CD4 T cells expressing both IFNγ and TNFα (double positive) or IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 (triple positive) than CD4 T cells derived from mice vaccinated with BCG. These MFT cells were characterized by having higher IFNγ and TNFα median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values than monofunctional CD4 T cells. Interestingly, both BCG/adjuvant and ΔmmaA4BCG/adjuvant formulations induced significantly higher frequencies of CD4 T cells expressing TNFα and IL-2 than nonadjuvanted BCG or ΔmmaA4BCG vaccines indicating that BCG/adjuvant mixtures may be more effective at inducing central memory T cells. Importantly, when either conventional BCG or the mutant were formulated in adjuvant and administered to SCID mice or immunocompromised mice depleted of IFNγ, significantly lower vaccine-derived mycobacterial CFU were detected relative to immunodeficient mice injected with non-adjuvanted BCG. Overall, these data suggest that immunization with the ΔmmaA4BCG/adjuvant formulation may be an effective, safe, and relatively inexpensive alternative to vaccination with conventional BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Nambiar JK, Pinto R, Aguilo JI, Takatsu K, Martin C, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Protective immunity afforded by attenuated, PhoP-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with sustained generation of CD4+ T-cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:385-92. [PMID: 22105536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Definition of protective immunity induced by effective vaccines is important for the design of new pathogen control strategies. Inactivation of the PhoP response-regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a highly attenuated strain that demonstrates impressive protective efficacy in pre-clinical models of tuberculosis. In this report we demonstrate that the protection afforded by the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is associated with the long-term maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell memory. Immunization of mice with SO2 resulted in enhanced expansion of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells compared with vaccination with the BCG vaccine, with an increased frequency of these cells persisting at extended time-points after vaccination. Strikingly, vaccination with SO2 resulted in sustained generation of CD4(+) T cells displaying a central memory phenotype, a property not shared by BCG. Further, SO2 vaccination markedly improved the generation of polyfunctional cytokine-secreting CD4(+) T cells compared with BCG vaccination. The improved generation of functionally competent memory T cells by SO2 correlated with augmented recall responses in SO2-vaccinated animals after challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. This study defines a mechanism for the protective effect of the SO2 vaccine and suggests that deletion of defined virulence networks may provide vaccine strains with potent immuno-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Nambiar
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Nandi B, Behar SM. Regulation of neutrophils by interferon-γ limits lung inflammation during tuberculosis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2251-62. [PMID: 21967766 PMCID: PMC3201199 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ functions to suppress neutrophil accumulation in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis, in part by suppressing IL-17 production from CD4+ T cells. Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the host to restrict bacterial replication while preventing an over-exuberant inflammatory response. Interferon (IFN) γ is crucial for activating macrophages and also regulates tissue inflammation. We dissociate these two functions and show that IFN-γ−/− memory CD4+ T cells retain their antimicrobial activity but are unable to suppress inflammation. IFN-γ inhibits CD4+ T cell production of IL-17, which regulates neutrophil recruitment. In addition, IFN-γ directly inhibits pathogenic neutrophil accumulation in the infected lung and impairs neutrophil survival. Regulation of neutrophils is important because their accumulation is detrimental to the host. We suggest that neutrophilia during tuberculosis indicates failed Th1 immunity or loss of IFN-γ responsiveness. These results establish an important antiinflammatory role for IFN-γ in host protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisweswar Nandi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kohlmeier JE, Reiley WW, Perona-Wright G, Freeman ML, Yager EJ, Connor LM, Brincks EL, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Burkum CE, Sell S, Winslow GM, Blackman MA, Mohrs M, Woodland DL. Inflammatory chemokine receptors regulate CD8(+) T cell contraction and memory generation following infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1621-34. [PMID: 21788409 PMCID: PMC3149221 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells lacking CXCR3 and CCR5 expression have impaired contraction and generate an increased number of memory cells after virus infection. The development of T cell memory from naive precursors is influenced by molecular cues received during T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we describe a novel role for the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 in regulating effector CD8+ T cell contraction and memory generation after influenza virus infection. We find that Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells show markedly decreased contraction after viral clearance, leading to the establishment of massive numbers of memory CD8+ T cells. Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells show reduced expression of CD69 in the lung during the peak of infection, which coincides with differential localization and the rapid appearance of memory precursor cells. Analysis of single chemokine receptor–deficient cells revealed that CXCR3 is primarily responsible for this phenotype, although there is also a role for CCR5 in the enhancement of T cell memory. The phenotype could be reversed by adding exogenous antigen, resulting in the activation and contraction of Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells. Similar results were observed during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Together, the data support a model of memory CD8+ T cell generation in which the chemokine-directed localization of T cells within infected tissues regulates antigen encounter and controls the extent of CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation, which ultimately regulates effector versus memory cell fate decisions.
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Quintero-Macías L, Silva-Sánchez A, Valderrabano-Ortíz E, Munguía-Fuentes R, Aguilar-León D, Hernández-Pando R, Flores-Romo L. Reduced in vivo Cytotoxicity and Increased Mycobacterial Burden Are Associated with VirulentMycobacterium tuberculosisStrains During Lung Infection. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:51-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.580408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mu J, Jeyanathan M, Shaler CR, Horvath C, Damjanovic D, Zganiacz A, Kugathasan K, McCormick S, Xing Z. Respiratory mucosal immunization with adenovirus gene transfer vector induces helper CD4 T cell-independent protective immunity. J Gene Med 2010; 12:693-704. [PMID: 20694950 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-vectored vaccine is a powerful activator of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and is especially amenable to respiratory mucosal immunization, offering hopes for use in humans with diminished helper CD4 T cell function. However, whether virus-mediated mucosal immunization can produce immune protective CD8 T cells without the CD4 T cell help remains to be investigated. METHODS We used a replication-deficient adenovirus vector expressing an Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Ag85A for intranasal vaccination and evaluated its effect on CD8 T cell activation and protection in mice depleted of CD4 T cells. RESULTS Intranasal vaccination of CD4 T cell-depleted mice led to suboptimal generation of Ag-specific tetramer(+) or interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in the lung and spleen but this was observed mainly at the early time after vaccination. Reduced CD8 T cell priming was also accompanied by decreased CD8 T cell responses (CTL). Nevertheless, the ratio of Ag-specific CD8 T cells to IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in CD4 T cell-depleted hosts remained comparable to that in CD4 T cell-competent hosts. Furthermore, the 'unhelped' CD8 T cells also displayed a similar immune phenotype as the 'helped' counterparts. The animals with 'unhelped' CD8 T cells were as well-protected from pulmonary M. tuberculosis challenge as those with 'helped' CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study suggest that the fully immune protective CD8 T cells can still be generated by respiratory mucosal viral-mediated immunization without CD4 T cells and that CD8 T cells, 'helped' or 'unhelped', can confer significant protection against pulmonary tuberculosis independent of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Mu
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics & M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Woodworth JS, Shin D, Volman M, Nunes-Alves C, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis directs immunofocusing of CD8+ T cell responses despite vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1627-37. [PMID: 21178003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit T cell responses try to mimic protective memory T cell immunity after infection by increasing the frequency of Ag-specific T cells in the immune repertoire. However, the factors that determine immunodominance during infection and after vaccination and the relation between immunodominance and protection are incompletely understood. We previously identified TB10.4(20-28) as an immunodominant epitope recognized by H2-K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells after M. tuberculosis infection. Here we report a second epitope, EspA(150-158), that is recognized by a substantial number of pulmonary CD8(+) T cells. The relative abundance of these T cells in the naive repertoire only partially predicts their relative frequency after M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, although vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing these epitopes changes their relative immunodominance in the preinfection T cell repertoire, this change is transient after challenge with M. tuberculosis. We speculate that factors intrinsic to the chronic nature of M. tuberculosis infection establishes the hierarchy of immunodominance and may explain the failure of some vaccines to provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rueda CM, Marín ND, García LF, Rojas M. Characterization of CD4 and CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ in human latent and active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:346-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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